xmas decoration final}

8/3/2019 XMAS Decoration Final}

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INTRODUCTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

Using simple circuit, we have made an 18 LED flasher for decoration purpose. The White,

Blue and Yellow LEDs flash at different rates to give a colourful display. It is a light

sensitive circuit so that it will turn on in the evening automatically and stays on till morning.

The circuit uses the popular Binary counter IC CD 4060 to flash the LEDs at different rates.

Components C1, VR2 and R1 form the oscillator and the output pins 7, 5 and 4 become high

/ low sequentially. When one output turns high, a set of 3 LEDs turn on and when the same

output turns off, the second set turns on. This sequence is similar in the other two sets of

LEDs also but with different timings. The speed of the Flashing can be controlled through

VR2. LDR is provided with VR1 to activate the IC in the evening. In day light, LDR

conducts and keep the reset pin 12 of IC1 high to inhibit it from working. When the day light

ceases, pin12 becomes low and the flasher starts working. VR1 adjusts the sensitivity of LDR

at the required light level. Use of High bright transparent LEDs makes it more attractive and

effective.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Using this simple circuit, we can make an 18 LED flasher to decorate the XMas

Tree. The White, Blue and Red LEDs flash at different rates to give a colorful

display. It is a light sensitive circuit so that it will turn on in the evening

automatically and stays on till morning.


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PCB DESIGNING

PCB LAYOUT

The above diagram is the layout of the circuit i.e. the XMAS DECORATION

circuit. At the extreme terminal the battery of 12 V is connected whereas to the

left a potentiometer and a LDR is connected in series.


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COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT

1. Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitors


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The bottom configuration (the way it would be if you had the push-pull pushed) is series (standard humbucking

scheme). The top (pulled) configuration is parallel. You would probably reverse this (flip the connections upside-

down) if you were performing this modification on a single coil guitar.

3. IC- CD 4060 :-

Product Details:

Place of Origin Taiwan

Brand Name CUMSUMI

Model Number CD4060

Output Power 401 - 500W

Output Type Triple

Input Voltage 3~18 V

Output Voltage 5~10V

Output Frequency 5v-3.5Mhz,10v-8Mhz

Output Current 1uA

IC PWM controller


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The Binary counter IC CD 4060 flash the LEDs at different rates. Components C1, VR2 and R1form the oscillator and the output pins 7, 5 and 4 become high / low sequentially. When one output

turns high, a set of 3 LEDs turn on and when the same output turns off, the second set turns on. This

sequence is similar in the other two sets of LEDs also but with different timings.

4. RESISTOR:-

Resistor

Other names for this product: 2,2M, 2M2 Resistor, 2,2M Resistor, Resistor 2M2, Resistor 2,2M,

A 2M2 resistor. nowadays tolerance is usually 1%, but 5% still exists. Prefered is to use 1% as they usually

cost the same. The most common Wattage for synth projects are 1/4 to 1/2 W, although other values exist.

5.LED:-

A light-emitting diodeis a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices

and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs

emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared

wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons

are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons. This effect

is called electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is

determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and

integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller

size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are

relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp

sources of comparable output.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_high-power_LEDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_high-power_LEDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


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Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive

lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the

possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and

video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced

communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial

products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

6. LDR:-

PHOTORESISTOR

The symbol for a photoresistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED#Indicators_and_signshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photoresistor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photoresistor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED#Indicators_and_signshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lights


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A light dependent resistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streetlight_control.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDR.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streetlight_control.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDR.jpg


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The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical American streetlight. The photoresistor is

facing rightwards, and controls whether current flows through the heater which opens the main power

contacts. At night, the heater cools, closing the power contacts, energizing the street light. The

heater/bimetal mechanism provides a built-in light level transient filter.

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with

increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high

enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump

into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby

lowering resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge

carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are

in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the

entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is

closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e.,

longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has

some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for

conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

CIRCUIT COMPONENT:-

Component List :-

Resistor:- 1M qty:1

1k qty:6

Variable resistor:- 100k qty:2

Capacitor :- 220nf qty:1

IC-CD 4060


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LED:- total 18 led

LDR:- qty:1

IC sockets of 16 pin

Technical Specifications - Characteristics

Working voltage : 12V DC

Circuit Current : 20 mA

APPLICATIONS

1. Festival decoration

2. hotels & restaurant

3. theatre & multiplexes

4. Banks

5. Hospitals

6. railway station


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7. airports

8. factories

9. news channels studios

10. showrooms

11. Offices

12. retail outlets

13. ice-cream parlor

14.jewel shops

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF BOOKS:-

1.

simple low cost electronics project

Fred Blechman


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LIST OF WEBSITES

1. www.electronicproject.com2. www.google.com3. www.electronicforyou.com4. www.electroschmatics.com5. www.youngscientist.com6. www.pcbwizard.org.uk
http://www.electronicproject.com/http://www.electronicproject.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.electronicforyou.com/http://www.electronicforyou.com/http://www.electroschmatics.com/http://www.electroschmatics.com/http://www.youngscientist.com/http://www.youngscientist.com/http://www.pcbwizard.org.uk/http://www.pcbwizard.org.uk/http://www.pcbwizard.org.uk/http://www.youngscientist.com/http://www.electroschmatics.com/http://www.electronicforyou.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.electronicproject.com/

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