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THE INDONESIAN MILITARY REFORM 1998‐2009: SECURITIZATION AND DESECURITIZATION DYNAMICS
Yandry Kurniawan Kasim697330453
Background
Democratization
Military Reform
Political Disengagement
Professional Armed Forces
Experimental Process
Transitional Process
Domestic Unrest
Political Instability
Military have to out
Civilians have no capability
Research Objectives
1. To offer an account of the Indonesian Military
Reform.
2. To describe the securitization –
desecuritization dynamics during the reform.
3. To explain why desecuritization is important.
Research Puzzles
1. How is the military reform taking place in
Indonesia?
2. How have securitization – desecuritization
affected the reform?
3. Why does desecuritization matter?
Literatures Review
Security Dimension of Democratization
1. More conflicts than peace.
2. The diminished of state legitimacy (vertically and
horizontally).
3. Inadequate national structure => Challenges
4. State’s options in performing is security functions.
Literatures Review
Securitization Theory
1. Definition on security.
2. “Security is socially constructed”
3. Definition on securitization.
4. The politics of security.
5. Securitization and desecuritization.
Literatures Review
Military Reform
1. Part of Security Sector Reform (SSR).
2. SSR has to begin with the recognition of the
military’s role in the country.
3. Definition on military reform.
4. Significance of military reform.
Proposed Methodology
Discourse Analysis1. Philosophical background2. Purpose3. Dimension (texts, discourse, context)4. Significance for the thesis
“texts” should be able to describe the emerging and/or shifting “discourse” during the covered period of the Indonesian military reform in this study, within the existing “context” of the time”
Expected Contributions
1. The first application of securitization theory to explain military reform in Indonesia.
2. Will supposedly enrich the discussion on the study of military reform and Indonesian military.
Root of Excessive Presence
The Doctrine of “DUAL FUNCTION”
Nasution’s speech on 12 November 1958:
“The Indonesian Armed Forces [are] not just the ‘civilian tool’ like in the Western countries, nor a military regime which dominates the state power, but as one of many forces in the society, the force for struggle of the people which works together with other people forces “
Root of Excessive Presence
The Doctrine of “DUAL FUNCTION
General interpretation:
“the Indonesian Armed Forces not only had defense and security functions but also a social and political role”
Its adoption in state’s regulations
Excessive Military Presence
1. Political Aspects: The Superbody
2. Economics Aspect: Corrupt System and
Independent Soldier
3. Social Aspects: Fabrication of Truth
4. Military Aspects: Lack of Professionalism
Post‐Suharto Administrations
1. Habibie’s Administration: May 21, 1998 – October 20, 1999
2. Wahid’s Administration: October 20, 1999 – July 23, 2001
3. Megawati’s Administration: July 23, 2001 – October 20, 2004
4. Yudhoyono’s Administration: October 20, 2004 – July 23, 2009
Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics: Case Studies
1. Habibie’s Administration: a. Separatist Movement in Acehb. The Independent of East Timor
2. Wahid’s Administration: a. Separatist Movement in Aceh
3. Megawati’s Administration: a. Horizontal Conflict in Malukub. Separatist Movement in Acehc. Terrorism
4. Yudhoyono’s Administration: a. Separatist Movement in Acehb. Terrorism
Securitization
Costs for Military Reform1. It showed the weakest phases of
government control over the military.2. It provides the military a reason for
additional privileges and to compromise the reform process.
3. It provides an incentive for an excessive military existence.
Securitization
Benefits for Military Reform1. It provides a framework for the use coercive
response.2. It acknowledges the multidimensional
characteristic of security threats.3. It worthy if it is understood as a military
intervention to stop the violent conflict before peace conflict resolution mechanisms and institutions come in.
Desecuritization
Costs for Military Reform1. Time and patience consuming.2. It is not compatible with a weak government
pursuing military support to stay in power.3. It would be in case if the leader independents
from military support to stay in power.4. The successes of desecuritization led to a
significant reduction in the pressure on further military reform.
Desecuritization
Benefits for Military Reform1. It led to the decline of military participation in
politics.2. It led to firmer civilian control over the military.3. It erases military function as conflict solving
instrument.4. It provide a room to explain that political
differences are not a threat to national security but as a inherent aspect in transition.
Desecuritization
Normative Benefits1. Desecuritizing politics would be more effective than securitizing
problems. 2. It avoids elites applying the term security to issues and to open up
domestic space for open political struggle.3. It encourages a question of, whether it good or bad to securitize a
certain issue, to transfer it to the agenda of panic politics, or it is better to handle within normal politics.
4. It plays an important role in a process of softening issues allowing other conflict resolution mechanism to take place.
5. Within its framework, it is counter‐productive for the state to hurry in declaring any issue a security problem.
6. It can thus avoid engagement of the military.
Impact of the Past
1. Indonesia’s military reform is a direct impact of democratic transition.
2. Excessive military presence used to be perceived as a normality.3. The 1997/98’s Asian Crisis was the cornerstone for change.4. Indonesia’s case has showed another fact that democratization is
more related to conflict than peace.5. Complexity arose when civilians have to fill loophole left the
military disengagement.6. Though it was marked by halfhearted and/or lack of idea from
involved stakeholders, the Indonesian military reform indeed took place.
7. Some achievements could be underlined and Indonesia’s position among countries had a similar experience which could also be setup.
Prospects for Future
1. Peace negotiations have shown the primacy of desecuritization to solve domestic unrest.
2. The continuation of Indonesia’s military reform should be followed by military transformation.
3. It consist of five components:Normative componentSubstantive componentOrganization componentDefense posture componentDefense economics component
4. There are at least three inherent perennial problems in Indonesia’s military reform:
Military business activity.Culture of impunity, which is related to,Military tribunal system.
Conclusions
1. More achievements than impediments.2. Compromised achievements of the reform.3. As desecuritization failed in Phase I and II, it ended up
with securitization.4. Desecuritization was at work in Phase III.5. Desecuritization is the most appropriate solution for
thwarting internal problem.6. The success of military reform in Indonesia is less affected
by external influences.7. Its ultimate success depends on a wider issue of
bureaucratic reform.8. No military solution for domestic unrest.
Weaknesses
1. The “discursive” element during the development chapters is unclearly showed.
2. More secondary than primary data.3. Lacks of new findings.4. The research attaches securitization theoretical
framework upon previous studies.5. Technical:
Missing footnotes.More figures and tables should be presented.Typographical errors and editing shortage.