year 12 personal development, health and physical … 12 personal development, health and physical...

Year 12 Personal Development,

Health and Physical Education

HSC Course

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia

“How are priority issues for Australia’s health

identified”?

2010/2011

Core 1 Health priorities in Australia

PDHPE HSC Patrician Brothers’ College Blacktown 2

OVERVIEW MEASURING HEALTH STATUS - Role of epidemiology - Measures of epidemiology

o Mortality o Infant mortality o Morbidity o Life expectancy

IDENTIFYING PRIORITY HEALTH ISSUES - Social justice principles - Priority population groups - Prevalence of condition - Potential for prevention and early intervention - Costs to the individual and community

Syllabus components

How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified?

Students learn about: Students learn to: • measuring health status

− role of epidemiology − measures of epidemiology (mortality,

infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)

• critique the use of epidemiology to describe health status by considering questions such as: − what can epidemiology tell us? − who uses these measures? − do they measure everything about

health status?

• use tables and graphs from health reports to analyse current trends in life expectancy and major causes of morbidity and mortality for the general population and comparing males and females

• identifying priority health issues − social justice principles − priority population groups − prevalence of condition − potential for prevention and early

intervention − costs to the individual and

community

• argue the case for why decisions are made about health priorities by considering questions such as: − how do we identify priority issues for

Australiaʼs health? − what role do the principles of social

justice play? − why is it important to prioritise?

Teacher Note: Students do not need to know the latest statistics on the rates of illness and death. It is only important that they understand trends such as whether the prevalence of leading causes is on the increase, decrease or stable.



Glossary Health priority issues

Health status

Epidemiology

Prevalence

Incidence

Impairment

Mortality

Morbidity Infant Mortality Inpatient Medicare Life expectancy Chronic disease Social justice Diversity Multiculturalsim Infrastructure Rehabilitation



measuring health status

Role of Epidemiology Epidemiology is used by governments and health-related organisations to obtain a picture of the

health status of a population, to identify the patterns of health and disease, and analyse how

health services and facilities are being used. (Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Considers the patterns of disease in terms of:

Commonly uses statistics on

Observations & statistics help researchers & health authorities to:



Limitations of epidemiology Make a list of limitations that epidemiology has when measuring the health status of Australians

-

(Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) Epidemiology at work Read the snapshot ‘Epidemiology at work — an example’ and, working individually or in small groups, answer the following questions. 1. Identify the investigations that Scott Winch has undertaken as part of his masters degree. 2. Explain what the implications might be of such epidemiological studies for the health of indigenous

Australians. 3. Who do you think might use the information obtained in these studies and for what purposes? 4. Use the nceph weblink in your eBookPLUS to find out more about the research that this Centre is

undertaking and answer the following questions.

(a) Whatarethefive‘researchthemes’intowhichtheresearchprogramsaregrouped? (b) Under which of the themes do you think research would be undertaken into the following?

(i) thespreadofswineflu(H1N1virus),thepandemicthatbeganinmid2009 (ii) the health effects of the prolonged drought affecting rural Australia (iii) the implications for health services of Australia’s ageing population (iv) ways to improve the life expectancy of indigenous Australians



What is epidemiology?

What can epidemiology show?

Who uses epidemiology?

Does epidemiology measure everything about health status? Explain.



Measures of Epidemiology The common indicators of the health of a community include measures of mortality (deaths),

infant mortality, morbidity (ill health) and life expectancy. (Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) MORTALITY True or False 1. In 2007 more female deaths were recorded then male deaths. T / F 2. Standardized death rates convert fractions to a number out of 100 000. T / F

3. Overseas born Australians have lower death rates then those of the

Australian born population.

born poulation

T / F

4. The standardized death rate in 2007 was 6 deaths per 1000. T / F

5. The Northern Territory has the highest standardized death rate in Australia. T / F

6. Deaths caused by heart disease and stroke are increasing T / F

(Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009)



Analysing data in a table

1. Using the data for number of deaths in table 1.1, rank the six most common causes of death.

2. What proportion of total deaths related to diseases of the heart and blood vessels?

3. Draw a bar graph to show the standardised death rates for the seven most common causes

of death.

4. Identify the causes of death related to:

(a) the highest median age

(b) the lowest median age.




1. Read the snapshot on trends in causes of death and identify the causes of death that have:

(a) increased

(b) decreased

(c) stayed the same.

2. What was the leading cause of death in 2007 in Australia?

3. Of all the deaths from cancer in 2007, identify the type of cancer that was the most prevalent

cause of death.

4. Suggest some possible reasons for the decline in the number of heart attacks causing

death.



(Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) Examine the graph above and list the trends you can identify.




Death rates for males and females 1. From the data in table 1.2, describe the trend in the death rate for respiratory diseases for:

(a) males

(b) females.

Suggest reasons for your findings.

2. Identify two causes of death that show:

(a) a significant decrease in the death rate for males

(b) a relatively stable death rate for females.

3. In small groups, discuss what data such as that in table 1.2 can tell us about the health

status of Australians.



INFANT MORTALITY The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births. This measure is considered to be the most important indicator of the health status of a nation, and can also predict adult life expectancy. (Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) Currently it is at 4.9 deaths per 1000 live births.

INFANT MORTALITY

Can be divided into

The decline in infant mortality rate over recent decades can be attributed to: - improved medical

diagnosis and treatment of illnessimproved public sanitation health education improved support services for parents and newborn babies and children.

Despite a continued decline The infant mortality rate is higher amongst indigenous infants. This rate is higher then non-indigenous infants. Most infant deaths are attributed to which means a physical defect evident at birth.



(Source: www.google.com/publicdata)

Significance of infant mortality rates 1. Investigate reasons for the decline in infant mortality rates over the past few decades.

2. Are indigenous infant mortality rates similar to non-indigenous rates? Explain any

differences.

3. Why is the infant mortality rate a good indicator of the general health and well-being of a

population?

4. Suggest preventative measures that could be undertaken during pregnancy that would support a continued decline in infant mortality rates.



MORBIDITY Morbidity (sickness) refers to patterns of illness, disease and injury that do not result in death. Information about the incidence and prevalence of health inhibiting conditions in the total population gives us a broader perspective on the nation’s health than that provided by mortality statistics. (Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009)

MORBIDITY MEASURES

INCLUDE

Health surveys & reports Disability & Handicap

Hospital Use Doctor visits & medicare

stats



(Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) Australia’s health — issues and trends Read the snapshot ‘Some of the healthiest people on Earth’ (page 14), then answer the

following questions.

1. Describe the falling trends outlined in the article.

2. Describe the rising trends outlined in the article.

3. HowdoesthelifeexpectancyofAustralianscomparewiththatofothernations?

4. Identify the problems with Australia’s health that are mentioned in the article. In what ways

can Australia’s health be improved?



LIFE EXPECTANCY Life expectancy is the length of time a person can expect to live. It is common indicator of a populations health status. In 2003 -2005 the average life expectancy for a female was 83.3 years and for a male it was 78.5 years.

Trends in life expectancy at various ages


Analyse life expectancy for Australians today.



Scaffold for analyse Analyse – identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications.

Topic to be analysed:

Component Elaboration and support:

Points to note: Statement of topic taken from the question. Preview of components and the relationships. Topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph followed by explanation and examples to illustrate each component. Use linking words between each point such as therefore, thus, as a result, leading to, in order to illustrate the relationship between each of the components. Identifying and explaining the relationship between the various components is essential in answering these questions. The implications of the relationship (what happens/what effect it has) can be dealt with in each of the paragraphs or as a concluding paragraph.

Relationship Point: Elaboration and support:

Implications of the relationship between each of these components:

Component Elaboration and support: Component Elaboration and support:

Relationship Point: Elaboration and support:



Identifying priority health issues In order to improve Australia’s health, governments and health authorities prioritise particular health issues, based generally on: - how much they contribute to the burden of illness in the community - their potential for reducing this burden. (Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009)

(Source: Outcomes2, 4th ed, 2009) Social Justice Principles Social justice aims to eliminate inequity in health, promote diversity and create supportive environments for all Australians so that a greater acceptance of all people can be achieved. The four principles of social justice as they relate to health are:

List some of the inequities that exist within Australia’s population groups



Priority population groups Australia’s multicultural society is made up of many subgroups, all of which have differing health statuses. Identifying these subgroups with an inequitable health status helps to determine priority health areas. It allows health authorities to:

-

In relation to subgroups within Australia’s population the have specific health issues, epidemiological data reveals that: -

Prevalence of condition Complete the following sentences. 1. High prevalence rates of a disease indicate…

2. Statistics show that CVD is …

3. The identification of risk factors can …

Potential for prevention & early change Read & summarise the information on pages 18-19 about the “Potential for prevention & early change”. What does it say about our leading causes of sickness and death in Australia?




BreastScreen and early intervention Read the snapshot ‘BreastScreen Australia program still yielding results’, then answer the following questions. 1. Describe the trend for breast cancer mortality rates between 1990 and 2005.

2. How often is breast screening recommended?

3. Explain how breast screening acts as an early intervention program to reduce the

prevalence of breast cancer in Australia.



Using the internet complete the following activity. The Australian Bureau os Statistics website is a good site to use for Q3 Prevention and early intervention Choose one example of a chronic disease or illness; for example, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma or depression. 1. For the chronic disease or illness that you selected, is there potential for early intervention

and prevention? Explain.

2. Do you think that your selected disease or illness should be a priority for Australia’s health?

Explain your answer.

3. How do the trends in the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease support the

idea that it is a disease that benefits from early intervention and prevention strategies?



Costs to the individual & community

The impact of disease and illness results in both direct and indirect costs to the community as well. Direct costs include:

Indirect costs include:

Costs of cardiovascular diseases Read the snapshot ‘Cardiovascular diseases are Australia’s costliest’, then answer the following questions. 1. What was the direct health-care expenditure on cardiovascular diseases in 2004–05?

2. Was the cost of treating and managing cardiovascular diseases higher in males or in

females?

3. On which age group in the population is health-care spending highest?

Factors associated with

Costs to the individual



Identifying health priority issues for Australia 1. Why is it important to prioritise issues for health?

2. How do we identify health priority issues?

3. Describe the role of social justice in determining health priority issues.

4. How can social justice contribute to improved health for all Australians?

5. Make a copy of the mind map on page 20. Expand the mind map to show the main points

you have learned about each of the factors used for identifying priority health issues.



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