yak asr awwa sustainable pdx march 2015
TRANSCRIPT
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Central Yakima ASR Programmatic FrameworkDave Brown Chris PitreCity of Yakima Golder Associates
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City of Yakima –Location & Water Supply
Naches Water Treatment Plant(25 mgd / 40 cfs, ~15,000 afy)Main Supply
Groundwater Wells (~14 mgd)Backup (3-5 days at peak demand)
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PEAK DEMAND = SUPPLY (25 mgd)
EMERGENCY GROUNDWATER BACKUP
PLANNING – How to meet: Drought, climate change Possible curtailment of using water rights Interruption of supply (maintenance, contamination)
Growth
City of Yakima Water Supply Responsibilities
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Drought
Gordon King, Yakima Herald Republic
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Total Water Supply Available (TWSA)
1905 Reservoirs
Parker Gage
City of Yakima
All surface water is allocated, and managed @ Parker Gage
3 types of water rights:• Senior (golden)• 1905 (pro‐ratable in drought)• Junior (cut off in drought)
City has each type.
Reliance on groundwater during drought may be at risk in coming droughts.
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Drought/Pro-Rationing
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Pror
atio
n
1973197719791987198819921993199420012003200420052010
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0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1973 1981 1988 1996 2004 2012 2020
Minim
um M
onthly Pro‐Rationing
?
DROUGHT• 13 times/41 years• 73% this year?• Next year??
Drought/Pro-Rationing
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Additional Threats to Surface Water Supply
• Maintenance• High flow turbidity • Ice/debris jams of intake• Watershed forest fire• Chemical spill from HWY 12
Water Treatment Plant
Yakima
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Groundwater• Groundwater and surface water:
• Were separate (1977; Aquavella adjudication).• Now connected (2011; USGS study)
• Most groundwater rights are post‐1905 (i.e., Junior)• Now groundwater may be @ risk to be cut off in drought year?
• City needs existing wells AND more for the 4 Rs(reliability, redundancy, resilience & robustness).
• No new groundwater rights available, unless:• Significant environmental benefit• Non‐consumptive (water budget neutral)
Aquifer Storage & Recovery (ASR) fills the bill
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ASR System Components
Water Treatment PlantParker Gage
Wells
The Right Geology.• Big yield wells • Bowl‐shaped aquifer• Compatible chemistry
The Right Infrastructure.• Winter treated water supply• Big wells in bowl‐shaped basin• Gravity distribution system connecting it all together
Gardner
Kissel
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The Right Geology• Aquifer is Ellensburg Formation sandstone• Mineralogy is volcaniclastics (glass)• Aerobic environment (redox reactions are not a concern)• Surface water is a dilute from of groundwater.
~1,000 feet
Recharge Zone
Naches River
Groundwater
Ellensburg Fm.
Basalt
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The Right Infrastructure• All major components are in place:
• 12 MGD winter water recharge supply• Gravity transmission to 3,000 gpm wells• Kissel Well ASR retrofitted for $30k• Gardner Well installed with ASR capability
RechargeKissel Well Production
• System scale clogging reduced Kissel Well efficiency 25% ‐ 100% restored by back‐flushing
• No clogging of Gardner Well (newer distribution system zone)
• Recharge pressure will be monitored to control clogging and conduct preventative flushing
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ASR Program Development• 1998: ASR potential recognized
• 2000: Kissel Well retrofitted for ASR & tested – all’s good
• 2002: Reservoir application submitted
• 2003: State ASR rule passed
• 2009: BoR/Ecology – modeling defines recoverable quantity
• 2010: Purpose-built ASR well installed
• 2014: Gardner Well ASR Test
• 2015: Temporary permit issued 2015-02-24.
Water starts going into the ground 2015-03-11!
17 years
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Why So Long?
• State policy not clear. Permitting uncertainty:• Recoverable quantity (how much you get back)• Water quality (AKART and 5‐year variance)
• Other ASR projects working through the permitting process (state‐wide)
• Some project proponents are sitting back to let others lead
• Broad focused support for Yakima arrived through the Yakima Basin Integrated Plan
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Key Permitting Point1. Water Quantity(WAC 173‐157 – ASR Rule)
Recoverable Quantity:• Should be based on water balance analysis. Could be by:
• Water level data (empirical; e.g., tank level)• Computer models (needs good calibration)
• Water levels in the Ahtanum Valley are very noisy (seasonal fluctuations, other groundwater users)
• Therefore a groundwater model is used.• Aquifer system is leaky – 90% of the water is there one year after recharge… less in later years.
• A loss of 10%/year was proposed for permit.
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Key Permitting Point2. Water Quality
• Chlorinated drinking water is recharged.
• Contains chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs; e.g., 10‐40 ppb trichloromethane – SDWA allows 80 ppb).
• Conflicts with WA Groundwater Antidegradation Rule (WAC 173‐200 allows 7 ppb trichloromethane ).
• Variance allowed by Director of Ecology based on AKART analysis.• Variance must be reviewed every 5 years.
AKART Analysis of Different Treatment Technologies
Existing GAC RO
Cost ($M; 30‐yr NPV @ 5%) $0.6 $2.9 $23
Implementability In place. Significant engineering/construction needed.
Effectiveness THMs remain @ safe drinking water levels Removes DBPs; waste stream produced.
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DBP Formation During Groundwater Storage
• Kissel well recharged in Dec.• Lower TOC = lower max DBP, Lower T = slow time to peak
• Gardner Well recharged in June.• Higher TOC = higher max DBP Higher T = quick time to peak
Gardner WellKissel Well
Plot to be inserted
0
20
40
60
80
100
11/15 11/30 12/15 12/30 1/14 1/29 2/13 2/28 3/15
Tri
chlo
rom
eth
ane
(ug
/L)
STORAGERECHARGE RECOVERY
Kissel Well
80 ug/L (SDWA)
• DBPs form as a function of contact time.• Rate of formation is dependent on temperature.• Chlorine dissipates in ~2‐3 weeks
7 ug/L (WAC 173‐200)
Residual Chlorine – Max @~0.6 mg/L (conceptual)
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Yakima Basin Integrated PlanSince 2009, and on‐going:• Led by USBR & Ecology• Includes:
• Yakama Nation• Irrigation Districts• Fed, state, counties, municipalities• Enviros, citizens
Covers:• Surface Storage • Groundwater Storage • Fish Passage & Habitat• Modifying Existing Structures, Operations
• Water markets• Conservation
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/cwp/ybip.htmlhttp://www.usbr.gov/pn/programs/yrbwep/2011integratedplan/
Meet needs of:• Farms• Fish• People
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Benefits Beyond Municipal SupplyPassive Recovery:• Water leaks from storage to stream. Water will be recharged every year – but only recovered when needed.
• Leaked water could be accounted against rural development impacts • Unrecovered water returns to the Yakima River, above Parker Gage, and increases TWSA (e.g., 3 cfs modelled)
Active Recovery:• With 100% groundwater redundancy:
• Surface water diversion by the City could be temporarily suspended• Making 40 cfs available to others
• Could pump directly to river
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Where We Stand Today• A temporary permit has been issued:
• Recharge at 2 wells (Kissel & Gardner)• Recovery at any of the City’s 4 wells• Allows full beneficial use of ASR• Allows recharge of DBPs up to 50% of drinking water levels
• A full permit is expected after addressing final AKART comments
• A new ASR well in 2016• Recharge is happening now. N
Recharge PointsRecovery Points
~3 miles
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Thank You!
Dave BrownCity of Yakima
Chris PitreGolder [email protected]
Supported byWashington Department of Ecology United States Bureau of Reclamation