Years of CrisisYears of Crisis

1919-19391919-1939

Post-War UncertaintyPost-War Uncertainty

►After World War IAfter World War I Many people were uncertain of the futureMany people were uncertain of the future Also a time of great invention, creativity Also a time of great invention, creativity

and new ideas that transformed societyand new ideas that transformed society

A New Revolution of ScienceA New Revolution of Science

►ScienceScience Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein – –

offered radically offered radically different views in different views in the field of physicsthe field of physics

►Theory of RelativityTheory of Relativity

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud – – new ideas about the new ideas about the mindmind

Literature in the 1920sLiterature in the 1920s

►LiteratureLiterature Suffering caused by Suffering caused by

WWI leads many WWI leads many people to doubt old people to doubt old beliefsbeliefs

►Uneasiness of postwar Uneasiness of postwar yearsyears

►No universal meaning of No universal meaning of lifelife

Philosophy in the 1920sPhilosophy in the 1920s

►ExistentialismExistentialism Belief that people make their own meaning.Belief that people make their own meaning. Shows reaction to uncertain timeShows reaction to uncertain time Philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of France - a Philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of France - a

major leader of this movementmajor leader of this movement►Friedrich NietzscheFriedrich Nietzsche

German philosopherGerman philosopher Wrote that reason, democracy, and progress Wrote that reason, democracy, and progress

had stifled people’s creativity and actions.had stifled people’s creativity and actions.

Revolution in the ArtsRevolution in the Arts► Traditional Art Traditional Art

ChangesChanges Introduction to cubism Introduction to cubism

and surrealismand surrealism► CubismCubism – natural shapes – natural shapes

into geometric formsinto geometric forms► SurrealismSurrealism – links – links

dreams with real lifedreams with real life

MusicMusic► Introduction to Introduction to JazzJazz► Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong was a was a

famous jazz musician of famous jazz musician of the time.the time.

“Three Musicians”

Pablo Picasso – Pablo Picasso –

Cubism Cubism

“Guernica”

Salvador Dali – Surrealism Salvador Dali – Surrealism

“The Persistence of Memory”

“Geopoliticus Child”

The Role of WomenThe Role of Women

► Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementMovement Women win the right to Women win the right to

votevote► US, UK, Germany, and US, UK, Germany, and

othersothers

► Adopt freer clothing and Adopt freer clothing and hair styles hair styles ““Bobbed” hairBobbed” hair Began to smoke in publicBegan to smoke in public

► More career More career opportunities as wellopportunities as well Medicine, education, and Medicine, education, and

journalismjournalism

Technology Improves LifeTechnology Improves Life►The AutomobileThe Automobile

Cars improve and become cheaperCars improve and become cheaper Development of suburbs and travel for Development of suburbs and travel for

pleasurepleasure

Technology Improves Life Technology Improves Life (cont.)(cont.)

► AirplanesAirplanes Long-distance air travel Long-distance air travel

available to the richavailable to the rich Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh – –

American pilot solo flight American pilot solo flight from New York to Paris from New York to Paris 33 hours33 hours

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart – first – first women to fly solo women to fly solo across the Atlantic across the Atlantic Ocean (1932)Ocean (1932)

Technology Improves Life Technology Improves Life (cont.)(cont.)

►Radio and Radio and MoviesMovies Broadcast news, Broadcast news,

entertainment, entertainment, etc.etc.

Created a sense Created a sense of community of community and collective and collective artart

Lets Do An Activity!!!Lets Do An Activity!!!

Way it Way it changed life.changed life.

Did it make Did it make life better?life better?

Why?/How?Why?/How?

TechnologyTechnology

World Wide DepressionWorld Wide Depression

►Unstable New DemocraciesUnstable New Democracies War’s end saw sudden rise of new War’s end saw sudden rise of new

democraciesdemocracies From 1914 to 1918 saw Europe’s last From 1914 to 1918 saw Europe’s last

absolute ruler overthrown.absolute ruler overthrown. Citizens of new democracies have little Citizens of new democracies have little

experienceexperience Coalition governmentCoalition government

►Temporary alliance of several partiesTemporary alliance of several parties

Post-war GermanyPost-war Germany

►New government was the New government was the Weimar Weimar RepublicRepublic It was a coalition governmentIt was a coalition government Had serious weaknessesHad serious weaknesses Inflation due to reparationsInflation due to reparations Signs the Signs the Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact with France with France

►Pledging no more warPledging no more war

The Stock Market CrashThe Stock Market Crash

►Post-war United StatesPost-war United States Economy booms in the 1920sEconomy booms in the 1920s Wealth is distributed unevenlyWealth is distributed unevenly Factories cut back on production and workersFactories cut back on production and workers Farmers produce too much food and cannot Farmers produce too much food and cannot

pay mortgages pay mortgages Stocks bought on credit (now illegal)Stocks bought on credit (now illegal) Investors sell stock – lowers the priceInvestors sell stock – lowers the price October 29, 1929 – Market collapses as October 29, 1929 – Market collapses as

prices fall very lowprices fall very low

Global DepressionGlobal Depression

►The collapse of the American economy The collapse of the American economy sent shockwaves around the world.sent shockwaves around the world.

►Worried American bankers demanded Worried American bankers demanded repayment of their overseas loans.repayment of their overseas loans.

►American investors withdrew their American investors withdrew their money from Europe.money from Europe.

►High tariffs on imported goods.High tariffs on imported goods.

Effects Throughout the WorldEffects Throughout the World

►Because of war debts and dependence Because of war debts and dependence on American loans and investments on American loans and investments Germany and Austria were hit hard.Germany and Austria were hit hard.

►1931, Austria’s largest bank failed1931, Austria’s largest bank failed►Value of exports in Asia fell by half Value of exports in Asia fell by half

between 1929 and 1931.between 1929 and 1931.►US and European demand for Latin US and European demand for Latin

American goods dropped.American goods dropped.

Post-War England & FrancePost-War England & France

►Great BritainGreat Britain Coalition governmentsCoalition governments Avoid political extremesAvoid political extremes Slow and steady economic recoverySlow and steady economic recovery

►FranceFrance Establishes a self-sufficient economyEstablishes a self-sufficient economy Preserves democracy despite problemsPreserves democracy despite problems

Lets Do An Activity!!!Lets Do An Activity!!!CountryCountry ResponseResponse EffectiveneEffectivene

ssssWhy?Why?

BritainBritain

FranceFrance

ScandinaviScandinaviaa

United United StatesStates

Which Candidate Will You Which Candidate Will You Choose?Choose?

► Candidate #1’s PlatformCandidate #1’s Platform Remember Germany’s Remember Germany’s

long and glorious pastlong and glorious past Replace our present Replace our present

indecisive leadership with indecisive leadership with a strong effective leadera strong effective leader

Regain the lands taken Regain the lands taken unfairly from usunfairly from us

Make sacrifices to return Make sacrifices to return to economic healthto economic health

Put the welfare of the Put the welfare of the state above all, and our state above all, and our country will be a great country will be a great power againpower again

► Candidate #2’s Candidate #2’s PlatformPlatform Realize that there are no Realize that there are no

simple or quick solutions simple or quick solutions to problemsto problems

Put the people back to Put the people back to work, but economic work, but economic recovery will be slowrecovery will be slow

Provide for the poor, Provide for the poor, elderly, and sickelderly, and sick

Avoid responsibly to Avoid responsibly to safeguard democracysafeguard democracy

Be a good neighbor Be a good neighbor country; honor our debts country; honor our debts and treaty commitmentsand treaty commitments

Fascism Rises in EuropeFascism Rises in Europe

► What is What is FascismFascism?? Describes any authoritarian government Describes any authoritarian government

that is not communist that is not communist ► Basic Fundamentals of FascismBasic Fundamentals of Fascism

Rooted in extreme nationalismRooted in extreme nationalism Glorified action, violence, and disciplineGlorified action, violence, and discipline Blind loyalty to the stateBlind loyalty to the state Glorified warfare as a necessary and Glorified warfare as a necessary and

noble struggle for survivalnoble struggle for survival

What is Fascism? (Cont)What is Fascism? (Cont)

► Fascism can be described as totalitarian ruleFascism can be described as totalitarian rule Single party dictatorshipSingle party dictatorship State control of the economyState control of the economy Use of police, spies & terror to enforce the will of Use of police, spies & terror to enforce the will of

the statethe state Strict censorship & government monopoly of the Strict censorship & government monopoly of the

mediamedia Use of schools & the media to indoctrinate & Use of schools & the media to indoctrinate &

mobilize citizensmobilize citizens Unquestioning obedience to a single leaderUnquestioning obedience to a single leader

Why did it appeal to Italians?Why did it appeal to Italians?

► Promised a strong Promised a strong stable governmentstable government

► End to political End to political feudingfeuding

► Sense of power and Sense of power and confidence at a time confidence at a time of disorder and of disorder and despairdespair

Fascism vs. CommunismFascism vs. Communism

►Fascists were sworn enemies of Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communistssocialists and communists Communists had hopes for international Communists had hopes for international

changechange Fascists pursued nationalist goalsFascists pursued nationalist goals

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

► Italy’s democratic government seemed Italy’s democratic government seemed helpless after WWIhelpless after WWI Plagued by many problemsPlagued by many problems

►Politician Politician Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini promised to promised to rescue Italyrescue Italy Promised strong leadershipPromised strong leadership King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in

charge in 1922charge in 1922

BenitoBenitoMussolinMussolin

ii

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

► Mussolini as “Il Duce”Mussolini as “Il Duce” Abolished democracy Abolished democracy

and political partiesand political parties Took control of the Took control of the

economyeconomy Workers were Workers were

forbidden to strikeforbidden to strike► Government became Government became

a “corporate state”a “corporate state” Fascist Party controlled Fascist Party controlled

industry, agriculture & industry, agriculture & transportationtransportation

Fascism in GermanyFascism in Germany

►German government had many problemsGerman government had many problems Very weak coalitionsVery weak coalitions Many small partiesMany small parties Blamed republic for Versailles TreatyBlamed republic for Versailles Treaty Inflation was out of controlInflation was out of control

►Great Depression in Germany led to the Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of the National Socialist German rise of the National Socialist German Workers' PartyWorkers' Party The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party

Ideas of the Nazi PartyIdeas of the Nazi Party

► Stressed the failures of Stressed the failures of CommunismCommunism DemocracyDemocracy Stressed the "racial Stressed the "racial

purity of the German purity of the German people“people“

Used the Jews as Used the Jews as scapegoatsscapegoats

The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party

► Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler was an was an excellent organizer excellent organizer and speakerand speaker Allowing him to Allowing him to

gain power in the gain power in the Nazi PartyNazi Party

Allowing him to Allowing him to gain popularity with gain popularity with the German peoplethe German people

Rise of the Nazi Party in Rise of the Nazi Party in GermanyGermany

Federal election results

DateDate VotesVotes % of vote% of vote Seats in Seats in ReichstagReichstag

BackgroundBackground

May 1924May 1924 1,918,3001,918,300 6.56.5 3232 Hitler in prisonHitler in prison

December 1December 1924924

907,300907,300 3.03.0 1414 Hitler is released from Hitler is released from prisonprison

May 1928May 1928 810,100810,100 2.62.6 1212   

September 1September 1930930

6,409,6006,409,600 18.318.3 107107 After the financial crisisAfter the financial crisis

July 1932July 1932 13,745,8013,745,8000

37.437.4 230230

November 1November 1932932

11,737,0011,737,0000

33.133.1 196196

March 1933March 1933 17,277,0017,277,0000

43.943.9 288288 After Hitler had become After Hitler had become ChancellorChancellor

Nazi Political PropagandaNazi Political Propaganda

“The people are voting for list 1, the Nazis, at the Reichstag election.”

"We demand freedom and bread"

The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler

►Hitler and the Nazis planned to Hitler and the Nazis planned to overthrow the government in 1923overthrow the government in 1923 Arrested and put in jail for less than one Arrested and put in jail for less than one

yearyear In jail, he wrote “In jail, he wrote “Mein KampfMein Kampf””

►It became a handbook for NazismIt became a handbook for Nazism►Discussed racial purityDiscussed racial purity►Declared the need for more German “living Declared the need for more German “living

space”space” LebensraumLebensraum

Hitler Becomes ChancellorHitler Becomes Chancellor

► Conservative Conservative members of the members of the Nazi Party urged Nazi Party urged President Paul von President Paul von Hindenburg to Hindenburg to name Hitler name Hitler chancellor in 1933chancellor in 1933 Thought they would Thought they would

be able to “control” be able to “control” himhim

Hitler Becomes ChancellorHitler Becomes Chancellor

Once in power, Hitler Once in power, Hitler quickly established a quickly established a totalitarian regimetotalitarian regime

► Used the Gestapo – Used the Gestapo – secret policesecret police

► Use the SS – elite Use the SS – elite protection squadprotection squad

► Used propagandaUsed propaganda

Nazi Propaganda

Hitler Achieves Hitler Achieves TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

► Hitler gains control by:Hitler gains control by: Targeting young peopleTargeting young people

►Hitler Youth programsHitler Youth programs Numerous speechesNumerous speeches Limits the roles of womenLimits the roles of women Launched large scale public works programsLaunched large scale public works programs

►Helps the economyHelps the economy Began to rearm the German militaryBegan to rearm the German military Controlled all mass media and educational Controlled all mass media and educational

institutionsinstitutions

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Hitler’s Campaign Against the JewsJews

► Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problemsGermany’s problems Led to a huge wave of anti-SemitismLed to a huge wave of anti-Semitism Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning

in 1933in 1933

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Hitler’s Campaign Against the JewsJews

► Kristallnacht – “Night Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass”of the Broken Glass” November 9November 9thth, 1933, 1933 Nazi-led mobs Nazi-led mobs

attacked Jewish attacked Jewish stores, synagogues, stores, synagogues, and communitiesand communities

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade Nations

► Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression Japan seeks to solve its economic Japan seeks to solve its economic

problems thru foreign expansionproblems thru foreign expansion►Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931►League of Nations protestsLeague of Nations protests

Japan withdraws from the LeagueJapan withdraws from the League

Japan invades the rest of China in 1937Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade Nations

► Italian AggressionItalian Aggression Mussolini invades Mussolini invades

Ethiopia in 1935Ethiopia in 1935 Ethiopian Leader Ethiopian Leader

Haile Salassie appeals Haile Salassie appeals to the League of to the League of NationsNations

League of Nations League of Nations does not stop does not stop aggressionaggression

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade Nations

► Civil War in SpainCivil War in Spain General General Francisco Francisco

FrancoFranco leads a leads a rebellion in 1936rebellion in 1936

► Receives aid from Receives aid from Hitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini

► Wins the war in 1939 – Wins the war in 1939 – becomes Fascist leaderbecomes Fascist leader

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade Nations

► German AggressionGerman Aggression► Hitler plans to expand the Hitler plans to expand the Third ReichThird Reich – –

German EmpireGerman Empire► Hitler begins a series of steps that would Hitler begins a series of steps that would

lead to warlead to war Built German military against the Built German military against the

Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty People of Germany hated the Treaty People of Germany hated the Treaty The West gave into his demands = The West gave into his demands =

appeasementappeasement – giving in to demands to – giving in to demands to keep peacekeep peace

Why Appeasement?Why Appeasement?

► Many nations did not want another Many nations did not want another World War World War

► Many thought Communism was the Many thought Communism was the bigger threatbigger threat

► Great Depression “sapped” energy Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democraciesof western democracies

► US neutrality actsUS neutrality acts

Steps Towards WarSteps Towards War

► 1936-German troops in the Rhineland1936-German troops in the Rhineland► 1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)

Agreed to Agreed to ►Fight communismFight communism►Not interfere with each other’s expansionNot interfere with each other’s expansion

► 1938-Invasion of Austria 1938-Invasion of Austria ► 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia► Munich ConferenceMunich Conference Sept. 29, 1938 Sept. 29, 1938

Munich Pact – Hitler promises no further Munich Pact – Hitler promises no further expansionexpansion

Steps Towards WarSteps Towards War

► 1939–Hitler takes the 1939–Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakiarest of Czechoslovakia

► 1939-Hitler demands 1939-Hitler demands port city of Danzig from port city of Danzig from PolandPoland

► 1939-The Nazi – Soviet 1939-The Nazi – Soviet PactPact Hitler & Stalin agreeHitler & Stalin agree

► Not to fight each otherNot to fight each other► Split up PolandSplit up Poland

The Beginning of World War The Beginning of World War IIII

► 1939- Germans 1939- Germans invade Poland (9/1)invade Poland (9/1) Britain & France Britain & France

declare war on declare war on GermanyGermany

► Promised to protect Promised to protect PolandPoland

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins