YEAR 10 SEMESTER 1 EXAM REVISION (2012)

NAME BIOLOGY SECTION

1. Define the following terms and include examples where appropriate:-

a. Extinction- last individual of a popn dies outb. Reproduction- producing more individuals of same sp.c. Asexual Reproduction- repro w/o mixing of gametesd. Sexual Reproduction- repro w mixing of gametese. Pollination- transfer of pollen from flower 1 flower 2f. Fertilization- one gamete unites with anotherg. Organelles- functional units within a cellh. DNA- nuc. acid containing individuals genetic informationi. Chromatin- unwound DNA within a nucleus (dark shading)j. Chromosome- wound up DNA within a nucleus

2. Match the organisms in the left hand column with the correct reproductive method in the right hand column. Write the response in the organism’s box. The first has been done for you.

ORGANISM REPRODUCTIVE METHOD

1. Sea StarsC,H A. Sexual Reproduction (Internal)

2. Tree of Life CDJ B. Sexual Reproduction (External)

3. Bamboo CDL

C. Asexual Reproduction

E. Simple Fission

4. Strawberries CDI F. Spores

5. Bacteria CE G. Budding

6. Elephant A H. Regeneration

7. Salmon B

D. Vegetative Reproduction

I. Runners8. Onion CDK

9. Grass CDI J. Leaves

10. Potatoes CDM K. Bulbs

11. Jarrah Tree A? L. Rhizomes

12. Frog B M. Tubers

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of A and B in the above table? (Logic question!)

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k. Meiosis- cell devision prod. 4 haploid cellsl. Mitosis- cell devision prod. 2 diploid cellsm. Variation- differences within individuals of popnn. Inheritance- gaining genes from parents (ancestors)o. Gene- functional unit DNA, produces trait/characterp. Allele- alternative forms of a geneq. Dominant gene- gene that always shows in an offspringr. Recessive gene- masked gene when dom. gene presents. Phenotype- physical form caused by a genotypet. Genotype- genetic makeup of an individualu. Homozygous- both genes of a trait are the samev. Heterozygous- both genes of a trait are the different

w. Punnet Square- 4□ grid used to calculate probability of a genetic event happening`

4. Fill in the following table regarding the Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction.

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

(INTERNAL)

1. No drying out of the gametes2. “Aim” is much more precise –

less gametes are needed for fertilization (given all things being equal) (energy saving)

1. Production of specialized parts for copulation

2. Doing/orientation may involve lots effort/damage(Mayfly/sharks resp)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

EXTERNAL

1. No need for specialized parts – tubes to the outside (energy saving)

2. No need for the pair to join/ copulate – no/less physical damage

1. Potential for the gametes to dry out (most of these organisms will require water for mating/ fertilization times)

2. Aim/timing may be out (esp. by male) (special ‘dances’ to increase accuracy)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. No need to find other (type) of individual (↓ energy use)

2. Given optimal conditions, reproductive rate can be extremely high (much higher than sexual repro. for the same time!)

1. Lack of variability – lower survivability potential should the environmental conditions change.

2. Non-optimal conditions – very slow or nil reproduction

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. Variability – increased chance of surviving changes in the environment (some have special stuff that helps them survive to a reproductive age)

2. In the act of selecting a partner, fittest individuals get to pass on their fit genes to offspring (excluding humans!)

1. Need to find a receptive partner – how do you communicate this (pheromones, noise, migrations etc - needs energy expenditure)

2. Reproductive rate can be very low – danger in small/ non-variable popn

5. Label the following diagrams of the male and female reproductive organs. (Sperm duct, Prostate gland, Testis, Scrotum, Penis, Bladder, Urethra, Ovary, Fallopian tube, Uterus, Vagina, Anus.)

http://www.student.loretto.org/anatomyphys/Keydiagram-female--ReproductiveSystem.jpg

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OVARY

UTERUS

VAGINA

ANUS

FALLOPIAN TUBE

BLADDER

URETHRA

URETHRA

PROSTATE GLAND

PENIS

SCROTUMTESTIS

SPERM DUCT

OVARY

FALLOPIAN TUBE

VAGINA

UTERUSPROSTATE GLAND

URETHRA

SPERM DUCT

TESTIS

SCROTUM

BLADDER

BLADDER

6. Fill in the following diagram with the most appropriate word.

7. Label the following diagram of the flower. What are the function/s of each part? What are the collective names for parts (D, E, F), and (G, H)?

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Cow Bull

meiosis meiosis

spermegg

Fertilization

Zygote

mitosis

New Individual

A

D

C

B

G

F E

H

egg sepal

petal

filament

anther

stigma style

ovary

A

J

I

H ***

G

F ***

E

D ***

C

B

K

J

9. Label the following diagram of the cell and give the functions of the parts labelled ***. Learn the highlighted parts.

10. Draw a sketch of a DNA molecule. Label all the parts. What are the similarities and difference between DNA, Chromatin, and a Chromosome?

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SKETCH Similarities – Each involves DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains the genetic information of the individual as instructions within a sequence of bases in this molecule.

Differences – DNA is the molecule of genetic information; chromatin refers to unwound DNA within the nucleus – the dark stained part of a cell; chromosome is a word describing wound-up DNA that is seen as dark single or double ‘bars’ within the cell during mitosis or meiosis

Cell membrane

Nucleus- contains DNA which has the genetic code, as a sequence of genes, of the individual

Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell/ provides energy for cellular processes

Nuclear membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

centriole

vesicles

Golgi body

nucleolus

Endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm

A T

C G

C G

Ribose sugar

Nitrogen bases

Phosphate

10. In pea plants, smooth seed (S) is dominant to wrinkled seed (s).a. Give the possible genotypes of the following:

i. Wrinkled seed [ss]ii. Smooth seed [SS or Ss]

b. Give the possible phenotypes of the following:i. ss [wrinkled]

ii. Ss [smooth]iii. SS [smooth]

c. In the following give the genotypes, phenotypes, and percentages of the offspring expected:i. Homozygous smooth seed X homozygous wrinkled seed [100% smooth, Ss]

ii. Heterozygous smooth seed X heterozygous smooth seed [25% SS + 50% Ss + 25% ss, 75% smooth & 25% wrinkled]

iii. Heterozygous smooth seed X homozygous wrinkled seed [50% Ss (smooth) + 50% ss (wrinkled)]11. In humans assume brown eye colour (B) is dominant to blue colouration, (b). [The situation is much more complicated

than this but make this simplified assumption for the purposes of doing the question.]a. What would be the percentage chance that two blue-eyed parent will have a blue-eyed baby? [100%]b. What would be the chance of two brown-eyed parents having a blue-eyed baby? [0% if both parents

homozygous brown, 0% if one is homozygous brown and the other heterozygous brown, 25% if both parents are heterozygous brown]

12. Apart from the shape of the seed in pea plants as stated in question 10, pea plant flowers can be one of two colours – red (dominant) or white. (Show all working in completing the question.)

a. Why is this NOT a form of Co-dominance? [Only two possible phenotypes. Co-dominance produces 3!]b. What would be the result of a cross between a heterozygous red-flowered pea plant with a white-flowered

plant? [50% heterozygous red, 50% white]13. In pigs, black skin is dominant to red skin. How could you tell if a black skinned pig is pure breeding or a hybrid? [Do a

test cross with a homozygous recessive. If some of the offspring are red skinned then the parent with black skin must have been heterozygous dominant. This cannot occur if the parent was homozygous dominant!] You need to understand this by showing the punnet squares for each argument.]

14.a. In the vinegar fly Drosophila, red eye colour is dominant over pink. A number of heterozygous red-eyed flies were

interbred and a total of 1680 offspring were produced. What would be the expected number of pink-eyed flies, (it will be an approximated number) Show all of your working.

[Expected pink-eyed offspring – 75% red-eyed + 25% pink-eyed flies][25% X 1680 = 420]

b. Why is there a statement in the previous question that calculated numbers will be an ‘approximation’? [Punnet squares only give a probability of the phenotypes expected in the offspring, NOT what will be obtained.]

c. In what ways will your calculations for co-dominance (or incomplete dominance) be different to dominant/recessive characteristics in the above question? [In a cross between two heterozygous individuals above, all genotypes containing a ‘R’ will give a red coloured phenotype. In co-dominance this may not be the case due to the second

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9. The diagram to the right shows an adult cell containing 4 chromosomes. The cell is about to divide through the process of meiosis. Complete the diagram showing the chromosomes in each of the cells produced. Why are there 4 chromosomes in the first cell, and why are there pairs that look exactly the same? It is a diploid cell containing a full complimenet of chromosomes – one set from mum and one set from dad. What name would you give to the final 4 cells made? ‘Gametes’ as they contain half the normal number of chromosomes, (a haploid number of chromosomes).

R

R

r

r

RR Rr

Rr rr

gene affecting the phenotype. ie Rr and RR – red eyed phenotypes are combined to determine the outcomes of this cross whereas RR – red & RW – pink are not combined as they are two different phenotypes.]

15. What are the similarities and differences between co-dominance and incomplete dominance? [Similarities – both have three different phenotypes in the offspring, ‘lettering’ used to denote genotypes is the same (all capital letters and different letters used) Differences – co-dominance “patchyness” / incomplete dominance “blending”]

16. Hair shape in humans can either be straight, curly, or wavy. If two wavy-haired parents are expecting a child, what chance is there that it will also be wavy-haired? Show all working!

[25% curly hair + 25% straight hair + 50% wavy hair so 50% chance of a wavy haired child]

17. In Andalusian chickens, feathers can be of three colours; black, black splashed white, or blue (being the intermediate/co-dominant form). If a white chicken and blue rooster are crossed how many out of a bakers dozen [13] will be;

a. blue, [0]b. black splashed white [all 13], orc. white [0]

18. Snapdragon flowers show incomplete dominance. If a red snapdragon is crossed with a white snapdragon, what will be the likely outcomes of the F1 and F2 generations?

[All RW, all pink snapdragons] [25% red, 25% white, 50% pink]19. Radish plants show incomplete dominance. The three phenotypes in radish shapes are long, round, or oval. If 70 seeds

are produced from a cross between an oval and round plants, how many are expected to be;a. long [LL – 0]b. round [RR – 35]c. oval [LR – 35]

20. In some cattle species, coat colour can either be white, red, or roan. Whilst roan descriptively could be an indicator of incomplete dominance, it is actually co-dominance where 1 hair is red and the next is white.

a. How can this situation cause this confusion [Resolution of human eyes not good enough to distinguish between each hair colour at distance – so the colours are interpreted as the blended colour, roan], and

b. if two roan cattle are mated, what will be the likely outcomes?

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C

C

S

S

CC CS

CS SS

KEY:CC – curly hairSS – straight hairCS – wavy hair

W

B

W

B

BW BW

BW BW

KEY:BB – blueWW – whiteBW – white splashed

R

R

W

W

RR RW

RW WW

F2 outcomesW

R

W

R

RW RW

RW RW

F1 outcomes

KEY:RR – redWW – whiteRW – pink

L

R

R

R

LR RR

LR RR

R

R

W

W

RR RW

RW WW

KEY:RR – redWW – whiteRW – roan

4He2

CHEMISTRY SECTION

1. Define each of the following words so that you can differentiate between them:- ELEMENT [Material containing only one type of atom] and COMPOUND [material containing

two or more different types of atoms] , ATOM [basic/functional unit of matter containing protons, neutrons, and electrons and MOLECULE [The smallest particle of a compound that retains the chemical and physical properties of that compound and is composed of two or more atoms.]

2. Label each of the following parts on the atom.

a. What is the name of this atom? [helium]b. Why are the 2 parts labelled “E” different? [different positioning around

the atom AND one electron moving into and out of the page; thickened/dashed oval.]

c. In what ways does this relate to the above atom? [Represents the diagram above In a written form – standard notation of the above atom]

d. If you ‘pick up an atom off the ground’ how many electron should there be? The same number as the atomic number – the number of protons.

e. What are the relative charges and masses of each of the particles found in an atom?CHARGE MASS WHERE FOUND

PROTONS +ve 1 nucleus

NEUTRONS o 1 nucleus

ELECTRONS -ve 1/2000 electron cloud

f. What has Subiaco Oval got to do with an atom? [If the nucleus is the size of a grapefruit placed at the bounce down dot in the centre of the oval, then the electrons would be the size of peas running around the boundary in the electron orbitals.]

3. What is an ISOTOPE? [Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus] Draw and name the 3 types of hydrogen isotopes to illustrate your answer.

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nucleus

protons

neutrons

electrons

electron orbitals

Hydrogen isotope 1 Hydrogen isotope 2 Hydrogen isotope 31H1

2H1

3H1

4. Fill in the following table.

SYMBOL NAME ATOMIC NUMBER

MASS NUMBER

NUMBER OF PROTONS

NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

12C6

Carbon 6 12 6 6 6

80Br35

Bromine 35 80 35 45 35

195Pt78

Platinum 78 195 78 117 78

137Ba56

Barium 56 137 56 81 56

201Hg80

Mercury 80 201 80 120 80

63.5Cu29

Copper 29 63.5 29 34.5 29

40Ca2+

20Calcium ion 20 40 20 20 18

23Mg2+

12Magnesium ion 12 24 12 12 10

79Se2+

34Selenium ion 34 79 34 45 32

75As3+

33Arsenic 33 75 33 42 36

5. Write down the electron configuration of the following atoms/ions. Sodium atom [2,8,1], Phosphorus atom [2,8,5], Neon atom [2,8], and Beryllium ion [2]. Draw each of the atoms including the electrons surrounding the atom. Drawn below in order)

6. Review the Periodic Table. Label each of the following parts:- periods, groups, valencies, metals, non-metals, solids/liquids/gases at room temperature, alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, halogens, noble gases, and the metals/non-metals line.

7. Why can it be said that the Chloride ion is, in one way, similar to the noble gas Argon? [Once the chloride ion gains an electron, it’s configuration will look exactly the same as that of argon. The only difference wouldbe that one of the paired electrons has it’s originsin another atom – pink in the chloride ion.]Draw the 2 atoms to illustrate your answer.

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2+

1-

8. Fill in the following table by writing the correct formulae.

FLUORIDE NITRIDE SULPHITE PHOSPHATE

POTASSIUM KF K3N K2SO3 K3PO4

STRONTIUM SrF2 Sr3N2 SrSO3 Sr3(PO4)2

COPPER III CuF3 CuN Cu2(SO3)3 CuPO4

AMMONIUM NH4F (NH4)3N (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)3PO4

IRON IV FeF4 Fe3N4 Fe(SO3)2 Fe3(PO4)4

CHROMIUM VI CrF6 CrN2 Cr(SO3)2 Cr(PO4)2

NICKEL III NiF3 NiN Ni2(SO3)3 NiPO4

ALUMINIUM AlF3 AlN Al2(SO3)3 AlPO4

9. Fill in the following table by either giving the name or the formula of the missing part.

NAME FORMULADihydrogen monoxide/water H2O

Ammonia NH3

Sulphur trioxide SO3

Silicon dioxide SiO2

Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4

Disulfur tetrachloride S2Cl4

Oxygen dichloride OCl2

Carbon tetrahydride/Methane CH4

Sulphur hexafluoride SF6

10. What is the difference between the bonding in the compounds in question 8 [ionic bonding], and that of the bonding in the compounds of question 9 [covalent bonding]?

11. What are chemical reactions? [Interactions between the electrons of atoms/diagrammatic representation of the changes in atoms when they react.] Where do you find the products [after the arrow], and where the reactants in an equation [before the arrow]. What are subscripts and why are they used in equations? [Small letters representing the different types of matter that can react and form in a reaction. They are found as a subscript at the base of each reacting material in a reaction.]

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12. What is the meaning of the law in chemistry stated as “The law of the Conservation of Mass.?” [In conventional chemistry, matter can neither be created nor destroyed – it can, however, be converted into a different compound and form.] What implications does it have for you in chemical reactions? [Chemical equations must be balanced so that that numbers of all atoms in an equation remain the same on both side of the arrow.]

13. Write balanced DISSOCIATION equations for the soluble solids potassium sulphate, and magnesium chloride.

K2SO4 (aq) 2K+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

MgCl2 (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

14. Using a solubility table write down a balanced precipitation equation leaving out the spectator ions. If there are no precipitates produced then write down no reaction.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS MIXED BALANCED PRECIPITATION EQUATION SPECTATOR

IONSLead II nitrate and

Potassium hydroxide Pb2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Pg(OH)2 (s) K+, NO3-

Copper II sulphate and aluminium chloride No reaction

Iron III sulphate and potassium carbonate 2Fe3+

(aq) + 3CO32-

(aq) Fe2(CO3)3 (s) SO42- and K+

Fe3+(aq) + S2- (aq) Fe3S2 (s)

CH3COO- and K+

Barium hydroxide and magnesium iodide Mg2+

(aq) + OH- (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) Ba2+, I-

Strontium II iodide and Barium hydroxide Sr2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Sr(OH)2 (s) Ba2+, I-

Ca2+ (aq) + PO43- (aq) Ca3(PO4)2 (s) OH- and NH4

+

15. Complete the following table on General Reactions by giving the missing reactants or products. Look and learn the patterns that you can see in the table. Use it as a mnemonic to remember the General Equations.

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

1. ACID + METAL HYDROXIDE SALT + WATER

2. ACID + REACTIVE METAL SALT + HYDROGEN GAS

16. Give the names or formula for the following covalent molecular elements and compounds: N2 [nitrogen gas], Oxygen gas [O2], F2 [fluorine gas], Cl2 [chlorine gas], Bromine gas [Br2], I2 [iodine gas], H2O [water], Carbon dioxide [CO2], CO [carbon monoxide], Nitrogen dioxide [NO2], SO2 [sulphur dioxide], SO3 [sulphur trioxide], HNO3 [nitric acid], Hydrogen chloride [HCl], H2SO4 [sulphuric acid], Trihydrogen phosphate [H3PO4], CH3COOH [acetic acid].

17. Give the name or formula of the following acids: H2SO4 [sulphuric acid], Nitric acid [HNO3], HCl [hydrochloric acid], Phosphoric acid [H3PO4], Acetic acid [CH3COOH].

18. Give the name or formula of the following bases NaOH [sodium hydroxide], Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], and Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2].

19. Write fully balanced equations for each of the following reactionsNEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS

a. hydrochloric acid is added to calcium hydroxide solution [2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O]b. magnesium hydroxide is added to phosphoric acid [3Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 6H2O]c. aluminium hydroxide mixed with phosphoric acid [Al(OH)3 + H3PO4 AlPO4 + 3H2O]d. nickel IV hydroxide and sulphuric acid are mixed [Ni(OH)4 + 2H2SO4 Ni(SO4)2 + 4H2O]e. barium hydroxide mixed with nitric acid [Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O]bjf Page 11 18/05/2023

ACID-METAL REACTIONSf. zinc mixed with hydrochloric acid [Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2]g. magnesium added to phosphoric acid [3Mg + 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2]h. aluminium added to acetic acid [2Al + 6CH3COOH 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2]i. aluminium and phosphoric acid [2Al + 2H3PO4 2AlPO4 + 3H2]j. iron II and nitric acid [Fe + 2HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2]

ADDITIONAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS20. Fill in the following table. The first has been done for you.

NAME SYMBOL No. PROTONS No. NEUTRONS

No. ELECTRONS

Hydride 1 0 2

Iodide 53 74 54

Magnesium 12 12 12

Oxygen 8 8 8

Lead VI ion 82 125 78

Nitride 7 7 10

Potassium ion 19 20 18

Iron III ion 26 30 23

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1H-

1

53 I 127

12 Mg 24

8 O 16

82 Pb 207

7 N3-

14

19 K+

39

26Fe3+

56

Bromine 35 45 35

Copper I 29 34.5 28

21. Write the formula for the following.a. Carbon monoxide [CO]b. Barium chloride [BaCl2]c. Sulphur dioxide [SO2]d. Iron II nitrate [Fe(NO3)2]e. Carbon tetrachloride[CCl4]

22. Write the name for each of the following chemicals.a. O2 [oxygen gas/diatomic oxygen]b. SO3 [sulphur trioxide]c. MnO2 [manganese dioxide]d. Cr(PO4)2 [chromium IV phosphate]e. Fe(NO2)4 [iron IV nitrate]

23. Balance the following questions where necessary.a. 2HgO 2Hg + O2

b. 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

c. 6HCl + 2Al 2AlCl3 + 3H2

d. 2Na2O2 + 2H2O 4NaOH + O2

e. 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2Of. 3Na2CO3 + 2H3PO4 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O + 3CO2

24. Write the correct formula for each and then balance the equations.a. Neutralization of nitric acid with potassium hydroxide solution [HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O]b. Solid tin II (a reactive metal) dropped into sulphuric acid [Sn + H2SO4 SnSO4 + H2O]c. White phosphorus explodes on contact with air producing phosphorus pentoxide [P + O2 PO5]d. Sodium hydroxide is added to phosphoric acid [NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + H2O]

PHYSICS SECTION

1. When determining velocity, 3 variables need to be taken into account. What are they? [Displacement, time, direction]2. What is the difference between scalars and vectors? Give three examples of each. [scalar – magnitude only; time, mass,

distance. Vector – magnitude and direction; displacement, velocity, acceleration]3. What is the difference between DISPLACEMENT in speed and velocity calculations? Give an example of these

differences such as for a car travelling in a circular path. [The speed of the car will be determined by dividing the total distance travelled by the car (no matter what direction or where it ends up) by the time it takes to do the trip. The speed will have some value above 0 (zero). The velocity calculation, however, is based on the car’s DISPLACEMENT from it’s starting point to the end point. If this is for a circular path where the car finishes where it starts, then it’s velocity will be calculated as 0 (zero)!]Uniform Velocity

4. Calculate the answers to the following questions. Show full setting out and all partial answers in completing the question. Underline your final answer.

a. Find the average velocity (in km/h) of a car that travels 3300 meters in 2 minutes.[3.3km, 0.033…h]vav = ?s = 3.3kmt= 0.033…h

b. A body travels at 360cm in 0.002 seconds. Find the average velocity in m/s. [3.6m, 0.002s]

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f. Ammonium phosphate[(NH4)3PO4]g. Potassium nitrite [KNO2]h. Aluminium carbonate[Al2(CO3)3]i. Sodium bicarbonate[Na2CO3]j. Iron VI carbonate[Fe(CO3)3]

f. NaF [sodium fluoride]g. KHCO3 [potassium hydrogen carbonate]h. AlPO4 [aluminium phosphate]i. Mg(NO3)2 [magnesium nitrate]j. Sn(SO3)2 [tin IV sulfite]

g. 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2Oh. S8 + 8O2 8SO2

i. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

j. 3ZnO + 2Al Al2O3 + 3Zn

35 Br 80

29 Cu+

63.5

vav = s t

= 3.3 = 99km/h in the direction of travel 0.033

vav = ?s = 3.6mt= 0.002s

c. A car travels 110m in 2.75 seconds. What is its velocity in km/h? [0.11km, 2.75/3600= 0.00076h]vav = ?s = 0.11kmt= 0.00076h

d. A body travelling at an average velocity of 15m/s takes 2.8 hours to travel in a straight line. What is its displacement from its starting point? Give your answer in km.

vav = 15m/ss = ?t= 2.8h [2.8 x 3600 = 10080s]

e. Calculate the displacement of a body (in km) that travels at 35m/s for 12s.vav = 35m/ss = ?t= 12s

f. How long does it take a human to travel 118m at 0.004 km/h?vav = 0.004 km/hs = 118m [0.118km]t= ?

g. How long would it take a car to travel a distance of 450m if its velocity is 35m/s. vav = 35m/s s = 450mt= ?

h. For question g above, give the speed of the car in km/h.vav = 35m/s

i. Calculate the distance travelled in 2.5 seconds at a speed of 14m/s.vav = 14m/ss = ?t= 2.5s

j. Do you need to give a direction in your answer for question (i) above? [NO] Why or why not? [The values given in the question indicate scalar quantities being used. Scalar quantities do not require a direction.

k. A car moves at 5m/s for 2minutes, then at 4m/s for 3 minutes. Find the average velocity for the journey.vav1 = 5m/ss = ?t= 2min [120s]

vav2 = 4m/ss = ?t= 3min [180s]

vav total = ?s = 1320mt= 300s

l. A motorbike moves at 8m/s for 3.5 minutes (210s), then at 4m/s for 4.4 hours (4.4 x 3600 = 15840s). Find the average velocity for the whole journey. (Answer in m/s.)

vav1 = 8m/ss = ?t= 3.5min [210s]

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vav = s t

= 3.6 = 1800m/s in the direction of travel 0.002

vav = s t

= 0.11 = 144.74km/h in the direction of travel 0.00076

s = vav x t

= 15 x 10080 = 151200m 151.2km from it’s origin

s =vav x t

= 35 x 12 = 420m 0.42km from it’s origin

t = s vav

= 0.118 = 29.5h 0.004

t = s vav

= 450 = 12.86s 35

ie divide by 1000 (to convert to km), then multiply by 3600 (to convert to h) = x 3.6

35/1000 = 0.035 x 3600 = 126 km/h35 x 3.6 = 126 km/h

s =vav x t

= 14 x 2.5 = 35m

s =vav x t

= 5 x 120 = 600m

s =vav x t

= 4 x 180 = 720mSo total distance is 1320m in a time of 300s

vav = s t

= 1320 = 4.4m/s in the direction of travel 300

s =vav x t

= 8 x 210 = 1680m

vav2 = 4m/ss = ?t= 4.4h [15840s]

vav total = ?s = 65040mt= 16050s

m. A car is to travel 13km. Find (a) the time it would take at 20m/s and (b) the time saved travelling at 30m/s instead of 20m/s?

vav1 = 20m/s s = 13km [13000m]t= ?

vav2 = 30m/s s = 13km [13000m]t= ?

time saved 650 – 433.33 = 216.7s (3.6 min)Uniform Acceleration

5. Calculate the answers to the following questions. Show full setting out and all partial answers in completing the question. Underline your final answer.

a. Find the acceleration of a car that increases its velocity from 35m/s to 105 m/s in 3.5 seconds.

b. A body changes its velocity from 30 to 18m/s in 6 seconds. What is its acceleration?

c. A car experiences a deceleration of -4m/s2 over the space of 2 seconds. If its initial velocity was 17m/s, what is its final velocity?

d. A motorbike is travelling at 4m/s. What is its final velocity if it accelerates at 3m/s2 for 5 seconds?

e. A dragster, starting from rest, reaches a speed of 180km/h in a time of 5 seconds.i. What is its final velocity in m/s?

ii. What is the acceleration in m/s2?

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s =vav x t

= 4 x 15840 = 63360mSo total distance is 65040m in a time of 16050s

vav = s t

= 65040 = 4.05m/s in the direction of travel 16050

t = s vav

= 13000 = 650s 20

t = s vav

= 13000 = 433.33s 30

a=? u=35m/s v=105m/s t=3.5s

a= v-u t

a=105 – 35 3.5=70 3.5= 20m/s2

a=? u=30m/s v=18m/s t=6s

a= v-u t

a=18 – 30 6= -12 6= -2m/s2

a= -4m/s2

u=17m/s v=?m/s t=2s

v= u+atv= 17 + -4*2 = 17 + -8 = 17 – 8 = 9m/s

a= 3m/s2

u=4m/s v=?m/s t=5s

v= u+atv= 4 + 3*5 = 4 + 15 = 19m/s

v=180km/hr

a= ?m/s2

u=0m/s v=180km/hr (50ms-1)t=5s

km ms-1 ≡ n * 1000/3600SO

180 * 1000/3600 = 50ms-1

* by 1000 removes the symbol “k” ∕ by 3600 converts hours into seconds

a = v-u t

a = 50 – 0 5= 50 5= 10m/s2

f. If a truck has an initial velocity of 2300cm/s and it is accelerated at 15cm/s2 for 25seconds, find the final velocity in m/s.

g. A car takes 6 seconds to be retarded from 57m/s to rest. Calculate its acceleration.

h. A train is decelerating at 13m/s2. Find its initial velocity if after 12 seconds it had slowed to 40m/s.

i. A skydiver jumps out of a stationary helicopter under the influence of gravity, and it takes the person 2.02 seconds to fall 20 metres vertically down. What is the person’s final velocity at this point? (Neglect any wind or frictional factors.)

j. A train moving with a velocity of 25m/s over a time of 8 seconds, slows to 5m/s. What is the deceleration of the train?

k. A car is slowed uniformly from 45km/h to rest in 6 seconds. Calculate its acceleration in m/s2.

l. A car is decelerating at 13m/s2. Find the initial velocity if after 12 seconds it had slowed to 10 m/s.

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a= 15cm/s2 (0.15m/s2)u=2300cm/s (2.3m/s)v=?m/s t=25s

v= u+at v= 2.3 + 0.15*25 = 2.3 + 3.75 = 6.05m/s

a=? u=57m/s v=0m/s t=6s

a= v-u t

a=0 – 57 6= -57 6= -9.5m/s2

a= -13m/s2

u=?m/s v=40m/s t=12s

u= v-atu= 40 – (-13*12) = 40 – (-156) = 40 + 156 = 196m/s

g= 9.8m/s2

u=0m/s v=?m/s t=2.02s

v= u+gtv= 0 + 9.8*2.02 = 0 + 19.8 = 19.8m/s

a=? u=25m/s v=5m/s t=8s

a= v-u t

a=5 – 25 8= -20 8= -2.5m/s2

a=? u=45m/s v=0m/s t=6s

a= v-u t

a=0 – 45 6= -45 6= -7.5m/s2

a= -13m/s2

u=?m/s v=10m/s t=12s

u= v-atu= 10 – (-13*12) = 10 – (-156) = 10 + 156 = 166m/s

Displacement of an Accelerating Body – Horizontal Motion6. Calculate the answers to the following question. Show full setting out and all partial answers in completing the question.

Underline your final answer.a. A car starts from rest and moves with an acceleration of 18m/s2 for 40 seconds. Find

i. the final velocity and

ii. the displacement of the car over this time.

b. A car is moving at 144 km/h. if it is then accelerated uniformly at 5m/s2 for 6 seconds, find i. the final velocity and

ii. displacement over this time.

c. Find the acceleration and the displacement of a car that is moving at 12m/s, from rest, for 4 seconds.

d. A motorbike is moving at 72 km/h. if it is then accelerated at 3m/s2 for 6 seconds, findi. the final velocity and

ii. displacement over this time.

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a= 18m/s2

u=0m/s v=?m/s t=40s

v= u+atv= 0 + 18*40 = 0 + 720 = 720m/s

s = ut + 1/2at2a= 18m/s2

u=0m/s v=?m/s t=40ss=?

s = (0X40)+(1/2*18*402) = (0) + (9 * 1600) = 14400m (14.4km)

a= 5m/s2

u=144 km/h (40m/s – see question 5e) above for conversion)v=?m/s t=6s

v= u+atv= 40 + 5*6 = 40 + 30 = 70m/s

s = ut + 1/2at2

s = (40X6)+(1/2*5*62) = (240) + (4.5 * 36) = (240) + (162) = 402m

a= 5m/s2

u=144 km/h (40m/s)v=?m/s t=6s

a= ?m/s2

u=0m/s v=12m/s t=4s

a= v-u t

a=12 – 0 4= 12 4= 3m/s2

s = ut + 1/2at2

s = (0X4)+(1/2*3*42) = (0) + (1.5 * 16) = (0) + (24) = 24m

a= 3m/s2

u=72 km/h (20m/s)v=?m/s t=6s

v= u+atv= 20 + 3*6 = 20 + 18 = 38m/s

s = ut + 1/2at2

s = (20X6)+(1/2*3*62) = (120) + (1.5 * 36) = (120) + (54) = 174m

e. A truck is accelerated at 5m/s2 for 4 seconds. If the displacement during this time is 64 metres, find the initial velocity.

Displacement of an Accelerating Body – Horizontal Motion (cont.)f. A truck moves from rest and experiences an acceleration of 4m/s2 for 4 seconds. Find the

i. final velocity

ii. averages velocity iii. displacement over the time of the acceleration.

g. A body has an initial velocity of 800cm/s. For 14 seconds it is uniformly accelerated at 50 cm/s2. calculate its

i. final velocity (in m/s) and ii. displacement (in m) over the time of the acceleration

h. A plane travels a total distance of 924m under the influence of an acceleration of 8m/s2. If it’s initial velocity was 130m/s, how long was the accelerating force acting?

i. A bicycle moving at 7.5m/s is accelerated at -1.25m/s2 for a 5.5 second period. Determine thei. displacement and

ii. velocity at the end of this periodj. A car is stopped uniformly to rest from 45m/s in 6 seconds. Find the

i. acceleration and ii. the distance travelled over this time.

k. A car over the space of 111m, experiences a retardation of 8m/s2. If the retardation was for 3 seconds, what was the car’s initial velocity?

l. Determine the time taken for a vehicle accelerated from rest at 2m/s2 to travel a distance of 43m.Displacement of an Accelerating Body – Vertical Motion

7. Calculate the answers to the following question. Show full setting out and all partial answers in completing the question. Underline your final answer.

a. A stone falls of the edge of a cliff and takes 13 seconds to strike the ground directly below. Determine the i. velocity with which the stone strikes the ground and

ii. the height of the cliffb. A squash ball, once stuck in the light cage, falls to the floor. If it takes 1.7 seconds to reach the floor, what

was the i. final velocity of the ball and

ii. the height of the ceilingc. An arrow is shot vertically down from a tree branch with an initial velocity of 17m/s. How far does the

arrow travel in 3 seconds?d. A Honky Nut breaks away from a branch 8 metres above your head.

i. How long did it take to hit your head after breaking away from the branch?ii. At what speed did it hit your head?

e. A feather is placed in a complete vacuum. It falls under the influence of gravity over a distance of 2.2 metres.

i. How long does it take to reach the base of the evacuated chamber?ii. What is it’s final velocity?

Constructing a displacement-time graph8. Use the information in the following table to answer the questions which follow. The table show the results recorded

from a ticker timer tape recording for an object travelling at a specific rate.

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a= 5m/s2

u=?m/st=4ss=64m

s = ut + 1/2at2 64=4u+1/2*5*42

64=4u+3.5*1664=4u+5664-56=4u+56-568=4u8=4u4 42=u (u=2m/s)

(NB. Time interval gives the readings between two consecutive dots.)

Time Interval (seconds)

Cumulative Time (seconds)

Interval distance (cm)

Total Distance (cm)

0 0 0 00.02 20.02 40.02 40.02 40.02 70.02 70.02 100.02 100.02 100.02 10

a. Complete the table.b. Plot a line graph of Cumulative time vs Total distance. (Label the axes and give the graph a title.)c. Describe how the object is moving whilst the measurements were taken.d. What is the average velocity of the object for the whole journey?

9. Calculate the required values for each of the following ticker tapes. (Calculate uniform velocity, and acceleration.)

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10.

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11. For each of the graphs in question 10, convert them into displacement – time graphs. (Optional Hard Question for the Quasi to Mega-intelligent people in the room!)

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