Contained on this spreadsheet is a collection of name and date variations for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Most laymen and even many professionals do not realize the uncertainty ofthe assigned ages to particular events in ancient times. Egyptian chronology has beenthought to be the most precise and complete of any in the ancient world, yet a review of thedata collected herein reveals that it is anything but precise. In fact there is significant controversyregarding the dates of dynasties and particular pharaohs. Some of the more recent theories suggestthat many of the dynasties overlapped or in some cases were simultaneous rather than successive.

Abbreviations used and a bibliography are on the second worksheet of this spreadsheet file.

Many of the quotes were collected to remember the absurdity of some of the assumptions andconclusions made.

Geologic "Ages"

Precambrian NG3

Upper Miocene EB21 20000000

Lower Pliocene EB21 15000000

Late Lower Pliocene EB21 10000000

Paleonile/Protonile Interval EB21 2,000,000

Pleistocene (Age of Glaciation) A731 1,000,000-10,000

"appearance of man & tools" A731 700,000-600,000

Qena Formation, Lower Paleolithic EB21 500,000

Upper Pleistocene EB21 150,000-10,000

"appearance of New Man" A731 100,000 years ago

When the Egyptians developed different tools, during the Middle PaleolithicPeriod, Egypt must have been moister than it is now. We assume thisbecause, although tools are found in regions that are now desert, there hadto have been water available then for habitation. Man in this period wasNeanderthal, a term that today connotes a savage; but Neanderthal manburied his dead with ritual, practiced simple surgery, and cared for the injuredand old. EM14

By around 30,000 B.C., the Late Paleolithic Period, Neanderthal ha 30,000replaced by modern man, Homo sapiens Uninterrupted sequence ofoccupation from the Paleolithic to the Mesolithic in southern Egypt..."ACN126

Blue Nile and White Nile joined, 25,000 BC. RB 25,000

RC dates from Egyptian Nubia and Kom Ombo, associated with deposits r25,250+-1000 RC60which may be equivalent. r16350+-300 RC60

r15450+-300 RC64r15150+-400 RC60

Upper Egypt sample securely tied to this period. RC64 r10740+-240 RC64

The oldest `true' Nile silts observed in the Wadi Halfa area in northern Sudan. r18950+-280 RC60RC60 r12850+-100 RC60

r4040+-100 RC60r3170+-100 RC60

Charcoal from Ballana in Nubia. RC61 r17200+-375 RC60r16850+-500 RC60r16650+-500 RC60

RC61 (rejected - too recent & sample size). RC61 r14550+-500 RC60

Shells from Esna. r16070+-330 RC61r15640+-300 RC61

Shells from El Kilh in Upper Egypt. "...from an occupation in the r15850+-330 RC61upper part of the `lower silt'." RC61 r15650+-300 RC61

r15500+-300 RC61r15300+-300 RC61r15000+-300 RC61r14880+-290 RC64

Charcoal from Nubia Site 8905. RC63 r12550+-480 RC63r9450+-70 RC63r8580+-126 RC63r7780+-120 RC63r400+-300 RC63

Reaping & grinding of wild grains ACH126 12500 ACH126

Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods (Nomadic food-gatherers.) CVB994 12,000+

Palaeolithic Age ends We have no...evidence from Egypt; indeed the whole 10,000?period between 10,000 and 5,000 B.C. has left little trace there... CA15,DN1

Transition to agriculture A731 8000-7000 A731

Final Palaeolithic or Mesolithic Period (Introduction of bow and arrow) c8000 CVB994

Glaciers begin to recede, Nile Valley to dry out. TEA 243 8000 TEA243

By about 8000 B.C. the glaciers and ice sheets that had covered so much ofnorthern Europe and Asia during the Ice Age were melting away as theclimate grew warmer. One result of this retreat of the ice was to make thecourse of the moisture laden Atlantic winds shift northward. Before that timethere had always been a good rainfall in North Africa, and much of theSahara and what is now desert country adjoining the Nile were well enoughwatered to support a teeming variety of animal life. There were elephants,giraffes, buffalo, and rhinoceroses, as well as many kinds of small game. There were also human beings who lived by hunting the animals. At thistime men were still entirely dependent on stone for their arrowheads and theirother tools and weapons; and they had no knowledge of farming. That is,they were in the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) stage of culture." PE13

"The temple was at the center of Egyptian religion. Its very existence, to the minds of theEgyptians, ensured the survival of their land and way of life... Along with the other institutions ofsociety, it was believed that `the Temple' had been established on that `First Occasion.' A group of`Building Texts' in the Greco-Roman temples of Edfu and Denderah summarize the beliefs whichthe Egyptians held regarding the mythological and historical origin of their temples. Each newtemple was regarded not only as a reflection of the first mythical temple, built on the `FirstOccasion,' but also as an actual representation of the Sacred Island which had emerged from themuddy waters of the great primeval ocean." EK85

Between 8000 and 5000 B.C., then, the Paleolithic hunters and their game 8000 - 5000animals became concentrated in the Nile valley, the small valleys runningdown into it, and the big lake in the Fayum Depression, which ran along itswestern side. These hunters wer e to form part of the ancestry of the historicEgyptians." PE13

From shelters at Abka, just south of Wadi Halfa, Sudan. RC7 r7500+-400 RC71r7225+-400 RC71r6310+-400 RC71r4010+-400 RC71r2550+-350 RC71r2520+-300 RC71

Formation of farming villages. A731 7000-6000

Late Paleolithic AO 6500

Population concentrations in the narrower floodplains... ACN130 6000-5000

Developed Neolithic cultures A731 6000-4000

Establishment of the dynasty of Lower Egypt (T) AH41 5507

Establishment of the dynasty of Lower Egypt (M) AH41 5224 AH405197 AH405012 AH37

Faiyumic and Merimdean CE319 ~5500+-500

Fayum B. RC62,UN86,RC72 r6150+-130

Fayum Neolithic - claimed to be the oldest Predynastic. CVA468

The Neolithic Egyptians, however, buried the dead lying wholly on the left r6120+-115 RC72 (charcoal)side and in a contracted position, with knees drawn up to the chin. The r5550+-125 RC72 (charcoal)bodies were not embalmed, and the extended position and mummification r5190+-120 RC72 (shell)were never used. HE33

"T.E. Peet wrote... `One of the most remarkable phenomena of Egypt is thefact that as far as our knowledge goes at present there is a complete breakbetween the palaeolithic and the predynastic, the latter appearing quitesuddenly with a ready-made civilization, including possibly the use of copper.'"LD310

PREDYNASTIC

EARLY PREDYNASTIC (or Amratian culture WP103)

"No one knows how long the succession of predynastic periodslasted in Egypt, from the crude little village of Merimdeh to thebeginnings of the dynasties. Let us assume that this stretch oftime occupied two thousand years." CE

"...knowledge of predynastic Egypt has been expanded by men ~5200-4600 PO22"such as Petrie, Quibell and de Morgan; and considerable light hasbeen thrown on the Archaic Period by Emery's excavations atAbydos and Saqqara." EK56

Around 5,000 B.C... pottery was developed and the Egyptians 5000 ACN126,MO8began farming and raising cattle. EM14

Primitive agricultural communities. MO8

Domestication of cattle & seed grasses was attempted prior to 5000 BC

"It seems to have been about 5000 B.C. that farming first began to be adoptedby former hunting peoples in the Nile valley; people who had learned thetechniques of agriculture spread into Egypt from Palestine and Syria." PE14

Post-glacial altithermal (period of high temp.) RC111 5000-3000 RC111

Late Neolithic Kingdom DN1 5000-4500 DN1

Nile Bronze Culture WD113 5,000

Prehistoric Age AN23 ~5000 AN22

PREHISTORIC A51, WE274 Transition to a food-producing economy. c4500-3100 A51b3200 WE274

Chalcolithic Period A731, (used copper and stone weapons. HE13) 4500-3000

Neolithic-Cuprolithic Period. CVB994 c4500Neolithic villages on shores of Lake Moeris. TEA243

Fayum A, at least in part contemporary with the pre-dynastic villages along c5000 EA67the main stream of the Nile. RC73 r4441+-180 RC73,C5

r4300+-110 RC74r4145+-250 RC73,C5r4135+-100 RC74r3910+-115 RC73r3900+-700 RC74r3860+-115 RC73r3820+-100 RC74r3794+-300 RC74r3760+-230 RC73r3670+-120 RC73r3669+-200 RC73r3627+-300 RC73r3306+-230 RC73r3070+-290 RC73r2770+-310 RC73r2740+-140 RC73

HORNET DYNASTY (Lower Egypt, 1,817 yrs AH41)REED-DYNASTY (Heracleopolis and Memphis, 1,790 yrs AH41)HAWK-DYNASTY (Hieraconpolis, 1,225 yrs AH41)

Introduction of Calendar and earliest fixed date in history B419 4241 "4241: Egyptian Calendar appears." WD113

Merimda (delta) AO r4180+-110 C5 Merimda EA67 r3580+-100 C5 Merimde C5 ~3900 EA

Paleolithic man. Before 4000 RB15

Tasian (based on a single type of pottery. CVA468)

"Tasian and Badarian cultures." CE319 ~4500+-500 CE

PREDYNASTIC EK8,CA,ACN126,LIxi 5000-3300 LIxi

PREDYNASTIC (Upper EB289) DN13,CS 5000-3100 EK8

Predynastic (or Naqada) Period CA28 5000-3000 ACN126Predynastic kingdoms already flourishing B419 4500

Badarian (Nile Valley AO) 4000 EA67Badarian Culture WD113 2781 CSc236

2313 CSr236Badarian (Only at El Qaw. CVA465, Knowledge scanty. CVA468),UN86,EA67,EB16

"Divided almost equally...into Early Naqada and the Late Naqada periods..." CA15

"gradual adaptation to an agricultural way of life" ACN126

Palermo stone names 7 predynastic kings. CVB1

Manetho calls Predynastic kings `Demigods' `Spirits of the dead'. CVB1

Turin calls last predynastic rulers the `Spirits who were Followers of Horus'.CVB3

Neolithic man, predynastic cultures. RB18 4000 RBNeolithic cultures A51 3600 A51

"Evidence indicates... dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, geese, pigs, and ~4000 ACN126cerials were fully domesticated..." ACN126

"Only two major concentrations of population are currently known [for themillennium prior to 3100 B.C.]: Naqada, 100 miles north of Aswan, andHierakonopolis, about 50 miles north of Aswan. The majority of thepopulation lived in small villages..." ACN132

"Hierakonpolis - where according to tradition the kings of Egyptcame from." CA25

Naqada I (Nile Valley) AO ~4000 UN15Nagada I (Amratian UN15), UN86 4000 EB16Naqada I AE223 r3794+-300 RE78,C5Naqada, ancient name is Nbt (feminine form of gold) CVA480 r3669+-280 RE78Nbt CVA480 r3627+-310 C5Nagada (Predynastic Hair I) RE7 8 3500 NG173#4p1536Nagada (Predynastic Hair II) RE78Amratian (Nakada I) EO390,EB16,CVA465Amratian C5

"Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis contains a frieze devoted to the subject of leadership. There is no trace of foreign influence here, but evidence that a State bureaucracy, undera dominant king, was growing up in the south in the Late Naqada period." CA24

"One of the earliest depictions of a papyriform boat appears on a clay vase dating fromthe Naqada culture of 3500 B.C., which shows 40 oars and 2 cabins." NG173#4p1536

"Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., the bottom of the Nile valley was still marshy and wasinhabited by countless flocks of water fowl as well as crocodiles and hippopotamuses."PE14

"The early settlers of Egypt were short, slender people, fine-boned and delicate-featured,who are identified as native to Africa and who are called Hamites. Their physical

characteristics appear still among the Berbers and in southern Egypt. About 3600 B.C.people of a different physical type appeared in Egypt..." A52

Late Gerzean EA71 c3400 EA71 Late Gerzean (Naqada II) EB16 3300 EB16

THINIS DYNASTY AH41 3757 AH41

c3500-3000 ACN128

3400-2700 AT

El Omari WP101,C5 r3306+-230 C5 Ma`adi el-`Omari (Memphite area) AO r3300+-230 WP101

"Mesopotamian stimulation." CE319 3250+-150 CE

"But belief in a great flood which long ago destroyed almost all of mankind is 3000 BCeven more ancient than the Bible. It is probably the oldest and mostcontinuously popular theory concerning man's early history. As long ago as3000 B.C., the Sumerians, authors of the earliest civilization known, believedin a universal flood, and many people still accept this idea today. The floodstory's continued popularity is undoubtedly due to the fact that it was presentin both of the basic sources of western civilizations, the Judeo-Christianreligious tradition and the culture of ancient Greece." AA3

THE HORNET-KINGS OF LOWER EGYPT ((P) AH83)

"There are no contemporary records of these far-off kings..." AH84 "About sixty kings ofLower Egypt... Only seven of these names are preserved on the Palermo Stone." AH83

"Eusebius (by Lepsius) states that the reign of Mena was proceeded by the reigns of 10kings of This (Thinis). Strangely the histornins would have these 10 kings reign insequence. But if the kings before the dynastic period ruled in sequence, then from whatwas Egypt unified under Mena?" Txt148

PREDYNASTIC TN39 >3000 HD158PDU = Predynastic - Upper Egypt DN13,TK1PDL = Predynastic - Lower Egypt (north)

"Names wanting" TK1[doubtful] HE61[no HE46], [P TK1]

"The earliest clay vessels of predynastic times were hand-made by tedious and slow methods,either by forcing slabs of clay into preformed molds or by building up the pot with rings of clay."EK135

"We probably will never know exactly when and how mumification originated. It was not practiced

in prihistoric times when the dead were buried in desert pits. Bodies mummified naturally by thedry, hot sand still were recognizable as individuals a thousand years later. Sometime toward theend of the prehistoric period, just before the dynastic period, the Egyptians started burying theirdead in chambers cut into moist bedrock beneath the sand. This may have been done to protectthe bodies from robbers or from being uncovered by the shifting desert sands, but, ironically, it ledto the destruction of the bodies. Without contact with the dehydrating hot sands, they weresubject to decay." EM69

"Glazing dates form predynastic times. `Egytpian faience,' a distinctive blue, green or turquoiseglaze, was used for beads, amulets, inlaid work, ushabtis, vases and jewelry to simulate rare,imported lapis lazuli." EK135

Seka ((P) upper DN13) ((P) Lower HE46,TK1) DN13 1ofPDU DN13Seka EB289 HE46 1ofPDL HE46,AH83Ske (Lower AH83) AH83Ska AEH917

Hor Sechen HD45 3ofPDL HD45

Deiuke ("The Garment of the Spirit" AH83) 2ofPDL TK1 2ofPDL TK1Merke ("Diadem in Spirit" AH83)

Tau ((P) Upper DN13) ((P) Lower TK1) DN13,AEH917 2ofPDU DN13,AEH917Teyew EB289 TK1 3ofPDL HE46Tiu ((P) Lower HE46) 3ofPDL HE46 4ofPDL TK1

[no HE46], [P TK1]

....u ((P) TK1 1ofPDL TK1………pu AEH917

Des-iow ("A sword is his inheritance" AH84) AH84 2ofPDL AH84,HE46Desau ((P) HE46) HE46 3ofPDL TK1Khaau ((P) TK1) TK1?Khayu EB289Khaau(?) AEHt917

[no HE46], [P TK1]

Thesh ((P) Upper DN13) (Lower TK1AEH917) DN13 3ofPDU DN13Thesh EB289 5ofPDL TK1 4of PDL HE46The-she (Lower "Capturer of the Lake District" AH84) 4ofPDL AH84Tesh ((P) Lower HE46) HE46

Athuthi AH84 AH84 3ofPDL AH84Athothis (Thoth) SOR212

[no HE46], [P TK1]

"Athothis (Thoth) the 2nd king in Upper Egypt inventor of the hieroglyphics (M, Eratasthones, Tableof Abydos) Author of the sacred writings of the ancient Egyptians." SOR212

Heb ("The Plow" AH84) AH84 5ofPDL AH84,HE46Nihab ((P) HE46) HE46 6ofPDL TK2Neheb ((P)TK2), (Not Ne-heb AH84), EB289 TK2?Neheb EB273,AEHt917

[no evidence HE46], [P TK2]

Uatchnar ((P) Upper DN13) DN13 4ofPDU DN13Utho-eneth AH84 AH84 6ofPDL AH84,HE46Uatjantj ((P) HE46) HE46 7ofPDL AEHt917Uatch-nar ((P) TK2),AEHt917Uatch-Ant ((P) TK2)

[no evidence HE46], [P TK2]

Mekha ((P) Upper DN13)((P) Lower TK2,AEHt917) 5ofPDU DN13 5ofPDU DN13Men-ka? HE73 8ofPDL TK2Mehke ((P)(Lower) HE46) TK2Mekh EB289

Sma EB289Sma (`Uniter' possibly Aha or Narmer. HE73)

[doubtful] HE61

Sma & Ka "Assigned by Petrie to the last generation or two before the final unification of Egypt."EB290

King Ap? AH43

Heseq-Khet AH84,HE46, [P TK2] 7ofPDL HE46,AH85

[no evidence HE46], [P TK2]

Ro ((H) AH43) DN13 1ofPDL DN13Ro or Ru (Lower DN13) TK2 2ofPDL HD45Hor Ra (?) HD45 HD45 7ofPD AH96....a ((P) TK2) AH96 9ofPDL TK2…..a AEHt917

[doubtful HE61]

Ke or Ket (Appears to have succeded Ro. AH96)

?Wazenz EB289

"Archaeology suggests that Upper Egypt was united under a king at Hierakonpolis, in latepredynastic times a town approaching 10,000 inhabitants." CA24

"The language spoken by the first Pharaohs was clearly Egyptian and is today classified bylinguists as a member of the Afro-Asian or Hamito-Semetic family, a group that includes Semetic,Berber, Cucitic, and Chadic (Hausa). The fact that all these languages are, more or less,geographically contiguous suggests to some scholars that far back in time, they must havediffused from a single center in the near east or North Africa. It is still logically impossible toidentify the language of a prehistoric group, although it seems highly probable that the predynasticpeoples spoke Egyptian. Nevertheless, it is possible for a people to change their language withoutradically altering their material culture." EB

"Hieratic, a cursive script derived from hieroglyphs and written with a pen, was obviously mucheasier for daily usage and probably originated almost as early as hieroglyphs." EK52

Foundation of the Egyptian State (late Naqada II) AO

LATE PREDYNASTIC AO36 c3000Dynasty '0'

"The mythical ten kings of Thinnis are now included under Dynasty 0." S234 c3150-3050 PG

King Scorpion (Upper CVB3), PG ~3450-3425 AH97The Scorpion (connot be identified with Ke AH43, succeeded Ket AH97)Scorpion (several regard Ka a cursive form of a scorpion. CVB3)Scorpio CA25?Sekhen (CVB3)Zekhen AO36 1ofPD AOTchar(?) the "Scorpion" AEHt917Hor "Skorpion" HD45 1of PDL HD45

Ap, the "Scorpion" (Lower DN13) 2ofPDL DN13?Ka CVB3 ((uncertain reading) CVB3), EB289Q the Memphite area..." EO102

{1st king of whom any historic details are known. DVB3}

"Little is known of the rulers of these kingdoms, but fragments of a mace-head found atHierakonpolis belonging to a king - Scorpion - are decorated with scenes showing his victory overenemies and his development of the irrigation of the land. It is likely that Scorpion paved the wayfor Narmer's later resounding success." EK13

"The collision between these two evolving States [Upper & Lower] first seems to have occurredunder a southern king called Scorpio." CA25

"The `Scorpion,' too, whose name is found at Hierakonpolis, certainly dates to the same time asNarmer and Aha, for the style of his work is the same. And it may well be that he is not to becounted as a seperate king belonging to Dynasty O... at all, but as identical with Narmer, just as`Sma' may also be." HE74-75

Narmer (tradition-Menes, archaeology-Narmer UN85), ((Ho) DN2), ~3425-3407 AH98Narmer EB270,CVB6,HC,PO,AR,AE138,EB270 D 0 c3100-? PO216,CANa`rmer EO,AO36 1ofD1 PO216 c2900 HC8Nar-mer AH43 2ofPD AO36Nar-mer-the AH98Narmer Men DN13 1ofD1 DN13Narmer (Ho) Men (Menes) (Pers) CVB994 1ofD1 CVB994Narmer-Menes S (incorrect AH7) 1ofD1 SNarmer (Menes) CA13 1ofD1 CA13Narmerza (?) DN13Narmer, son of Nit-hotep (Neith has settled). AE223Narmer, father of Hor-Aha if not Hor-Aha himself. AE223Narmer (or Betjumer) Sma (?) HE72 2ofD1 HE72Horus Narmer PGHor Na'rmer HD45 4ofPD HD158Betjumer HE72Sma(?) HE72

[Palate] [Tomb AE223,EB270] [Ivory cyl CVB7]

mother: Nit-hotep (Neith has settled) AE223

"Narmer's...booty: apparently 120,000 men, 400,000 oxen, 1,422,000 goats..." CA25

Horus Narmer (in Dyn `0' - And may represent an amalgam of several kings. PG)

"In predynastic times, local notables had been buried in their places of birth and standing. Withunification, their tombs begin to cluster around the royal necropolis..." CA31

OLD KINGDOM (D1-6 WD)(3-6 most others)

"In the archives of the kings even the royal hierarchal calendar was made to ~3500-2631 WD

mark a new reign with the Year I (a system that has been a source of much 3100-2890 EKdifficulty for arghaeologists), although a regular calendar based on twelve 3100-2700 RB18months had been in use since the earliest dynasties of the Old Kingdom." 2980 PGPE40 ~2700-2200 AS17

c2686-2180 A55"Weaving dates back to the predynastic period, and as early as the Old 2664-2155 CSc228Kingdom workshops employed women on a large scale to carry out spinning 2196-1687 CSr236and weaving." EK135

ARCHAIC PERIOD

ARCHAIC PERIOD (Dyn 1-2 EB15,E,PO22,AR,ABxi,LIxi) ~4500 HE13ARCHAIC PERIOD (D1-3 TE), EK8,WP107,A54,ACN133,UN85 4400 AR28(discarded)

3500-3190 AR28(CV)EARLY DYNASTIC (Dyn 1-2 RB18,TPE1,PP271,CE) 3407-2888 AHEARLY DYNASTIC (Dyn 1-3 EB15,AO36) 3400-2980 AR,ABxxiEARLY DYNASTIC AO36 3360 AT67

3300-2778 LTxiPROTO DYNASTIC (Dyn 1-2 WE,274,TN41), WP107,S,EB ~3300 TEProto-dynastic unification 3200-2900 UN85Protodynastic EB16 3200-2780 AR28

c3200-2800 WE274UNIFICATION OF EGYPT RB15,HE13 ~3200-2660 EA

3197-2778 AR28SECOND UNION 3188-2815 AR28

c3168-2705 E"Manetho...produces fantastic reign-lengths for the earlier c3150-2686 PGdynasties -- the equivalent of the Methuselah-type datings of the *3100-2700 EB15earlier sections of the Old Testament-which in total would set 3100-2700 CE,AR28back the foundation of the Egyptian State to well before 10,000 c3100-2686 A54,TPE1B.C." CA28 c3100-2686 PO22,OE

c3000-2635 PP271"Recently the novel theory has been spread abroad that there 2920-2575 AO36never was such a union, and that the duality in question was a 2910-2575 AO36figment of the Egyptians' imagination based on the very different 2850-2615 TN41conformation of the two halves of the country." EO103 2686 RB,PE17

2664-2155 CSc236"Recently the novel theory has been spread abroad that therenever was such a union, and that the duality in question was afigment of the Egyptians' imagination based on the very differentconformation of the two halves of the country." EO103

1ST DYNASTY 5869-5615 TKliv

at This 5800 (M) EO62 5702-5449 TKliv

(At This TKlxii) 5613-5360 TKliv(264 yrs exact AH15) 5510-5247 TKlv

5004-4751 TKlvSudan, Shutn (Upper Egypt) LW 4777-4514 S(PE)

~4500 AN23"The word _____ alternates with the name Nar-mer. This has led 4455-4202 TKlv

some to think he is to be identified with Menes; but in many of the 4400-4133 TKlvother early sealings the alternating word is evidently the name of a 3893-3630 TKlvplace, not a person..." AH44 3892-3639 TKliv

3623-3433 TKliv"Herodotus recounts an ancient tratdition that all Upper Egypt ?3500-3350 DN1was a marsh until the reign of Menes." CA26 3500 WD

3407-3144 AH"We know little of the kings of the first two dynasties, whose ~3400 BE,AH38reigns fall in the Archaic Period, for written records were few and 3315 TKlithe royal tombs have been damaged and plundered. The tombs of 3200-2900 EA75the rulers of the Second Dynasty, in fact, have not yet been 3197(Meyer) EO67discovered." A54 3168 E

3119 RC40 "Until Dynasty VI almost the sole source of our information is the c3110 RC87Memphite area..." EO102 c3100-2890 EK,CA13,OE,CVB

c3100 ACN137,CE"The city of On, or Heliopolis, `the city of the Sun,' was founded in ~3089-2950 VSviivery early times, and it was a large and important town long 3089 RC40before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer or c3050-2890 PGAga. DN85 ~3000-2820 HD158

c3000 AS16,C50,UN10,DI53"Another [papyriform boat] appears at the top of a small ivory 2920-2770 AO36plaque from 3100 B.C., accompanied by some of the oldest c2900 RC41,Aexamples of Egyptian hieroglyphs." NG173#4p536 2850(Scharff) EO68

c2800 C50

Menes BE,WE274,AI1,UN86,AN23,TE49,DN82,TEA243 5546- (P)AH58,RC81Menes (Narmer) EK,EA75,VSvii 4777- (P)ABxxiMenes (=`Aha?) AO36 ~4500 AN23Menes (no doubt Na`rmer) TN41 4241 RC81Menes (alias Narmer, the Scorpion King) ACN133 3407-3346 AH61Menes, Meni (T), Ohe (incorrectly assoc with Narmer AH7) 3400-3338 EOMenes = Nimrod LWt 2/4/85 3400 BEMenes (Mizriam) SOR212 3360 AT67Meni ((I) AH4), ((A) AH44,EO430,CVB11) 3315 TKliMene AH102 3300 TE49Mena ((A) TKxxxi,AB155), DN82 c3200 LI,EAMena-Narmer AB6 3180 CO84Menas (Menes) EO5 3120+-100 DI53Men, ((N)AR49), ((He)CVB11,MM5), EO ~3100 EK,A,CE,TEAMen, Mena (Menes) TK3 max 3075 RC48Men, Mena AEHt917 3059 CO94Min (Menes) EO3 min 2900 RC48?Mn CVB14 ~2900 C50Mestraim (Menes) (35yrs(SL) TK120) c2850 C50?Maneros (successor of 1st king of Egypt. ANLw116) c2830 C50Ohe (Hawk name for Menes AH44) 2781 SOR112Ohe Meni (Menes) (62yrs(M) AI4) 2717 CO94Aha CVB22,DN82,HE76,TST234,EO,CA13,EB270,HE62,TK8 2691 CO94Aha (Ho) Iti (Athothis) (Pers) CVB994 r2550+-60 RC48,87Aha-Mena EB270,DN13 r~2400+-50 RC48Aha Menes (After Reisner 1936 EB270) r~2300+-100 RC48Aha Men(?) = Mena (still doubtful HE72-74)

Aha = Horus, not Narmer Menes LWt2/4/85Hor-Aha (Fighting Hawk(Ho) AR49), EB270,E75,AE223 1ofD1 AI,TE,AE,CVB11,Hor-Aha (Menes) AR37,HD46 AO,WE, EO(M),AI1,(A)TK,Horus Aha PG,RC48 (not Menes CVB14) TK3,HE72,AR,HDIty I (Hor-Aha) (different from Menes EA75) 2ofD1 TST,CA,CVB,DN13,?Ka CVB11 CVB994Ka ((Ho) 23 of AEHt917Kham LW 1ofA TK,CVB,HD,EO430?Scorpion CVB11?Narmer CVB11 1ofT AH4,CVB?Narmer Mn CVB14 2.11ofT (Meni EO), HD46Narmer=Men=Meni EO430

2ofE ANLw[Tomb at Nakada HE62][Name found on Stela, Aabydos, Turin TK3]

(Reigned 27yrs (Eu) CVB22)(Reigned 57yrs (Af) CVB22)(Reigned 60yrs EO430)(Reigned 62yrs (Af) AH15,TKLxii,AR53,AE150...)(Reigned 62yr6mo7dy AI22)

Aha successor to Narmer DN82Narmer or Aha was the Menes of Manetho DN13Aha known as "the Fighter" HE76(M) "He who endures" AI1,UN86,AN23,TE49,DN82,TEA243…Men, (one of Aha's titles DN82), (may mean "Narmer endures" CVB14), EO((M) "He who endures" CVB11, (N) CVB14), BE,WE274,AI1…Carried to safety by a crocodile. ANLs106Might conceal the personages of Ka, Scorpion and Narmer. CVB11

"Herodotus recounts an ancient tradition that all Upper Egypt was a marsh until the reign of the firstking of the first dynasty, whom he called Menes." CA26

"Written accounts of Menes's unification of Egypt come from hundreds if not thousands of yearsafter the alledged event, by which time Menes (if he ever really existed) had been transformed into acult-hero whose life and accomplishments were embroidered with semimythical anecdotes." EB289

"Menes is given as the name of the first king of the 1st Dynasty by the historian Manetho, anddespite some controversy among modern historians, his identification with Narmer is generallyaccepted." EK13

"Between 3100 and 3000 BC a ruler from upper Egypt attacked and conquered lower Egypt, unitingthe Country. Narmer was prabably this ruler." R2 p3

"The conversion of Egypt from divided political segments to a centralized government may havebeen the work of one man, the famous Narmer. The records we have of this king are few, and it ispossible that more is made of him than should be. The most important document is in the CairoMuseum and has become known as the Narmer Palette." EM15

"Narmer is known to us from a finely carved palette showing his conquests and inscribed with oneof the earliest Egyptian picture writings. It seems that he must have been the same person asMenes, who, in the semilegendary chronicles of early Egypt, is credited with unifying Egypt andfounding its first royal dynasty." PE22

"Narmer is thus considered by many to be the first king of the First Dynasty. Unification probably

took place around 3100 B.C., approximately the time that hieroglyphic writing began in Egypt. Narmer's name is given on the palette in the form of two pictures, a fish and a chisel - nar and mer."EM16

"Aha, whom some equate with Menes, the first king of a united Egypt, has left us a picture ofhimself making a triumphal progress on a ship with Mother Mwt, the protecting goddess of theSouth beside him." AE185

Menes turned the Nile from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean (LWt 1/4/95)

"Manetho turned solar years into months by multiplication, as we find it also among the ancientChaldeans, Hindoos, Chinese, and others. He therefore regarded these 30,000 years of his fromthe creation to the flood as so many lunar months (abot), and consequently reckoned only 2424solar years for the period in question. Moreover the 3984 years (Horae) from the deluge to Menes,of which each expressed a season of two months, give us but 664 solar years; and Manetho's thirdperiod of 212 years rather comprises the days from Menes' departure from Babylonia to his arrivalin Egypt." SOR112

"As a living king, the Pharaoh was Horus; for the ordinary Egyptian man or woman, this was themost important meaning of the divinity of their king. In a detail on the Narmer palette the kingappears as Horus the Falcon--a sky god often shown with the sun disk on his head. This beliefthat the Pharaoh was Horus incarnate persisted throughout the Old Kingdom. By the end of thatperiod, the king's place in the Horus mythology had shifted slightly Horus was the son of the godOsiris and the goddess Isis. Osiris had been killed and then dismembered by the fierce god Sethbut was made whole and brought back to life by his wife Isis. The goddess then conceived andbore their son Horus, who avended his father by fighting Seth. Horus was victorious, but in thestruggle he lost his eye, and this eye became a symbol to Egyptians for all sacrifices that sonsmade for their fathers. Though the Pharaoh was the good Horus, he was also seen to reconcile theopposites of good and evil in his own divine person, and in this sense, he was Horus-with-Seth."PE45

Menes, Phaleg, 2787… per Herodotus, Eratatsthones, planetary configurations… SOR151

Teti ((A) EO430,CVB14) 2of D1 AH17,EO(M),HD,TK3,AI5Teti = ThothTeta ((A) TKxxxi), HE74 2ofA (Teti) TKxxxi,EOThetet TK3 3ofA (Iti) EOAthothis C49,AR56 4ofA (Ita) EO,TKAthothes TklxxiiiAthuthi AH45 2ofT AH4Atoti (?) HD46 2.12ofT (Iti) EOA-Tehuti, Thetet, or Teta TK3 2.15ofT (Ita) EOKhenti (incorrectly transcribed as Zer AH45) (H) AH7)Khenti Athuthi AI5Khent ((H) TKxiv), HE86,DN13Iti (A3)EO, ((A3), securely identified with Horus Djer, unless... CVB14)Iti (Djer (H), incorrectly read as Khent. CVB23)Ity II (Djer) EA75Itit ((P) EO)Iteti AR34At...... ((T) AH4)`Aha=Teti EO430

{Wife: Herneith HE74 Merneit EB270}, {Mother: Shesh TK4}

(Reigned 27yrs(Eu),57yrs(Af) EO430,AH7,TKlxii)(Reigned 57yrs(Af) EO430,AH7,Tklxii ((M) AI5))(Reigned 57yrs, incorrectly associated with Ohe (Aha) AH7)(Reigned 59yrs(E) TKlxxiii)

Djer (~50yrs CVB23), (Ho (Throne) EB270), AO36,UN86,CA13 3345-3289 AH61Djer (Zer) EO c3020 EA76Djer, Wadji CADjer (Ho) Iti (Athothis) (Pers) (47yrs CVB994)Horus Djer PG 2ofD1 AO,CA,AR91Hor Djer (Athothis, Uenephes) HD46 3ofD1 EK14,CVB994,AE224,Zer (probably incorrect (H)AH7),(after Petrie EB270),S234,EK114,AE225,AR56 HD46,S,DN13,HE72Tcher (or Khent) DN13Tchet At AEHt917 3ofA CVB,EOTjer (or Khent) = Teta HE72-74 2.11ofT EO,HDTher (incorrect (H) AH7)Thuth ((T) AH45)Djer (Zer) =Itit=Iti EO430

Granite bier w/sculpture of Osiris HE86Tomb found AB5Name found on Papyrus, Abydos, Turin TK2

[(M) says Zer was a noted physician, treatise on anatomy. EK114]

The Egyptian antiquarians of Dynasty XVIII seeking here for tangible proofs of the ancient myth,mistook the cenotaph of King Djer of Dynasty I for the tomb of the god [Osiris] and so directed to itthereafter the votive offerings of generation after generation of pious pilgrims." EA39

"A rock relief dating to the reign of Djer (the third king of the dynasty), found near Buhen in theSudan, suggests that some attempt was also made to control this area." EK14

"The Egyptians had studied medicine from earliest times. Manetho, the historian of the Egyptians,records that King Zer of the First Dynasty was a noted physician who was credited with havingwritten a treatise on anatomy." EK114

"New Year's Day, which was called `the opening of the year,' dawned with an astronomical eventwhich took place on June 21 in about 3000 B.C. The brillian star Sirius became visible just beforesunrise. This event was called `the going up of the goddess Sothis.'" EM225

Djet EB270,CA13 3288-3260 AH61Djet (Ho) Iterty (Pers) CVB994 max 3050 RC48Djet-Hor PO216 c3000-? PO216Zet (after Petrie 1900 EB270), S234 min 2850 RC48Uadji EB270,AR69 r~2640+-100 RC48Wadji ((H) EB270), CA13 r~2510+-40 RC48Wadj AO36 r~2420+-40 RC48Horus Djet PG, CVB24 r~2410+-50 RC48Hor Wadji HD46 r~2340+-90 RC48Tche (or Atche), the "Serpent" DN13 r~2320+-90 RC48Tja Ati = Ateth HE74 r~2210+-100 RC48

Tcha ((Ho) TKxiv) r~2200+-100 RC48Ita ((A)4 EO430,CVB24)Ity II E75Iterti ((N?) EO), AR34 3ofD1 AO,AH17,EO(M),TK4,AI5Iterty ((N?) of Horus Djet CVB24) 4ofD1 CA13,CVB994,TST,AR69,Iterty ((N?) of Uadji AR69) HD46,DN,(A)CVB24,TkxxxiIterty (same as (M)s Athothis? AR69) 5ofD1 HE72Kenkenes (Thet or Zet) AH45, (29 yrs AH8)Kenkenes (may be an erroneous substitution for Djer(sic)[Den]. CVB26) 14ofAEHtKenkenes (31yrs(Af),39yrs(Eu) EO,TKlxii),EO430Kenkenes (Greek) = Sekhem Ka = Kha-Sekhem = Kha-Sekhemui. TX177 3ofA CVB14,TKKhenkhen (Nebti name AH61) 4ofA EO,CVB,HDQenqen (erroneous? CVB26) 2.15ofT (Ita? EO)Athuthi ((A) AH61)Athothes (32yrs(E) TKlxxiii)Ateth ((A) TKxxxi)Atet II AEHt917Atche DN13Utho (Hawk name AH61)Utho Khenkhen Athuthi (29yrs(T) AI5)Ata ((A) TKxxxi), HE74Atti? TKxxxiEdjo=Zet=Uadji=Iterti(?)=Ita EO430

Burried with 335 servants CA31Ivory comb ANLs109Name found on Abydos list TK4

(Reigned 31yrs(Af))(Reigned 39yrs(Eu) EO,TKlxii)

Kha-Sekhemui was the name he adopted with the conclusion of the war. TX177

Merneith EB270 3259-3234 AH61Meryet-Nit ("The Power of Neith" AE223) EB270 r2470+-60 DI53Mer(it)neith (female per most authorities. CVB18)Merneit (probably a prince. HE74) 3ofD1 AR91Mer-Neith ((Ho) TK8) 4ofD1 AH17,EO(M),AI6Mer-Net ((Ho) TK8)Queen Meryet-nit (Nit is victorious AR65) 15of AEHt(Queen) Merneit EB270Uenephes (Queen Mer-neit) AH46Uenephes EO430Uenephes (faulty transcription of wnn-nfr, normally rendered... a synonym for Osiris. CVB24)Vavenephis TklxiiAto AH46Ata, or Atati, or Atet III(?) AEHt917Ata [Uenephes] TX172Athuthi, Ato, or Ite (Mer-neit: as sovereign of Thinis AH46)Ite AH46Henneit (Nebti name AH61)Queen Henneit Ato (26yrs AI6)

Burried with 41 male & 77 female retainers CA31

Name found on Abydos TK4, on stela TK8

(Reigned 26 yrs AH17,AI6)(Reigned 23 yrs (Af) EO,Tklxii)(Reigned 42 yrs (E) EO,Tklxii)

Built the 1st pyramid? TX171

"Uenephes, [footnote 4] A, `great famine seized Egypt; he raised the pyramids near Kokome'. EO430

"...it may not be without significance that a piece of ivory inscribed with the name of Mer(it)neithwas found in the tomb of Djer, while at least on of her jar-sealings bore the name of Djet's vineyard. From this slender evidence it may be conjectured that she was born in the time of Djer and that shedied early in Den's reign; the equipment and construction of the mastaba at Saqqara, whichcontained objects and jar-sealings inscribed with her name, would seem to support this dating--adeduction which need not depend on whether Mer(it)neith was in reality the owner. As a merehypothesis it may be suggested that she served as regent, perhaps while Den was still a minor,and died before relinquishing the office. Such a position could only have been occupied by awoman if she had been a queen, which might imply that she was the wife of Djet and the mother ofDen." CVB25-26

"In his reign [Uenephes'] a great famine seized Egypt." (M)TX172

"Manetho records that Uenephes (4th king of Dynasty I) built pyramids near Kochome (nearSakkara). This is an anachronism with Dynasty I separated from the beginning of the pyramid ageby a matter of centuries." TX171

"Zoser was a contemporary of Manetho's Uenephes." TX172

"…It has often been declared that the famous step pyramid at Sakkara was included among thebuildings which Ada [Uenephes] is said to have built, but it is now know that this pyramid was builtby Tehoser [Zeser], a king of the IIIrd Dynasty." [quoting Budge] TX172

Den (Petrie EB270), ((H) Petrie AH8), CA13,AO36,HE67 3233-3194 AH61Den (Ho) Khasty (Pers) CVB994 r3011+-240 RD70*Den (Udimu) EO,RC48 r~2950+-200 RC48Den Semti = Hesepti, Ousaphais HE73 r2933+-200 av2 RD70De(we)n (Horus (Throne) name EB270) r2853+-260 RD70*Ten (or Den) Semti (or Khasti) DN13 r~2550+-100 RC48Ten ((Ho) TK4) r~2490+-150 RC48Horus Den PG r~2390+-90 RC48Hor Dewen (Usaphais, Kenkenes) HD46 r~2340+-60 RC48Udy-Mu S234 r~2280+-50 RC48Udimu (= Semti(Nu) = Hesepti(A) = Usaphaidos(M)), EB270,UN86 r~2150+-150 RC48Udimu (Usaphaidos, successor to Uenephes) TX172Udi (Hawk name, not Udi-mu AH47)Udi Hesapti AI6 4ofD1 AO36Wedymuw (After Reisner 1936 EB270) 5ofD1 DN,HD46,TST,AR91,AI6,Usaphias AH17 (Greek for Hesepty (Den) CVB26) EO,AH17,TK4,EO,TKxxxxi,Usaphias (Den) AH8 AH4Usaphaidos AR73 6ofD1 CVB,CAUsaphaes TKlxii

Ousaphais ((M) HE73) 16ofAEHtKhasti DN13Khasty or Semty ((A) CVB26) 5ofA TK,EO,HDHesepti ((A) AR73,TKxxxi), (misreading of Semti. HE56)Hesepty ((M) CVB26) 2.15ofT HD46Hesapti ((T) AH4) 2.16ofT (Zemti(?) EO)Hesapi AH47Septy (Den) CVB26Semti ((A) TKxxxi), ((Nu) of Udimu AR73), ((Su) TK4), HE56,DN13,AEHt917Zemti(?) (I)EO430Den (Udimu)=Zemti(?) EO430

(Reigned 55-60yrs CVB994)(Reigned 40yrs AI6,AH17)(Reigned 20yrs (AF)(Eu) EO430,TKIxii,EAV)(Reigned 24 yrs (M) AR73)

["Slab of wood from roof beam of tomb of Vizier Hemaka, contemporaneous with King Udimu."RD70

[Tomb-granite floor HE85] [seal and ivory box HE66], [Sh HE73], [Sh A Pa TK5]

"On the basis of records of similar incidents on jar-sealings from the reigh of Udimu (Usaphaidos,successor to Uenephes), it has been logically concluded that the annals are of the reign of thisking. '…Numerous inscribed labels on jar-sealings give reco to be repeated in the year listconcerning an unknown king on the Palermo Stone, and we may perhaps conclude that these shorthistorical records… refer to the reign of Udimu. The chief events of fourteen years are recorded andfrom their position on the belong to the latter half of the reign.' One of these annals indicates clearlya divided rule in Ehypt at theat time, with different kings ruling contemporaneously." TX172

"Manetho records that Ueneches (4th king of Dynasty I) built pyramids near Kochome (nearSakkarah). This is an anachronism with Dynasty 1 separated from the beginning of the pyramidage by a matter of centuries." TX171

Merpaba TST234 3193-3181 AH61Merpibia EO(I)Merpeba HE56,TK5,AEHt917Merpeba Antch-ab DN13 5ofD1 AOMerbiapen E75, (S)EO 6ofD1 TST234,EO(M),TK5,DN,Merbiapen (Adjib) EA75 AH17,AR91,HD46,CVB15,HE72Merbapen ((S) CVB27,TKxxxi), ((Nu) AR80)Merbiape (A)EO 6ofA TKxxxiMerbap ((A) TKxxxi), ((Su) TK5), HE73 6ofA (Merbiape EO)Merbi ((T)(A)(S) AH61)Merpe (or Merpebia) ((Pers) CVB27) 2.16ofT HD46Miebis (M) CVB27,HE73 2.17ofT (Merbiapen EO)Miebidos (M) AR80Miebaes TKlxii 1ofS (Merbiapen EO) TKNiebaes TKlxiiEnizib (= Merbapen(Nu) = Miebidos(M) AR80)Enizib-Merbapen EB270Hor `Adjib (Miebis) HD46`Adjib AO36Anedjib ((Ho) EB270), CVB15,CA13

Anedjib (Ho) Merpebia (Miebis) (Pers) CVB994Andjyeb (Enezib) ((Ho) EO)Atjab Merpeba = Merbap, Miebis HE73At-ab ((Ho) TK5)Az-ib (After Reisner 1936 EB270)Azab (After Petrie 1900 EB270)Othib (Hawk name AH48)Othib Merbi AI7`Andjyeb(Enezib)=Merpibia=Merbiape EO430

Name found on pottery sherds HE73,TK6, Abydos, Karnak, Sakkara TK6]Name frequently erased by Semerkhet. AR80

(Reigned 13 yrs + 13 coregent with Usaphias AH9)(Reigned 26 yrs (Af)(Eu)(M) EO430,TKLxii,AR80)(Reigned 13 yrs AI7)(Reigned 7 yrs CVB994)

"Anedjib followed the example of Den in adopting the title `King of Upper and Lower Egypt', butusually combined with it a new title composed of two falcons on perches. This title (nbwy--`The TwoLords') identified the king with Horus and Seth, symbolizing Lower and Upper Egypt respectively. His personal name was Merpe (or Merpebia), which appears as Merbapen in the Saqqara list andMiebis in Manetho. Such archaeological evidence as is now available seems to indicate that hisreign was short, which may explain why his `tomb' at Abydos was the poorest in construction andleast productive in material remains of any king of the First Dynasty... A claim sometimesadvanced for Anedjib that he was the first king to reside in Memphis is based solely on theunexpected occurrence of his name at the head of the Saqqara king-list, Menes and his fourimmediate successors being omitted." CVB27-28

Semerkhet ((Ho) EB270), S234,CA13,AO36,CVB19 3180-3172 AH61Semerkhet (=Semenptah (N)(Nu) = Semempses(M) AR84)Semerkhet (Ho) Irynetjer (Pers) CVB994Smerkhat Nekhti DN13 6ofD1 AOSemerkha Nekht = Shemsu or Semsem(?), Semempres HE73 7ofD1 TST,CA,CVB994,DN,Smerkha ((Ho) TK6) HE72,EO(M),AI7,AH17,AR91,Smerkha(?) Hu or Nekht AEHt917 TK6,HD47Semsem ((T)EO,CVB28)Shemsu, Shememsu AH49 18th of AEHtShememsu AI7Semempses (Priestly figure EO430) AH9,EO430,TKlxii,(M) CVB28 7ofA (Semempses EO),TK,HDMempses ((EAV) TKlxii)Mersekha (After Petrie 1900 EB270) 2.18ofT (Semsem EO)Merkhet (Hawk name AH61) 2.17ofT HD47Irynetjer CVB994iry-ntr ((Pers, consonantal value CVB28)Hor Semerchet (Semempses) HD47Hu(?) ((A) TKxxxi)Hu, Nekht, or Semsu ((Su), Smerkha(Ho) TK6)

Sculpture at Wadi Magharah TK6Ivory plaque, British Museum TK7Name on Abydos List TK7

(Reigned 8yrs+ CVB19,CVB994)

(Reigned 9yrs AI7)(Reigned 9yrs (+co?) AH9)(Reigned 18yrs (Af)(Eu) EO430,Tklxii)

There were many portents and a very great calamity(M). AR84

Qa (2nd Dyn S234), (After Petrie 1900 EB270), AH49 7ofD1 AOQaa (CVB994) CA13,EB270,((Ho) PEHt917) 8ofD1 TST,CA,HE72,CVB28,Qa`a AO36 AR91,DN,EO(M),AH17,AI7Qay'a (After Reisner 1936 EB270) Last of D1 (T)CVB29, (M)CVB29Qebh ((A) TKxxxi)Qebhu ((S) TKxxxi), AH49,AEHt917 19th of AEHtQebeh(u) ((Pers)(A)(S)(T) apparently a twofold error. CVB28+)Qa Sen = Qebh, Bienekhes HE73 8ofA (Kebh EO),TKKa`a (Sen) EOKa`a ((Ho)EO), (= Kebhu(A)? = Bieneches(M)? AR86), EB270,RC50 2.19ofT (Kebh EO)Kaa 2.20ofT (Biunutje EO)Kebh (A)(S)(T)EO430 8ofT AH4Kebhu? AR86Sen (or Qebh) DN13 2ofS (Kebh EO),TKSen (Qebh, or Qebhu) (Qa or Qa-a(Ho) TK7) 3ofS (Biunutje EO),TKxxxiSen or Qa or Qa-a(NU), Qebh or Qebhu(Su) TK7)Sen (is probably not a name but is the verb `to embrace'. CVB28 3171-3144 AH61Seneferka? CVB29 r~2400+-50 RC50Sekanefer? CVB29Neferseka? CVB29Hor Qa`a (Bieneches, Ubienthis) HD47Baunetjer ((T)(S) CVB29)Baiuneter ((S) TKxxxi)Bieneches ((Af) EO,Tklxii),(M) CVB29Bieneches ((M) AH9,AR86)Bienthes ((EU) TKlxii)Bi-neth AH49Bi-nes AH49Bie-nthe-s, Bieneches, Bi-neth, Bi-nes, Behu, Qa, Qebhu, Sen AH49Biunutje (S)EOBehu AH49Behu or Bineth AH61Behu Bineth AI7Ubienthes ((E) EO), ((M) CVB29)Vibestes ((EAV) TKlxii)Heth "Moon" LW....bh ((T) AH4)Ka`a=Sen=Kebh EO430

Sherds TK7

(Reigned 25yrs CVB994)(Reigned 26yrs (Af) EO,TKIxii),((Eu) EO,TKIxii),((EAV) TKIxii)(Reigned 28yrs AH9,AI7,AR86)

"Papyrus began to be used by the scribes for writing which was beginning to display elements of

sentence structure by the end of the 1st Dynasty." EK14

SECOND DYNASTY (at This)(At This TKlxii) 5615-5318 TKliv(256yrs exact AH15), 5449-5147 TKliv

5360-5058 TKliv"Much of our knowledge of this time [2nd Dynasty] is based on material 5247-4945 TKlvfound in the mastabas at Abydos and Saqqara. The structures at Abydos 4751-4449 TKlvwere individually identified by sealings and inscribed objects found within 4514-4212 S(PE)and also by the presence outside the tombs of stelae bearing the owners' 4202-3900 TKlvnames." EK14 4133-3966 TKlv

3639-3338 TKliv"The earliest mummies were merely tightly bandaged bodies in wooden 3630-3328 TKlvcoffins. Because they were placed in moist rock tombs, the bodies ?3350-3190 DN6decomposed to only bones and bandages. The crucial lacking element was 3143-2888 AHdehydration: As long as the body retained moisture, tissue-destroying ~2950-2700 VSviibacteria would invade it. In the Third Dynasty two successful solutions to the 2900 EA75problem were found. The first was to remove the internal organs through an 2890-2686 EK14incision in the abdomen, eliminating a great deal of moisture and a major c2890-2686 PG,CVB994,CA13source of decay. The second was to use natron to dehydrate the tissues. 2980 S(B)Natron is composed of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride (salt), shich ~2820-2670 HD158is found in several places in Egypt." EM74 2770-2649 AO36

Hetepsekhemwy CVB30, AO36 ((Ho) Hetep (Pers) CVB994) 3143-3097 AH62Hetep-sekhemui ((Ho) 35of AEHt918)Hotepsekhemui (=Buzau = Boethos(M) AR92), ((Ho) EO,AR92), UN86Hetepsekhemui HE72 1ofD2 AO,CVB994,AR103,DB,Hotepsekhemwy CA13 HD48,(M)AH62,AI7,DN,(M)EO, Hetep-Sekhem-Wy E75 TK9,AH17,TSTHetep-sekhem-wy EA75 2 of D2 TK10Hotpe-sekhemui ((H) AH62)Hetep-Sekhemui(Ho) Hetep(N)(Su) TK10 24 of AEHtHotep-ahaui S234 25 of AEHt918Hetep or Hetep-Sekhemui DN13Hetep ((Pers) CVB30) 9ofA (Bedjau EO),TKHotep EO(I)(N)Horus Hotepsekhemwy PG 3ofS TKxxxiHor Hetepsechemui (Boethos) HD48Khasekhemui (probably HE76) 9ofT AH4Kha-Sekhemui ((Hs) TK9)Narmer ((Ho) TK9)Neterbeu ((S) AH50)Neter-Baiu ((Su) TK9)[NETER]BEU ((T) AH62)....beu ((T) AH4)Butho ((M) AI7), ((A) AH62)Buzau ((Ki) AR92)Bedjau ((A) EO, misreading of Hetep CVB30), CVB150Betchau ((A) TKxiii)Betchau(Su) Narmer(Ho) Kha-Sekhemui(Hs) Neter-Baiu(Su) Besh(Su) TK9

Batchau AEHt918Boethos ((Af) EO431,TKlxii), ((M) AR92,CVB30,AH9)Bochos ((M) CVB30, (Eu) TKlxii)Bochus ((EUA) TKlxii)Baunetjer ((T)(S) misinterpretation of Bedjau CVB30)Baiuneter ((S) TKxxxi)Baiu-neter AEHt918Betjumer HE76Besh ((Su) TK9)?Rikayon (Jsr) FryBoethos=Bedjau EO431Hotepsekhemui (H) = Hotep (IN) EO432

Sherd, Cylinder seals (Betchau) TK9Statue, Cylinder (Hetep-Sekhemui) TK10]

reigned 38 yrs ((Af) EO431,TKIxii), ((M) AR92)reigned 47 yrs ((Butho) (M) AI7),((Boethos) (M) AH9)

[wife: Hapenmaat [Nemathap]] TX171

Hetepsekhemwy ("The Two Powers are at peace" CVB30), AO36 ((Ho) Hetep (Pers) CVB994)

A chasm opened at Bubastis and many people perished(M). AR92

"Boethos, [footnote 1] Abydos,`in his reign a chasm opened at Bubastus and many perished'. EO431

Khasekemui is not of late Dynasty II…but was the progenitor of Dynasty 3. Tx170-171

Raneb ((Ho) AEHt918),EO,HE72,CA13 3096-3058 AH62Raneb or Kakau DN13Ra-neb (= Kakau(Ki) = Kaichos(M) AR92), S234,TK11Reneb (Means Re is [my] Lord, CVB30) 2ofD2 AO,CVB30,CVB994,DN,Reneb (Ho) Nubnefer (Pers) CVB994 TST,CA,HD48,(M)AH62,AH17,Re`neb AO36 AR103Neb-re EA75 3ofD2 TK11Nebre` or Ra`neb? EO432(Ho)Nebre ((H) AH62) 36ofAEHt918Nubnufer EO(I), ((Pers?) CVB30)Hor Nebre` (Kaiechos, Kechoos) HD48 10ofA (Kakau EO) TKKakau ((A) EO,TKxiii, ((S) TKxiii), ((Ki) AR92), CVB30,DN13Kekeu ((M) AI8), ((S)(A) AH50) 4ofS (Kakau EO),TKKa-Kau ((Su) Ra-Neb(Ho) TK11),AEHt918[KE]KE[U] ((T) AH62) 10ofT AH4...ke... ((T) AH4) 2.21ofT (Kakau EO)Kaiechos ((M) AH17,EO431, (Af) TKlxii), ((M) CVB30)Kaichos ((M) AR93)Cechous ((EAV) TKlxii)Choos ((EU) TKlxii)

[Statue TK11]

(Reigned 39yrs(M) AI8,AH17,EO431,AR93,(Af)TKIxii)), ((S)(A) AH50)

Kakau, Presumably Reneb is Kakau and Kaiechos. CVB30

Neteri-mu TST234 3057-3020 AH62Netermu AR93Neteren (= Netermu = Banentiru(Ki) = Binothris(M) AR93)Neneter = Bineneter, Binothris HE73 3ofD2 AO,CVB,CA,HD48,DN,Ni-Neter E75 AH17,(M)AH62Ni-neter EA75 3of9D2 TST,AR103Ninutjer or Nutjeren ((Ho)(I)(N) EO431) 4ofD2 TK11Ninetjer AO36Nynetjer CA13, (38yrs CVB31, 45-47yrs CVB994) 11ofA (Banutjeren EO), TKNinutjer = Banutjeren EONubnefer? ((Pers) CVB30) 5ofS (Banutjeren EO), TKHor Ninetjer (Binothris) HD48Baenneter or Banetru DN13 11ofT AH4Baneteren ((A) TKxxxii) 2.22ofT (Banutjeren EO)Baneteru ((S) TKxxxii)Banentiru ((Ki) AR93)Banutjeren EO431Banetjeren ((A) corrupt form. CVB31)Banetjeru ((S) CVB31)Banetru DN13Ba-netru TK11Ba-en-neter(Su) Ba-netru(Su) En-neter(Ho) TK11Binothris (38yrs AH17), (47yrs EO, (Af) TKlxii, (M) AR93,AH9), ((M) CVB31)Bineter (38yrs(M) AI8) ((T)(A)(S)(H)(RH)(N) AH62)Biophis ((Eu) TKlxii)

Statue TK11

First Sothic cycle begins CSC236 2701 CSC2362313 CS

Weneg ((I)(N) EO), CVB31 3019-3003 AH62Weneg (Wadjnes) (Pers) CVB994Wenegnebti (Tlas) WD48Wadjnas ((A) EO), (scribal misunderstanding CVB31) 4ofD2 ((M)EO,CVB994,AH62)Wet-las (Coptic rendering of Wadjnes, (M) Tlas CVB31) 4ofD1 HD48Tlas ((M) AH10), ((Af) EO431,TKlxii) 5ofD2 TK12Otlas AH51Uothnes AI8, ((A)(RH) AH62) 28ofAEHtUatchnes TK12,AEHt918Uatjnes? HE80 12ofA (Wadjnas EO), TK12Weneg=Wadjnas EO432

6ofS (Wadjnas EO), TK12Name on Abydos & Sakkara lists TK12

2.23ofT (Wadjnas EO)Reigned 19yrs CVB994

Reigned 17yrs AI18,(M)AH10,((Af)EO,Tklxii)

Peribsen ((Ho) EB270), ((Se)(Pers) CVB994), E75,EO,CA13,AO36,EA75 3002-2966 AH62Peribsen(i) EO432Perabsen S,HE80,DN13Perabsen-Sekhemib (After Emery 1961 EB270) 4ofD2 AO,CA,DN,TST,AR103Per-ab-sen(Su)(Hs) Sekhem-ab(Ho) Per-ab-s(Su) TK12 5a ofD2 HD48Per-ab-sen ((Ho) 38of AEHt918) 5b ofD1 HD48Per-ab-s TK12 6ofD2 CVB994,TK12Perenmaat DN13Sekhemab (Ho) Perenmaat (Ho) Perabsen (Se) DN13Sekhemab (H) Perabsen (Se) HE81Sekhem-ab (Ho) Per-ab-sen (Se) Pe-ab-s (Su) TK12Sekhem-ab Per-en-maat ((Ho) 37of AEHt918)Sekhemib Perenmaat ((N) CVB31)Sekhemyeb-Perenma`e ((H)(I)(N) EO432)Sekhemib-Perabsen AR103Sekhemib (= Uaznes(Ki) = Tlas(M) = Perabsen(Se) AR95), ((H) AH62)Seth Peribsen ((Js) CVB31), PG,HD48Hor Sechemib HD48Horus Sekhemib (niswt-bity and nbty Sekhemib Perenmaat) CVB31

Jar-sealing TK12, stele TK13

"It is conceivable that Peribsen and Khasekhem ruled concurrently." CVB32

"There was a further political upheaval in the Second Dynasty, under King Peribsen, and the unionwas again restored by his successor, Khasekhem. To mark the event, the latter may havechanged his name to Khasekhemwy..." CA31

Sethenes AH10,((M) AH10), )(Af) Tklxii),EO432 5ofD2 AH17,CVB994,HD48,AH,Sethenes (M), Sendi (A), Send EO EO,AR103,DNSened ((M)'s Sethenes CVB31), (Peribsen's predecessor CVB20) 7ofD2 TK13Sened (Sethenes) HD48Sendi AI9, ((T)(A)(S)(RH) AH62) 29ofAEHtSendji (Sethenes?(M) AR97)Send EO(I) (Send=Sendi EO), HE55 13ofA (Sendi EO) TKSenti DN13Sent TK13 7ofS (Sendi EO) TKSenta ((A)(S) TKxxxii),AEHt918

2.24ofT (Sendi EO)Name found on Abydos, Sakkara, and papyrus. TK13 13ofT AH4

Reigned 37yrs AI9Reigned 37yrs+co AH10Reigned 41yrs(M) AH10

Ra-ka TK13 6of9D2 TSTKa-Ra S234 8ofD2 TK13

Cylinder seal TK13]

Neferkare ((S) EO) 2965-2934 AH62Neferkara ((S) TKxxxii), (Nephercheres?(M) AR98), DN13Neferkere (32yrs AI9), ((T)(S) AH62)Neferkare` ((S) EO431) 6ofD2 DN,AH11,HD48Neferkare` (Nephercheres) HD48 7ofD2 ((M)AH,AR,EO)Nefer-ka I or Never-ka-Ra I AEHt918 9ofD2 TK13Nephercheres AH17,AH11, ((Af) EO430,TKlxii), ((M) CVB35)Neferke.. ((T) AH4) 30 of AEHtRa-nefer-ka ((S) TK13)Aka (or Neferkare) ((T)(S) CVB35) 8ofS (Neferkare EO), TK`Aka ((T) EO431)

14ofT AH4Reigned 32 yrs AH11 2.25ofT (Aka EO)Reigned 25 yrs(Af) EO,Eklxii)

"Nephercheres, [footnote 5] Abydos, `in his reign, the story goes, the Nile flowed mixed with honeyeleven days'." EO431

See Neferkare in D3, Neferirkare in D5, Neferkere in D6,7or8 the Nile flowed with honey for elevendays(M). AR98

Neferkaseker ((S)(T) EO), DN13 2933-2926 AH62Neferkesokar ((T) AH4)Neferkasokar ((T)(S) CVB35)Neferkasokar (Sesochris) HD49 7ofD2 DN,AI,AH,HD49Neferkasokar(?) (CVB994) 8ofD2 CVB,((M)AH,EO),ARNefer-ke-Sokar (Sesochris (M),AH11), ((T)(S) AH62) ~8ofD2 AR98Nefer-ka-Seker AEHt918 9ofD2 CVB994Neferka-Seker ((S) TKxxxii) 10ofD2 TK14Khasekhem ((H)EO), CA, EB349,CVB34,EB270Khasekhem ((Ho), `lacuna' in lists, CVB994) TPE58 31 of AEHtKha-sekhem (=?Huzefa (Neferka-sokar?)(S) =? Sesochris(M) AR98)Sesochris AH17,AI11 ((Af)(EAV) EO437,TKlxii), ((M) CVB35) 9ofS (Neferkaseker EO), TKSeker-nefer-ka ((T)(S) TK14)

3.1ofT (Neferkaseker EO)[2 St TPE58], [Nefer-ka-Seker: S T TK14] 15ofT AH4

Reigned 8yrs 3mos ((T) AH4),((M) AH11)Reigned 8yrs CVB994,AH17Reigned 21(?)yrs CVB994Reigned 48yrs ((Af)(EAV) EO,Tklxii)

Khasekhem may be different than Khasekhemui. EB349,CVB34

Huthefi AH11, ((T)(S) AH53)Huthefi Kere ((T) AH4)Hutchefa (?) DN13Hutchefa ((S) after Neferka-Seker TKxxxii) 6ofD2 ((M)AH62,EO)

Hutchfa AEHt918 8ofD2 DNHudjefa ((S)(T) EO,CVB35) 11ofD2 TK14"Hudjefa" I HD49Huzefa (Neferka-sokar? AR98) 32ofAEHtHetchefa ((T)(S) TK14)?Hudjefa (misunderstood derivation of `lacuna'. CVB149) 10ofS (Hudjefa EO), TK...[djefa?] (T)EO433

3.2ofT (Hudjefa EO)Reigned 11yrs8mo AH11,((T)AH4) 16ofT AH4

Hudjefa (a scribal note meaning blank space, or gap. CVB35)

Chaires ((Af) TKlxii), (after Sesochris AH62), ((M) CVB35), EO437 2925-2915 AH62Kere (?) AH62Aka EO(T)Aka(?) CVB994 6of9D2 AR103Neterka (Chaires?(M) AR97) 7ofD2 CVB994

8ofD2 AH17Reigned 17yrs EO437, ((Af) TKLxii)

Khasakhemhui AE101,PO,AI10 2914-2888 AH62Khasekhemwy CA31, ((Ho)(Se) CVB994), ((T)CVB147), ((Ho) EB271) 2703-2686 POKhasekhemui ((Ho) name of Besh DN13), AH10,UN86,HEKha-sekhemui ((Ho) 40of AEHt918)Khaosekhemui S234 9of9D2 AR104,HD49,AH17,EO,Khasekhem (Khasekhemui) Besh (before Hetepsekhemui HE72) AH62Khasekhem ((Ho) name of Besh DN13), (Before Khasekhemwy CA13) 5ofD2 AO,TST,CAKha-sekhem ((Ho) AEHt918) 6ofD2 CA13Khasekhemui Besh = Betju-mer(?), Boethos 7ofD2 TSTKha-Sekhem-Wy E75 9ofD2 AR101Kha-sekhem-wy EA75 LofD2 CVB146Kha`sekhem(wy) AO36 1ofD3 DN13Kha-sekhemui (=Zazai(Ki) = Cheneres(M), AR101), (after Ka-ra S234)Kha-sekhem (before Ka-ra S234) 14ofA (Djadjay EO)Kha`sekhemui-Nebuihotpimef EO432Zazai ((Ki) AR101) 11ofS (Beby EO)Tchatchai or Bebi AEHt918Besh (extremely problematical. CVB33), DN13 3.3ofT (Bebty EO)Horus-and-Seth Khasekhemwy PG,CVB34 17ofT AH4Hor (-Seth) Cha`sechem(ui) HD49Nebwy Hetepimef ((Pers) of Khasekhemwy. CVB34) 33ofAEHtCheneres ((M) AR101,EO431,CVB35) 39of AEHt918Chenneres (AH17, ((Af) Tklxii))Chenneres (Thethi) AI22Kheneri (Hawk name AH62)Thethi ((T)(A) AH4&62)Thethi Kheneri ((T) AI10), (South during Huthefi's reign AI9)Beby = Zazai TX203

Tomb at Abydos TPE27, [stone tomb chamber HE85], [Ins AE185]

(Reigned 17yrs (Ho)(Se) CVB994)

(Reigned 27yr2mo AI22, (Thethi (T)(A) AH4&62)) (Reigned 27yrs AH10, ((T) CVB147,AI10))(Reigned 30yrs ((M) AR101,EO,CVB35) ((Af) TKIxii), (Cheneres))

Khasekhemwy "The Appearance of the Two Powers" CA31Kha-sekhemui "The appearance of the Two Powers AR101

"…Khasekhem, who is believed by some including the writer to be the same person asKhasekhemui, cannot be assigned an unequivocal position in late Dynasty II, and his proposedidentification with a king of this dynasty is without adequate foundation. That the position assignedto Khasekhem depends on the assumed sequence, rather than provides any evidence for thesequence, is clear from the following quotations…. Budge proposed an identification of thisKhasekhemui with the first king of Dynasty II, not the last, which position is not far removed fromthe beginnings of Dynasty III by the proposed reconstruction of the chronology. Petrie alsorecognized the possible necessity for assigning him a position at the beginning of Dynasty III." TX166

"The inscriptions of Khasekhem, now recognized as the progenitor of Dynasty III, record a conflictbetween the Thinites in southern Egypt and a people of the north, who are identified only as'northern enemies.' It has been suggested unconvincingly that these 'northern enemies' were theLibyans who were attempting an invasion of the Delta." TX174

"…this Sekhem Ka is a king of Dynasty I at Thinis in southern Egypt and is the same person asKha-sekhem who was the founder of Dynasty III in the north and the one who initiated and broughtto a satisfatory conclusion the religious war between the people of the South. The obviousconclusion is that theis Sekhem Ka was the king of the tomb inscription and that Uadji, whosename appears to be secondary, was at that time only the coregent and heir apparent. The onlyconclusion permissabel within this concept is that this Sekhem Ka was the predecessor of Uadji inDynasty I. This was none other than Manetho's Kenkenes… If we are correct, then Kenkenes,Sekhem Ka, Kha-Sekhem, and Kha-sekhemui were names for one and the same person the firstbeing a Greek transcription of the Egyptian name, and the latter having been adopted with thepeaceful conclusion of the war. The progenitor of the kingly line of Dynasty III was thus a king ofDynasty I, and Dynasty III was an off-shoot from Dynasty I, having its origin in the peacefulculmination of the religious war." TX177

"Egypt experienced a severe famine in the reign of Unas. But there was also a severe famine in theera of Zazay, or Beby, as the name is given in the Sakkarah list." TX203

OLD KINGDOM D3-6 RB15,A,OE,EB15,EA83,CE319,HC9, c3000-2500 LI16 PO22,WE,UN10,TPE1,CA,Lixi,Abxxi,,AS17,PP271 2980-2475 ABxxiOLD KINGDOM (D3-7 TN41) ~2900 TEOLD KINGDOM (D4-6 TE) ~2800-2250 WE274OLD KINGDOM (D4-8 AO36) 2778-2300 LIxiOLD KINGDOM (Pyramid Age RB15,WE274,TE) ~2750-2200 UN10

c2705-2250 E,PY137Old Empire LI16 ~2700-2200 RB15,AS17,HC,CE

*2700-2180 EB15PYRAMID AGE RB15,WE274,TE ~2700-2150 MO9

2686-2181 PE11,OEc2686-2181 PG,PO22,TPE1c2686-2180 A55 2680 TEA243 2664-2052 CSC236

c2660-2180 EA83c2635-2155 PP271c2615-2176 TN41c2575-2134 AO36 2196-1584 CS 2180-2130 EB

"Of the 21 kings recorded by the Turin fragments for Dynasties III - V, the names of only 8 arepreserved..." EO68

"Copper-working is shown in tombs of the Old Kingdom; products included beads, domesticvessels, stature and doors, as well as tools and weapons. Tools were cast in solid metal Weaponsof metal were used only by the wealthy, whereas the poor continued to use flint tools and weaponsfor a considerable time." EK134

"Slavery, if defined as the deprivation of one man's freedom by another, existed in Egypt. Theslaves were war captives and refugees. There is no evidence that foreign captives or slave laborerswere used in the Old Kingdom to build the pyramids." EK108

"During the Old Kingdom there was little comparison between the spells carved inside the pyramidsand carvings on the walls fo the tombs of the nobility, which may suggest that the magical spellswere a carefully guarded secret of the priests." EM119

"In the Old Kingdom, sarcophagi and coffins were viewed primarily as houses for the deceased. They were usually rectangular, and false doors were often painted on the outside to imitate thefacade of a palace. The lids were so heavy that they had to be raised and lowered into positionwith ropes. Often holes were drilled in them for that purpose." EM119

"Our materials for the reconstruction of a coherent picture [of the Old Kingdom] are hopelesslyinadequate." EO102

3RD DYNASTY (At This TKlxii) 5318-5121 TKliv

55 yrs EO75 5147-4933 TKliv98 yrs AH16 5058-4845 TKliv214 yrs EO75 4945-4731 TKlv

4449-4235 TKlv4 kings, 55 yrs (T) EO75 4212-3998 S(P)9 kings, 214 yrs (M) EO75 3966-3733 TKlv4 kings (A) EO75 -3700 AN234 kings (S) EO75 3900-3686 TKlv

3433-3209 TKliv"The laborers and artisans who constructed and decorated the temples, 3338-3124 TKlivpyramids and tombs played a major part in Egyptian society. This labor 3328-3114 TKlvforce was divided into two types, the ordinary workmen and the craftsmen. ?3190-3100 DN6The heavy work was done by huge gangs of unskilled labor consisting mostly -3098 WDof conscripted peasants - although prisoners-of-war, soldiers on duty in 2980-2900 S(B)Egypt and prisoners sentenced by the law courts were also included. In 2980 PG,BEtheory every male Egyptian was expected to spend part of his time on the 2895-2840 TKlipublic works programs, but in actual fact this burden fell almost exclusively 2887-2869 AHon the peasantry, who in any case were forced to find alternative employment ~2705 Efor a period of time each year because it was impossible to work on their own 2770 max RC41lands during the annual inundation of the Nile. Since the government paid for ~2700-2650 CE319

the subsistence of the laborer during his period of conscription, the public ~2700-2620 VSviiworks programs in fact provided a means of regular, paid employment for the 2700 OE,RC41,UN86poorer classes, many of whom, together with their families, might otherwise 2686-2613 EK,CAhave starved." EK102 c2686-2613 PG,CVB995

2686 RB,PE17"Thus it is simply not true that these massive building projects, as has so 2680-2614 TEA243often been stated, were an economic drain on the country's resources and a ~2670-2600 HD158crushing burden on Egypt's manpower. Nor were they in any sense achieved 2655 min RC41by slave labor, although during the New Kingdom foreign captives were 2649-2575 AO36present in Egypt in larger numbers than before, and some were certainly 2615-2565 TN41committed to heavy labor. The work was undoubtedly arduous and ~2600 C50unpleasant, but the common belief that only the despotism of pharaoh andthe harshness of the system could have forced through these almostsuperhuman building feats is quite unacceptable. It was the nature of theland that created the situation, and the government provided a system whichat least ensured paid employment, and against which there seems to havebeen little sign of revolt." EK103

"The Old Kingdom Was a stable, peaceful period of Egyptian history." RB4

"...The beginning of the third dynasty can be fixed by dead reckoning atabout 2600." C50

Manetho "counts nine kings, all of them except Tosorthros (Djoser) withunidentifiable names." EO75

(A)(S)&(T) support 4 rulers, "but there are disturming discrepancies in thenames that they give". EO75

"The pyramids of Egypt as a whole were built from the earliestdynasties of the Old Kingdom to the time of the Middle Kingdom, butthe great age of pyramid-building covered only the 400 years fromthe 3rd to the 6th Dynasty, when the pyramid was the recognized typeof tomb for royalty." EK37

Sa-nakht E84 2887-2869 AH62Sa-nekht TST c2686-2668 PGSa-Nekht TK14 2649-2630 AOSanekht DN13Sanakhte CA13Sanakhte? ((Ho) of Nebka?) CVB150 1ofD3 TK14,CA,PY127,AO,Sanakhte (Ho) Nebka (Pers) CVB995 HD50,AI10,AH17,TK,AH62,TSTSesokhris? ((M) HE82) 1?ofD3 CVB150Zanakht EO,PY127 3ofD3 DN,TK14Zanakht (=Nebka?) AO36 ofD2 AEHtNeb-ka I (Neb-ka-Ra I) AEHt918Nebka ((A)(T) EO), PG,EM267,HD50 15ofA (Nebka EO)Nebka ((A) TKxxxii), ((T)(A), equated with Sanakhte. CVB147)Nebke, Neb-ke-Beby, Ne-che-rophe-s AH53 3.4ofT (Nebka EO)Nebke ((T) AH4) 18ofT AH4Neb-ke-Beby AH53Neb-ka or Neb-ka-Ra ((A)(S)(Pa) TK14) 34ofAEHtNebkere Beby ((T) AI10)Necherophes (Neb-Ke (T)) AH11

Necherophes (extremely doubtful EO431), AH11, ((M) EO433, (Af) TKlxiii)Necherophes ("Transferred back to D2 to leave Djoser 1st of D3 as in (T).) EO433Ra Nebka TX171

[Tomb TX35,HE82], [skeleton, 7' tall HE82], [Jar sealings found TK14], [Mastaba EO74][Sesochris was 5 cubits tall (M) HE82]

Reigned 19yrs (Sanakhte CVB995)Reigned 19yrs (Nebke(T) AH4)Reigned 19yrs (Nebkere Beby AI10)Reigned 28yrs (Necherophes ((M) EO433), ((Af) TKIxiii))

Beby ((S) AH62)Bebi ((S) TKxxxii),TX35Beby ((S) EO431)Bebty ((T) EO431) ofD2 EO431Bebty (or Beby) ((T)(S) CVB35) 2ofD3 TK14Djadjay (A) EO) 2ofD3 DN13Djadja ((A) CVB35)Tchatchai ((A) TKxxxii) 14ofA TK,EO

Tomb found TX35 11ofS TK,EOName found on Abydos & Sakkara Lists. TK14Reigned 27yrs ((T) EO431) 3.3ofT EOMother's name: Ne-maat-hap HE81Famine in his reign (Beba (D17) TX135{Brugsch placed Bebi in the D17 on the basis of tomb location. TX35,TX36}{Tyler placed Beba in the 13th D TX36}{contemporary of Sesostris I of D12. TX}{prepared for famine. TX35}(Menkeure of D13 had a son, Bebi. AI171)

Bebty (or Beby) (a misreading of hieratic writing of Khasekhemwy? CVB35)Djadja ((A) CVB35), (may be misreading of hieratic of Khasekhemwy. CVB35)

Djoser PO,PE24,E84,EM267,EK8,CA13,CE,CVB145,WE274,UN86,A56 c3150 WD147Djoser ((N) EO76, (T)(M) EO75) c3120 WDDjoser (Tosorthros) TN41,HD50 2980 BEDjoser-za EO433 2868-2850 AH62Djoser-it(?) EO433 r2796+-250 HO107Djoser (Netjerykhet) AO36 ~2700-2681 VSviiDjoser=Horus Netcherykhet PG ~2700 CE319Djosernub? CVB150 c2686 TPEZoser AT71,RB,PE24,BE597,PG,WD147,PY31,TPE,TEA243 c2670 PY31Zoser-Neterkhet TST234 c2668-2649 PGNetjrikhe ((Ho) EO76) 2667-2648 PONetjerykhet ((Ho) Djoser (pers) CVB995) 2666 PE24Neterikhet (Zoser) PY127 max 2650 RC46Neterkhet (Hawk name AH62) min 2615 RC46Neter-khet (Djoser) EA84 2630-2611 AONeter khat Tcheser I AEHt918 r2284+-600 RD70*Thoser ((S) AH62), (Manetho's Tosorthos, AH11) r~2280+-150 RC48

Thoser.... ((T) AH4) r~2175+-50 RC48Thoser Neterkhet ((RH) AH62) r2135+-35 RC46Thoser-sa? AH53 r2110+-80 RC46,114Thoser Retho ((T) AI10) r~2070+-100 RC48Toserretho ((T) AH62) r2041+-500 RD70*Tosorthros EO433 r~2040+-100 RC48Tosorthros ...Djoser-za(A); Djoser(S); Djoser-it(?)(T) ((T)(M) EO433) r~2030+-350 RC48Tosor-[r]tho-s ((M) AH54) r2029+-350 av 3 RD70Tosorthos AH17, ((Af) TKlxiii) r1749+-770 RD70*Tjeser Khetneter? HE81 r1370 NER PEM9Tjoser VSvii r1050 NER PEM9Tcheser ((A)(S) TKxxxii), DN53, (=Zoser per Budge TX172)Tcheser(Su)(Gh) Tcheser-sa(Su) Neter-kha(Ho)(N) Neter-khat(Ho)(N) TKSesorthos ((Eu) TKlxiii) 1ofD3 TN41Kourodes? ((SL) TX120) 2ofD3 A,HD,AO,PY127,AH17,

TKIxiii,AH62,EO433,TST[Step Pyramid at Saqqara TPE,TN41,H81,TK15] ~2ofD3 CVB150[Pyramid EO74] 3ofD3 CVB995[Tomb at Abydos H81] 4ofD3 TK15[Acacia wood beam in excellent state of preservation from tomb of Zoser. RD70] 16ofA TK,EO[40,000 stone vases CA34] 12ofS TK,EO

Reigned 29yrs ((M) EO75,EO433) 3.5ofT EOReigned 19yrs (Neter-khet (Djoser) EA84)((T) EO76,AI10) 19ofT AH4Reigned 19yrs (Netjerykhet/Djoser CVB995)Reigned 19yrs3mo(Thoser)(T) AH4,AH11 41ofAEHt

{Imhotep: Architect TPE35,A56,TN41,AT71,PO} {Imothes ~ Asclepios EO433}, {V HP Architect Imhotep = Asclepius EM98} {7yr famine & Imhotep (Ptolemaic Inscription EO76), CVB169} {pharaoh of Joseph?? W53a3. See Sesostris I of D12} {Father was Khasekhemy? CVB146} {Father was Khasekhemwy CA33} {Contemporary of Uenephes TX172}

* -2672 "We know very little about this architect of the first pyramid, yet he is one of the mostintriguing figures in all of ancient Egyptian history. On the base of a statue found near the pyramidwas an inscription bearing the name Imhotep. This Imhotep had many titles, among them Vizier,Physician, Chief Builder for the Pharaoh Zoser, and High Priest of Heliopolis. While this ispractically all we know of him, we do know that Egyptians of later dynasties revered him as a sage,and the Greeks deified him as Asclepius, the god of healing. The late Walter B. Emery, aneminent Egyptologist, spent years looking for Imhotep's tomb, but died without finding it." EM98

"The insigne of the hawk wearing the crowns of both the north and the south was first used byZoser, 2nd king of Dynasty III. By the altered chronology, his reign followed shortly the religious warbetween the North and the South. It is thus reasonable to suppose that the insigne was designedto mean only a recognition by the bearer that the worship of both Set and Horus was acceptable."TX180

"The original mastaba for Zoser was roughly square, constructed so that the four sides wereoriented to the cardinal points--obviously for religious or magical reasons." EM97

"At the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty Imhotep, prime minister to King Djoser and a gifted architect,designed a new kind of stone tomb for his master. This was the first step pyramid which rose insix unequal stages to a height of 204 feet."

Tosorthros "{Under whom was Imuthes}, he reckoned {with} the Egyptians as Asclepios..." EO433

"Most of the medical papyri that have survived...are lists of spells and potions with little evidence ofscientific knowledge or careful observation. The one exception to this rule is the Edwin SmithSurgical Papyrus, which dates from approximately 1700 B.C. It is a copy of a papyrus of the OldKingdom... it has led some Egyptologists to speculate that the author of the original document wasImhotep." EM59

"...but definite proof of the identity of Netjrikhe with Djoser of the hieroglyphs and the Tosorthros ofManetho is found no earlier than in a long rock-inscription of Ptolemaic date...[which] relates thatKing Netjrikhe Djoser, being in a deep sorrow because of a seven-year famine that had afflicted theland, sought counsel from Imhotep'..." EO76

Persian Period...a man who held priesthoods of the kings Netjerykhet Djoser, Djoser Teti, Teti andImhotep. CVB150

"In the Third Dynasty, Imhotep, the architect of the first pyramid at Saqqara, was also a famousphysician who was later worshiped by the Greeks as a god of medicine." EK114

"Imhotep, the architect of the step pyramid at Saqqara, was deified by the Greeks as Asclepius,the god of healing. On the terrace a small room was built where the infirm could come to be cured.The walls are covered with graffiti of the sick who prayed to the gods for cures." EM59

"The interior of the step pryamid was robbed in antiquity, and few remains of Zoser have been foundby modern archaeologists. The remains of a child in an alabaster sarcophagus and a mummifiedfoot, possibly Zoser's, were found in the burial chamber. The foot had had all the flesh and skinremoved, and the bones had been bandaged. Other fragments indicate that Zoser was in factburied in the step pyramid. If this is true, what was the function of the mysterious mastaba in thecomplex? About two hundred yards south of the pyramid is a mastaba called `The Southern Burial.'Beneath the superstructure are galleries and a small burial chamber. Almost everything points tothe fact that Zoser was buried here, but clearly this cannot have been the case. The rooms thoughsmaller, are almost identical to those beneath the pyramid. In some of the rooms the walls areinlaid with blue-green faience tiles made to imitate bundled papyrus, which was used in theconstruction of Zoser's earthly palace." EM99

"Inside the pyramid [Zoser's] itself are the burial chamber and numerous smaller chambers to storethe provisions he would need on his journey to the next world. Some of these chambers have wallpaintings showing the pharaoh performing the running portion of the ceremony. Other chamberscontain thousands of alabaster jars to symbolically contain the magical unguents for theceremonies the king would perform. Some of these chambers have still not been excavated, butvases and jars can be seen piled from floor to ceiling. (It is interesting that one of Imhotep's titleswas `Maker of Stone Vessels.') EM98

*** "...there was a school of Imhotep in operation at Memphis, and he was venerated right into thenineteenth century at nearby Saqqareh, where he had begun his career more than forty-fivehundred years before! Significantly his shrine at that place is a ruin called `the Prison of Joseph.' This puzzles Wildung, who writes: `We cannot describe the reason why the temple was referredto as the prison of the Biblical Joseph." (350:78.) For a clue we may consider Wildung's ownobservation that the worship of the two heroes began at their tombs, which as the objects ofpilgrimage became shrines and temples. But Moslems and Christians would not repair to thetomb of an unknown pagan (Imhotep). If the age-old worship were to continue (and such folkwaysare virtually indestructible), it would have to be under different auspices: it was established practiceto transfer the shrines of ancient gods and heroes to Christian and Moslem saints simply by achange of names. There was Joseph, a great favorite with humble Christians, Jews, and Moslemsalike; was not he too like Imhotep and Amenhotep the grand vizier of Egypt, the highest officer in

the land, riding forth with Pharaoh to the wild cheers of the populace whom he had saved from aseven-year famine just as Imhotep had done? Does not the great canal, a triumph of ancientengineering that watered the land for hundreds of miles parallel to the Nile, to this day bear thename of Joseph's canal? Was not his own great-grandfather the same type of popular hero asImhotep and Amenhotep?" AE105

"If the two burial places for Zoser raise a question, the pyramid of his probable successor,Horus-Sekhem-Khet, raises an even more difficult one. Little is known about this pharaoh whosepyramid was discovered in 1951. Only a short walk from Zoser's complex, Horus-Sekhem-Khet'spyramid seems to have been constructed along a similar design. It is even possible that Imhotepwas the architect of this structure, too. Quite possibly he outlived Zoser, and if so, he almostcertainly would have been the chief architect for the new king. To support this notion are somegraffiti on the wall surrounding Horus-Sekhem-Khet's pyramid. One reads... `Imhotep,' and couldrefer to the same man. The pyramid of Horus-Sekhem-Khet was never finished. Unlike Zoser's,which had six steps, it was apparently intended to have seven. As it was totally covered in sand,its excavation took several years. During the 1953-54 season, the entrance was found on the northside. The doorway was still sealed, indicating that, even though the pyramid was unfinished, thepharaoh evidently had been buried inside. It appeared as if an intact royal tomb of the Old Kingdomhad been found. When they opened the door, the excavators found a descending corridor framedby an arch--possibly the earliest known arch. At the bottom of the corridor huge limestone blocksand debris blocked the entrance to the burial chamber. When they removed the debris they foundgold jewelry on the corridor floor: 21 gold bracelets, 388 hollow gold beads, 420 gold-plated faiencebeads, and the remains of a wooden magic wand covered in gold (the wood had decayed, leavingonly the gold). Perhaps the jewels--the oldest known royal gold objects--were left there to appeasetomb robbers in the hope that, after clearing the corridor, they would find the jewelry and besatisfied to leave the burial chamber in peace. Perhaps the idea was that, if that strategy did notwork, the magic wand would protect the pharaoh's resting place. Neither of these strategies wasneeded, because for some reason thieves never entered the pyramid. The door to the burialchamber was intact when archaeologists reached it. The burial chamber, a large room, did notcontain the usual grave goods, only a translucent alabaster sarcophagus. On the lid were plantremains, which could have been used as incense in some rite. The sarcophagus was sealed andobviously had not been touched since it was placed in the pyramid more than four thousand yearsbefore. Opened, it was found to be completely empty, and careful inspection of the interior showedthat it had never been used. The empty sarcophagus raises two obvious questions: Where wasHorus-Sekhem-Khet buried? What was the purpose of this pyramid? Maybe the pyramid wasmerely a decoy, intended to throw thieves off the track of the pharaoh's tru burial. If this is correct,it may explain why the pyramid was never plundered. Robbers frequently got inside information fromtomb workers. If they did in this case, they would have known that the unfinished step pyramid ofHorus-Sekhem-Khet was a decoy." EM100

"Long after Hatshepsut had been forgotten by the Egyptians, medical miracles took place on theupper terrace of her temple. Under the reign of Ptolemy II, the upper level of Deir el Bahari wasdedicated to two famous Egyptians, Imhotep and Amenhotep, son of Hapu. They were bothphysicians and wise men. Imhotep, the architect of the step pyramid at Saqqara, was deified bythe Greeks as Asclepius, the god of healing. On the terrace a small room was built where theinfirm could come to be cured." EM57

Setches ((A) TK16) 6ofD16 TK1618ofA TKxxxiii

Persian Period...a man who held priesthoods of the kings Netjerykhet Djoser, Djoser Teti, Teti andImhotep. CVB150

Tosertasis ((after Thoser) AH11) 2849-2844 AH62Thosertati ((T) AI10), ((T)(S)(RH) AH62) 2649-2643 PGTosertasis ((M) EO433, (Af) TKlxiii) 2611-2603 AOTcheserteta DN13Tcheser-Teta ((S)(T) TK16)Tcheser II, Atet IV(?) AEHt918 3ofD3 AH17,TKIxiii,HD51,AO,Teti ((A) EO433), ((A) CVB150) CA,EO433Tati ((A) AH62) ?3ofD3 CVB150Teta ((A) TKxxxiii) ~3ofD3 CVB150Tyreis ((Af) TKlxiii), ((M) mistake AH54) 4ofD3 DNTureis EO 5ofD3 TK16Djoser-ty ((T) EO433) 6ofD3 (M)AH62,EO433Djoser-teti ((S) EO433) 7ofD3 TK16Djoser Teti (statue of Persian period. CVB150),~HD51 42ofAEHtSosertasis EO?Sesostris I EP141 17ofA TK,EOSekhemkhet (Ho) Djoser Teti (Pers) (CVB995)Sekhemkhet ((Ho)(Js) CVB150), PG,CA13,AO36 13ofS TK,EOSekhem-khet EA84Sekhem-Ket E84,PG (not the same as Semerkhet of D1. CVB151) 20ofT AH4Sekhemhet EK55,TPE 3.6ofT EOSekhemkhe ((Ho) Previously attributed to Semempses of Dyn I EO433)Horus-Sekhem-Khet EM48Horus Sekhemkhet PG

Pyramid at Saqqara TPE[Teta:A TK16],[Sekhemkhet: Tm Js CVB151]

Same as Zoser? (DN13 shows in place of Zoser)Aristarchus? ((SL) TX120)

Name found on Turin and Sakkara Lists. TK16

Reigned 6yrs ((Tosertasis) AH11), (Sekhemkhet Djoser Teti CVB995), (Sekhem-khet EA84)Reigned 7yrs (Tyreis (Af) TKIxiii), (Tureis EO)Reigned 19yrs ((Tosertati) (M) EO433, (Af) TKIxiii), (Sosertasis EO)

Unsuspected successor of Djoser CVB148

"In more recent times, a pyramid of the 3rd Dynasty at Saqqara, attributed to Sekhemhet, wasexcavated by Zakaria Goneim..." EK55

"The burial chamber of the king Horus-Sekhem-Khet was found intact, but Teti ((A) EO433), ((A) a3rd Dyn king must have had the personal name Teti. CVB150)

"The remains of a gold-covered wooden wand was found in the unfinished step pyramid of thepharaoh Horus-Sekhem-Khet of the Third Dynasty." EM48

Khaba (`lacuna'in lists CVB995), ((Ho)(Js) CVB150), CA13 2643-2637 PGKha`ba ((H) EO433), AO36 2603-2599 AO

Kha-ba ((Ho) AEHt919)Horus Khaba PGHor Cha`ba HD51 ?4 ofD3 CVB150

4 ofD3 AO,CA[Pyramid Zawiyet el-Aryan TPE,CVB150], 6b ofD3 HD51[Stone vessels, otherwise unknown EO74] 47 of AEHt919

Reigned 6 years CVB995

"Horus-Sekhem-Khet's immediate successors built on a much smaller scale, probably fearing that,like Sekhem-Khet, they might die and leave their pyramids unfinished. As a result, about half adozen small step-pyramids were built by kings of the late Third Dynasty. One of these, at El-Kula,has a strange deviation from all the other pyramids in ancient Egypt: Its corners, rather than itssides are oriented to the four cardinal points." EM102

Nebkare ((S) CVB149) ?4ofD3 AI10Neb-ka II (Neb-ka-Ra II) AEHt918 ?5ofD3 CVB150Nebkare` ((S) EO433) ?inD4? TPENebkere Sethes Eke (6yrs(T) AI10)Nebkare CVB150 15ofA TKNebkara ((S) TKxxxiii)Nebka ((A) TKxxxiii), CVB148,?TPE 14ofS TK

[Pyramid-Zawiyet el-Aryan (unfinished) TPE,CVB149] 43ofAEHt

Mesochris ((M) mistake AH11), ((Af) TKlxiii), HD51,EO433 4ofD3 (M)EO433 5ofD3 HD51

Reigned 17yrs EO433

Sethes ((A) AH62) 4ofD3 HD51Sethef? AH54 7ofD3 (M)EO433,AH62Sedjes ((A) EO433), (misunderstood derivation from `lacuna'. CVB149) 44ofAEHt"Sedjes" ("Hudjefa" II) HD51Setches ((A) TKxxxiii), AEHt918Eke? ((N) AH62)Nebekere ((S)(RH) AH62)

Name found on Abydos list. TK16Reigned 6yrs (A) EO433

Souphis (16yrs EO433) 5ofD3 (M)EO433Soyphis (16yrs(Af) TKlxiii), ((M) mistake AH54)

Sephuris (30yrs(M) EO433, (Af) TKlxiii) 8ofD3 (M)EO433

Neferka[ra] DN13 5ofD3 DNNeferkare (twice? (A) EO), UN86 (A)19 TKNeferkara ((A) TKxxxiii) 45ofAEHtNefer-ka-Ra II AEHt918Nefkare (after Djoser EO?)

Reigned 19yrs (A) EO

Aches AH11, ((M) AH62), (EO433, (Af) TKlxiii) 4ofD3 AH17Aches, Sethes, Nebkere, Eke? AH62 7ofD3 TKlxiiiAhtes ((P) TK16) 8ofD3 TK16Ahtes, Su-hetes, or Stnh AEHt919 49ofAEHt

2843-2838 AH62Name found on the Palermo Stone TK16

Reigned 6yrs AH11Reigned 42yrs EO433

Huni ((T) AH4),((S)(H) AH62), ((S) CVB149,TKxxxiii) CVB150,PG,EK8,A,AH55,CA13Huny ((S)EO433), (succeeded by Sneferu CVB159), E84,UN86,EA84Huni (Nysuteh?) ((Pers) CVB995) 2837-2814 AH62?Huni(?) DN13,AO36 ~2644-2620 EOHuni (Aches) HD51 2637-2613 PGHu... (T)EO433 2599-2575 AOHu (Huni) AEHt918Hen-nekht ((tomb-Garstang AH55)Hor Sanacht HD51 5ofD3 CVB,CA,AO,AI11,AH17Sa-nekht ((Sethe) AH55) 9ofD3 ((M)EO,TK),AH62,TK16Spanius? (SL) TX120 ?6ofD3 CVB150Zanakht (Ho)EO433 6ofD3 DN,HD51?Zaphanath?? AE195 6a ofD3 HD51Neferkara ((A) TKxxxiii) LofD3 CVB149Neferkere ((A) AH62) 46ofAEHtNeferkere Huni ((T) AI11)...ke..huni ((RH) AH62) 15ofS TK,EOKerpheres ((M) AH62), ((M) EO433, (Af) TKlxiii)Kerpheres (Huni) AH12 3.8ofT EOChe[ne]pher-re-s AH55 22ofT AH4Ra-nefer-ka Huni ((A)(S) TK16)

Pyramid at Meidum (tentative, may have been Snofru's 3rd Pyr. EO78) CA39]Reigned 24 yrs (Huni) (T)AH4, (S)EO433, (Pers) CVB995Reigned 26 yrs (Kerpheres (M)EO433)

Huni (name is disputed, shadowy figure. CVB150)

*See Neferkere Huni 1ofD7

{Immediate predecessor of Snofru per (T)(S)(Literary text) EO75

"Chenephres became the first of all men to contract elephantaisis* and he died." OTPb901

* or Leprosy? OTPB901 ~Fe?

"Palmanothes succeded to dominion…treated the Jews badly. First he built Sais (Tanis orRamses?)… This man begat a daughter Merris, whom he betrothed to a certain Chenephres, whowas king over the regions beyond Memphis, for at that time there were many kings of Egypt). Sinceshe was barren, she adopted the child of one of the Jews and named it Moses. As a grown man hewas called Mousaeus by the Greeks…He divided the state into 36 Nomes and appointed for eachof the names the good to be worshipped… He did all these things for the sake of maintaining themonarchy firm for Chenephres, for formerly the masses were disorganized and would at one timeexpel kings, at others appoint them, often the same people but sometimes others." OTPb898

4TH DYNASTY (74 yrs think certain AH16) 5121-4673 TKliv

Memphis TKlxiii 4933-4650 TKlivGiza (Cairo) LW 4845-4568 TKliv~160 years or less. EO89 4731-4454 TKlv

4235-3951 TKlv 3998-3721 S(PE) 3733-3566 TKlv~3700-3550 AN24 3686-3402 TKlv 3209-3054 TKliv 3124-2840 TKliv 3114-2830 TKlv 3100-2965 WD,DN6 2900-2750 BE 2840-2680 TKli 2789-2716 AH~2650-2500 CE319,HC16~2620-2480 VSviii~2620 EO434 2614-2500 TEA243 2613-1498 OEc2613-2498 PG,CVB995c2613-2494 CA13~2600-2475 HD158~2600 UN86,EA84 2575-2465 AO36 2565-2440 TN41

Names enclosed in a cartouche from Snofru on. EO75

"The Third Dynasty left the legacy of the step pyramid; the Fourth Dynasty completed the transition to the truepyramid. At present tremendous argument exists about how this occurred, centering on the pyramid atMeidum. The Meidum Pyramid is one of the most imposing structures in all of Egypt, yet little is known aboutit. That it looks more like a tower built on a hill than a pyramid built on a plain is the source of much of thecontroversy. Until recently, most Egyptologists agreed that the reason for the ruinous state of the pyramid wasthat the local villagers used it as a quarry for building stone, stripping off its fine white limestone casing. Recently, however, Kurt Mendelssohn, an Oxford physicist, challenged this explanation asserting that, becausethe angle of inclination was too steep, the walls of the pyramid collapled during construction. That very littlestone has been used in village buildings supports Mendelssohn's thesis. The `hill' upon which the pyramidseems to rest is the remains of the upper levels of the collapsed pyramid." EM102

"Other pyramids make it possible to trace the gradual transition from a step pyramid to a true pryamid. Forinstance the 4th-Dynasty pyramid at Meydum, which probably started off as a mastaba or small step pyramid,shows one stage in this transition." EK36

"Under the IVth Dynasty we find in the necropolis of Medum... the two positions [contracted and extended]used simultaneously, and the extended bodies are mummified." HE33

Snefru PG,E84,BE597,CA,S,CE,HE83 3766 LI36Snofru ((M)'s Sephuris AH11), ((T) AI11), AO36,EO,AE168,LI36,VSviii r3598+-500 RD70*Snofru (Soris) TN41 3124 LI36Sneferu ((T) CVB160,EA84), EK8,PO,CA13 r2867+-240 RD70*Snefrw UN86 r2852+-210 av 4 RD70Snephres ((M) mistake AH55) 2830 LI36Seneferu ((A)(S) TKxxxiii), DN13,TPE96,AEHt919 r2796+-250 HO107Seneferu (Gh)(Su) Neb Maat(Ho)(N) TK17 r2771+-500 RD70*Senofru (Soris) HD52 2740 AH63Snephuris AH17 ~2650 CESephuris AH17,EO ~2620-2596 VSSephuris (Snephuris) ((M) AH62) c2620 EOSoris ((M) EO434, (Af) TKlxiii) = Shaaru (Mo) TX189 max 2590 RC46Soris (M) = Snofru (A) ((T) EO434) 2613-2589 POSoris(?) (1yr AH17) c2613-2589 PGShaaru TST234,TKlxxxiv c2600 TPESharu DN14 2575-2551 AOShero (1yr AI12), ((H) AH63) min 2553 RC46She-ro AH56 r2236+-500 RD70*Nebma`e (Ho) Snofru (Nm) EO434 r1920 NER PEM9Nebmaet ((Ho) TPE96, (3rd Dyn AH) r1570 NER PEM9Nebmaat (Ho) Sneferu CVB162Neb-Maat ((H) TKxiv) ofD3 AH315

1ofD4 AO,CA,TK17,HD52, * "Cypress beam from tomb of Sneferu at Meydum." RD70 EO434,AH63,TST[Pyramids at Medum and Dashur HE83] 1or2ofD4 DN14[2-3 Pyramids at Dashur TPE, EO98] 4ofD4 AH17{40 vessels of cedar from Byblos. EO78} 6ofD3 AH62{Nubian Campaign>7,000 captives and 200,000 head ?7ofD3 DN13 of cattle. EO78} 8ofD3 (M)AH62Name found on the Palermo Stone, Abydos, Sakkara, LofD3 HE83 and Karnak lists. TK18 Lof9D3 TST[ideally beneficient and good-humored. EO79] 50ofAEHt

{Wife Mertet-tef-s TK18, Hetephras EO80} 20ofA TK,EO{Daughter: Nefert-kau TK19}Reigned 1 yr (Soris(?) AH17), (Shero AI12) 16ofS TK,EOReigned 24yrs (Snofru (T) AI11,CVB160,EA84)Reigned 24yrs (Sephuris AH17), (Soris (T) EO434) 23ofT AH4Reigned 29yrs (Soris (M) EO434) 3.9ofT EOReigned 30 yrs EO

"There exists in the Museum of Leningrad a papyrus of which the whole purpose is the glorificationof this monarch [Ammenemes I founder of the 12th Dyn.] and which must, accordingly, have been

composed in his reign or not much later. It is there related that King Snofru, seeking amusement,called upon his courtiers to find some clever man who could supply the required diversion. Alector-priest from Bubastis named Neferti was recommended, who when Snofru elected to hearabout the future rather than the past, launched out upon a description of coming disaster vividlyrecalling the picture painted in the already mentioned `Admonitions' (pp.109-10)." EO125-6

"In the Westcar Papyrus, the great Snefru, hearing of a wise man aged 110 years, sends his son tothe village to fetch him in all reverence, and upon meeting him says, `How does it happen that Ihave never met you?'" AE114

"...in the famous Westcar Papyrus. Behold King Snofru being rowed over the waters of the templelake by the fair virgins of the court, each dressed in the accoutrements of the cruising Hathor."AE168

"The famous Bent Pyramid at Dashur, was built by Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty." EK36

"It has been known since ancient times that Sneferu had two pyramids because records refer to the`northern' and `southern' pyramids of Sneferu. It was always assumed that the southern one was atMeidum, but recent excavations have fairly conclusively proven that both the Bent Pyramid and theRed Pyramid belonged to Sneferu." EM105

"In a dramatic discovery just a few days before the season ended in March [1987], a stela, orinscribed stone slab, was uncovered near the pyramid. The stela incluced a cartouche, orhieroglyphic signature, revealing the name of its builder--the pharaoh Sneferu, whose son, Cheops,built the Great Pyramid at Giza. Ascribing a particular name to the pyramid is extremely importantto Egyptologists and enables them now to date the structure, said Griggs. Sneferu reigned fromapproximately 2644 B.C. to 2620 B.C." BYU Today June 87 p6

Khufu S,PG,E84,EM272,D14,BE597,PE17,CE319,WE274,PY,HE84,VSviii,AEHt919Khufu (Kheops) (EA84) ~3098-3075 WDKhufu (Cheops) WD,AO36,DN14,CVB169,AN24,A57 2789-2767 AH63Khufu(Gh)(Su) (Kheops) Metcheru?(Ho)(N) TK19 2704-2683 PYKhu-fu AH56 r~2610+-60 RC50Khufwey (Nm (T)(M) EO80) ~2600 CEKheops E84 ~2596-2573 VSviiiKhe-uf AH56 2591-2566 OEKheuf ((T) AI11), ((A)(S) AH62) 2589-2566 POKhefu ((A) TKxxxiii) max -2566 RC46Khefuf ((S) TKxxxiii) c2589-2566 PGKhnumkheur, Kheuf ((RH) AH63) 2589 PE17Khnomkhufwey EO79 2551-2528 AOCheops (Khufu) CA13 2530 min RC46Cheops AH12,CVB995,EO68,OE43,AC25,D14,EK8,PO,UN86,AE139 ~1251 SOR216Cheops (Greek EM272) Cheops (Khufwey) TN41Cheops (Suphis I) HD52 1ofD4 AI11,AH17Medjdu (Ho) Khufwey (Nm) Cheops (He) EO434 2ofD4 CA,HD52,AO,CVB995,Medjuro (N)EO434 TK19, ((M) EO434,AH63)Medjedu (Ho) Khufu (Cheops (Greek)) CVB169 2of8D4 TSTMetheru ((H) AH63) 2or3ofD4 DNMetcheru? TK19 of D20 SOR216Mether ((N) AH62)Suphis ((M) EO434) 21ofA TK,EOSuphis (M) = Khufwey [for Khnomkhufwey], Cheops (He) EO434

Suphis (Cheops) AH17 17ofS TK,EOSuphis I ((M) =Khufu (Mo)(A)(S)=Osirophis (25yrs(SL)) TX189Suphis I ((Af) TKlxiii) 3.10ofT EOSaophis II? (27yrs(E) TKlxxiv)?Osirophis (SL) TX189? l.p.h. EM272

Great Pyramid of Giza TPE, EO88Name found in the Abbydos, Sakkara, and Papyrus fragments. TK20

{Son: Heru-tata-f, Daughter: Hentsen, D? Hetep-her-s, D? Mer-ankh-s TK20}{Son: Re-Djedef EM109}{Mother: Hetephias EO80} {b Chephren (He) MM5}

Reigned 23 yrs EA84,AH12 ((T) EO80,AI11) (Suphis (Cheops) AH17)Reigned 27 yrs (E) TKIxxivReigned 63 yrs (M) EO80,TKIxiii)Reigned 63 yrs (M) Suphis EO434

"Cheops had the same Golden Horus-name as Sahure [5thD]." CVB181

[Cruel and impious tyrant (He). EO78]

"Despite Khufu's fame as a pyramid builder, next to nothing is known about him. There is gossiprepeated by the Greek historian Herodotus some 2,000 years after his death. Herodotus wrote thatEgyptian priests remembered Khufu as impious and as an oppressive tyrant. He closed all thetemples in the country and compelled his subjects `without exception to labor as slaves for his ownadvantage.' We know for sure only that he was the second ruler of the Fourth Dynasty, followinghis father, the `good king' Snefru. And that his reign lasted 20 years or more." NG1p543

"King Khufu (Cheops) built his great Pyramid, the largest of the three, at the northwest corner of aplateau five miles west of Gizeh... A granite sarcophagus, lidless and empty, still rests in theKing's Chamber, which has a flat ceiling composed of nine slabs of stone weighing approximately400 tons." EK39

"One of Sneferu's seven sons, Khufu, was the builder of the Great Pyramid, the one mostassociated with magic. Although the hieroglyphs for his name were pronounced `Khufu,' when theGreeks conquered Egypt they corrupted the name to `Cheops,' so that it is by this name that he isoften known. Among the many claims about the Great Pyramid are: that it was built primarily as astorehouse of the ancient Egyptian's advanced knowledge of geography and astronomy, and thatthis knowledge is coded into the measurements of its sides, edges, height, and so forth; that it wasconstructed as a granary during the time of Joseph's sojourn in Egypt; and that it contains codedinto the proportions of the internal chambers a corroboration of the Bible. Most of these theorieswere started in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries, and some persist to this day. The simpletruth is that the Great Pyramid--an architectural wonder constructed with astounding precision--isnot magical. Its Old Kingdom name--`Cheops is one belonging to the horizon'--clearly indicates itsfunerary purpose. It means that the pharaoh, when placed in the pyramid, was considered to have`gone west.'" EM105

"Of all the aspects of the Great Pyramid's construction, the Descending Passageway is the mostprecise. Its angle is 26 degrees 17', a measurement possibly chosen for religious or magicalreasons. When Sir Flinders Petrie surveyed the passage, he found that the height never varied bymore than one tenth of an inch and the width by more than one fourth of an inch. The reason forthis precision is that it aligns exactly with the celestial north pole." EM107

"The Great Pyramid was the high point of pyramid building. When complete (the capstone and top

courses are gone), it was more than 480 feet high. The base covers more than thirteen acres, itscorners are almost perfect right angles, and the sides are oriented to the four cardinal points."EM106

Cheops closed the temples and was hated by the heathens of later times. LWt12/3/83

Redjedef ((T) CVB173), CVB172,CA13,CVB147,CC 2766-2759 AH63Redadef ((T) AI11), ((A)(RH) AH63) c2566-2558 PGRedadief ((S) AH62) 2528-2520 AORe-Djedef EM109Ra`djedef ((A) EO434), AO36,EO82Re-dad-ef AH56 2ofD4 AI11,AH17Re-Tati-f AH56 3ofD4 HD52,CVB,CA,AO,TK21Ra-tet-f ((A)(S) TK21) 5ofD4 TKIxiii, ((M)AH63,EO434)Rhatoises ((M) = Radedf (Mo)(S)(A) = Amasis (SL)) TX189 5of8D4 TSTRatoises AH12, ((M),(T) EO434), ((Af) TKlxiii) 3or4ofD4 DN14Ratoisis ?=? Redjedef CVB175 52ofAEHtRagosis? ((E) TKlxxiv) of D20 (?) SOR216R[e]-[t]atoi-s-es AH56Djedefre PG 22ofA TK,EODedefre B420, BE597Djedefre` (Ratoises) HD52 18ofS TK,EODadef-Re TSTDjed-ef-Ra AB155 3.11ofT EO?Amasis (2yrs(SL) TX189) 3.15?ofT EOTetefra DN14Tetfra ((A)(S) TKxxxiii)Tchet-f-Ra or Tet-f-Ra AEHt919Kheper ((H) AH63,CVB173)Kheper (Ho) Ra`djedef (Nm) EO434

[Pyramid at Abu Roash TPE], [A[Name found on Abydos, & Sakkara list, & Papyrus fragments] TK21[Obscure] AB155

Reigned 4 yrs ((Rhatoises)(T) EO434))Reigned 8 yrs ((Redjedef)(T) CVB173,AI11),EO82, (Ratoises AH12)Reigned 13 yrs ((E) TKIxxiv)Reigned 25yrs (Ratoises) ((M)TX189,EO434),((Af) TKIxiii)Userper (Redjedef) CVB172

Hardjedef (Known only as prince in later literature. EO434)Hordedef (son of Cheops, unlikely King. CVB145)

Chephren CVB995,AH12,(Greek PE,(He)EO80), EM109,D14,EK8,EO80,UN86Chephren (Khafre) CA13,CVB169,A57 ~3067-3011 WDChephren (Kha'fre') TN41 2758-2742 AH63Chephren (Suphis II) HD53 ~2565-2530 VSviiiKhafre (Chephren) WD ~2560 CEKhafre BE597,PG,AT88,WE274,VSviii c2558-2532 PG

Khafra ((A) TKxxxiii), S234,E84,HE84 2558 PEKhafra (Chephren) DN14 2520-2494 AOKhafra (Khephren) EA84 2520-2429 PY28Khefre or Kheufre ((S) AH63) ~1213 SOR216Khefre AI12, ((A)(RH) AH63)Kha`fre` EO80Kha-f-Ra AEHt919 3ofD4 AH17,TKIxiii,AI12,TSTKhaf-Re CE319 ((M) AH63,EO434)Khe-fre AH56 4ofD4 AO,TK21,CVB995,CA13,HD53Khe[fre] AH63 4or5ofD4 DNKhephren E84 53ofAEHtKhephren (Ra`kha`ef AO36) of D20 (?) SOR216Khe... ((T) AH4)Khaef-Re EM109 23ofA TK,EOKhaefre EM267Khaufra ((S) TKxxxiii) 19ofS TK,EOUseryeb (Ho) Kha`fre` (Nm) Chephren (He) EO434Usr-Ab ((Ho) TK21) 26ofT AH4Userib (Hawk name AH63) 3.12ofT EOUsr-em ((N) TK21)Suphis (M) = Ra`kha`ef or Kha`fre (A); Chephren (He) ((M) EO434)Suphis (Chephren) AH17Suphis II ((Af) TKlxiii)Sufis II ((M) = Khafra (Mo)(A)(S) = Sesonchosis ((SL)) TX189Saophis I? ((E) TKlxxiv)Sekhem ((Gh) TK21Sesonchosis ((SL) TX189)Hotpere (Nebti name AH63)Ra`kha`ef (Kha`fre) EO81Ra-khaf(Su) (Khephren) Usr-ab(Ho) Usr-em(N) Sekhem(Gh)Rakhaf ((Su) TK21)

{Father: Khufwey EO81} {Brother: Cheops (He) MM5}

Pyramid & Sphinx-Giza TPEPyramid EO88,WE274Name found on Sakkara & Abbydos lists, & Papyrus fragments TK22Funerary Temple built with immense limestone blocks. EO81

Reigned 16 yrs (Chephren)AH12Reigned 18 yrs (Khefre) AI12,AH17Reigned 25? Yrs (Chephren) CVB995Reigned 29 yrs (Saophis I?) TKIxxivReigned 31 Yrs (Khafra/Khephren)Reigned 49 yrs (Sesonchosis) TX189, TX189Reigned 66 yrs (Suphis (M) EO434, TX189, TKIxiii)

[Cruel and impious tyrant (He) EO82]

"The lion's body of the Great Sphinx is 40 feet long, and its face, thought to be that of King Khafre,is over 13 feet wide." EK39

"Re-Djedef did not reign for very long and was succeeded by Khaef-Re (whom the Greeks called`Chephren'), his brother who built the second of the three large pyramids at Giza. It is curious that,in an era when each pharaoh attempted to outdo his predecessor, Khaef-Re built his pyramid

smaller than Khufu's. Possibly, he did this out of respect for his father." EM109

"The king's son Khaefre (Chephren) arose...another marvel, one which happened in the time of [your[Cheops']] father, [the King of Upper and Lower Egypt] Nebka, the vindicated, as he proceeded tothe temple of [Ptah, Lord of] Anky-towy." EM267

"The Great Sphinx, carved from an outcdrop of rock, has the body of a lion and the face of Khafre."EK38

"The pyramid of King Khafre (Chephren) appears to be much taller than the Great Pyramid of Khufusince it was built on higher ground. However, when both were intact it was about ten feet lower inheight." EK38

"The most unique aspect of Khaef-Re's pyramid complex is the Sphinx, a huge, recumbent lionwith the head of Khaef-Re. The statue is more than sixty-five feet high and 240 feet long and hasbeen the subject of considerable speculation. Its inclusion in the complex seems to have beenmore of an afterthought than part of the plan. When Khufu's workmen were quarrying the stones forthe inside of Khufu's pyramid, they left behind a huge outcropping of rock in the nearby quarry. Later, Khaef-Re's workmen, encountering the rock in the midst of their building site, carved it intothe Sphinx. Occultists attribute the Sphinx with great mystical significance: `...the sphinx'sambivalent form was a device invented by the priests of the Old Kingdom as a secret sign,understood only by the initiates, to symbolise the priesthood itself and its guardianship of thecosmic mysteries enshrined in the Pyramid to which they alone possessed the secret clues.' TheGreeks, certainly, believed the Sphinx to be a symbol of occult wisdom. Also, the medieval Arabwriter, Abd-al Latif, says that the Sphinx is rarely discussed because it inspires terror. To this day,Egyptians living in the village nearby, call it Abu Khawl, `father of terror.' There is an entire line ofFreudian interpretation based on the mistaken belief that the Sphinx is the figure of a woman."EM109

Baufre (son of Cheops, brother of Hordedef. CVB162), CC 5ofD4 CVB995Baufre(?) CVB995Baiu-f-Ra, a prince TKlxxxivRa`baef (Known only as prince in later literature. EO433)

"Bauefre [a son of Cheops] arose to speak, and said: Let me have [Your] Majesty hear a marvelwhich took place in the time of your [Cheops'] (own) father King Snefru, the vindicated..." EM269

Menkaure PG,E84,BE597,EO83,WE274,VSviii ~3011-2988 WDMenkaure (Mycerinus) EA84,WD,EO 2739-2722 AH63Menkaure` (Mycerinus) AO36 c2532-2504 PGMen-kau-Re TST,EM110,PG,CE319 c2528-2500 POMen-kau-Ra AEHt919 ~2525-2497 VSviiiMen-keu-re AH56 ~2525 CEMenkeure ((T) AI12), ((A)(RH) AH63) 2490-2472 AOMenkheres (Men-keu-re AH12), ((Af) TKlxiii) 1177 SOR 216Menkhres ((M)=Menkaura(Mo)(A)(S)=Ammenemes ((SL)TX189)Menkaura ((A)(S) TKxxxiii), HE84 (Mycerinus) DN14Mycerinus (Greek EM110,EK8), CVB995,UN86,TPE 4ofD4 Tklxiii,TST ((M)AH63)Mycerinus, Menkaure CA13,CVB169,A57 5ofD4 AO,TK22,AH17,CAMycerinus (Menkaure`) TN41 5or6ofD4 DN14Mykerinos (Mencheres) HD53 6ofD4 HD53Mycerinos PO, EO4 54ofAEHt

Mencheres ((M)(T) EO434), ((M) AH63), AH56 of D20 (?) SOR216Mencheres (M) = Menkaure` (A)(S)(T), Mycerinus (He) EO434Men-che-re-s AH56 24ofA TK,EOMoscheres? ((E) TKlxxiv)Amenemes? ((SL) TX189) 20ofS TK,EOKakhe (Ho) Menkaure` (Nm) Mycerinus (He) EO434Ka-kha ((Ho) TK22) 3.14?T EOKekhet (Hawk name AH63)Ke ((N) AH63)Ka ((N) TK22)Ra-men-kau(Su) (Mykerinos) Ka-Kha(Ho) Ka(N) TK22

{Queen: Khamerernebty II TPE151} {father: Cheops (He) MM5}[Coffin found TK22][Pyramid at Giza, TPE], [Pyramid WE274][Statue found TPE,TK22][Name found on Cylander Seal TK22][Name found on Abydos list, Papyrus fragments TK22][a pious and beneficent king (He) EO83]

"Micerinus, King of the XXth Dyn., who buillt the 3d Pyramid at Gizeh, according to Herod II." SOR216

Reigned 18 yrs (Menkaure) EA84,AH12 ((T) AI12,EO434)Reigned 26 yrs (Ammenemes)(SL) TX189Reigned 28(?) yrs (Mycerinus) CVB995Reigned 29 yrs (Amenemes?)(SL) TX189Reigned 31 yrs (Moscheres?) ((E) TKIxxiv)Reigned 63 yrs ((Menkheres) ((Af) TKIxiii), (M) EO434), TX189

"The plans for the pyramid of King Menkure (Mycerinus) at Gizeh never seem to have been fullycarried out, perhaps owing to the unexpected death of the king. At some point a decision seemsto have been made to enlarge the superstructure, requiring the abandonment of the sloping corridor,the deepening of the floor of the burial chamber and the cutting of a new sloping corridor beneaththe first one. Two other chambers were also added. A basalt sarcophagus was found in thesecond chamber, but this was later lost at sea near Spain when it was being transported toEngland." EK39 "Khaef-Re's successor, Men-Kau-Re (whom the Greeks called Mycerinus) built amuch smaller pyramid which was obviously unfinished at the time of his death." EM110

"An ancient Egyptian tradition says that one magical spell originated during the time ofMen-Kau-Re in Hermopolis. Since no scarabs of the Old Kingdom have been found, the traditionwas almost certainly wrong, but it shows that the Egyptians believed scarabs dated to the OldKingdom." EM153

"After Mycerinus the fortunes of the Dynasty rapidly fell to pieces." EO83

"Mycerinus gave in to the priests and got himself sacrificed." ANLr127

"Mycerinus was hailed as one who restored the rites which Cheops and Chephren had abolished." ANLr128

100 yrs before Abraham? BA27 (no, maybe Moses')

"Herodotus, who also received his information from Egyptian priests, tells us that Cheops andChephren, builders of the two greatest pyramids, closed the Egyptian temples and dismissed thepriests, but the temples were opened again by Mykerinus, the third king of the family. Many

portrait sculptures have been found depicting Mykerinus and his queen... It can hardly becoincidence that the features of the queen depicted with Mykerinus are broad and slightly negroid...The legendary calamities which befell Mykerinus, in spite fo his `piety'... plunged Egypt into manycenturies of most evil idolatrous practices." MI12

"Herodotus offers an explanation as to the pharaoh's premature death. `An oracle reached him fromthe town of Buto, which said, `six years only shalt thou live upon this earth, and in the seventh thoushalt end thy days.' Mycerinus, indignant, sent an angry message to the oracle, reproaching thegod with his injustice-- `My father and uncle,' he said, `though they shut up the temples, took nothought of the gods, and destroyed multitudes of men, nevertheless enjoyed a long life; I, who ampious, am to die so soon!' There came in reply a second message from the oracle-- `For this veryreason is thy life brought so quickly to a close--thou hast not done as it behooved thee. Egypt wasfated to suffer affliction one hundred and fifty years--the two kings who preceded thee upon thethrone understood this--thou hast not understood it.' Mycerinus, when this answer reached him,perceiving that his doom was fixed, had lamps prepared, which he lighted every day at eventime,and feasted and enjoyed himself unceasingly both day and night, moving about in themarsh-country and the woods, and visiting all the places that he heard were agreeable sojourns. His wish was to prove the oracle false, by turning the nights into days, and so living twelve years inthe space of six." EM112

? Menacrus, king of Cush? Jsr 76:7

Mencheres lived at the time of Abraham as did Achthoes. LWt12/3/83

Bicheris ((M) EO434,TKlxiii),((T) EO434),((M) CVB172) HD53 5ofD4 CVB,HDBikheres ((M) = Akesephtres (SL) TX189) 6ofD4 (M)EO434Bakare (Reisner CVB175)?Akesephtres (SL) TX189?Acesephthres (SL) TX120

Reigned 22 yrs(M) EO434, TX189Reigned 2 yrs (T) EO434

Shepseskaf ((A) TKxxxiv), CVB995, PG,DN14,EO434,BE597,CA13,AO36 2721-2718 AHShepseskef AH12, ((A)(RH) AH63) c2504-2500 PGShepses-kaf TST 2472-2467 AOShepses-ka-f AEHt919Shepseskhe (Ho) Shepseskaf (Nm) EO434Shepses ((H) AH) 7ofD4 AO,HD53,TKIxiii,TK23,SHEPSES-KE-RE AH56 ((M)AH63,EO434)Schepseskaf (Sebercheres) HD53 6ofD4 AI12,AH17,DN,TST,CAKent-kawes (female AB155)(Khantkawes) VSviii 25ofA TK,EOSebercheres AH17SEBER-CHE-RE-S AH56Sebercheres ((M) EO434, (Af) TKlxiii)Sebekheres ?=? Shepseskaf CVB175Seberkheres (=Shepseskaf (Mo)(A)(S)=Anchoreus(SL) TX189)Sebek-ka-Re TST?Anchoreus ((SL) TX189)Ra-Sebek-ka ((S) TK23)

{Khentkaues: female contemporary, tomb similar to S's Mastaba (mother of the 2 kings) TPE160}{Maat-kha daughter TK23}[Tomb in South Sakkara EO83][Mastaba TPE159]Name found on Palermo & Abydos lists TK23,TX189, on monuments TX189

Reigned 4yrs (Shepseskef) AH12,AH17Reigned 7yrs ((Sebercheres) ((M) EO434,TX189), ((Af) TKIxiii,)Reigned 9yrs (Anchoreus?) TX189

[hastily completed Mycerinus' pyramid. EO83]

"Men-Kau-Re's successor, Shepseskaf, the last king of the Fourth Dynasty;, departed fromtradition and was not buried in a pyramid, but in a mastaba shaped like a sarcophagus. Onereason has been suggested for this change: The three successors of Khufu-- Re-Djedef, Khaef-Reand Men-Kau-Re-- all had their names compounded with that of Re, the sun god." EM113

Thampthis ((M) EO434) 2717-2716 AH63Thamphthis AH13,HD53 ((Af) TKlxiii), ((M) CVB72) 2717-2715 AI12Thamfthis ((M) = Aimhetep (Mo) = Arimyses (SL) TX189)TH-AM-PHTHI-S AH56Dedefptah? (`Thamphthis') CVB995 7ofD4 AH17,AI12Dedefptah CC 8ofD4 ((M)EO434,AH63),Iemhotpe ((T) AI12), ((RH) AH63) ((T)CVB175)Imhotep EM98I-em-hetep TK23Imuthes (Asclepios) EOAimhetep TX189Arimyses (4yrs(SL) TX189)Joseph??Zaphnath Paneaa?? Thamphthis??? just a wild guess??

[Inscription TK23]

Reigned 2yrs ((Thamphthis) AH13,CVB995), (Iemhotpe AI12)Reigned 4yrs (Armyses (SL) TX189)Reigned 9yrs (Thampthis) TX189, (M) EO434, (Af) TKIxiii)

* [under whom was Imthes], he reckoned [with] the Egyptians as Asclepios on account of hismedical skill and who invented building with hewn stone." EO433

5TH DYNASTY 4673-4426 TKliv

(125 yrs probably exact AH16) 4650-4402 TKliv(140yrs or less EO89) 4568-4310 TKliv

4454-4206 TKlvEusebius confuses this with D6. EO435 3951-3703 TKlv

3721-3503 S(P)Paucity of official records. EO92 3566-3300 TKlv

3402-3204 TKlv"The priesthood of Ra watched their opportunity and, having succeeded in ?2965-2825 DN7

disposing the last kings of the IVth Dynasty, they were able to set on the 2965 WDthrone in succession three of the sons of a woman called Ruttet, the wife of a 2840-2744 TKlivpriest of Ra of Sakhabu. These children were declared to be the sons of Ra 2830-2612 TKlvwho, in human form, had companied with her." DN86 2750-2625 BE

2715-2588 AHThe title `Governor of Upper Egypt' was probably created in Dynasty 5. 2680-2540 TKliEO103 2565-2420 HC14

2500-2430 TEA243"This cycle of stories about the marvels performed by the lector ~2500-2350 CE319priests is cast in the form of a series of tales told at the court of c2500-2340 EA84Cheops by his sons.... The text derives from a single manuscript of c2498-2345 PGwhich the beginning and conclusion are missing. The papyrus was c2494-2345 EK,CA,OE,AEG79inscribed in the Hyksos period before Dynasty 18, but the composition c2494-2345 CVB995appears to belong to Dynasty 12; the events described are set in the ~2480-2340 VSviiiOld Kingdom. The last story is a prophecy of the end of Cheops's line ~2480 EO435through the birth of the three kings who founded Dynasty 5." EM266 ~2475-2345 HD158

2465-2323 AO36"At first they regarded there kings as gods incarnate; the pyramids ~2450 UN86ensured the continuance of the god-king's existence after death, and 2440-2315 TN42upon this his subjects were dependent for their eternity. By the 5thDynasty the king came to be regarded as the physical son of the godRe', and this belief persisted, throughout Egyptian history. The kingwas also theoretically the incarnation of the god Horus, the son ofOsiris; and upon death he became Osiris." EK100

"Kilns came into use sometime before the 5th Dynasty. These were tall structures resemblingchimneys, with openings at the top partly blocked with mud or stones." EK135

"In discussing the techniques employed by the Egyptians we are constantly faced with the enigmaof how their limited range of tools and instruments enabled them to achieve such high levels ofcraftsmanship. This is true of their sculpture no less than of their painting. Various materials wereused for statuary - wood, ivory, slate, gold, faience and certain types of stone. Hard rocks such asdiorite and porphyry were carved without difficulty, and yet only simple copper tools with woodenhandles appear to have been available. Chisels, small axes, knives, drills, picks and saws were thesculptor's equipment. There has been much speculation as to how the Egyptians cut their stone,both for statuary and for building, but no really convincing theory has been put forward to explainmany of the technical problems. Abrasion was the method used to polish the stone, and arduousprocess but one which produced spectacular results." EK73

"At some time in the Old Kingdom an averaged lunar year with three seasons of four thirty-daymonths was introduced, no doubt for simplicity in government and business. To this basic year of360 days was added yearly a small intercalary month of five days, designated as `upon the year,' inEgyptian 5 hryw rnpt. In calculations the year was frequently, for convenience, reckoned as but360 days. That the 365-day year existed in the Old Kingdom is evidenced, for example, by papyrifrom the funerary temple of Neferirkare, the third king of the Fifth dynasty, published byPosener-Krieger and De Cenival (Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, Fifth Series, The Abu-SirPapyri, London, 1968). On Pl. XIV,A,3, the epagomenal days are mentioned. The epagomenaldays also figured on the verso of the Palermo Stone and the star-clocks of the Ninth to TwelfthDynasties (Neugebauer-Parker, Egyptian Astronomical Texts, I. The Early Decans, 1960). Theso-called evidence for a 320-day year on the recto of the Palermo Stone in reality shows twoyear-compartments with six months and seven days in the last year of the old king and four monthsand thirteen days in the first year-compartment of the new king. The obvious conclusion is that aninterregnum took place."

Userkaf BE597,PG,S,B420,DN14,EO,CA13,AO36,CC,VSviii 2715-2709 AH63Userkaf ((A)(S) TKxxxiv), ((T) CVB180), ((Su) TK24) 2465-2458 AOUserkef ((T) AI12), ((A)(S)(RH) AH63) 2498-2491 PGUserkaf ((A)(S) TKxxxiv) c2490 TPEUserkaf (Usercheres) TN42,HD54 ~2480-2473 VSUser-ka-f AEHt919[User]ke[f] ((T) AH63)Userkheres ((M) =Userkaf (Mo)(S)(A)=Chamios(SL) TX189) 1ofD5 DN,S,AO,CA,CVB181,Usercheres ((M) EO (Af) TKlxiv), ((T) EO), AH13, ((M) AH63) AH17,TKIxivUsercheres (M) = Userkaf (A) EO435 1ofD5 (M) AH63,EO435Usercheres (Af) = Othoes (Eu) TKlxiv 56ofAEHtUSER-CHE-RE-S AH56USER-KE-RE AH56 26ofA TK,EOWeser-Kaf E90Weser-kaf (8yrs EA90) 25ofS TK,EOWeserkaf UN86Worsef (wsr rf) EM274 3.17?ofT EO?Chamios (12yrs(SL) TX189)Irma`e(Ho) Userkaf(Nm) EO435Irmaet (Hawk name AH63)Irmaat ((Ho) Userkaf CVB180)Ari-Maat(Ho) Userkaf(Su) TK24Nebkhey (Nebti name AH63)Othoes ((Eu) TKlxiv)Othius ((EAV) TKlxiv)

[Pyramid at Saqqara TPP171][Sun Temple EO85]Name found on Abydos, Sakkara, Palermo, Cylinder seals, & Stela TK24],

Reigned 7 yrs (Userkaf) ((T) AI12,EO), AH13Reigned 12 yrs (Chamios)? (SL) TX189Reigned 28 yrs (Userkheres) ((M) TX189, EO, TKIxiv))

{triplet brothers TX161, Sahure & Neferirkare according to Westcar legend TPP171}{mother: Neferhetepes, daugher of Djedefre TPP171}

"Userkaf's Sun-tumple…were set out according to the same general plan as those of niuserre (5kings later). TPP174

"According to the Palermo Stone, a fragment of an inscription which recorded the official annals ofthe early kings of Egypt, Userkaf, one of the last kings named on the stone, built his Sun-templeeither in the fifth or in the sixth year of his short reign of seven years. TPP174

Sahure PG,BE,EM274,EK8,CA13,PO,WE274,UN86,CC,TPE 2708-2696 AH63Sahure ((T)CVB182, CVB995),((A)(S)(RH)AH63) 2491-2477 PGSahure` AO36 2487-2473 POSahure' (Sephres) TN42,HD54 2458-2446 AOSahura ((A)(S) TKxxxiv), DN14Sahu-re EA90, AH56Sahu-Re TST 2ofD5 CVB995,AO,DN,CVB182,sahu-Re EM274 TST,TK25,AH17,TKIxivSahu-Ra AEHt919 2ofD5 (M)AH63,EO435Sabu-Re EM113 57ofAEHt

Sefres ((M) = Sahura(Mo)(S)(A) = Miamus (SL) TX189)Sephres ((M),(T) EO435) 27ofA TK,EOSEPH-RE-S AH56Sephres (Sahure) (AH13) 26ofS TK,EOSnephres, Sephres (AH17)Snephres ((Af) TKlxiv) 3.18ofT EO?Miamus ((SL) TX189)Nebkha`u (Ho) Sahure` (Re) EO435Nebkheu (Hawk name AH)Nebkhau ((Ho) Sahure CVB182)Ra-Sahu(Su) Neb-khau(Ho) TK25

[Pyramid at Abu Sir TPE,WE274,EO87]Name found on Abydos, Sakkara, Palermo, Karnack, Stela, & pottery shards. TK25[Copper drainpipe ran the length of his causeway. EO87]{triplet brother Userkaf & Neferirkare according to Westcar legend. TPP171}{brother: possibly Neferirkare TPP171}{father: ?Shepseskaf TPP171}

Reigned 12 yrs (Sahure) AH17, ((T) CVB182,EO435)Reigned 13 yrs (Sefres) (M) TX189, EO435,TKIxivReigned 14 yrs ((Sahure) CVB995), ((Miamus?) (SL) TX189)Reigned 15 yrs (Sahure) EA90

"Cheops had the same Golden Horus-name as Sahure." CVB181

"The funerary temple of king Sahure` of Dynasty V depicts a group of Libyan chieftains brought asprisoners and specifies the number of cattle taken as booty; the identical scene is found depictedin the pyramid temple of Piopi II of Dynasty VI, where the Libyan princes bear precisely the samenames; so, too, for a third time in a far distant Nubian temple under the Ethiopian king Taharka(c690 B.C.)." EO57

"The founder of the Fifth Dynasty, Sabu-Re, returned to building pyramids, but on a much smallerscale than those of the Fourth Dynasty. His complex had a unique feature which may have beenmagical. The roofed portions of the complex were decorated with stone spouts in the shape oflions' heads. Rain falling on the roofs would run into these spouts and out the lions' mouths. Oneexpert suggests: `This type of gargoyle may have been chosen because rain was sometimesregarded as a manifestation of Seth and other hostile gods who were thus consumed andexpectorated, after being rendered harmless, by the lion, the protector of sacred places.'" EM113

"The bow of a sailing ship belonging to Sahure, depicted in a relief at Abu Sir, has essentially thesame shape as that of Khufu's reconstructed bark..." NG1p545

Neferirkere ((S)(RH) AH63), BE597,AH13 2696 AI12Neferirkare ((Ho) CVB181), EO,WE274,RC50,TPE 2685-2665 AH63Neferirkare-Kakai PG 2477-2467 PGNeferirkare Kakai CVB995,CA,CC 2446-2426 AONeferirkare` Kakai AO r~2000+-160 RC50Neferirkare` (Nephercheres) HD54Neferarikare Kakau DN14Neferarikara ((S) TKxxxiv) 3ofD5 CA,CVB182,CVB995,AO,Neferirkere Kekei ((T) AI13) HD54,DN,AH17,TK25,TKIxivNefer-ir-ka-re EA91 3ofD5 (M)EO435NEFER-[IR]-KE-RE AH56 6ofD5 AI13

Nefer-ari-ka-Ra I AEHt919 4ofD26 TK26Nephercheres (EO435, (Af) TKlxiv), (AH14, (M) AH63) 58ofAEHtNephercheres (M) = Kakai (A) Neferirkare` (S) EO435Nephercheres (in Manetho's D21 EO47) 28ofA TK,EONEPHER-CHE-RE-S AH56Khemsekhemuneb (Nebti name AH63) 27ofS TK,EOKekei ((A) AH63)Kakai EO87, ((Ho) Neferirkare CVB181) 3.19ofT EOKaka-a ((A) TK26)Kakaa ((A) TKxxxiv,AEHT919)Userkhau ((Ho) Kakai (Neferirkare) CVB183)Userkheu (Hawk name AH63)Usr-khau ((Ho) TK25)Userkha`u (Ho) Neferirkare` (Re) Kakai (Nm) EO435Sahup Neferirkare EK42Sekhem-khau ((Ho) TK25)Ra-nefer-ari-ka(Su) Sekhem-khau or Usr-khau(Ho) Kha-em-sekhemu-nebu?(N) TK25Kha-em-sekhemu-nebu? ((N) TK25)

Name (Neferirkare) found on Palermo Stone, Sakkara, Cylinder seals TK26 Papyrus Scrolls EO87Name (Kaka-a) found on Abydos, Scrolls TK26

Reigned 10yrs (Neferirkare Kakai) CVB995Reigned 20 yrs (Nephercheres) EOReigned 21 yrs (Neferirkere Kekei) ((T) AI13) (Nephercheres AH14, (M)AH63)

[Pyramid at Abu Sir TPE, unfinished EO87]{Mother: Khantkawes EO87, Khentkaues TPP171}{Mother was the wife of a priest of Re. TPP171}{Triplet brother of Userkaf & Sahure, according to Westcar legend. TPP171}{Brother: possibly Sahure TPP171}

Papyrus fragments relating to Neferirkare's funerary property, dated to Izozi's time. EO87

"The kings of the 5th Dynasty were mainly concerned with the worship of the sun-god, andrestored the practise of pyramid-building. Here are the pyramids of kings Sahup Neferirkare andNiuserre, now reduced to mounds of rubble. The pyramids of this dynasty were inferior to those ofthe previous one and are not well preserved, although originally they must have been magnificentbuildings." EK42Reigned 7 yrs (Shepseskere), ((T)(M) AI13,EO),((T) CVB184),((Af) TKIxiv),((M) TX189)Reigned before Nephercheres AH13

Shepseskere BE597, EO, ((S)(RH) AH63) 2692-2686 AH63Shepseskere Isesi ((T)(M) AI13) c2460-2453 PGShepseskare Isi CA13,CC,CVB995 2426-2419 AOShepseskare` (Izi?) EO84Shepseskare ((T) CVB184)Shepseskare` Ini AO36 4ofD5 CA,CVB,AO,AH,DN,TKIShepseskare` (Re) Izi? (Nm) EO435 4ofD5 ((M)AH63,EO435)Shepses-ka-Re TST 5ofD5 AI13,TK26Shepses-ka-Ra (son-of-Ra name may have been Asa) AEHt919 3ofD5 TSTShepseskara ((S) TKxxxiv) 59ofAEHtSchepseskare` (Sisires) HD55Sisires ((M) AH63), ((M)(T) EO435, (Af) TKlxiv) 29ofA TK

Siseres (M) = Shepseskare` (S) EO435Siseres ((M) = Shepseskara (Suhtes (Mo)) (S)(A) TX189 28ofS TK,EOSisires (Af) = Phiops (Eu) TKlxivSI-SI-RE-S AH56 3.20ofT EOSisi (Siseres) AH14Sekhemkhau ((Ho) Shepseskare CVB184)Sekhem-khau ((Ho) TKlxxxv)Keku EM275Kekhemkheu (Hawk name AH)Izi? (Nomen EO)Isi (Shepseskare CVB184)Asa? AEHt919Neferefra Shepseskare DN14Neferfra ((A) TKxxxiv)Phiops ((Eu) TKlxiv)Ra-shepses-ka TK26Ra-kha-nefer ((Su) TKlxxxv)Heru-akau ((SS) TKlxxxv)Akau-Heru TKlxxxv

Name found on the Sakkara list. TK26

Expedition to Pount** AH14

Neferefre CVB995,CA13,PG,CC 2696-2693 AH63Neferefre (Neferkhare) CVB184 2685 AI13Neferefre` (Cheres) HD55 2419-2416 AONeferkha`u (Ho) Ra`neferef (Nm) EO435Neferkhau ((Ho) Neferefre CVB185)Nefer-khau ((Ho) TKlxxxv) 3ofD5 AI12,AH17Neferkheu (Hawk name AH63) 4ofD5 CVB182,TSTNeferf-Re TST234 5ofD5 CVB995,HD55,CA,DN,AONefer-f-Ra ((Su) TKlxxxv),AEHt919 5ofD5 ((M)EO435,AH63)Neferefre ((A) AH63) 6ofD5 TK27Neferf-Re S 60ofAEHtNeferfra ((A) TKxxxiv)Khaneferre BE597 29ofA EOKha`neferre EOKha-nefer-Ra (a variation of Nefer-f-Ra AEHt919) 29ofS TK,EOKhaneferra ((S) TKxxxiv), DN14Kherenefer ((S)(RH) AH63) 3.21ofT EOKherenefer Neferefre AI12Kheres ((M) = Neferfra (Akauhor(Mo)) (S)(A) TX189KHE-RE-[NEFER] AH56Ra`neferef EO84,AO36Ra-nefer-f Nefer-khau(Ho) Nefer-f-Ra(Su) Ra-shepses-ka(SS) TKlxxxvRa-shepses-ka ((SS) TKlxxxv)Ra-kha-nefer ((S)(K) TK27)Cheres (M) ?= Ra`neferef (A) Kha`neferre` (S) EO435Cheres (EO435, (Af) TKlxiv), ((M) AH63), (before Shepseskere AH63)CHE-RE-S AH56

[Pyramid at Abu Sir TPE,WE274], [Pyramid EO87][Sun temple EO85]Name found on Abydos list TK27Name (Ra-kha-nefer) found on Sakkara, Karnak lists TK27

Reigned 2yrs (Kheres) ((M) TX189Reigned 4 yrs AI12 (Kherenefer Neferefre), (Cheres AH63)Reigned 7? yrs CVB995Reigned 20 yrs (Cheres) EO, TKIxiv

Niuserre PG,EK42,EO,WE274,TPE 2664-2654 AH63Neuserre EK8,OE44 c2453-2422 PGNeuserre` Izi AO36 2450-2420 OENiuserre` (Rathures) TN42,HD55 2449-2417 OE44Niuserre` (In) EO84 ~2425 CENi-user-Re S,CE319 2416-2392 AONe-weser-Re E90Ne-weser-re EA90Ne-user-Ra HE106 5ofD5 CVB182,TSTNuserre BE597 6ofD5 CVB,AO,HD,DN,TKI,AHNuserre Ratho ((T) AI13) 6ofD5 ((M)AH63)Nyuserre CVB995,CA,CC 7ofD5 AI13[NUSER-RE]RETHO AH56 8ofD5 TK27Neter? ((Gh) TK27) 61ofAEHtEnuserra An DN14En-user-Ra An I AEHt919 30ofA TK,EOUsrenra ((A) TKxxxiv) 3.22ofT EORenuser or Nuserre ((A)(RH) AH63)Rhathures ((M) = Raenuser (An (Mo)) (S)(A) = Amesesis (SL) TX189)Rathures (M) ?= Niuserre` (A) EO435Rathures ((M)(T) EO435, (Af) TKlxiv),((M) AH63)Rathures (Nuserre) AH14Rathures (RATHU-RE-S) AH56Ra-User-en(Su) Ast-ab-taui(Ho) Ast-ab(N) Neter?(Gh) An(SS) TK27Setibtowe (Ho) Niuserre` (Re) Iny (Nm) EO435?Amesesis (65yrs(SL) TX189)Ast-ab-taui ((Ho) TK27)Ast-ab ((N) TK27)Istib (Nebti name AH)Istibtoui (Hawk name AH63)Iny (Nomen EO)In ((Pers) EO84)An ((SS)? TK27)

[Pyramid at Abu Sir TPE,WE274,EO87]Name on Abydos, Karnak, Statue, Pottery Sherds, & Inscriptions. TK28

Follows Nephercheres immediately (Tomb of Ty). AH13

Reigned 11 yrs (Ne-weser-re) EA90,AH14 ((T) AI13), (Rathures (T) EO435)Reigned [3]1 yrs (Nyuserre) CVB995Reigned 44 yrs (Rhathures) (M) TX189,EO435)

Menkauhor EO84,AO36 2653-2646 AH63Menkauhor Akauhor CVB995,CA13 2396-2388 AOMenkuhor BE597Menkauher DN14Menkeuhor or Menkeure ((A)(RH) AH63) 6ofD5 TSTMenkeuhor ((T)(An) AI13) 7ofD5 AO,CVB,CA,DN,HD,AH,Menkehor or Menkere ((T)(S) AH63) TKIMenkehur ((T) AH4) 7ofD5 ((M)AH63,EO435)Menkha`u (Ho) Menkauhor (Nm) EO435 8ofD5 AI13Menkheu ((H) AH) 9ofD5 TK28Menkawhor (Mencheres) HD55 62ofAEHtMen Khau ((Ho) TK28)MEN-KEU-HUR AH56 31ofA TK.EOMen-kau-Hor TSTMen-kau-Heru AEHt920 30ofS TK,EOMenkau-Heru ((A) TKxxxv)Menka-Heru ((S) TKxxxv) 37ofT AH4Menkheres (AH17), ((M) AH63), ((Af) TKlxiv) 3.23ofT EOMencheres ((M)(T) EO435), AHMencheres (MEN-CHE-RE-S) AH56Mencheres (M) =Menkauhor (A)(S)(T) EO435Mencheres (Menkehur) AH14Ikeuhor ((N) AH63)Heru-men-kau(Su) Men Khau(Ho) TK28

Name found on Abydos & Sakkara lists & Inscriptions. TK28Reigned 8 yrs (Menkauhor) CVB995, (T) AI13,AH4,EO435 (Menkheres AH17)Reigned 9 yrs (Menkheres) (Af) TKIxiv, (M) EO435

Djedkare-Isesi PG 2645-2618 AH63Djedkare Isesi CA13,CVB995 c2414-2375 PGDjedkare` Izezi AO36 2388-2356 AODjedkare` (Izozi) EO84Djedkare` (Tancheres) HD55Djedkara-Isesi PY63 7ofD5 TSTDjed-Ka-Re Isesi E90 8ofD5 AO,CVB,HD,CA,DN,TKIDjed-ka-re Isesi EA90 AHDad-ka-Re-Ysesi TST 8ofD5 ((M)AH63,EO435)Djedkare EO 9ofD5 AI13Djedkha`u (Ho) Djedkare` (Re) Izozi (Nm) EO435 10ofD5 TK29Djed ((T) EO435) 38of(T) AH4Dedkere-Isesi BE597 63ofAEHtDadkere Isesi ((T) AI13)Dadkere ((A)(RH) AH63) 32ofA TK,EODadi AH4 ((T) AH63)Dad(?)kere ((S) AH63) 31ofS TK,EODadkheu (Hawk name AH63)Tetkara Assa DN14,HE104 3.24ofT EOTet-ka-Ra I Assa AEHt920Tetkara ((A)(S) TKxxxv)Tancheres ((M)(T) EO435) ((M) HE104Tancheres (M) = Djedkare` (A); Ma`kare`? (S); Djed (T) EO435Tatcheres (Dadkere-Isesi or Sisi AH14), AH17, ((Af) TKlxiv)

TAT-KE-RE or DAD-KE-RE AH56Tet-Khau ((Ho)(N) TK29)Tet ((Gh) TK29)Izozi ((Pers) EO84)Isesi or Sisi (Nebti name AH63)Isesi CVB181,TPE96Assa ((SS) TK29)Ma`kare? EO435Maat-ka-Ra I (var. of Tet-ka-Ra I Assa AEHt920)Ra-Tet-ka(Su) Tet-khau(Ho)(N) Tet(Gh) Assa(SS) TK29

[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE][Pyr-excavated, but excavators died leaving no account of their work. EO86]Name found on Abydos, Turin, Sakkara, Karnak lists TK30

{Vizier: Ptahhotpe HE104,EO106}

Reigned 28 yrs (Djed-ka-re) EA90,AI13, (Dadi) AH4Reigned 39 yrs (Djedkare) CVB995Reigned 44 yrs (Tancheres) (M) EO435,TKIxiv

Could this have been Tutimaeus?

Unas CVB995,EM76,DN14,EK8,CA13,PO,UN86,PY62,TE96,TPE,ANLs106,AEHt920Unas (Su)(SS) Uatch Taui(Ho) Uatch-em-...(N) Uatch(Gh) TK30 ((A)(S) TKxxxv)Unas (Onnos) HD55 2617-2588 AH63Unis PG,BE,EO24,WE,TN42,VSviii 2375-2345 POUnnos ((T) AI13), ((T)(A)(S)(RH)(N) AH63) c2375-2345 PGUothtoui ((H) AH63) ~2370-2340 VSUatch Taui ((Ho) TK30) 2356-2323 AO,PY62Uatch-em-... ((N) TK30)Uatch ((Gh) TK30)Uses ((SL) TX189) 8ofD5 TSTWenis EA90,TST,E90,AO36 9ofD5 DN,HD,CVB,TKI,AOWadjtowe (Ho) Unis (Nm) EO435 9ofD5 ((M)AH63)Onnos (AH17), ((M) EO435 (Af) TKlxiv), ((T) EO435) LofD5 ANLsOnnos (M) = Unis (A)(S)(T) EO435 64ofAEHtOnnos ((M) = Unas (Mo)(S)(A) = Uses (SL) TX189)Pammes? (E) Tklxxiv 33ofA TK,EO

Tomb found CA31 32ofS TK,EOPyramid TK30 (smaller than predecessors. EO87)Pyramid text - oldest religious text extant EO87,CA13,WE274 3.25ofT EOPyramid Saqqara (contains blocks inscribed with the name of his predecessor, Isesi TPE96)

Reigned 30 yrs (Unas) CVB995,AI13, (Wenis) EA90, (Onnos) AH17, (T) EO435Reigned 33 yrs ((M) EO435,TX189), ((Af) TKIxiv)Reigned 35 yrs (Pammes?) (E) TKIxxivReigned 50 yrs (Uses?)(SL) TX189

[starving men an women depicted on Unis' 730yd long causeway. EO87,CVB169]

"Unas, the last king of the Fifth Dynasty, who reigned about 200 years after Khufu, built a pyramid

there [Saqqara] that contains an unusual treasure - walls of the burial chamber are covered withmagical inscriptions. Those hieroglyphs are the earliest examples of the Pyramid Texts, acollection of spells intended to secure a happy afterlife for the king." NG1p545

"The last king of the Fifth Dynasty, Unas, began a very important and truly magical pyramidtradition. Located at Saqqara, his pyramid is, on the outside, quite like those of the other kings ofthe Fifth Dynasty. On the inside, however, the walls are covered with hundreds of magicalinscriptions. The hieroglyphs are colored blue so that they stand out clearly against the whitelimestone. There are long vertical lines from ceiling to floor separating each column of hieroglyphs,each column forming a separate unit called `an utterance' by the Egyptians. These inscriptions arecalled the `Pyramid Texts.' They are spells that deal primarily with three stages in a king'sresurrection: (1) his awakening in the pyramid; (2) his ascending through the sky to thenetherworld; and (3) his admittance into the company of the gods. There is no clear logical order tothe spells, so Egyptologists disagree about the order in which they should be read." EM113

"The last king of the Fifth Dynasty, Unas, began a very important and truly magical pyramidtradition. Located at Saqqara, his pyramid is, on the outside, quite like those of the other kings ofthe Fifth Dynasty. On the inside, however, the walls are covered with hundreds of magicalinscriptions. The hieroglyphs are colored blue so that they stand out clearly against the whitelimestone. There are long vertical lines from ceiling to floor separating each column of hieroglyphs,each column forming a separate unit called `an utterance' by the Egyptians. These inscriptions arecalled the `Pyramid Texts.' They are spells that deal primarily with three stages in a king'sresurrection: (1) his awakening in the pyramid; (2) his ascending through the sky to thenetherworld; and (3) his admittance into the company of the gods. There is no clear logical order tothe spells, so Egyptologists disagree about the order in which they should be read." EM113

"Egypt experienced a severe famine in the reign of Unas. But there was also a severe famine in theera of Zazay, or Beby, as the name is given in the Sakkarah list." TX203

"...One of the spells (spell 26) carved on the walls of the pyramid of Unas instructs the following tobe recited four times: `Thou purified thyself with natron, Together with the followers of Horus.'"EM76

"Several of the magical spells of the Pyramid Texts mention them [oils used in embalming]: `Oointment, O ointment, arise, hurry! [Thou who art] on the brow of Horus, arise! First quality cedaroil. Hurry! [Thou who art] on Horus, thou art placed on the brow of this Unas, so that he may feelsweet under thee, that thou makest him a spirit under thee. Thou grantest him to have power overhis body, thou grantest that his terror be in the eyes of all the spirits when they look at him, and ofeveryone who hears his name. Osiris Unas, I bring thee the Eye of Horus which he takes, which ison thy brow, First quality Libyan oil. --Spells 52-54" EM78

"By the end of the 5th Dynasty, texts were inscribed on the chamberwalls inside the pyramids." RB4

6th Dynasty 4426-4222 TKliv

Memphis TKlxiv 4402-4199 TKliv 4310-4107 TKliv

The provinces came into ever greater prominence. EO93 4206-4003 TKlv 3703-3500 TKlv

"Already published studies have forced a drastic reduction of Old Kingdom 3503-3335 S(PE)dates; the beginning of the 6th dynasty is now set by most recent writers in 3300-3100 TKlvthe late 24th century or even as late as 2300." C50 3204-3204 TKlv

3054-2947 TKliv?2825-2631 DN7 2744-2592 TKliv 2625-2475 BE 2612-2414 TKlv 2587-2453 AH 2540 TKli 2525-2475 S 2430 TEA243 2352 RC40~2350-2200 CE319~2345-2195 HD159 2345-2181 CA13,EK,OEc2345-2181 CVB995,PGc2340-2184 VSviiic2340-2180 EA90~2340 EO436 2323-2150 AO36 2322 RC40c2315-2175 TN42

Teti EA190,CVB995,PG,E90,EO,CA13,AO36,OE42,PO,WE274,UN86,TPE 2587-2580 AH64Teti I VSviii c2345-2333 PG,OE,POTeti (Othoes) HD56 c2345 TPETety TST,AB25 ~2340-2326 VSTeta ((A)(S)(K) TK31), DN14,TX143 2323-2291 AOTeta (Atet V) AEHt920Toti ((SS) AH64) 1ofD6 AO,CA,HD,TST,AB,DN,Athuthi or Toti ((A)(S)(RH) AH64) CVB,AH,TKOthoes ((M) EO,AH64) ((Af) TKlxiv) 1ofD6 ((M)AH64,EO436)Othoes (M) = Teti (A)(S)(T) EO436 65ofAEHtSheteptowe (Ho) Teti (Nm) EO436Sehotpetoui ((H) AH63) 34ofA TK,EOSehetep-taui(Ho) Teta(Su) TK31

33ofS TK,EO?Same as Merykare` of D9? See EO116

4.1ofT EO[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE,WE274,EO93], [Sherds & Statue TK32]Prison Pyr - built near ruins of prison where Joseph believed to have been confined. TX143[murdered by his bodyguard (M). EO93}[Nothing is known of Teti's own doings. EO93]

{Mother: Ipwe. Vizier (& son-in-law) Mereruka. HP of Memphis: Sabu EO93}

Reigned 8 yrs (Othoes) AH18 ((M) AH64)Reigned 12 yrs (Teti) CVB995Reigned 15 yrs (Teti) EA90Reigned 30 yrs (Othoes) ((M) EO436, (Af) TKIxiv)

"...in the earliest Pyramid Text, where Nut the Mother declares `This is my son Teti, my beloved,my firstborn, who is on the throne of Geb..." AE185

Teti II B421, BE597

Userkare CVB995,EO,CA13 2579-2574 AH64Userkare` ((A)(T)(Re) EO436),HD56User-ka-Re TSTUserkere ((A)(RH) AH64), B421,BE597,AH18 2ofD6 CVB995,CA,TST,AH,DNUserkara ((A) TKxxxv) 66ofAEHtUserkara Ati DN14User-ka-Ra I Ati I AEHt920 35ofA TK,EOIty (?) ((SS) AH64) 4.2ofT EORa-user-ka Ati ((A) TK32)

[2 Cylindar Seals EO93][Ephemeral EO93]

Reigned 1(?) yr (Userkare) CVB995Reigned 6 yrs (Userkere) AH18

Pepi I ((S) TKxxxv), TST,E90,EK8,BE598,PG,OE,CE319,WE274,UN86,TPE,VSviiiPepi ((SS) TK33) 2600 AT88Pepy I Mery-Ra AB25 2573-2554 AH64Pepy I (Meryre`) AO36 2333-2385 OEPepy I (Phiops I) EA90 c2332-2283 PGPepy or Piop ((S)(SS) AH64) ~2325 CEPhiops E90 ~2320-2277 VSPhiops I AH16,CVB16 2289-2255 AOPiopi I EO91 2212? SOR13Phios ((M) EO94,AH64), ((Af) TKlxiv), ((T) EO)Phios (M) = Piopi (S); Meryre` (A) EO436Apophis? SOR13 2ofD6 AO, ((M)AH64,EO435)Meri-Ra Pepi I AEHt920 3ofD6 TST,EO,HD56,AH18,DN,Merira Pepi I DN14 DVB995,CA14,TK33Merira ((A) TKxxxv) 67ofAEHtMeryre Phio(p)s I CVB995Meryre Phiops I (Pepi I) CA13 36ofA TK,EOMeryre Pepy or Piop ((RH) AH64)Meryre EO, ((A) AH64) 34ofS TK,EOMeryre` Piopi I EO93Meryre Piop ((T) AI14) 4.3ofT EOMerytowe (Ho) Neferzahor, later Meryre` (Re) Piopi (Pepi I) (Nm) EO436Merytoui (Hawk name AH64)Mery-towe ((Ho) Beloved of the Two Lands EO94)Meri-taui ((Ho) TK33)Meri-khat ((N) TK33)Men-nefer[Pepi] CVB16Mn-nfr `(Piopi is) established and goodly. EO91Neferzahor (Re`-name EO), (early (Pr) Changed to Meryre` EO94)Ra-meri(Su) Meri-taui(H) Meri-khat or Meri-taui(N) Pepi(SS) TK33

[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE,WE274],[Pyramid TK34,EO102]

[Pyramid, Inscriptions, Abydos, Karnak, Sakkara, Sherds TK34][superabundance of inscriptions EO94][Sanctuary Inscriptions, no monuments EO93]

{Wife: Ra-meri-ankh-nes TK34}{Wife: Meryre`-`ankh-nas}{2 Wivess of same name EO94,AB25}{Daughter: Neith EO102}, {Vizier & Bro-in-law Djau AB25}{Servant: Weni EO95}{During Apophis' reign, Joseph was sold into Egypt. SOR13}

Reigned 20 yrs (Phios) AH18,EOReigned 26 yrs (Meryre Piop) ((T) AI14)Reigned 44 yrs (Pepy I) EA90Reigned 49 yrs (Meryre Phio(p)s I CVB995Reigned 53 yrs (Phios) ((M) EO94, TKIxiv)

{Memphis called after his pyramid. EO94}

{Ignored the priests and did not submit to human sacrifice. ANLr127}

"The consecration text of Pepi I makes clear the purpose of the pyramids for the Egyptians: `Iconsecrate this pyramid and this temple to Pepi and his Ka. What this pyramid and this templecontain is for Pepi and for his Ka. Pure is the Eye of Horus.'" EM115

Mernere PG,UN86,TPE 2553-2550 AH64Merenre I E90 c2283-2278 PGMerenre WE274 2255-2246 AOMerenre` EO101Meren-Re TSTMer-en-re I EA90 3ofD6 AO, ((M)AH64,EO434)Mernere I BE598 4ofD6 TST,DN,CA13,CVB995,Merenra ((A)(S) TKxxxv) HD57,AH18,TK34Mer-en-Ra I Mehti-em-sa-f I AEHt920 5ofD6 AI14Merenre` Nemtyemzaf AO36Merenra Mehtiemsaf I DN14 37ofA TKMerenre Mehtiemsuf ((T) AI14)Merenre Antyemsaf CA13 35ofS TKMerenre Antyemsaf I CVB995Methusuphis (AH18, (M) AH64), ((M) EO, (Af) TKlxiv), ((T) EO)Methusuphis (M) = Merenre` (A) EO436Menthesuphis I (Methusuphis) HD57Merbire or Merenre ((A)(S)(RH) AH64)Mehtiemsuf ((SS) AH64)Mehti-em-sa-f ((SS) reading doubtful TK34)`Antyemzaef (Nm EO)`Ankhkha`u (Ho) Merenre`(Re) `Antyemzaef (Nm) EO436Ankh-khau ((Ho)(N) TK34)Enkhkheu (Hawk name AH64)Ra-mer-en(Su) Ankh-khau(N)(Gh) Mehti-em-sa-f(SS) TK34

[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE,WE274][Pyramid EO42]

[Pyramid, Inscription, Sherds, Abydos, Karkak, Sakkara TK35]

{Father: Pepy I TK34}, {Weni, a chamberlain, elivated to Governor of Upper Egypt EO97}{Wife: Meryre`-ankh-nas, Brother & Vizier Dja`u EO94}

Reigned 4 yrs (Merenre Mehtiemsuf) ((T) AI14) (Methusuphis AH64)Reigned 5 yrs (Mer-en-re I) EA90Reigned 7 yrs (Methusuphis) EO, TKIxivReigned 10 yrs (Merenre`) EO101Reigned 14 yrs (Merenre Antyemsaf I) CVB995Reigned 44? Yrs (Methusuphis) ((T) EO)

Pepi II WD,RB,EK8,PG,BE598,OE,CE319,PO,WE274,UN86 ~2738-2644 WD151Pepi II (Phiops, Piopi) TN42 2549-2460 AH64Pepi ((SS) TK35) c2278-2184 RB,PGPepy II AB25,TST ~2275-2185 CEPepy II (Neferkare`) AO36 2272 TEA243Pepy II (Phiops II) EA90 2270-2180 TN42Pheops II A60,HD57 2270 PE27Phiops II E90,PE27,CVB181 2269-2185 OEPhiops (AH18), ((M), EO436), ((Af) TKlxiv) 2269-2175 OE41, POPhiops (M) = Neferkare` (A)(S)(T) 2246-2152 AOPhios ((M) AH64) ~2187-2184 VSPiopi (Pepi II) EOPiopi II ((T)(M) EO101)Pepy or Piop ((SS) AH64) 3ofD6 AI16Neferkare` ((Pr) EO108) 4ofD6 AONefer-ka-Ra III, Pepi II AEHt920 5ofD6 HD57,AH18,CVB995,CA,Neferkare Phiops II (CVB995) AI14,DN,TK35Neferkare Phiops II (Pepi II) CA13 69ofAEHtNeferkere Piop ((T) AI14) LofD6 A60Neferkara Pepi II DN14Neferkere ((A)(S)(RH) AH64) 38ofA TK,EONeferkara ((A) TKxxxv)Neferkara (Pepi II) ((S) TKxxxv) 36ofS TK,EONetjerkha`u (Ho) Neferkare` (Re) Piopi (Pepi II) (Nm) EO436Neterkheu (Hawk name AH64) 4.5ofT EONeter-khau ((Ho)(N) TK35)Neferke Hunu (~22yrs(E) AI16), ((T) AH64)Apappus? ((E) TKlxxiv)Sekhem ((Gh) TK35)Ra-nefer-ka(Su) Neter-khau(Ho)(N) Sekhem(Gh) Pepi(SS) TK35Melol of Jasher. db

Pyramid at Saqqara TPE,WE274, [Ins EO108]Pyramid TK36,EO61Name found on Inscriptions, Sherds, Abydos, Karnak, Sakkara TK36

{Father: Pepy I TK34} {B & V Dja'u EO94}{1/2 B Merenre` EO101}

Reigned 53 yrs (Piopi) EO438Reigned 90 yrs ((Pepy II) AB25,EA90),((Pheops II) A60,AH18), ((Piopi II) ((M)(T) EO101), AI14Reigned 94(?) yrs (Phiops II) CVB995

Reigned 99 yrs ((Phiops) (M) EO436)Reigned 100 yrs ((Phiops) ((Af) TKIxiv), ((Apappus?) (E) TKIxxiv)

[In spite of its length, little is known of his reign. EO101]

{Moses' Pharaoh Fry}

"After 90 years of Pepy II's reign the system collapsed... Egypt had no desire for expansion at thisdate; her enterprises were for purposes of trade... Trading expeditions were also sent to the land ofPunt (believed to be on the Somali Coast) to obtain incense for the temple rituals." EK16

"Pepy II's longevity cannot be the only cause of the fall of the Old Kingdom, but it was probably oneof the factors that plunged Egypt into an anarchistic period from which we have no records, noteven the names of some of the pharaohs." EM17

"Its abrupt decline [the Old Kingdom] is still not fully understood. One intriguing possibility is thatthe pharaoh Pepi II - whose ninety-four-year reign is the longest in the history of the world - outlivedhis effectiveness as a ruler." EM17

"Provincial governors grew stronger, and after the long rule of Pepy II (died 2180 B.C.), therefollowed a time of chaos and social upheaval now called the First Intermediate Period. Famineravaged the land, and men's minds turned to justice and virtue." PE17

"Pepy II, whose mother ruled during his childhood, sits on his mother's lap in this alabasterstatuette." PE27

"...in the Pyramid Text of Pepi II... an allusion to the `gods who were born on the five days whichare added to the year.'" TKxliii

Followed by 8 ephemeral ((T) EO108)

The Abydos list replaces these eight by 18 then great leap to the last rulers of D11. EO108

Mehti-em-saf TST 2459 AH64Merenra Mehtiemsaf II DN14Mer-en-Ra II, Mehti-em-sa-f II AEHt920Mernere II B422, BE598 1ofD8 EOMerenre`-`Antyemzaef EO436 5ofD6 (M)AH64,EO435Merenre Antyemsaf II CVB995 6ofD6 TST,TN,CVB995,AI15,AH18Merenre Mehtiemsuf AI15 70ofAEHtMerenra-Tchefaemsaf ((A) TKxxxv)Merbire or Merenre ((RH) AH64) 39ofA TK,EOMerbire Mehtiemsuf ((A) AH64)Menthesuphis ((M)(T) EO436, (Af) TKlxiv), ((M) AH64) 4.6ofT EOMenthesuphis (M) = Merenre`-`Antyemzaef (A) (T) EO436Menthesuphis II HD57Mentiemsuf ((SS) AH64)Ekheskososokaras? (1yr(E) TKlxxiv)Ra-mer-en Mehti-em-sa-f TK36Adikam of Jasher. Db

Pyramid at Sakkarah TK36Ephemeral EO102Name found on Abydos list TK36

Reigned 1 yr ((Merenre Antyemsaf II) CVB995,AI15) ((Menthesuphis) ((M)(T) EO), ((Af) TKIxiv)

Six kingless years (Turin) AH18 2458-2453 AH64

Netjerykare CVB995 2452-2448 AH64Neter-ka-Re TST 2452-2447 AI15Neter-ka-Ra AEHt920Neterkara ((A) TKxxxvi), DN14 1ofD7 (M)AH64Neterkere ((A) AH64) 2of8 EONetjerkare EO437 7ofD6 CVB,TST,DN,TK37Ra-neter-ka ((A) TK37) 71ofAEHt

Ephemeral EO102 40ofA EO,TK

Nitokris (Queen HD57),((E) TKlxxiv), ((M)(E) AH64, (Af) TKlxiv) 2447-2436 AH64Nitocris (M) = Nitokerty (T) ((M) EO436) 2447-2435 AI16Nitocris (female EK20,EO102)Nitokri ((M) AI16), ((E) AH64), ((T) AH64) 2ofD7 AH64,AI16Nitokerty ((T) EO102) 3ofD8 EO437(Nit-okrety) VSviii 6ofD6 Tklxiv, ((M) EO436)Neit-Ikeret AB155 8ofD6 CVB995,DN,TSTNet-aqerti AEHt920 72ofAEHtQueen Neith-Aqert TSTMenkare (?) Nitocris CVB995 41ofA AH,TK,EOMenkere (Pr of Nitocris? EO437), ((A) AH64)Menkere (A) Nitokri (T) Nitokris (E) AH64 22ofE TKlxxivMenkara ((A) TKxxxvi), (Nitocris DN)Menkara (Notocris) DN14 47ofT AH64Ra-men-ka Net-Aqerti ((A)(T) TK37) 4.7ofT(or 4.8)EO

Reigned 2(?) yrs ((Menkare (?) Nitocris) CVB995)Reigned 6 yrs (Nitokris) (E) TKIxxiv)Reigned 12 yrs (Nitokri) ((M) DN14,AI16,EO436)

Manetho said she was `the noblest and lovliest of...her time' & she committed suicide. WO102

Same as Sobeknefru of D12 or Merneith of D1?

"Africanus, Eusebius: `the noblest and lovliest of the women of her time, of fair complexion, whoraised the third pyramid." EOP436

"The Old Kingdom had ended with a female ruler - Nitocris..." EK20

"Of the successors of Piopi II the names of only four are preserved, while the reign-lengths of five ofthe eight amount together to no more than ten years. It thus appears that Dyn. VI ended in a whole

series of ephemeral kings all of whom might well have been taken as belonging to that dynasty hadnot Manetho preferred to end it with Nitocris, a queen who, like Sebeknofru the last ruler of Dyn. XII,had contrived to wrest to herself the throne of the Pharaohs. Concerning this Nitocris Manethosays that she was `the noblest and loveliest of the women of her time', and to Herodotus is owedthe story of her suicide after taking vengeance on certain Egyptians who had slain her brother inorder to put her in his place. In the Turin Canon Nitokerti--so her name is written there--was eitherthe second or the third Pharaoh after Piopi II. Her historical existence can therefore not be doubted,but she can scarcely have been identical with the Queen Neith whose pyramid Jequier discoveredat Sakkara, since that queen was the eldest daughter of Piopi I and can have become one of PiopiII's wives only at the beginning of the latter's long reign." EO102

It appears that Dyn 6 ended in a whole series of ephemeral kings though (M) ended it with Nitocris.EO102

Nefer-ka II AEHt920 73ofAEHt

"A text called the Admonitions of Ipewer, which dates from the breakdown of the old Kingdom..." CA38

"This extremely tattered papyrus in the Leyden collection dates from no earlier than Dyn. XIX, butthe condition of the country which it discloses is one which cannot be ascribed to the imaginationof a romancer, nor does it fit into any place of Egyptian history except that following the end of theOld Kingdom." EO109

"The prosperity of the Old Kingdom continued only until the Sixth Dynasty, or 2181 B.C. Its abruptdecline is still not fully understood." EM17

"The downfall of the old kingdom...was in fact brought about by natural causus. The so-called`Neolithic Wet Phase' came to an end, and the climate became much drier, rainfall ceased, and theNile levels lowered." RB5

"By the end of the Old Kingdom these provincial Nomarchs, particularly in upper Egypt, grewextremely powerful." RB4

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Same as 2nd Intermediate TX 2181-1991 EK16,

2181-2040 PG,(D6-11 PO22) 2180-2134 EM119,(D7-10 EB15,E,CE,EO107,CVB995,UN10,TE,TPE1,EA102,ABxxi, RB) 2200-2040 RB(D7-11 WE274,LIxi,VSviii,PP271) 2475- TST234(D8-11 TN42)(D9-11 AO36)

"The Leyden papyrus [Ipuwer] as a depiction of Egypt in the First Intermediate Period isindisputable." EO110

The Leyden papyrus (Ipuwer) dates from the end of the Old Kingdom. CA38,EO109

"Two unplaced kings Ity and Imhotep are named in the Wady Hammamat and were possiblycontemporary with Dyn 6." EO436

S says "6 kings. 203 yrs", but lists 8??

"With the collapse of the Old Kingdom and the period of lawlessness that followed-- the FirstIntermediate period--the pyramids were opened by robbers. Perhaps it was at this point that thePyramid Texts bgecame known to more than just the priests. The First Intermediate Period lastedfor about fifty years. Little remains from this time." EM119

THE FEUDAL AGE WD~2631-2212 WD

Collapse of central power. MO9 c2150-2050

7TH and 8TH DYNASTIES DN14~2200 UN86

(7th & 8th "Known total of 30 years" B422,BE598) c2181-2160 PG~2180-2155 CE

"Numerous ephemeral kings, including Neferkare`" AO36 2150-2134 AO36 "according to Manetho." EK16,EM18,CA

"chances are that all the reigns corresponding to Manetho's Dyns. VII and VIII werecompressed into a relatively short...quarter of a century" EO109

7TH DYNASTY 4222-4147 TKliv

Memphite EK8,TKlxv 4199-4198 TKliv 4107-4107 TKliv

"70 Memphite kings who reigned 70 days" ((M) S,EO107), ((Af) TKlxv) 4003-3933 TKlv "5 kings in 75 years ((EAV) TKlxv) 3500-3500 TKlv "5 kings in 75 days" ((Eu) TKlxv), (wrongly 75 days in one version AH18) 3335 S(PE) "This dynasty appears to be wholly spurious." EO437 3204-3001 TKlv "Evidently fictitious" TN42 3100 TKlv

2592-2522 TKliv75 yrs AH18 2475 BE

2452-2378 AH"There are almost no tangible clues even to the existence of Manetho's 7th to 2414-2414 TKlv10th dynasties or some other, later dynasties." PS209 ~2250 E

~2200 AS18"...pharaohs of both the 7th and 8th Dynasties struggled ineffectively to ~2184 VSviiimaintain power from Memphis. Anarchy Violence and poverty were followed 2181-2173 EKby famine, plague and utter depression... no one was safe from marauding c2181-2173 CVB995thieves, hunger and fear... The internal chaos was worsened by the c2180 CE319penetration of foreign nomads into the Delta region. The Egyptians bewailed 2150-2134 AO36their fate - their writings tell us: `Every good thing has disappeared,' and `noteven the black of the fingernails is left.' The departed fared little better it

seemed: `The dead are thrown in the river... laughter has perished. Griefwalks the land." EK16-17

"...Between about 2200 and about 1800, is again the subject of controversy, since thereare few synchronisms to assist." C52

"In the internal confusion which followed, we can discern nothing of Manetho's ephemeral Seventh and EighthDynasties at memphis, which lasted not more than 30 years..." BE15

"It is scarcely possible to trace the political history of this period, in which tradition placed the rulers ofDynasties VII through X because these so-called Pharaohs had very transitory and local reigns." A60

Neferkare, `the Younger' CVB995 2435-2414 AH64Neferkere (A) Neferke Hunu (T) Murtaios (E) AH64 2435-2413 AI16Neferkere Huni ((E) AI16)Neferke Hunu ((T) AH64)Neferkare` AO36 (in 6th D AEHt920)Neferkare EO437 1ofD7 CVB995Neferkara ((A) TKxxxvi), DN14 1ofD7/8 TK38,DNNeferka DN14 3ofD7 AH64Nefer-ka ((T) TK38) 4ofD8 EONefer-ka II (AEHt920) 6of7/8 DN,TKNetrikare` AD58 onlyD7/8 AOMurtaios ((E) AH64) 1ofD8 HD58Ra-nefer-ka TK39 73 of AEHt910

Reigned 22? Yrs (Neferkere Huni) AI16 42ofA AH,TK,EO48ofT AH64

Menkare` HD58 2ofD8 HD58Men-ka-Ra AEHt920 74ofAEHt

Neferkare` HD58 3ofD8 HD58Nefer-ka-Ra IV AEHt920 75ofAEHt

Nefres(?) AEHt920 76ofAEHt

Neferkare Neby CVB995 2413-2390 AH64Neferkere Neby (AI16), ((A) AH64) 2413-2389 AINeferkare`-Neby EO437Neferkare` Nebi HD58 2ofD7 CVB995Neferkara-Nebi ((A) TKxxxvi) 2ofD7/8 TK,DNNeferkara Nebi DN14 4ofD7 AH64Nefer-ka-Ra V Nebi AEHt920 4ofD8 HD58Neferes... ((T) AH64) 5ofD8 EONefer-seh... ((T) TK39) 7of7/8 TK39,DN

Neferseh... DN14 78ofAEHtRa-nefer-ka Nebi TK39

43ofA EO,AH,TKReigned ~24 yrs (Neferkere Neby) AI16

Djedkare Shemay CVB995 2389-2378 AH64Djedkare`-Shema` EO437 2389-2377 AI16Djedkare` Schemai HD58Dedkeshemire ((E) AI16), ((A) AH64)Ab ((T) TK39), DN14 3ofD7 CVB995Ab(?) 77of AEHt920 3ofD7/8 DN,TK39Ib ((T) AH64) 5ofD7 AI16Thousimares ((E) AH64) 5ofD8 HD58Tetkara-Maa... ((A) TKxxxvi) 6ofD8 EOTet-ka-Ra II Maa..... AEHt920 8of7/8 TK,DN?Tetkara Maatua (?) DN14 77of AEHt920Ra-Tet-ka Maa-tau TK39 79ofAEHt

Reigned 12 yrs (E) AI16,AH64 18ofA2 TK44ofA EO,AI,TK50ofT AH

Neferkere ((T) AH65) 2377 AH65Neferkaura DN14Ra-nefer-kau ((T) TK39) 1ofD8 AH65

4ofD7/8 DN,TK51ofT AH

Khui (remains AH65) ?2371 AH65Katthi ((T) TK39)Khatti DN14 5ofD7/8 DN,TK

2ofD8 AH65[Remains AH], [T TK39] 52ofT AH

D9+? Khety, Akhtoy?

Neferkare Khendu CVB995 ?2366 AH65Neferkere Khendui ((A) AH65)Neferkare`-Khendu EO437 4ofD7 CVB995Neferkare` Chendu HD58 3ofD8 AH65Neferkara-Kentu ((A) TKxxxvi) 6ofD8 HD58Neferkara Khentu DN14 7ofD8 EO437Nefer-ka-Ra VI Khentu AEHt920 9ofD7/8 TK39,DNKhendui (remains AH)Khendy? EO110 45ofA AH,TK,EO.....ndty ((T) AH65) 19ofA2 TK

Ra-nefer-ka Khentu ((A) TK39) 80ofAEHt

Meryenhor CVB995 ?2359 AH65Merenher DN14Merenhor ((A) AH65,EO437), HD58 5ofD7 CVB995Meren-Heru ((A) TKxxxvi) 4ofD8 AH65Mer-en-Her I AEHt921 8ofD8 EO....y ((T) AH65) 10ofD7/8 DN,TKHeru-mer-en ((A) TK40) 81ofAEHt

46ofA EO,TK20ofA2 TK54ofT AH

Neferhunihor ((Rem) AH65) ?2353 AH65

5ofD8 AH65

Sneferke ((A)(Rem) AH65) ?2347 AH65Seneferkara ((A) TKxxxvi), DNSneferka EO 6ofD7 CVB995Senefer-ka, or Ra-senefer-ka ((A)(K) TK40) 6ofD8 AH65Senefer-ka I Senefer-ka-Ra I AEHt921 9ofD8 EO437Neferkamin CVB995,HD58 11ofD7/8 TK,DNRa-senefer-ka TK40 82ofAEHt

47ofA EO,AH,TK21ofA2 TK

Nykare CVB995 ? 2341 AH65Nekere ((A)(Rem) AH65)Nekara ((A) TKxxxvi) 7ofD7 CVB995Nikare` EO437,HD59 7ofD8 AH65Enkara DN14 9ofD8 HD59En-ka-Ra I AEHt921 10ofD8 EOKaenra ((A) TKxxxvi) 12ofD7/8 DN,TKRa-en-ka ((A) TK40) 83ofAEHt

Inscription A TK40 48ofA EO,AI,TK22ofA2 TK

Neferkare Tereru CVB995 ?2335 AH65Neferkere Terorol ((A) AH65)Neferkare-Tereru EO437 8ofD7 CVB995Neferkare` Tereru HD59 8ofD8 AH65Neferkara Terrl DN14 11ofD8

Neferkara Tererl(?) ((A) TKxxxvi) 10ofD8 HD59Nefer-ka-Ra VII, Terrl(?) AEHt921 13ofD7/8 DN,TKTerorol ((Rem) AH65) 84ofAEHtTereru EO110Sethinilos ((E) AH65) 23ofA2 TKRa-nefer-ka Tererl(?) ((A) TK40) 49ofA EO,AI,TK

[Abydos list TK40][Scarab EO110]

Reigned 8 yrs (Sethinilos) (E) AH65

Neferkahor EO437,CVB995,HD59 ?2328 AH65Neferkehor ((A) AH65)Neferkaher DN14 9ofD7 CVB,AHNeferkauhor ((A) EO108) 14ofD7/8 DN,TKNeferka-Heru ((A) TKxxxvii) 11ofD8 HD59Nefer-kak-Heru AEHt921 12ofD8 EOHeru-nefer-ka ((A) TK41) 85ofAEHt

{Vizier Shemai EO108} 50ofA EO,AI,TK24ofA2 TK

[Abydos TK41]

8TH DYNASTY4147-4047 TKliv

106 yrs AH18 4198-4056 TKliv4107-3967 TKliv

Memphite EK,EO107,TKlxv,CA,AHB147(TX97) 3933-3787 TKlv3500-3358 TKlv

Fragile dynasty-Memphis CA 3001-3001 TKlv2522-2674 TKliv

"27 Memphite kings. 146 years." ((M) S,EO107, (Af) TKlxv) 2414-2862 TKlv2377- AH42

"5 kings in 100 years" ((Eu) TKlxv) c -2164 RC40~2195-2160 HD159

"9 (or 19) kings in 100 years" ((EAV) TKlxv) ~2184-2153 VSviii2173-2160 CVB995,EK

"Memphite kings, who are but the lingering shadow of ancient c -2134 RC40Memphite power." AHB147(TX97)

"The turmoil throughout the land was apparently heightened, as suggested by the admonitions of Ipuwer, byincursions of asiatics. However, attempts to trace their presence in Egypt by archaeological means have notbeen sucfcessful... the synchronization of the 1st intermediate period with the Middle Bronze I of Syria andPalestine is not established by specific archaeoligical correlations. These periods fall into place opposite eachother merely as the successors of the Old Kingdom and the Early Bronze Period." C19

"Brugsch puts it this way: 'Egyptian history after Nefer-ka-ra is involved in deep darkness, which conceals eventhe slightest vestiges of the existence of the kings whose mere names have been preserved to us on the wallsof Abydos and Sakkarah, names without deeds…" TX97

Neferkere Piopsonb ((A) AH65) ?2320 AH65Neferkara Pepi-senb ((A) TKxxxvii), DN14Neferkare`-Pepysonb EO437 1ofD8 CVB995Neferkare` Pepisonbe HD59 10ofD8 AH65Nefer-ka-re VSviii 12ofD HD59Nefer-ka-Ra VIII, Pepi III Senb AEHt921 13ofD8 EOWadjkare Pepysonbe (Horus Kha-[bau?]) CVB995 15ofD7/8 TK,DNPepysonbe CVB995 86ofAEHtRa-nefer-ka Pepi-senb ((A) TK41)

51ofA EO,AI,TKReigned 4+ yrs CVB995 25ofA2 TK

Sneferenkhre Piop ((Rem) AH65) ?2312 AH65Semphrukrates ((E) Tklxxiv,AH65)

11ofD8 AH65Reigned 18 yrs (E) TKIxxiv

Sneferke Ennu ((A) AH65) ?2295 AH65Seneferkara Annu DN14Seneferka-Annu ((A) TKxxxvii) 2ofD8 CVB995Sneferka-`Anu EO437 12ofD8 AH65Senefer-ka II Annu AEHt921 14ofD8 EONeferkamin Anu CVB995,~HD59 16ofD7/8 DN,TK[Ra]-s-nefer-ka Annu ((A) TK41) (A2)26 TK

(A)52 EO,AI,TKReigned 2 yrs (Neferkamin Anu) CVB995 87ofAEHt

Kakare Ibi CVB995 ?2290 AH65Kakare` (Pr) Ibi (Nm) ((T) EO436) c2170 TPEAn(?)-kau-Ra AEHt921Menkaura DN14 ofD6 EOKa?kaure (perhaps Pr of Ibi EO437) 3ofD8 CVB995Qakare` Ibi I HD59 13ofD8 AH65...keure ((A) AH65) 15ofD8 EO...kaura ((A) TKxxxvii) 14ofD8 HD59Ibi EO108 17ofD7/8 DN,TKRa-[men]-kau ((A) TK41) 88ofAEHt

[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE], 53ofA EO,AI,TK[Pyramid insignificant EO108] 4.11ofT EO[Name found on Abydos list TK41]

Reigned 4 yrs 2 mos CVB995,EO436

Neferkare CVB995 2281 AH65Neferkaura ((A) TKxxxvii), DN14

Neferkaure EO437 4ofD8 CVB995Neferkeure ((A) AH65) 14ofD8 AH65Neferkawre` HD59 16ofD8 EONefer-kau-Ra AEHt921 18ofD7/8 DN,TK?Kha`[bau] ((H) EO437) 15ofD8 HD59Ra-nefer-kau ((A) TK41) 89ofAEHt

Reigned 2 yrs 1 mo CVB995 54ofA EO,AI,TK

Neferkauhor Kapuibi (Horus Netjerybau) CVB995 2280-2279 AHNeferkeuhor ((A) AH65)Neferkauher DN14 5ofD8 CVBNeferkauhor EO437 15ofD8 AH65Neferkeuhor Beure Neterbeu ((Rem) AH65) 16ofD8 HD59Neferkawhor Chuwihapi HD59 17ofD8 EONeferkau-Heru ((A) TKxxxvii) 19ofD7/8 DN,TKNefer-kau-Heru AEHt921 90ofAEHtNeterbeu AH65Netjerybau CVB995 55ofA EO,AI,TKHeru-nefer-kau ((A) TK41)

[Hieroglyphics on slabs of limestone - found with those of Piopi II EO108]Name on Abydos list. TK41

Reigned 1 yr CVB995

Uthkere Sekherseny ((T) (Rem) AH65) 2278-2275 AH65

Reigned 4 yrs 2 mo 1 dy (T) (Rem) AH65 16ofD8 AH65

Neferkhnumhor ((T) (Rem) AH65) 2274-2273 AH65

Reigned 2 yrs 1 mo 1 dy (T)(Rem) AH65 17ofD8 AH65

Neferirkare (Horus Demedjibtowy) CVB995 2272 AH65Neferirkare` EO437,HD59Neferirkere (1yr(T) AH65) 6ofD8 CVB995Neferarikara ((A) TKxxxvii) 17ofD8 HD59Nefer-ari-ka-Ra AEHt921 18ofD8 AHDemedjibtowy ((H) CVB995) 20ofD7/8?Demedjibtowe ((H) EO437) 91ofAEHtRa-nefer-ari-ka ((A) TK42)

56ofA EO,AI,TK[Abydos list. TK42]

Ati II (Othoes) AEHt921 92ofAEHt

Sechem(?)kare` HD59 17a ofD8 HD59Sekhem-ka-Ra I AEHt921 93ofAEHt

Ai-em-hetep AEHt921 94ofAEHt

Wadjkare` EO437,HD59 17b ofD8 HD59Wa-ka-re' EK17Uatch-ka-Ra I AEHt921

[Prenomen unplaced, mentioned in a Coptos decree. EO437]

TKxxxvii+ shows ~21 more from Abydos or Sakkara which don't seem to fit.

9-10th DYNASTIES (Herakleopolitan AO36,EO107,TK43,EA104) 2360-2160 TKli~2160-2040 HD159

"Not a shred of local evidence has survived to indicate its early importance, ~2155-2050 CEbut Manetho's description of his Ninth & Tenth Dynasties as Heracleopolitan 2134-2040 AOis amply confirmed by testimony from elsewhere." EO112

9TH DYNASTY 4056-3647 TKliv

"The Ninth and Eleventh Dynasties were contemporaneous." AI18 4047-3947 TKliv Contemp of 11th D. ~AO36 3967-3558 TKliv

3787-3687 TKlvHeracleopolitan EK8,TK43,VSix 3001-3001 TKlvHeraclopolitan feudal CA 2862-2506 TKlvHerculesopolis LW 12/3/83 2674-2565 TKlivCity of Hercules LWT121183 2445 BE

2271-2222 AHMay be contemporary with 10th Dynasty LW12/83 c2160-2130 PG 19 kings 409 years ((M) S,EO437, (Af) TKlxv) c2155 CE319 18 Heracleopolitans, est 285 yrs ~2153-2090 VSix 4 kings in 100 years ((Eu) TKlxv) c2150 EA104 "Several kings called Khety." AO36

"We have actual remains of only four kings of the Ninth Dynasty: Neb-keu-re, Mery-ib-re, and Mery-ke-re, each having the personal name Akhtoi (Khety)." AH20

"The ruler of Heracleopolis... succeded in uniting Middle Egypt and founded a line ofrulers who were to make up the 9th and 10th Dynasties." EK17

"Concerning the rise of the `House of Akhtoy', we are left almost completely in thedark...not a shred of local evidence has survived." EO112

"Manetho lists only one king in the Dynasties 7-11, Achthoes. Authorities state that he was morecruel than all his predecessors, was smitten with madness and killed by a crocodile. This scrap ofpseudo-history is obviously omparable to the legends concerning Cheops, Piopi II, and Nitocris, butthe existence of Achthoes is not open to doubt." EO107

"... but with the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties the nobles of Heracleopolis gained the throne, whichwas occupied by eighteen succesive kings of the line." BE15

Nefer-ka-Ra IX AEHt921 96ofAEHt

Akhthoes ((M) AH66,EA104 (Af)(Eu) TKlxv), EK3,EO,CA13 3762-3703 TKlivAchthoes of Heracleopolis EO67 3462-3404 TKlivAchtoy I VSix 3374-3315 TKlivAkhtoi AH66 3502-3459 TKlvAchtoi I (Achthoes) HD61 3064-2851 TKlvAktoy EO107 3005-2778 S(PE)Abmerira Khati I DN14 2423-2380 TKlivAb-meri-Ra (Meri-ka-Ra I?) Khati I AEHt921 2321-2268 TKlvMeryibre Achthoes I CVB996 2271-2112 AHMeryibre, Akhtoi (Khety) AH66 2264-2253 AH66Meryibre Akhtoi ((Rem) AH66) ~2135-2000 CEMeriibre` Achtoi HD62 2134-2040 AOMeryibtowe ((Ho) "Beloved of the heart of the Two Lands" EO112) 2134-1991 RC40Meri-ab-taui ((Ho) TK42) 2133-1991 PG,CVB996Meri-ab ((N) TK42) 2100-2000 HC8Meures ((E) AH66)Khouther ((E) AH66) 1ofD9/10 CA,EA,HD61,DN,TK42Kheti I UN86 1ofD9 CVB995Khety AO36 2ofD9 AH66Khati AB26 e ofD9/10 HD62Khati(SS) Meri-ab-taui(Ho) Meri-ab(N) Ra-meri-ab(Su) TK42 ?1ofD9 EO112Ra-meri-ab ((Su) TK42) ofD9/10 AO

97ofAEHt[Name found on Sherds & Scarabs TK42][Inscriptions Insignificant objects EO112]

{Son Mery-Da-Ra AB26}{Abram visited Achthoes LW 12/11/83}

Reigned 12 yrs (Meribre Akhtoi) AH66

More cruel than all his predecessors, smitten with madness and killed by a crocodile. EO107 (see Cheops)

"For all this stretch of time [1st Intermediate] only one king is mentioned, namely Acthoes, who isplaced in Dyn IX. Of him the authorities state that he was more cruel than all his predecessors butin the end was smitten with madness and killed by a crocodile." EO107,ANLs107

Akhtoi's cartouches on his coffin seem to have been inadvertently written in place of the real owner,the steward Nefri. WO112]

Is this the Herculesopolitan name for the pharoah of Abraham? 2AEH921

Time of Abraham. PGPC

Wahkere, Akhtoi (Khety) ((E) AH66) 1ofD9 AH66,AI18Wahkere Akhtoi AI18 2ofD9 EO112Uahkara Khati II DN14 2ofD9/10 DNWahkare`(Pr) Akhtoy (II) EO112 ofD9/10 TK43Kheti II UN86Khety AO36Ra-uah-ka Khati TK43

[Coffin found TK43,EO112], [TmIns EO113][Tomb found EO113]

Reigned 7 yrs (Wahkere, Akhtoi) AH66

"`Instructions' such as those written by King Wa-ka-re' for his son Mery-ka-re', showed a new moralawareness of the need to care for others..." EK17

Neferkare CVB996 3ofD9 CVB996Neferkare` HD61 3ofD8/9 HD61

Nebkeure, Akhtoi (Khety) AI18,AH20 2252-2228 AH66Nebkaure Achthoes II CVB996Nebkawre` Achtoi HD61 3ofD9 EO112,DNNeb-ka-re SVix 3ofD9? AH66Kamerira DN14 4ofD9 CVB996Akhtoy Nebkaure` EO112 4ofD9/10 HD61Achtoi II HD61 ?ofD9/10 HD61Khety AO36 of9/10 AO36Same as Teti? See EO116 ofD10 SVix

Weight from Er-Retaba EO112

Reigned ~25 yrs AI18

Senen... HD61 5ofD9/10 HD61

Merykere, Akhtoi (Khety) AH20 2227-2222 AH66Merykere Akhtoi AI19 ~2100 CE319Merykare` AO36

Meri-ka-Re CE319 4ofD9 AH66Meri-ka-re' EK17 7ofD9 CVB996Mery-Ka-Ra AB26Mery-... CVB996Meri-[Aah?] AEHt921Achtoi III HD61

father: Khati AB226

Reigned 6 yrs AI19Reigned ?6 yrs (Merykere Akhtoi) AH66

Is Merykare Teti?

"King Merykare` ordered extensive repairs to be made to the temple of Wepwawe, the jackal god ofAsyur." EO114

"... a literary composition which, had it been preserved in a less ragged and corrupt condition,might well have thrown more light on a particular phase of the Heracleopolitan domination than allour other evidence put together. The text is contained in three papyri, one in

Leningrad, another in Moscow, and the third in Copenhagen, all of them written no earlier than theend of Dyn. XVIII, and all riddled with lacunae and obscurities of every kind. It is a book of wisecounsels addressed to the king Merykare` with whom we became acquainted in the tombs ofAsyut. The name of the father is lost, but he may well have been an Akhtoy, though not the first ofthe name... It is exasperating that just those sections which deal with concrete events are the mostobscure of all, and the scholars who have used them with the greatest confidence have sometimesexceeded what is philologically permissible... Far more perplexing are the paragraphs dealing withMerykare`'s relations with the Delta and with the Asiatic barbarians to the east. There is areference to Djed-eswe, the area around the pyramid of Teti at Sakkara, and the actual mention onthat site of many priests devoted to the funerary cult of this very Heracleopolitan monarch provesthat he must have been buried there, though his pyramid has never been found." EO115-116

Achtoi IV HD61 7ofD9/10

Se...re` Achtoi HD61 c ofD9/10 HD61

Setut 5ofD9 CVB996

Shed-... CVB996 8ofD9 CVB996 Sched... HD61 8ofD9/10 HD61

User(?)... CVB996 13ofD9 CVB996

10TH DYNASTY 3947-3762 TKliv

Heracleopolitan EK3,EO107,TKlxv,VSix 3687-3502 TKlv 3647-3462 TKliv

10 kings 185 yrs S 3558-3374 TKliv 19 kings 185 yrs ((M) EO438,TKlxv) 3249-3064 TKlv "Estimated 285 years, 18 feeble kings" B422 -3005 S(P) Turin Papyrus shows 9 kings, 25 yrs: 1,5,9 missing... AH 3001-2855 TKlv

2565-2423 TKliv"Tomb inscriptions during this time speak of drought and famine. When the 2506-2321 TKlvlocal nomarchs took control, trying to feed their people and protect their 2221-2197 AHnomes, civil war broke out. This period of anarchy...lasted about 100 years." 2180-2160 UN86RB5 -2160 S(B)

c2130-2040 PG,CVB996"The land fell into chaos...almost nothing is known." AIC p25 ~2090-2052 VSix

Ity AO36 2221 AH66Meryhathor(?) CVB996,EO114(missing) ((T) AH66) 1of D10 AH66,CVB996

of9/10 AO36 [Mentioned once on Grafitti EO114]

Neferkere ((T) AH66) ?2218 AH66Neferkare CVB996,UN86Nefer-ka-re VSix 2ofD10 AH66

Akhtoi ((T) AH66) ?2215Wahkare Achthoes III CVB996Wahkare` Achtoi HD61 3ofD10 AH66,CVB996Wah-ka-re VSix a ofD9/10 HD61Kheti III UN86 ofD10 VS

s....h ((T) AH66) ?2212

4ofD11 AH66

(missing) AH66 ?2210 AH66

5ofD11 AH66

Merykare CVB996 ?2206 AH66Merykare` EO113Merikare UN86 4ofD10 CVB996

Merikare` HD62 f ofD9/10 HD62Mery-ka-re VSix ofD10 VSmer...... ((T) AH66) 6ofD11 AH66Meri...(?) HD61 b ofD9/10 HD61

[ordered extensive repairs to the temple of wepwawe. EO114]

Senti.... ((T) AH66) ?2203

7ofD11 AH66

H...... ((T) AH66) ?2200 AH66H-.... CVB996H... HD61 8ofD11 AH66

9ofD9 CVB996

(missing) ((T) AH66) 2197 AH66

9ofD11 AH66

"The position of the following 5 kings is doubtful:" (from Scarabs)

Ra-maa-ab TK43Maa-ab-Ra AEHt922

Ra-sekha-en TK43Ra-nub-taui TK43Ra-aa-hetep TK43Ra-kha-user TK43

Stelae Ins TK43

Ra-tet-nefer-Tataumes TK43

"Foreigners who had gathered in the land, and to the state of anarchy which prevailed, all seem to point to theend of the Tenth Dynasty as the date of this remarkable work." (Papyrus Ipewer) AH284

MIDDLE KINGDOM~2375-1800 WD

(D11-12 AS19,E,EB15,HC17,UN10,LIxi,ABxxi,TPE) 2160-1788 ABxxi(D11-13 EA108,PP271) ~2150-1780 UN10(D11(late)-13 RB,AO36) 2133-1786 PE11,TPE1(D11-14 TExiii) 2132-1777 WP111(D12 CE,PO22,WE274,TN42,A54) *2130-1785 EB15

2100-1788 HC17"Not until the Middle Kingdom is there evidence for the use of a number of c2080-1640 A60foreigners - Nubians and Asiatics - as domestic servants in Egypt." EK108 2065-1785 LIxi

c2060-1700 PP271"The Middle Kingdom was the Golden Age of Egyptian literature; the works of 2052-1786 CSc236this age became classics, laboriously copied and thus preserved by later 2052 TEA243generations of schoolboys. The hieroglyphic language of the period is today ~2050-1800 CE319regarded as the classical form, and `Middle Egyptian' is the first stage of the c2050-1650 MO9language which would-be Egyptologists learn." EK20 2050-1786 OE

c2040-1782 PG"Sometime before the Middle Kingdom, the Egyptians instituted the practice 2040-1715 RBof writing letters to the dead to enlist their help." EM200 2040-1640 AO36

c2035-1668 E,PY140"This second period of stability and consolidation, the Middle Kingdom, is an 2000-1785 AS19important period of Egyptian history often overlooked by historians because ~2000-1780 WE274the pharaohs are not memorable as individuals and the art is not so beautiful ~1991-1786 EK,PO22,TN42,VSixas the art of the Old Kingdom. This period does reflect, however, the 1584-1318 CSr236country's ability to recover from almost total chaos and to reestablish itself ~740 AEG95as the dominant power in the Near East. By Egyptian standards, it was ashort period of prosperity, lasting only three hundred years before a secondcollapse." EM18

"Beautiful painted wooden coffins were produced, and local dignitariesadopted the previously royal Pyramid Texts and had them inscribed withsuitable additions in their coffins. These altered texts occur only at thisperiod (during the Middle Kingdom) and much later, in the 26th Dynasty. Today, we know them as the `Coffin Texts.'" EK17

11TH DYNASTY

"The Ninth and Eleventh Dynasties were contemporaneous." AI18 ~2160-1994 HD159~2135-2000 CE319

Theban EK8,TK44, ((Af)(Eu) MM35) 2134-2040 AO36(or Diospolite EO107) c2133-1991 CA(1st half Theban, 2nd all Egypt. AO36) 2132 TEA243

c2080-1990 EA109(160yrs AH19) 2040-1991 AO36

~2035 E16 kings 43 yrs ((M) EO438,TKlxv)

Overlaps with 8th, 9th & 10th Dynasties LW11/3/83

"When Egypt reestablished stability in the Eleventh Dynasty a new custom arose. Thenobility began placing magical spells on their coffins. Because these spells are sosimilar to the Pyramid Texts, it opening of the pyramids." EM119

X "While the scarab was one of the most popular amulets, it was relatively late in use,not appearing until the Eleventh Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Although some extantancient Egyptian scarabs are inscribed with the names of Old Kingdom pharaohs,almost certainly these were produced during the Middle Kingdom or later. Noexcavation of an intact Old Kingdom site has ever yielded a scarab; it seems unlikelythat, if they were produced, they would not have been found." EM152

"The later Egyptians always buried the dead lying on their backs, extended at fulllength. During the period of the Middle Kingdom (XIth-SIIIth Dynasties) the head wasusually turned over on to the left side, in order that the dead man might look through thetwo great eyes painted on the side of the coffin." HE33

See TX245-246

"The remains of temple architecture in the Middle Kingdom are sparse..." EK85

"The jewelry of this period was never surpassed in Egypt. The delicacy of the pectorals,crowns, armlets and collars of the royal princesses bears witness to the inspiration andskill of the craftsmen." EK20

"After the First Intermediate Period, funerary beliefs became more democratic. Everyman and woman might accompany Re' on his everlasting journey around the heavens or,alternatively, he might become an `Osiris' in his own right, however humble his station. He would then have to make the treacherous journey, overcome many dangers and bejudged for his deeds upon earth before finally passing on the the Kingdom of Osiris,where all men were equal." EK90

"Perhaps the most marked and far-reaching development of this troubled period was thegreat increase in popularity of the god Osiris who was believed to have risen from thedead and promised his believers, whatever their status, a fair judgement of their earthlybehavior and eternal life." EK18

"Perhaps the most important feature of these coffins of the Eleventh and Twelfthdynasties was the magical spells written on them. These spells, which have becomeknown as the `Coffin Texts,' are really a link between the Pyramid Texts and the Book ofthe Dead. Many Coffin Texts are obvious variants of the Pyramid Texts. Their concernis basically the same, the well-being of the deceased. Eventually, these texts wouldbecome so numerous and complex that they would not fit on a coffin. This led to theirbeing written on papyrus, which became known as the Book of the Dead." EM122

"During the period of the Coffin Texts, the Middle Kingdom, mummies were oftencovered with a mask intended to protect the face fo the deceased. By the NewKingdom this mask developed into the anthropoid coffin, shaped realistically like thehuman body and serving as an envelope for the corpse." EM129

Antef I the Erpa AEHt922 5.12ofT EO109ofAEHt

Yntef I TST 2271-2222 AH67Intef WE,VSix 2160 B423Inyotef I EO,CA13 ~2134-2131 VSixInyotef I (Sehertawy) AO36 2134-2118 AOInyotef [Prince] EO438 2133-2118 CVB996Antef I (old rendering EO108), UN86Antef or Antefa DN14, (The Erpa and Ha prince TK44) 1ofD11 TST,CA,AH,AO,DN,Antef II (?) AEHt922 AH19,AI18,EO438Anjotef I HD63 2ofD11 HD3Anjotef [Prince] ~HD63 1/2ofD11 CVB996Wah-enkh Intef (Rem) AH67, (only South Egypt AH20) 111ofAEHtWahenkh Intef AI18Horus Wahenekh-Intef I B423, BE598 5.13of T EOSeher-towe ("Pacifier of the Two Lands" EO118)Sehertowe (Ho) Inyotef(I) (Nm) EO438 on Karnak list TK44,EO118Sehertowy (Ho) Inyotef I (Pers) (Contemporary with Inyotef I. CVB996)

No contemporary monuments. EO116Inscription from the reign of Nebhepetre`Menthotpe EO118

Reigned 50 yrs (Wah-enkh Intef) AI18Reigned ~50 yrs (Wahenkh Intef) AH19

"...there are frequent occurences of a Inyotef who equipped himself with a full royal titulary, yetcannot be fitted into Dynasty XI as we know it from Egypt itself." EO121

Yntef II TST 2221-2212 AH67Inyotef II ((T) EO438), CA13 2123-2073 HD159Inyotef II (Wah`ankh) AO36 2118-2069 AOAntef II UN86 2117-2069 PG,CVB996Antef III (?) Uah-ankh AEHt922Antef-aa ((Su)(SS) TK44)Anjotef II HD63 2ofD11 AO,TST,AH19,AI19,Nakht-neb-tep-nefer Intef AH19 EO438,CVB996,DN,TK44Nahktnebtepnefer Intef ((Rem) AH67) 3ofD11 CA,HD62Nakhtnebtepnefer AI19 112ofAEHtWah`ankh (Ho) Inyotef(II) (Nm) EO438Wahankh (Ho) Inyotef II (Pers) CVB996 5.14ofT EOUahankh Antefa I DNUah-ankh Antef-aa TK44Uah-ankh ((Ho) TK44)Horus Wahankh Antef II PGHorus Nakhtneb-Tepnefer-Intef II BE598Horus Nakhtneb-Tepnefer-Intef B423Si-re` In-`o EO118

[Pyramid EO118][Tomb EO118][Statue found TK44]

{Chancellor Tjetji EO119}

Reigned ~10 yrs (Nakht-neb-tep-nefer Intef) AH19,AI19Reigned 49 yrs (Inyotef II) (T) EO438

Captured the whole of the Abydos territory & opened up all its prisons. EO119

Inyotef III ((T) EO438), CA 2073-2065 HD159Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnufer) AO 2069-2061 AOAntef III UN86 2068-2061 CVB996Antef ((SS) TK45Antef VI(?) Nekht-neb-tep-nefer AEHt922Anjotef III HD62 3ofD11 AO,CVB996,DNNekht-neb-tep-nefer ((Ho) TK45) 4ofD11 HD63Nakht-neb-tep-nufe ((Ho) Eo119) 113ofAEHtNakhtnebtepnefer (Ho) Inyotef III (Pers) CVB996Nekhtnebtepnefer Antefa II DN14 5.15ofT EONakhtnebtephufe (Ho) Inyotef(III) (Nm) EO438 (K) TK45Nakht-neb-tep-nufe ((Ho) `Strong, lord of a Good Start' EO119)Si-Re` Inyotef EO119

[Only: restored a ruined tomb of a deified prince named Hekayeb. EO120][Statue TK45]

Reigned 8 (or 18) yrs (Inyotef III) (T) EO438

Aq-ka-Ra I Antef V(?) AEHt922 114ofAEHt

End of the 1st Intermediate Period. EO123

2nd half of 11TH DYNASTY (All Egypt AO)

"First of [11th D]... to be sovereign of all Egypt and not merely King 2060-1991 PGof Thebes." AH19

"First king since Dyn. VIII who was deemed worthy of a place in the Abydos and Sakkara king-lists." EO123

Nebhepetre Mentuhotep RB,EK18 2211-2197 AH67Nebhepetre Mentuhotep I PG 2196-2172 AH67Neb-hept-re Mentuhotpe AH19 2133-2118 CVB996Neb-hepet-Re Mentu-hotep CE319 2099-2061 AHNebheptre Mentuhotpe CVB21,AH67 c2080 A60Nebhepetre` Mentuhotpe AO36 2061-2010 AONebhapetre Mentuhotpe AH 2060-2010 PGNebhapetre AH ~2060-2010 CENebhepetre` (Pr) Menthotpe(I) (Nm) Nebhedje (Ho) (T) EO120 2052 TEA243Nebhepetre` Sam-towe (3rd Stage EO120) r~1700+-25 RC50Nebhedje (2nd stage: (Ho) `Lord of the White Crown' EO120)

Nebkherure` (erroneous rendering of Nebhepetre` EO120)Neter-hetch ((Ho)(N) TK46) 1ofD11 CA,HD63,A61Mentu-Hotep I TST,UN86 3ofD11 AH19,AI19,TSTMentuhotep PE59, WE 4ofD11 AH19,AO,DNMentuhotpe I CA13Mentehotpe I HD63 110ofAEHtMenthotpe I (`Mont is content' EO120)Menthu-hetep I tep a AEHt922 57ofA EO438Menthu-Hotep I A60 37ofS EO438Menthu-hetep ((SS) TK46) 5.16ofT EO438Monthu-Hotep Neb-hepet-Ra AB26Menthu-hotep I Neb-hepet-re EA109Mentuhotep Nebhepetre I EK8Menpehtira ((A) TKxxxix)Sankhabtaui Menthuhetep I DN14Senkh-ib-toui Mentuhotpe AH19Senkhibtoui Mentuhotpe, (before Nebhapetre Mentuhotpe AH19)Senkhibtoui (Proclaimed Pharaoh of all Egypt. AI19)S`ankhibtowe, Nebhedje, Samtowe ((Ho) distinct stages of Menthotpe I's reign. EO438)S`ankh-ib-towe (1st stage: (Ho) `He who makes to live the heart of the Two Lands' EO120)S-ankh-ab-taui(HO) Menthu-hetep(SS) TK45Sam-towe (3rd Stage, metamorphosed (Ho) `Uniter of the Two Lands' EO120)Horus Senekhibtowe-Mentuhotep I BE598Horus Senekhibtowe-Mentuhotep (Before Intef B423)Tep(y)a (Ho) Mentuhotpe(-a) I (Pers) CVB996Ra-neb-hetep(Su) Menthu-hetep(SS) Neter Hetch(Ho)(N) TK46

[Remains AH67][Coffin: empty EO122], [Ste TK46][Tomb & modest pyramid at Der El-Bahri (which Hatshepsut built next to). EO119,122]

[had 3 seperate titularies-previously attributed to 3 distinct pharaohs. EO120]

{Chancellor: Akhtoy EO123}, {Vizier: Ipi EO123}{Father: Inyotef III M Io`h EO121}

Reunited all Egypt according to a soldier's scratched rock found at Abisko. EO120-122

Reigned 15 yrs (Senkhibtoui Mentuhotpe) AI19Reigned ~15 yrs (Senkh-ib-toui Mentuhotpe) AH19Reigned ~25 yrs (Neb-hept-re Mentuhotpe) AH19Reigned 51 yrs (Nebhepetre Mentuhotep) EK18 ((T) EO120), EA109

"...as King Mentuhotep I Nebhepet-re', ruled a united Egypt during the 11th Dynasty. He was kingfor 51 years, consolidating Egypt's borders, pacifying the land and restoring it to prosperity. Hecontrolled his kingdom from Thebes and appointed a loyal Theban to every position of importance. His military activity was to launch punitive expeditions to ensure the safety of his borders andtrading routes, mines and quarries. These were directed against the Libyans, the Bedouin of Sinaiand the eastern desert, and Nubia. In Nubia he tried to restore Egyptian authority which hadlapsed since the 6th Dynasty, and succeeded in levying tribute... Once agein, Egyptian shipssailed the Red Sea to Punt. He was burried in a unique tomb-temple - part pyramid, part temple -at Deir el-Bahri, Thebes, which is today overshadowed by the better-preserved temple of QueenHatshepsut. Here a statue of the king was found in the burial chamber under the pyramid." EK18

"We owe it to H. Stock to have recognized that three spearate titularies, previously attributed tothree distinct Pharaohs all bearing the name Menthotpe, really belonged to one and the same

sovereign, each titulary reflecting a different stage in his career." EO120

Mentuhotep I's statue shows him black. EK19

"There was one old building on this site [Hatshepsut's Deir el Bahri] already, the tomb of KingMentuhotep, who had redeemed Egypt five centuries before." PE59

"...as King Mentuhotep I Nebhepet-re', ruled a united Egypt during the 11th Dynasty. He was kingfor 51 years, consolidating Egypt's borders, pacifying the land and restoring it to prosperity. Hecontrolled his kingdom from Thebes and appointed a loyal Theban to every position of importance. His military activity was to launch punitive expeditions to ensure the safety of his borders andtrading routes, mines and quarries. These were directed against the Libyans, the Bedouin of Sinaiand the eastern desert, and Nubia. In Nubia he tried to restore Egyptian authority which hadlapsed since the 6th Dynasty, and succeeded in levying tribute... Once agein, Egyptian shipssailed the Red Sea to Punt. He was burried in a unique tomb-temple - part pyramid, part temple -at Deir el-Bahri, Thebes, which is today overshadowed by the better-preserved temple of QueenHatshepsut. Here a statue of the king was found in the burial chamber under the pyramid." EK18

Civil war with Heracleopolitans LW

Mentu-hotep II TST 2196-2172 AH67Mentuhotep II PE17 2133-1992 TN42Menthotpe II EO,TN42 2065-2014 HD159Mentuhotpe II CA13 ~2061-2010 VSixMenthu-Hotep II UN86 2060-2010 CVB996Menthu-hetep ((SS) TK49) 2010-1998 PG,AOMenthuhotep II Sankhakare E109 c2007-1956 JACF2n65Menthu-hotep II S-ankh-ka-reEA109 r1650+-90 JACF2n65Mentehotpe II HD63Menmaatra ((A) TKxxxix)Montuhotep II VSix 4ofD11 TST,EO438,CVB996,AHSankhkare Mentuhotep II PG 5ofD11 TN42,CA,HD63,AO,DNSenkhkere Mentuhotpe AH 116ofAEHtSenkhkere AHS`ankhkare` Mentuhotpe AO36 38ofS EOS`ankhkare` (Pr) Menthotpe II ((T) EO438) 58ofA EOS`ankhtowef (Ho) S`ankhkare`(Pr) Menthotpe(II) (Nm) EO438 5.17ofT EO438Sankhibtowy (Ho) CVB996Sankh-ab-taui Menthu-hetep II AEHt922S-ankh-taui-f ((Ho)(N) TK49)Smatowy (3rd (Ho) CVB996)Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe II (Pers) Sankhibtowy (Ho) Netjeryhedjet, Smatowy, CVB?Nebheptre Mentuhotpe AI20Nibhapetre-Mentuhotep II BE598Nebhepra Menthuhetep II D14Nebhapetre ((A)(S) AH67)Netjeryhedjet (2nd (Ho) CVB996)Ra-s-ankh-ka(Su) S-ankh-taui-f(Ho)(N) Menthu-hetep(SS) TK49

[Inscriptions, Abydos, Sakkara TK50][Inscribed blocks-Upper Egypt EO]

{Henu: Steward EO124}

(T)(A)&(S) all show S`ankhkare` Menthotpe II as the immediate predecessor of Shetepibre`Ammenemes. EO124

Reigned 12 yrs (Menthu-hotep II S-ankh-ka-re) EA109 ((T) EO435)Reigned ~25 yrs (Nebheptre Mentuhotpe) AI20

"Nothing dated has survived from this period [Menthotpe's second stage] ..." EO120

"The Theban prince Mentuhotep II, founder of the Eleventh Dynasty; organized Upper Egypt andconquered the rich delta country, called Lower Egypt. He moved the royal court to Thebes. Theseevents in 2040 B.C. marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom." PE17

"Mentuhotep I was succeeded by his son, whose reign was peaceful, but when Mentuhotep IIIcame to the throne the country again experienced difficulties and his brief reign ended with theuserpation of power by a certain Amenemmes." EK18

"Nothing dated has survived from this period [Menthotpe's second stage] ..." EO120

"The Theban prince Mentuhotep II, founder of the Eleventh Dynasty; organized Upper Egypt andconquered the rich delta country, called Lower Egypt. He moved the royal court to Thebes. Theseevents in 2040 B.C. marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom." PE17

"Mentuhotep I was succeeded by his son, whose reign was peaceful, but when Mentuhotep IIIcame to the throne the country again experienced difficulties and his brief reign ended with theuserpation of power by a certain Amenemmes." EK18

7 Kingless years (T) EO124

(Mentuhotep II/III) r~1710+-50 RC49r~1630+-150 RC49

Mentu-hotep III TST 2171-2125 AH67Mentuhotpe III CA13 2014-2001 HD159Munthu-Hotep III UN86 2009-1998 CVB996Menthu-hetep ((SS) TK47) 1998-1991 AOMentehotpe III HD64 1997-1991 PGMonthu-Hotep III AB26Nebtowyre Mentuhotep III PGNibtowere-Mentuhotep RB5 5of16D11 TST,AI,AH,CVBNibtowere-Mentuhotep III BE598 6ofD11 CA,HD,DN,AO,EO,AHNebtauira Menthuhetep III (?) DN14 118ofAEHtNebtowere` Menthotpe III (Prenomen & Nomen EO125)Nebtouire Mentuhotpe AHNebtawyre` Mentuhotpe AO36Neb-taui-Ra Menthu-hetep IV AEHt922Neb-hapet-re Mentuhotpe AH19Nebhapetre Mentuhotpe AH67Nebtowe (Ho) Nebtowere` (Pr) Menthotpe(III) (No) EO438Neb-taui ((Ho)(N) TK47)

Neteru ((Gh) TK47)Nebhapetre Mentuhotpe AI20Senkh-ke-re Mentuhotpe AH19Sankhtowyef (Ho) Sankhkare Mentuhotpe III (Pers) CVB996Usrmaatra-setep-enra? TKxxxixRa-neb-taui(Su) Neb-taui(Ho)(N) Neteru(Gh) Menthu-hetep TK47

Remains found AH67[Inscriptions TK47], [only sculptured blocks. AB26][Grafitti, sherds, inscriptions, stone bowl fragment EO125]{Vizier: Amenemhe EO125}, {Mother: Amam TK47}, {Steward: Henu EO125}

Reigned ~10 yrs (Senkh-ke-re Mentuhotpe) AH19Reigned 47 yrs (Nebhapetre Mentuhotpe) AH67

Abraham's time? (based on conv dates.) AH318

Mentu-hotep IV TST 2124-2115 AH67Mentuhotep IV 2001-1994 HD159Mentuhotpe IV CA13 1996-1991 CVB996Menthu-hetep TK48Mentehotpe IV HD64Nibhepe're-Mentuhotep IV BE598 6ofD11 AH67,AI20,CVB996,TSTSenkhkere Mentuhotpe AH67 7ofD11 CA,DNSenkhkere ((A),(S) AH67) 119ofAEHtSenkhkere Mentuhotpe AI20Sankhkara Menthuhetep IV (?) DN14Sankh-ka-Ra Menthu-hetep V AEHt922Sma-taui ((Ho)(N) TK48)Nebtowy (Ho) Nebtowyre Mentuhotpe IV (Pers) CVB996Ra-neb-hapt(Su) Menthu-hetep(SS) Sma-taui(Ho)(N) TK48

Remains AH67[erroneous: 3 variations of Menthhotpe I caused error. EO121][Inscriptions, Sakkara, Karnack, Abydos TK48]{Son: Antef? TK49}, {Wife: Aat-shet TK49}

Senekhkere-Mentuhotep V BE598 2191 AI28Neb-toui-re Mentuhotpe AH19 2114-2112 AH67Nebtouire Mentuhotpe AH67Ra-skha-...Mentu-hetep TK50

7ofD11 AH19Remains AH67[erroneous: 3 variations of Menthhotpe I caused error. EO121], [Pa TK50]

Reigned 3 yrs AH67

Antef VI(?) AEHt922 ?ofD11 HD64An(jotef) HD64 117ofAEHt

Ijibchentre` HD64 ?ofD11 HD64......ab-khent-Ra AEHT922 120ofAEHt

Segerseni HD64 ?ofD11 HD64

Anjotef HD64 ?ofD11 HD64

Famine, Asiatic invasion eastern delta etc. AH317,AI180

"Local temples built or added to by the kings of Dyn XII abound, though as a rule only isolatedblocks have survived, the remainder having been destroyed or removed to make way for laterconstructions. Private stelae are very numerous, particularly those found at Abydos..." EO128

"at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty the eastern Delta was overrun by Asiatic tribesmen who hadpushed in from the desert and from the fringes of Palestine, owing to a serious state of famine inthose regions." AI180

12TH DYNASTY 3703-3417 TKliv

Thebes Tklxvi, ((Af)(Eu) MM35) 3579-3368 (PE)AH58 3459-3246 TKlv

7 kings 160 yrs ((M) S, (Af) TKlxvi) 3404-3244 TKliv 7 kings in 182 yrs ((Eu) TKxvi) 3315-3315 TKliv

2851-2398 TKlv"Of the kings of Dynasty XII, the tombs of all have been discovered except for 2812-2599 TKlvthat of Amenemhat IV." TX221 2778-2565 (PE)S

2755-2634 TKlivAsiatic slaves are increasingly often mentioned. EO133 ~2500-2300 AN26

~2500-2000 HE14Joseph's canal is believed to have been built during the 12th D. TX143 2500 or 2200 DN14

"2466-2233 TKlv"For Dyn. XII the [Turin] Canon is remarkably trustworthy, even the "2380- MM3lengths of reign being accurately stated. Nor at this point must a 2268-2108 TKlvword of commendation be refused to Manetho for somewhat similar ~2212-2192 WDreasons. He is mistaken, however, in describing Dyn XII as ?2200-2000 DN8Diospolite (Theban), since perhaps its principal differentiating *2112 AH318feature apart from its interdependence as a single family, was its 2111-1898 AH30removal to a geographic position far away to the north." EO127 2000-1791 TKlii

2000-1788 S,HC15"The use of stone for weapons and implements continued in Egypt 2000-1785 UN86as late as the time of the XIIth Dynasty." HE14 ~2000 TE,ABxxi

1994-1781 HD159"12th Dynasty...series of military attacks against nubia... colonized c1991-1786 EK,CA,OE,CVB,that region south...to the 2nd cataract." RV5 RC,AEG,EO,TN,VS

*1991-1783 AO36"At the royal court, which moved to memphis at the beginning of 1991-1782 PGthe Twelfth Dynasty, great advances in technical skills appear in c1990-1790 EA44painted reliefs and sculptured hardstone statues of the Pharaohs. c1990-1785 EA109During the Twelfth Dynasty, royal artists produced powerful portrait ~1990-1780 CE319statues of the kings that show the new technical dexterity and the -1780 ACC94taste for realism that had begun to develop during the First 1800 PY57Intermediate Period. The arts of the jeweler, during this time, ~1500 MM3reached a level of excellence and technical perfection that wasnever again achieved in Egyptian history." PE29

"In the 12th Dynasty "Egyptian literature reached a height never again to be obtained." AIC p.26

Amenemhet I ((M) AI30), RB,PG,E109,WE274,WD,AI28,UN86,ES17 2466 LI36Amenemhet I (Sehetepibre`) AO36 2380 LI36Amonemhat I TST,TE12 ~2212-2192 WDAmenemhat I VSix,TEA243 2130 LI36Amen-em-het I CE,PT83 2111-2083 AI37Amen-em-hat I TK51 2000-1970 BEAmun-em-het I (Ammenemes) EA109 1994-1964 HD159Amenemhe I ((Nm) "Amun is in Front" EO126) 1991-1971 TEA243Amenemhe`t LI36 *1991-1962 PG,AO,CVB,PTAmmenemes I CA13,TPE,EO67,HD65 ~1991-1962 EO,TN,VSAmmenemes I (Amenemhe) TN42 ~1991-1961 CEAmenemes I AH30 c1990 TPEAmenemes? ((Bs) TKlxxvi) c1800 ES17Ammenemes ((M)(T) EO439), Tklxxiv,A61 ~1440 MM37Ammenemes (M) = Shetepibre`(A)(S)(T) EO439Ameneme: Sehotpeibre Amenemhet (I) AI37Ameny (Abbrev of Amenemhe EO126), AH315 bet 11&12(M) EO,MM35Nemmosut ((H) "Repeating the story of creation" AI39) ofD11 TKlxvWehammeswe (Ho) Shetipibre`Amenemhe(I) (PrNm) EO439 1ofD12 AI30,AO,TST,TE,CA,Weham-meswe ((Ho)"Repeater of Births" EO127) HD,EO439,DN,CVB96,TK51Sehetepabra Amenemhat I DN14 121ofAEHtSehetep-ab-Ra I Amen-em-hat I AEHt923Sehetepibre Ammenemes I CVB996,EO124Sehotpeibre ((RH) "Pacifying the heart of the sun-god" AI39) 59ofA EOShetipibre (Prenomen EO) 39ofS EOShetepibre EO 5.20ofT EOSehetep-ab-Ra TE12Se-hetep-ab-Ra Amen-em-ha {Sehotepibre Amenemhat I} MM35Sehotpeibtoui? AI39Ra-Sehetep-ab(Su) Nem(or Uhem) Mestu(Ho)(N)(Gh) Amen-emhat(SS) TK51

[Pyramid at Lisht TPE,EO138][Inscription, Karnak, Abydos, Sakkara TK52], [Wise counsel EO129][Alabaster Jar bearing the name of Piopi I (D6)]. EO136

{More personal details known than any other pharaoh. EO125}

{Son & Co-regent with: Senwosre I EO129}{Father: Senwosre EO125}

Reigned 16 yrs (Amenemhet I) AI30 ((M) EO439)Reigned 19 yrs (Amenemes I) AH30Reigned 26 yrs? (Ammenemes) TKIxxiv A61Reigned [2]9 yrs ((T) EO439)Reigned 29 yrs (Amenemes?) Book of Sothis. TKIxxviReigned 30 yrs (Amun-em-het I (Ammenemes)) EA109

"...indisputable monumental evidence... fixes the accession of Ammenemes I, the founder of thedynasty, to 1991 B.C. or thereabouts." EO67

"More personal details are know about the founder of the new dynasty than about any otherPharaoh. Characteristically the sources of our knowledge are works of fiction or semi-fiction ratherthan formal official records." EO125

"There exists in the Museum of Leningrad a papyrus of which the whole purpose is the glorificationof this monarch and which must, accordingly, have been composed in his reign or not much later. Itis there related that King Snofru (p.77), seeking amusement, called upon his courtiers to find someclever man who could supply the required diversion. A lector-priest from Bubastis named Nefertiwas recommended, who when Snofru elected to hear about the future rather than the past,launched out upon a description of coming disaster vividly recalling the picture painted in thealready mentioned `Admonitions' (pp. 109-10). Salvation was, however, to arrive at last..." EO125-126

"...the accession of Amenemmes I. The new ruler, probably the former vizier of the last king of the11th Dynasty, faced a difficult task in justifying his right to the throne and restoring the country...To secure the succession he made his eldest son, Sesostris, his co-regent so that the thronewould pass smoothly to him. All the rulers of the 12th Dynasty were to adopt this policy. Althoughoriginally from Thebes, Amenemmes I moved his capital to the more central city of It-towe, nearmodern El-Lisht... the leaders of the dew dynasty abandoned the custom of burial in rock-cuttombs and reverted to pyramid-building, although they never attempted to raise such magnificentstructures as the Old Kingdom had produced." EK18

"According to Manetho, Amenemmes I died at the hands of his own chamberlains." EK18

"The Middle Kingdom was composed mostly of kings from the Twelfth Dynasty, beginning withAmenemhet I, a vizier who usurped the throne. He was later assasinated, the only Egyptian king tosuffer that fate." RB5

In 1987… cleared the granite blocks belonging to a gateway of the djadja ('court') of Amenemhat I ('restored' by Senuseret III)within the small fillage of Ezbet Helmy. R266

Sesostris I AH30,BE,EK55,CA13,OE,TPE,TEA243 2555 SOR152Sesostris I (Senwosre) TN42 ~2192-2157 WDSesostris I (Sesonchosis) HD65 2082-2047 AI48Sesostris the Great (Sirius in Eratosthenes) SOR212 1980-1935 BESenwosret I PG,E109,PG,WE274 1974-1929 HD159Sesostri: Kheperkere Sesusri (I) AI48 1971-1928 PG,OE,EO,PO,PTSenwosret I (Kheperkare`) AO36 1971-1926 AOSen-wosret I (Sesostris) EA109 ~1971-1926 CESenwosre I ((Nm) EO) 1971 TEA243Senusert I S,PO,AI48,VSix ~1962-1928 VSixSenusret HE15, ("Sesostris") I WD c1917-1872 JACF2n65Senursert I UN86,AB29 r1605+-40 JACF2n65

Sen-Usert I CE319,PT83 ~1420 MM37Sesusri I AI48Sesusre (Senusret) I ((T)(M) AI30)Sesonchosis ((M)EO439 (Af)(Eu)TKlxvii),((T)EO439) 1ofD12 (M)EO439Sesonchosis (M) = Kheperkare`(A)(S)(T) EO439 2ofD12 HD65,AO,TST,AI30,Sesonkhosis ((Bs) TKlxxvi) EO439,DN,CVB996,TK53Sesonchosis ((SL) TX120) 3ofD12 SOR212Sesortosis? ((E) TKlxxiv)Sesoosis (Sesostris) ((per Diodorus) EO6)Kheperkara Usertsen (or Sen-Usrit) I DN14 60ofA EOKheperkare Sesostris I CVB996 40ofS EOKheperkare (Sesusri I AI171) EO 5.21ofT EOKheperkere ("Existing by the Spirit of the Sun-god" AI50)Kha-Kheper-Ra AB31Cheper-ka-Ra Usert-esen Senuseret I MM1~Ankhmeswe (Ho) Kheperkare` Senwosre(I) (PrNm) EO439Enkhmosut ("the Life-force of creation" AI51)Usertsen (used to be read. AI48) HE15Usertsen I TK53Ra-kheper-ka(Su) Ankh Mestu(Ho)(N)(Gh) Usertsen(SS) TK53

[Pyramid at Lisht TPE,HE15,EO138,EK55], [Ob Ins TK53][Pyramid at Sakkara EA45][Temple of Osiris AB31]

{Vizier: Antefoker WC72}{? Ikher-Nefert AB29}{Ameni, a prince TK54}{Vizier: Mentuhotep = Joseph (Chief Judge, Overseer of the Granary, Governor...) TX142}{Father & Co regent: Ameny EO129}{Son: Pheros (He) MM5}{famine inscription TX134}{could this be the same, or contemporary of Khafre (Suphis II) of D4?}

Reigned 42 yrs (Sesostris I) AH30Reigned 44 yrs (Sen-wosret I (Sesostris)) EA109Reigned 45 yrs (Sesusre (Senusret)) ((T) AI30,EO439)Reigned 46 yrs (Sesonchosis) ((M) EO439)Reigned 49 yrs (Sesonkhosis) ((Book of Sothis) TKIxxvi,TX120)Reigned 55 yrs (Sesortosis?) ((E) TKIxxiv)

Reigned in Upper Egypt under whom the Phoenix Periods of 652 years began - Manetho,Eratosthenes, Abydos. SOR212

Dedicated a statue to Inyotef the great, born of Iku (ancestor of D11) and an alter to S`ankhkare`Menthotpe. EO127

"...distorted... assimilated in the form Sesonchosis to that of Shoshenk of a thousand years later." EO46

*** Herodotus placed Sesostris before Cheops et al. EO4

Why did EO & TK identify Sesonchosis of (SL) with Sesostris I?

"...at Lisht, the expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, excavated anotherpyramid of this period [12th Dynasty] belonging to Sesostris I, together with the surroundingfunerary complex." EK55

Semna Fortress (period of Sesostris I or III?) RC54-55r~1570+-100 RC50r~1550+-80 RC50

Buhen Fortress (probably Sesostris I) RC120r~2470+-80 RC49r~2450+-160 RC49r~2240+-60 RC49r~2160+-100 RC49r~2140+-80 RC49r~2100+-40 RC49r~2040+-80 RC49r~2020+-90 RC49r~2010+-60 RC49r~1880+-50 RC49r~1850+-90 RC49

Amenemhet II ((M) AI30), B424,WE274,UN86 2046-2012 AI74Amen-em-het II CE319,PT83 1938-1903 BEAmen-em-hat II TK54 1932-n1898 HD159Amenemhet II (Nabkaure`) AO36 1929-1895 PG,CVB,PT,TNAmenemhat II HE118,VSix ~1929-1895 EO439Amonemhat II TST ~1929-1894 CEAmenemhe II (Nomen EO) *1929-1892 AOAmeneme: Nubkeure Amenemhet (II) AI74 ~1928-1895 VSixAmeny AI74 ~1378 MM37Amenu AI74Amenemes ((SL) TX120)Amenemes II AH30 3ofD12 AO,TST,CA,HD,EO,Ammenemes II CA13,TPE,TN42,HD66 DN,CVB,EO,TK,EOAmmanemes ((M),(T) EO439)Ammanemes ((Af)(Eu) TKlxvi)Ammanemes (M) = Nubkaure`(A)(S)(T) EO439 61ofA EOAmasis? ((Bs) TKlxxvi) 41ofS EONubkaura Amenemhat II DN14 5.22ofT EONubkaure Ammenemes II CVB996 9 of SL TX120Nubkaure (Prenomen EO)Nubkeure (name used while joint-king with his father. AI74)Hekenemmae (Ho), Nubkaure` Amenemhe(II) (PrNm) EO439Hekenemmaet ((H) "The Worshipper in Truth" AI74)Heken-em-Maat ((Ho)(N) TK54)Maekheru ((H) "The True-voiced" AI74)Maat-kheru ((Gh) TK54)?Pheros? (He) MM5Ra-nub-kau(Su) Heken-em-Maat(H)(N) Maat-kheru Amen-em-hat(SS) TK54

[Pyramid at Dahshur TPE,HE118,EO138][Inscription, Statue, Abydos, Sakkara, Karkak TK55]

Reigned 2 yrs (Amasis?) ((Bs) TKIxxvi)Reigned 8 yrs (Ammanemes Nubkaure') EO439

Reigned 29 yrs (Amenemes II) TX120Reigned 35 yrs (Amenemes II) AH30Reigned 38 yrs (Amenemhet II) ((M) AI30,EO439,TKIxvi)

{Joseph still alive TX145}

See Menkaura of D4

Sesostris II AH30,CA13,EK55,HD66,TN42 2011-1999 AI80Sesostris ((M) EO439, (Af)(Eu) TKlxvi), ((T) EO439) 1906-1887 BESesostris (M) = Kha`kheperre` (A)(S)(T) and Kha`kaure` (A)(S)(T) 1900-n1881 HD159Senwosret II PG,E109,WE274 1897-1879 PT,TN42Senwosret II (Kha`kheperre`) AO36 *1897-1878 AO36Senusert II TST,VSix 1897-1878 PG,CVB996Senursert II UN86 ~1897-1878 CESenwosre II (Nomen EO) ~1897-1877 EO439,RC43Sen-Usert II CE319,PT83 ~1895-1879 VSixSen-wosret II EA109 c1842-1836 JACF2n65Sesusri II AI181 r1670+-70 RCT423Sesusri (Senusret) II ((M),(T) AI30) r1650+-70 JACF2n65Sesusre ((Pers)(SS) AI80) r1470+-80 JACF2n65Sesostri: Khekheperre Sesusri (II) AI80 ~1346 MM37Seshemutowe (Ho) Kha`kheperre` Senwosre(II) (PrNm) EO439Seshemutoui ((H) "Administrator of the Two Lands" AI80)Semu-taui ((Ho) TK55) 3ofD12 (M)EO439Sekhemaet ((VC) "He who causes the truth to shine" AI80) 4ofD12 CA,HD,EO439,AO,TST,Sekha-Maat ((N) TK55) AI30,DN,CVB996,TK55Khekheperre ((RH) "He who ascends as the Being" AI80)Khakheperra Usertsen (or Sen-Usrit) II DN14 62ofA EOKhakheperre Sesostris II CVB996 42ofS EOCha-cheper-Ra Usert-esen {Senuseret II} MM1 5.23ofT EONeteruhotpe ((HN) "Satisfaction of the Gods" AI80)Neteru-hetep ((Gh) TK55)Usertsen II HE121,TK55Ra-kha-kheper(Su) Semu-taui(Ho) Sekha-Maat(N) Neteru-hetep(Gh) Usertsen(SS) TK55

[Sarcophagus EO139][Pyramid plundered. EO139][Pyramid at Illahun TPE][Alabasher table. EO139][breast ornaments HE121][Stela, Inscriptions, Abydos, Sakkara TK56]

{Wife: Nefert. TK57} {Daughter: Sit-Hathor-Yunet. EA44}

Reigned ?9 yrs (Sesusri (Senusret)) ((T) AI30)Reigned 18 yrs (Sen-wosret II) EA109Reigned 19 yrs (Sesostris II) AH30 ((T) EO435)Reigned 48 yrs (Sesostris) ((M) EO439,AI30)

{Joseph still alive TX145}

"The land was gradually settled; an irrigation system was again established, and a great

engineering feat was accomplished in the Fayoum, a large oasis in the western desert, bySesostris II and Amenemmes III. The annual inflow into this great basin from the Nile, via the BahrYusef, was reduced, the land reclaimed was encircled by a large semi-circular embankment anddykes and canals were built to prevent flooding. Altogether, 40 square miles of pastureland werereclaimed and the resulting lake also acted as a reservoir." EK18

"...while at Lahun, in a small tomb near to that of Sesostris II, Brunton, who had been trained byPetrie, found the treasure of another royal princess. The crowns and jewelry have been acclaimedever since as superb examples of craftsmanship." EK55

Sesostris III RB,E109,CA13,A61,CVB22,HC18,TPE,EA32,TN42,DI53,HD66 ~2099-2061 WDSenwosret III PG,WE274 1998-1960 AH85Senwosret III (Kha`kaure`) AO r1895+-400 RD70*Senwosre III EO 1887-1849 BESenusert III TST,AB29,VSix 1881-n1842 HD159Senusret III (must include yrs 1882-1879(So) UN10), WD ~1879-1842 VSixSenursert III UN86 1878-c1845 RC43Sen-Usert III CE319,PT83 1878-1843 TNSen-wosret III EA109 ~1878-1843 EO,CVB,PTSesusri (Sesostris) III ((M),(T) AI30), AI27 *1878-1841? AO36Sesusri ((Pers)(SS) AI85) 1878-1841 PGSenwosre III (Nomen EO) 1878-c1831 RC43Se-n-wosre EO136 ~1878-1840 CEKhekere AI149 ~1872 DI53Khekeure ((RH) "Crowned by the Spirits of the Sun-god" AI85) r1820+-60 RCT423Khakaura Usertsen (or Sen-Usrit) III DN15 r1770+-190 RCT423Khakaure Sesostris III CVB996 r1746+-400 HO107Kha`kaure (Prenomen EO) r1710+-50 RCT423Kheperu ((Hn) "the Created-one" AI85) r1692+-310 RD70*Chachare or Sesostri: Khekeure Sesusri (III) AI85 r1690+-75 RC49,87Netjerkhepru (Ho), Kha`kaure` Senwosre(III) (PrNm) EO439 r1680+-150 RCT423Neterkheperu ((H) "the God-created" AI85) r1671+-180 av 3 RD,CVANetermosut ((Vc) "The Divine-one of Births" AI85 r~1670+-180 RC49Lachares ((Gr) AI85), EO439 r~1660+-50 RC49Lamaris ((Af) TKlxvi) r 1610+-70 RCT423Lampares (EA) Tklxvi r~1600+-50 RC49Usertsen (or Senusret) III HE63 r~1575+-150 RC49Usertsen III TK57 r1520+-50 RCT423Ra-kha-kau(Su) Neter-kheperu(Ho) Neter-Mestu Ankh-Kheper Usertsen TK57 r1457+-500 RD70*

r1450+-60 RCT423[Tomb at Abydos HE62] r1430+-30 RCT423[Pyramid at Dahshur TPE] ~1339 MM37[Pyramid at Illahun HE62] r1300+-40 RCT423[Inscription Stela, Karnak, Abydos, Sakkara TK47][Cenotaph AB29]

4ofD12 TKlxviReigned 8 yrs (Sesusri (Sesostris)) AI30 5ofD12 CA,AO,TST,DN,EO,TKReigned 8 yrs ((Lamaris) ((Af) TKIxvi)), ((Lampares) (Ea) TKIxvi)Reigned 30+ yrs (Sesusri (Sesostris)) ((T) AI30) 63ofA EOReigned 36 yrs (Sen-wosret III) EA109 43ofS EO

5.24ofT EOPharaoh of the oppression. Changes were made in thegovernmental policies from feudal to centralized dictatorship. TX146

[World conquering hero (D)(He), worshipped centuries later in Nubia. EO136]

* "Wood from deck of funerary ship from tomb of Sesostris III." RD70{Sit-hathor & Merit princesses. HE120}{pharaoh of the oppression TX146}{not the son of Sesostris II TX149}Se-n-wosre (true reading of Usertsen, "the man of Wsre, the powerful goddess" EO136"Later in the 12th Dynasty, Sesostris III completely restructured the central government. RB5

"In the Middle Kingdom they [local armies] continued to exist until the reign of Sesostris III, whoabolished the old system and instituted conscription of native Egyptians, with a quota of Nubianvolunteers, to build up a royal army centered on his own personal retainers." EK116

"The burial sites of the Middle Kingdom revealed other treasures to the archaeologists; at Dahshur,de Morgan discovered the jewelry of Princess Hathor-Sat, daughter of Sesostris III..." EK55

"Architecture included the new pyramids at Lisht, Dahshur, El-Lahun and Hawara, andcultus-temples (for the worship of the gods), most of which were later dismantled and incorporatedin the structure of other temples. Middle Kingdom temples do survive in part at Medinet Maadi andTod. Private brick tombs of the nobles continued to be built in the cliffs near the provincial centersuntil the reign of Sesostris III." EK20

Restored & extended some of Amenemhat I's temples, etc. r266-267

* "The key date for fixing in time the Egyptian Middle Akingdom and the periods preceding it is theseventh year of the reign of Pharaoh Sesostris III of the Twelfth Dynasty. This date is fixed by aheliacal rising of the star Sirius." CR3a1965p416

Amenemhet III AI30,AI106,RB,E109,EM117,PO,WE274,WD,UN86 ~2061-2013 WDAmenemhet III (Nima`atre`) AO36 1959-1911 AH29Amenemhat III VSix,TEA243 1849-1801 BEAmonemhat III TST 1844-1797 AOAmenemmes III EK55,CA13 1842-1797 PG,CVB,PO,PT,TNAmmenemes III EO140,A62,T44 ~1842-1797 EO439,VSAmmenemes III (Lamares, Ameres) HD66 1842-1794 HD159Amenemes III AH29 1842 TEA243Amenemhe III (Nomen EO) ~1840-1792 CEAmenem-Hat III AB30 c 1785 A62Amen-em-het III CE319,PT83 ~1320 MM37Amen-em-hat III TK58Amun-em-het III EA109Ameres EO 6ofD12 AI30,AO,TST,CA,HD66,Ammeres ((Af) TKlxvi) EO439,DN,CVB996,TK58~Abau (Ho), Nema`re` Amenemhe(III) (PrNm) EO439 5ofD12 (M)EO439Oebeu ((H) "Great-one of the spirits" AI105) LofD12 A62Enmaatra Amenemhat III DN15Ithetiueue ((Vc) "Grasping the heritage of the Past" AI105 64ofA EOIthetiuetoui ("Grasping the heritage of the Two Lands" AI105) 44ofS EOMaebire? AI105 5.25ofT EONemaetre or Nemaere ((RH) "Possessing the Truth of the Sun-god" AI105)Nemaere ((Th) EI147)Nema`re ((Pr) EO)Nymare Ammenemes III CVB996

Lamare Ameneme: Nemaere Amenemhet (III) AI105Lamares EO2Lachares ((M),(T) EO439)Lachares (M) = Nema`re`(A)(S)(T) EO439Labares EO439Labari(s) ((Gr) AI105Wahenkh ((Hn) "Abundant is his life" AI105)Ra-en-Maat(Su) Aa-baiu(Ho) Thet-auat-taui(N) Uah-ankh(Gh) Amen-em-hat(SS) TK58

[Pyramids at Dahshur & Hawara TPE,EO139],[Pyramid at Dashur CA20][Labyrinth-temple at Hawara EO140,TEA243],[Inscription, Abydos, Sakkara TK60]

{Ptah-Neferu W TK60}{?Joseph appointed to high office. AI180}{Joseph's time? AH321}{?killed all male Hebrew children? d found & raised Moses & married Chenephres. TX157}

Reigned 8 yrs ((Amenemhet III) (M) AI30), ((Ameres) EO, (Af) TKIxvi), ((Larchares)(M) EO439)Reigned 40+ yrs ((Amenemhet III) (T) AI30), ((Lachares)(T) EO439)Reigned 45+ yrs (Ammenemes III) EO140Reigned 50 yrs (Amun-em-het III) EA109

"In the 3rd year of the reign of Ammenemes III, on day 27 of month 3 of Proyet…" ARAMCO5/98p27

"Greek and Roman writers wrote of a `Labrinth' in Egypt built by the legendary Moeris - a placewhich inspired their admiration. It was the prramid and funerary complex of King Amenemmes III,built in the Fayoum, and in antiquity was regarded more highly than the pyramids at Gizeh." EK144

"Particularly ambitious building programs were carried out all over Egypt by Sesostris I andAmenemmes III. The latter is credited with the famous `Labyrinth' described by Greek historians asa wonder surpassing even the pyramids." EK20

"Amenemhet III reclaimed vast tracts of land...and increased Egypt's agricultural prosperity." RV5

"At Hawara Petrie opened one of the 12th-Dynasty pyramids built by Amenemmes III..." EK55

"The pyramid of Nefurptah is unique in all of Egyptian archaeology. It is the only royal pyramidfound unrobbed, with the mummy still in it. Neferuptah was the daughter of the PharaohAmenemhet III, who ruled in the Middle Kingdom. When the pyramid was discovered, it was foundthat, unfortunately, water had seeped into the burial chamber, and most of the contents of the tombhad been destroyed. Enough fragments of the sarcophagus were recovered, however, to show thatthe hieroglyphs were formed in a most unusual way. All the animals were drawn mutilated. Theowls and chicks wer drawn without legs... And the viper was without a tail..." EM33

"The pyramid of the princess Neferuptah, daughter of Amenemhet III, was discovered in 1955. Mostof the limestone casing had been quarried, and the mud-brick interior had collapsed. In the middleof the pyramid, at ground level, were seven large limestone blocks, each fifteen feet long, whichcovered the underground burial chamber. When, in April of 1956, the limestone blocks wereremoved, the burial chamber was found to be half full of water. It is a rectangular room, about eightfeet high, five feet wide, and fifteen feet long. It had been hewn out of the bedrock, then lined withlimestone. About two feet from the north wall was a limestone partition, a foot thick, five feet long,and seven feet high. On one side of the partition was a huge red granite sarcophagus with theprincess' name inscribed on the side." EM117

Amenemhet IV ((T),(M) AI30), ((Pers)(SS) AI133), B425,PG,WE274,UN86 1910-1902 AI133Amenemhet IV (Ma`akherure`) AO36 1908-1901 AI36Amenemhat IV VSix 1801-1792 BEAmen-em-het IV PT83 1799-1787 AOAmen-em-hat IV TK62 1798-1790 CVB,PT,TNAmonemhat IV TST ~1798-1790 EO439Amenemhe IV (Nomen EO) 1798(?)-1785 HD159Ammenemes IV CA13,TPE,TN42,EO140,HD66 1798-1786 PGAmenemes IV AH29 ~1797-1790 VSixAmmenemes ((M),(T) EO439) ~1271 MM37Ammenemes (M) = Ma`kherure` (A)(S)(T) EO439Amenemes ((Af) TKlxvi)Ameneme: Maekherure Amenemhet (IV) AI133 7ofD12 AO,AI30,TST,CA,HD,Maatkherura Amenemhat IV DN15 EO439,DN,CVB996,EO439Makherure Ammenemes IV CVB996 6ofD12 (M)EO439,TKIxviMa`kherure (Prenomen EO) 6ofD12 (M)TKlxviMaekherure ((Rh) "The Truth of the Voice of the Sun-god" AI133)Kheperkhepru (Ho), Ma`kherure` Amenemhe(IV) (PrNm) EO439 65ofA EOKheperkheperu ((H) "The Being of Beings" AI133) 45ofS EOKhepera Kheper Kheperu ((H) TK62) 6.1ofT EORa-maa-kheru(Su) Khepera Khaper Kheperu(H) Amen-em-hat(SS) TK62

[Pyramid at Mazghuna TPE],[Abydos, Sakkara, Karnak, Inscriptions TK63]{Son: Sebeknofrure` (M) EO141}

Reigned 8 yrs (Ammenemes) EO439,TKIxviReigned 9 yrs (Ammenemes) (T) EO439Reigned 9 yrs 3 mos 27 days (Amenemhet IV ) (T) AI130Reigned 10 yrs (Amenemhet IV) (M) AI30

"Amenemhet IV left no son, for he was succeeded by the princess Sebek-nefru-Re, theSkemiophris of Manetho." BE208

Usertsen [IV?] TK64 10ofD12 DNSankh-taui ((N) TK64)Sebekneferura Sen-Usrit IV DN15Nefer-khau ((Gh) TK64)Ra-senefer-ab ((Su) TK64)

[Inscription TK64]

Queen Sobeknofru PG 1901-1899 AI135Queen Sobknofru ("The Beauties of the god Sobk" AI134) 1792-1788 BEQueen Sebek-nefru TST ~1790-1786 VSQueen Sebekneferu TPE ~1789-1786 EO,CVB,PTQueen Nefrusobk (Sebekkare`) Q AO36 1787-1783 AOQueen Nefrusobek r266 (Skemiophris) ~HD67 1785-1782 PGSebeknefrure (Queen) B425 1785-1781 HD159Sebek-nefrure PTT83 1785 UN86

Sobek-neferu AB155Sobekneferu (Queen) EK20Sobknofrure ((M),(T) AI30) 7ofD12 (M)EO439Sobkneferu CA13 8ofD12 TST,AO,HD67,AI23,Sebeknofru ((Nm) female king EO439), VSix CVB996,EO439Sebeknefrure BE 9ofD12 DNSebekneferura DN15Sebekneferura (Skemiophris) HE119 45ofS EOSobeknofru (Scemiophris) TN42 6.2ofT EOSebek-Neferu? ((Gh) TK64)Sebekkare (Prenomen EO)Sobkkare Sobkneferu CVB996Sebek-em-sas {Sebekneferu} MM35Skemiophr (Sobkenophr?); Sobknofru AI134Scemiophris ((M) EO)Scemiophris (M) = Sebekkare`(S) Sebeknofrure` (T) EO439Skemiophris ((Af) TKlxvi), HE119Skemiophis (Sebeknefrure) AH29Shedetsobknofrure ((Rh) AI134)Sitsekhem ((Vc) "Daughter of Dominion" AI134)Sat-sekhem-nebt-taui-tett-kha ((N) TK64)Meretre` (Ho), Sebekkare` Sebeknofru (PrNm) EO439Merytre ((H) "Beloved of the Sun-god" AI134)Dedetkhe ((Hn) "Enduring in her Ascension" AI134)Ra-mert ((Ho) TK64)Ra-Sebek-Neferu(Su) TK64

Ra-Sebek-Neferu(Su)=Ra-mert(Ho)=Sat-sekhem-nebt-taui-tett-kha(N)=Sebek-Neferu?(Gh) TK64

[Pyramid at Mazghuna] TPE[Temple compound containing columns & Sphinx at Tell el-Daba, uncovered by Neville in 1885.]

{Brother: Ammenemes (M) EO141}{Father: Amenemhet III? TX157}{Moses' stepmother? TX157}{Husband: Chenophres of D13? TX157}Reed & Hornet name means "Claiming the Beauties of Sobk and the Sun-god" AI134

Reigned 4 yrs ((Sobknofrure) (M) AI30), ((Scemiophris) ((M) EO), ((Af) TKIxvi)Reigned 3 yrs 10 mos (Sobknofrure) (T) AI30

"...Sobekneferu, daughter of Amenemmes III and probably sister of Amenemmes IV, becameQueen regnant and the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty." EK20

Same as Nitocris? ~2200 (wild guess)

***** Abydos & Sakara jump to Amosis I of DXVIII EO439 *****

"Kamares ware (Minoan pottery) has been found in Egypt at Lahun, Abydos and El-Harageh, andEgyptian objects have been found in Crete. Copper and bronze were imported from Cyprus,

cedarwood from Lebanon and incense from Punt; Nubia supplied gold, copper, diorite, granite andamethyst. In Syria and Palestine the names of Egyptian kings have been found on objects whichhave come to light at Gaza, Ras Shamra, Tod, Megiddo and Byblos. At Byblos the nativegovernors actually used Egyptian names and titles and Egyptian goods." EK20

"Just as there were changes in the shape of the coffin from the Middle to the New Kingdom, therewere changes in the text which accompanied it. The Coffin Texts were a relatively short-livedphenomenon, being in vogue primarily during the Middle Kingdom. With the advent of the NewKingdom, they were replaced by something far more elaborate, the Book of the Dead." EM129

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

X "The early Biblical story of Joseph and the seven lean years following the D13-17 OE,EO,CE,PO,RB,WE,seven years of plenty, which refers to a date in the Second Intermediate UN,TPE,LI,EB,PPperiod, itself reflects a much more ancient Egyptian tradition of seven D14-16 TSTconsecutive low Niles." CA14 D14-17 E,EA123

D15-17 AO"As regards the Second Intermediate Period, the dark age interveningbetween Dynasties XII and XVIII, for a host of different reasons scholars willnow allow little more than a couple of centuries. Here, however, a formidabledifficulty has always been felt, since the Turin Canon enumerates at thispoint well over a hundred kings... no insuperable objection stands in the wayof the hypothesis that many of these kings were contemporary with oneanother." EO66

HYKSOS PERIOD ~1800-1550 CE320 1788-1580 AB

(Dyn 13-17 ABxxi) 1786-1570 OE~1786-1567 EK20,PO22,TPE1

"Manetho's Dyns. XIII-XVII... no names are offered except for the Hyksos 1785-1580 LIxirulers. Abbydos and Sakkara ignore the period altogether..." EO440 1785-1570 TN42

*1785-1550 EB15"The cause of turmoil during the Second Intermediate Period (1786-1575 c1785 A61B.C.) is also not fully understood. Frequently, it is atributed to a 1782-1570 PGsingle event, the invasion of a people known as the Hyksos, or `foreign 1780-1580 UN10kings.' There is no doubt that the Egyptians were ruled by these ~1780-1546 WE274foreigners (Thirteenth through Seventeenth Dynasties), but the country c1720-1550 Emust have been in an already weakened state to have been conquered. 1720 TEA243The fact that, at the time of the Hyksos invasion, the horse had not 1715-1552 RByet been introduced into Egypt leads to the theory that the Hyksos' use c1700-1554 PP271of chariots gave them a great advantage over the Egyptian 1676-1575 B424foot-soldiers, but there is not much evidence to support this." EM18 1640-1532 AO36

FALL OF MIDDLE KINGDOM (At end of D13 W52D18)

"With the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, when the Israelites left that 1898 AH33country, the order of seasons came to an end and a new world age began." 1788 B425WC134 ~1450 W52D18

13TH DYNASTY 3417-3004 TKliv

(Thebes TKlxvi,TN42,MM35) 3315-2702 TKliv"Hyksos rule in Egypt. (D13-17)" CE 3246-2793 TKlv(Simultaneous w/14th, order doubtful DN15) 3244-2791 TKliv

2634-2260 TKlivPrinces over nomes. TX 2599-2599 TKlv

2565-2112 S(PE)"Ephemeral...some names of so fantastic an appearance that they are 2136 TKlivunlikely to have belonged to any real kings." EO48 2108-2108 TKlv

1898-1745 AI138 60 kings 453 yrs ((M) TKlxvi) 1897- AH42

1789 TKlii"About 70 kings. Better-known ones are listed." AO D13-14 Principal Kings 1788 BE"and about 60 others; order of succession very doubtful." DN15 1786-1633 EK,CA,CVC818

1785-1647 TN42"The Hequ Shasu, or Hyksos" DN8 Contemporary with the 14th Dyn TN42 1785-1640 EA109

1783-after 1640 AO36Hyksos ruled 50 yrs (M) AIC94 1782-1650 PG

1781-~1650 HD160"The thirteenth dynasty was a mere shadow of the twelfth. Its rulers ~1780- CE320,ACC94were a series of short term ineffectual kings..." RB5 ~1550-1450 W52D18

"Within a century and a quarter after the fall of the Twelfth Dynasty sixty ofthese ephemeral Theban rulers had held the throne... There was neitherpower, nor wealth, nor time for the erection of permanent monuments; kingstill followed king with unprecedented rapidity, and for most of them our onlysource of knowledge is therefore the bare name in the mutilated Turin list, thedisordered fragments of which have not even preserved for us the order ofthese ephemeral rulers except as we find groups upon one fragment." B174

"Egypt again went through a period of slow decline in the 13th Dynasty whena series of `puppet' kings - Manetho's `60 kings of Diospolis' ruled fromMemphis and Lisht; they were dominated by a strong line of viziers. Despitethis, an element of centralized control continued for over 100 years..." EK20

"But very few of the long list of kings in the royal list of Turin can be foundmentioned upon contemporary monuments. Here and there a fragment ofmasonry, a statue, or sometimes only a scarab bearing a royal name,furnishes contemporary testimony of the reign of this or that one amongthem. There was neither power, nor wealth, nor time for the erection ofpermanent monuments; king still followed king with unprecedented rapidity,and for the most of them our only source of knowledge is therefore the barename in the Turin list, the disordered fragments of which have not evenpreserved for us the order of these ephemeral rulers except as we find groupsupon one fragment. The order of the fragments themselves remainsuncertain, so that succession of the above most important groups is alsoquestionable. Where preserved at all the length of the reign is usually but a

year, or occasionally two or three years, while in two cases we find after aking's name but three day. Without any dynastic division which can bediscerned, we find here the remains of at least one hundred and eighteennames of kings... Evidently some of these kings ruled contemporaneously..."BE215

13TH & 14TH DYNASTIES 1898-1678 AI138

"Numerous petty kings, some apparently ruling contemporaneously." WE224

Wegaf (Khutawyre`) I AO36 1898-1896 AI142Wegaf HD67 1783-1779 AO36Ugef (3?yrs3mo24dy(T) (Pers) AI142)Ucaf UN86?Khutauira Ugafa (?) DN15 1ofD13 AO,HD,AI,CVC,TKKhetouire Ugef AI142 1ofD13/14 DN,AI136,EOKhetouire ((T) AI136), ((Th) AI151), ((RH) AI142)) 3ofD13 HD67Khebeu ((Vc) AI142)Kha-baiu ((N) TK65) 6.5ofT EO440[Sekhem]re`khutowe (T), [Amenemhe-Sebekhotpe] ((Mo) EO440) f72ofT AI136Sekhemre Khutowy Ammenemes Sobkhotpe I CVC818Sekhemre-Khutowe BE211Sekmemre'-khutowe EO151Sechemre`-chutowi HD67Sobkhotpe I CVC818Sebekhotpe EO151Mery.... ((Hn) "Beloved...." AI142)Meri-... ((Gh) TK65)Heru-nest-atebui ((SS) TK65)Amenemhe-Sebekhotpe EO440Ra-khu-taui(Su) Kha-baiu(N) Meri-...(Gh) Heru-nest-atebui(SS) TK65

[Stela, Insriptions, Karnak, Turin, TK66] [Stela AI142]{See Sebekhotpe II (#16 of Dyn 13), may be same person}

Khetouire "The Sun-god, protecting the Two Lands" AI142

Khebeu ((Vc) "Crowned by the Ancestral Souls" A name...adopted by ...Amenemhet III asHawk-king." AI142)

Reigned 1+ yrs (Khetouire) (T) AI136Reigned 2 yrs 3 mos 24 dys ([Sekhem]re `khutowe) EO440Reigned 3? Yrs 3 mos 24 dys (Ugef) (T) AI142Reigned 3+ yrs (Khetouire Ugef) AI142Reigned 5+ yrs (Sekhemre Khutowy Ammenemes Sobkhotpe I CVC818

Sekhemkare(T), A[menemhe-sonbe]f? ((Mo) (EO440)) 1895-1890 AI143Sekhemkare Ammenemes Senbuef CVC818Sekhemkere ((T) "The Power of the Spirit of the Sun-god" AI143)

?Sankhtaui Sekhemkara (?) DN15 2ofD13 AI142Sankh taui Ra-sekhem-ka TK66 ~2ofD13 CVCSenkhtoui ((H) AI143) 2ofD13/14 EOSankh taui Ra-sekhem-ka TK66 ?2ofD12/13 DNAmenemhet V (Sekhemkare`) AO 2ofD13/17 TK66?Amenemhe-sonbef? (Nm?) EO151 4ofD13 AO,HD68Amenemhetsonbef HD67Ra-sekhem-ka TK66 6.7(T) HD68

6.6ofT EO[Stela, Turin TK66], [Li Tab Scarab AI143] f72ofT AI136

wife: Nebhotpede AH143daughter: Hesut AH143daughter: Usheb, Daughter: Nebhotpede AH143daughter: Nebhotpede AH143

Senkhtoui ((H) "Reviving the Two Lands" A neme based on ...last great king of the 11th Dyn."AI143)

Reigned 3 yrs (Sekhemkare Ammenemes Senbuef) CVC818Reigned 6 yrs ((Sekhemkare A[menemhe-sonbe]f) EO440), ((Sekhemkere) AI143)

Kingless gap of 6 yrs. EO151 3-14ofD13 AI144

12 Ephemeral kings, (same time?) Herodotus calls one Psammetichus. Tot ~12 yrs,Northern delta. AI144

Re`?-[A]menemhe ((T), (Mo) EO440) 3ofD13 AI173...re...emhet ((T) probably Amenemhet AI144) 3ofD13/14 EO........re Amenemhet AI173 3ofD13/17 TK66Senefer....re Amenemhet? ((K) AI144)Amen-em-hat ((T) TK66) 6.7ofT EO440

f72ofT AI136[Turin TK66], [Ephemeral AI143]

Reigned 3yrs (Re'?-[A]menemhe) (T) EO440

Sehetepibre (II) Ammenemes CVC818 c1770-1769 CVCSehetepibre HD68 c1770 PT83Sehotpeibre(RH) AI173Sehotpeibre ((T)(RH) "The Sun-god pacifying the Heart" AI144)Sehetibre PT83 ~3ofD13 CVCShetepibre? ((T) EO440) 4ofD13 AI173Sehotpeib ((VC) "Pacifying the Heart" AI144) 4ofD13/14 EOSehotpetoui ((H) "Pacifying the Two Lands" AI144) 4ofD13/17 TK66Sma ((Hn) "The uniter" AI173) 5ofD13 HDAmenemhet ((Pers)(SS) AI173)Ammenemes CVC818 6.8ofT EO,HDRa-sehetep-ab ((T) TK66) f72ofT AI136

[Name on Turin TK66,AI136], [Alter Eph AI143][Name on monuments EO440]Reigned 1 yr (Sehetepibre (II) Ammenemes) CVC818,EO440

Sehotpeibre(RH)=Amenemhet(Pers)=Sehotpetoui(H)=Sehotpeib(VC)=Sma(Hn) AI173

Aufni ((T) TK66), DN14 ~3ofD13/14 DNAfnai ("He is mine" EO440) 5ofD13 AI,BEEfni HD68 5ofD13/14 EOIufni ((T) AI145) 5ofD13/17 TK66..........Iufni AI173 6of13 HD68Yufni BE211Yufni = Joseph (prince) TX155 6.9ofT EO,HDYufsi? TX155 (Yusif?, Yusef?) f72ofT AI136?Sekhemsenkhtouire? ((RH) AI144)

Ephemeral AI143

?Sekhemsenkhtouire? ((RH) "The Sun-god, the Power reviving the Two Lands" AI144)

Sankhibre Ameny Inyotef Ammenemes CVC818 ~4ofD13 CVCSankhabra Ameni Antef Amenemhat DN14 ~4ofD13/14 DNS`ankhibre (T), [Ameny-Inyotef-Amenemhe] (Mo) EO440 6ofD13 AI173Senkhibre Ameny Intef Amenemhet AI173 6ofD13/14 EOSenkhibre ((T)(RH) "The Sun-god reviving the heart" AI145) 6ofD13/17 TK67Seher-taui ((Ho) TK67) 7ofD13 HD68Sehertoui ((H) "Contenting the Two Lands" AI145)Sekhem-khau ((N) TK67) 6.10ofT EO,HDSesekhemkheu ((VC) "Causing dominion in his ascension" AI145) f72ofT AI136Heq-Maat ((Gh) TK67)Heqmaethet ((Hn) "The Eternal Prince of Truth" AI145)Ameni Antef Amen-em-hat ((SS) TK67)Ameny-Inyotef-Amenemhe EO440Ameny-Intef-Amenemhet ((SS) AI145)Ammenemes VI (Ameni-Anjotef-Amenemhet) HD68Ammenemes CVC818Amenemhe EO440Antef DNInyotef EO440,CVC818Intef AI173Ra-sankh-ab(Su) TK67

[Inscription TK68][Ephemeral, Cylinder seal, Scarab, Table of offerings AI145]

Ra-sankh-ab(Su)=Seher-taui(Ho)=Sekhem-khau(N)=Heq-Maat(Gh)=Ameni Antef Amen-em-hat(SS) TK67

Smenkare' EO440 7ofD13 AI145

Smenkere ((T) "Establishing the spirit of the Sun-god" AI136) 7ofD13/14 EOSemenkare` HD68 7ofD13/17 TK68Sekemres UN86 8ofD13 HD68Smenkere...... AI173Ra-smen-ka ((T) TK68) 6.11ofT EO,HD

f72ofT AI136Ephemeral, nothing whatsoever known of this king AI143]

Shetepibre' EO440 ~5ofD13 CVCSehotpeibre ((T) 2 other kings of this name are known AI146) 8ofD13 AI136Sehotpeibre..... AI173 8ofD13/14 EO?[Se]hotpeibre Amusi-Hornethheryot? AI145 8ofD13/17 TK68Hetepibre Amu Sihornedjheryotef CVC818 9ofD13 AO,HD68Harnedjheriotef (Hetepibre`) AO36Harnediherjotef HD68 6.12ofT EO,HDRa-sehetep-ab TK68 f72ofT AI136Amu-Saharnedjheryotef R267

[Ephemeral AI136]

{Wife: Queen Neferusobek}

"The Asiatic, son of Harnedjeryotef" R267

Swadjkare ((T) EO440) 9ofD13/14 EOSewadjkare` HD68 10ofD13 HD68...-...-ka ((T) TK68) 9ofD13/17 TK68

6.13ofT EO440,HD68Ephemeral. No evidence. AI143]

Nedjemibre ((T) EO440) 9ofD13 AI173Nedjemibre` HD68 10ofD13/14 EONothemibre...... AI173 10ofD13/17 TK68Nothemkere..... AI173 11ofD13 HD68Nothemkere ((T) "The Sweetness of the Spirit of the Sun-god" AI173)Ra-netchem-ab ((T) TK68) 6.14ofT EO,HD

f72ofT AI136[Ephemeral, no other mention besides Turin AI142]

Nothemibre ((T) "The Sweetness of the Heart of the Sun-god" AI146) 12ofD13 AI173Nothemibre ...... f76-80ofT AI136

Amenemhet Heribshedet AI146 ?11ofD13 AI146?Amenemhet? AI146 11ofD13 AO36......Amenemhet AI173Amenyqemau AO36

Heribshedet ((H) distinguishes him from the other Amenemhets. AI146)

[Ephemeral, Inscription on Fayum column AI146]

The order of the Sobkhotpe's is not known. AI150

Sebekhotpe I (Kha`ankhre`) AO36 c1750 AO,PT83Sebekhotpe I HD68Sobkhotpe II, son of Mentuhotpe CVC818Sobek-Hotep UN86 ~5ofD13/14 DNSobk-hotep PT83 6ofD13 CVCSobkhotpere ((T) AI146) 11ofD13/14 EOSekhemkhutauira Sebekhetep I DN14 (erroneous?) 11ofD13/17 TK68Kha`ankhre` AO 12ofD13 AORe`?-Sebek[hot]pe I, son of Nen? ((T) EO440) 12ofD13 HD68Ra-Sebek-hetep ((T) TK68) 13ofD13 AI173

6.15ofT EO,HDf76-80ofT AI136

[Ephemeral, 4 Scarabs, Fragment from Der el-Bahri AI]

Reigned 2 yrs (T) EO440

"...Sobkhotpe... was probably his personal name, and which means "The god Sobk is propitiated,"Sobk being the crocodile-god of the Labyrinth and the Fayum. This name Sobkhotpe was borne byseveral later kings of this dynasty, but I refrain from numbering them... because the exact order ofthe others is not certain... he continued the records of the Nile-levels which had been begun byAmenemhet III and carried on by Amenemhet IV, but had been allowed to lapse for the 34 yearssince that time..." AI150

Renseneb CVC818 ~7ofD13 CVC818Ren[so]nb ((T) EO440) 12ofD13/14 EO,AIRensonb ((T) AI136) 12ofD13/17 TK68........Rensonb AI173 13ofD13 HD69Ren-[Senb?] ((T) TK68) 14ofD13 AI173Ranisonbe HD69

6.16ofT EO,HDEphemeral, no trace AI] f76-80ofT AI136

Reigned 4 mos CVC818, ((T) EO440)

Auibre'.... ((T) EO440) 1877-1874 AI147Awibre Hor CVC818 c1760 PGAuibre (Old rendering AI147)Auabra Her DN15Auabra Hor (associated with Amenemhat III. HE118-9) 1ofD13 PGAuyibre Hor PG ~8ofD13 CVCAutuibre (Old AI148) 8ofD12 DNEwibre (Old AI148) 13ofD13/14 EO,AI136

Fuibre ((T) AI136 (RH)"The Gladness fo the Heart of the Sun-god" AI148) 13ofD13/17 TK68Fuibre Herwet AI147 14ofD13 AO36,HD69Fuibre, formerly called Auibre or Autuibre or Ewibre AI148 15ofD13 AI147Hor (Awibre`) AO36Hor ("the Hawk-god Horus" AI147) 6.17ofT EO,HDHor I HD69 f76-80orT AI136Herwet ((Pers)(SS) "The Wayfarer" AI147)Hotpeibtoui ((H) "The Satisfaction of the Heart of the Two Lands" AI148Hetep-ab ((Ho) TK60)Nefer-khau ((N) TK60)Neferkheu ((Vc) "The Good-one in his Ascensions" AI148)Neferneteru ((Hn) "The Good-one of the Gods" AI148)Nefer-neteru ((Gh) TK60)Khekere AI148?Nemaere Amenemhet III? see AI147?Son of Amenemhet III? AI148 (differing opinions TX156)Ra-au-ab(Su) Hetep-ab(Ho) Nefer-khau(N) Nefer-neteru(Gh) Heru(SS) TK60Ra-au-ab (Pe) 13ofD13(T) TX156Ra-h...-...? ((T) TK68)

[Tomb AI147],[Inscription, Scarab TK61]

{contemporary of Amenemhet III TX156}

Reigned 7 mos ((T) EO440)

Probably a prince who didn't succeed Ammenemhet III. HE119

Sedjafakare`(T), [Kay-Amenemhe] (Mo) EO440 1873- AI149Sedjefakare Kay Ammenemes CVC818Sethef...re ((T) AI149) ~9ofD13 CVCAmenemhet VII (Sedjefakare`) AO36 14ofD13/14 EOAmenemhat UN86 14ofD13/17 TK69Ammenemes VII (Kai-Amenemhet) HD69 15ofD13 AO,HD69Kay-Amenemhe EO440 16ofD13 AI173Ra-setchef-... ((T) TK68)

6.18ofT EO[No trace AI149] f76-80ofT AI136

Sebekhotpe II (Sekhemre`-khutawy) AO36 c1750 PGSebekhotpe II HD69 -1869 AI149Sobkhotpe ((Pers?) "The god Sobk is propitiated" AI150)Sekhemre-Khutowy Sobekhotep II PG 2ofD13 PGSekhemre`-khutowe-Sebekhotpe(II?) (T), [Wegef] (Mo) EO440 ~7ofD13/14 DNSekemres UN86 ~10ofD13 CVCSekhemkhetouire Amenemhet Sobkhotpe AI149 15ofD13/14 EO,AI136Sekhemkhetouire ((RH) AI149) 15ofD13/17 TK69Sekhemkhetouire Sobkhotpe ((T) AI136) 16ofD13 AO,HD69Sekhemsuatchtauira Sebekhetep II DN15 17ofD13 AI149?Sekhemkhetouire Pen....then? AI151 55of13/17 TK86?Ra-sekhem-ta(?)-... Pen-...then TK86

Ra-sekhem-khu-taui Sebek-hetep [I] TK69 6.19ofT EO,HDDadnemenkhronpetu ((Vc) AI150) f76-80ofT AI136Khebeu ((H) AI150)Khenptah ((Hn) AI150)Khutowyre Ugaf CVC818Amenemhet ((SS) AI150)Wegef EO440Ugaf CVC818?Pen....then AI151

{See #1 of Dyn13, mis-identification of names?}

[Inscription, Scarab TK69][Nile records, Cylindar Seal, Scarabs AI150]

Reigned 2 yrs 4 mos (Khutowre Ugaf) CVC818

Sekhemkhetouire, ((RH) name meaning "The Sun-god, the Power protecting the Two Lands" AI149)Dadnemenkhronpetu ((Vc) "The Doubly-established, renewing life for years" AI150)Khebeu ((H) "The Ascension of the Ancestral Souls" AI150)Khenptah ((Hn) "Ascending of Ptah" AI150)

Senefiribre Sesostris IV CVC818 ~11ofD13 CVC

Khendjer PG,UN86,TPE,AB31 1868-1866 AI151Khendjer (Userkare`) AO36 c1777 TPE?Khenther (or Khenzer) AI171 c1747 PG?Khenzer AI171Chendjer (Chanzir?) HD69Woser[ka]re`-Khendjer ((T)(Mo) EO440) 3ofD13 PGUserkare Khendjer CVC818 ~12ofD13 CVC?Userkere AI228 16ofD13/14 EO?Userkere Khenzer AI228 16ofD13/17 TK69?Usrkere Khenzer AI173 17ofD13 HD69,AO?Usrkere ((Th) AI172) 18ofD13 AI151User...re ((T) AI136) ?55ofD13 AI228Ra-user-... ((T) TK69)Ra-en-maat-en-kha Khentcher (position doubtful TK82) 6.20ofT EO

f76-80ofT AI136[Pyramid at Saqqara TPE][No trace AI151]

Reigned 4+ yrs ( Userkare Khendjer) CVC818

{Official: Ameni-Seneb AB31}(Similar to Babalonian? Ukinzir, (Gr) Khinzar(os)? AI171)Cleaned (restored?) Sesusri I's AI171

"...one of their kings, a certain Khenzer, who seems to have left the affairs of the country largely inthe hands of his vizier, Enkhu, so that the latter administered and restored the temples. As thisvizier lived in the period of Neferhotep and the connected Sebekhoteps, it is possible that we should

place the gradual rise of Hyksos power in Egypt of just after that group of Pharaohs." BE221

?Khenther (or Khenzer) (2nd AI172) ?20ofD13/14?Nemaetenkhe Khenther AI171 ?54of13 AI171?Nemaetenkhe AI171 ?55ofD13 AI172?Enmaatraenkha Khentcher DN15

[Scarabs AI172]

?Nemaetenkhe ("Belonging to, or having, the Right of the Ascension of the Sun-god" AI171)

Semenkhkare, `the General' CVC818 1868-1866 AI151[Smenkh]kare` the General ((T)(Mo) EO440)Smenkhkere ((RH) AI151Smenkhkere Mermeshoi AI173 ~6ofD13/14 DNSemenkhkara Mermashau DN15 ~13ofD13 CVCSemenkare UN86 17ofD13/14 EOEmramescha` HD69 17ofD13/17 TK69Meremeshoi ((SS) AI151) 18ofD13 HD69Mermesha` `the General' EO150 19ofD13 AI151Mermeshu `Commander of the Army' BE212 ofD14 UN86...kere Mermeshoi ((T) AI136) 6.21ofT EO,HDRa-semenkh-ka Mer-mashau ((T) TK69) F76-80ofT AI136

[Stela TK69,AI151]

Reigned 3+ yrs (Semenkhkare, 'the General') CVC818

Smenkhkere ((RH) "Adorning the spirit of the Sun-god" AI151Meremeshoi ((SS) "Commander of the Troops" or "General" AI151)

May have been a Mendesian H.P. AI152

Sebekemsaf BE211 ~14ofD13 CVCSekhemre Wadjkhau Sobkemsaf I CVC818

{Wife: Nubkhas BE211}

Reigned 7 yrs CVC818

Hotpekere ((T) AI136, AI152) 1865-1864 AI151Hotpekere....... AI173.......ka[re] Inyotef? ((T)(Mo) EO440)Ra-...-ka ((T) TK69) 18ofD13/14 EOInyotef? EO440 18ofD13/17 TK69Anjotef HD69 19ofD13 HD69

20ofD13 AI152[No trace AI152]

6.22ofT EO,HDHotpekere ((T) AI136, "The Propitiation of the Spirit of the f76-80ofT AI136Sun-god" AI152)

Kesetre Ren....seusr ((T) AI152) 19ofD13/14 EOSeth I HD69 19ofD13/17 TK69....ib?set (T) EO440 20ofD13 HD69[Ra]-User-Set(?) ((T) TK69) 21ofD13 AI152

[No AI152] 6.23ofT EO,HDf76-80ofT AI136

Kesetre Ren....seusr ((T) "The Sun-god, the Spirit of Set" AI152)

Sebekhotpe III (Sekhemre`-swadjtawy) AO36 ~1863-1861 AI152Sebekhotpe III HD70 c1745 AOSobkhotpe III CASobkhotpe ((Pers?)(SS) AI153)Sebek-Hotep UN86 ~15ofD13 CVCSebek-hetep (II) TK70 20ofD13/14 EOSekhemseuthtouire Sobkhotpe ((T) AI154) 20ofD13/17 TK70Sekhemseuthtouire ((RH) AI153) 21ofD13 AO,HD13?Sekhemsenefertouire? ((K) possible misreading AI153) 22ofD13 AI154Sekhemre Sewadjtowy Sobkhotpe III CVC818 ofD14 UN86?Sekhemre`swadjtowe? EO440f4Sekhemka?re`-Sebekhotpe(III?) ((Mo) EO440) 6.24ofT EOKhetoui ((H) AI153) f76-80ofT AI136Khu taui Ra-sekhem-suatch-taui Sebek-hetep (II) TK70Ra-sekhem-suatch-taui ((Su) TK70)

[Stella, Scarab TK70][Scarab, Inscription, Columns at Luxor AI154][Name found on monuments EO440]

father: Menthu-hetep TK71father-in-law: Mentuhotpe. AI153mother: Iuhetibu AI153mother: Au-het-abu TK71wife: Inni AI153wife: Anna TK71daughter: Anuketdedet AI153daughter: Anqet-tatat TK71daughter: Ichetibu, who is called fend. AI153brother: Senb TK71

Reigned 3 yrs (Sekhemseuthtouire Sobkhtpe) (T) AI154,EO440)Reigned 3yrs 2 mos (Sekhemre Sewadjtowy Sobkhotpe III CVC818

Sekhemseuthtouire ((RH) "The Sun-god, the Power making the Two Lands to flourish" AI153)Khetoui ((H) "Protecting the Two Lands" AI153)

Ra-sekhem-uatch-taui TK72 20AofD13/17 TK72

[Doubtful TK72]

Neferhetep C55 ~1860-1850 AI154Neferhotep EO154,BE212,UN86 c1750 EA15Neferhotep I (Kha`sekhemre`) AO36 1741-1730 PGNeferhotep I HD70 c1741-1730 AONefer-hotep PT83,AB30 1740-1730 C55Nefer-hotep I EA15 c1740-1730 CVC,PT83Nefer-hetep [I] TK72Neferhotpe ((T) AI159) ((Pers)(SS) AI154) 4ofD13 PGKhasekhemre Neferhotep I CVC818, PG,AE67 8ofD13/14 DNKha`[sekhem]re`-Neferhotep ((T),(Mo) EO440) ~16ofD13 CVCKhesekhemre ((RH) AI154) 21ofD13/14 EOKhaseshesra Neferhetep DN 21ofD13/17 TK72Khasekhemre Neferhotep CA 22ofD13 AO,HD70Khesekhemre Neferhotpe ((T) AI136) 23ofD13 AI154Ker-taui ((H) TK72) 24ofD13 AIGergtoui ((H) AI155) ofD14 UN86Wepmaet ((Vc) AI155) ofD15 C55Ap-Maat TK72 early 13 AB30Hetep-taui? ((Ho) TK72)Menmertu ((Hn) AI155) 6.25ofT EOMen-Mertu ((Gh) TK72) f76-80ofT AI136Ra-kha-seshesh(Su) TK72Ra-kha-seshesh(Su) Hetep-taui(?) and Ker-taui(H) Ap-Maat(N) Men-Mertu(Gh) Nefer-hetep(SS) TK72

[Inscription, Stela TK72,AI155]

Reigned 11 yrs (Neferhotep) EO154,BE212,UN86,CVC818 ((T) AI159,EO440)

{Son & Coregent: Sihathor, Son: Sobkhotpe, Son: Herhotpe AI155}{Son: Het-Heru-sa, Son: Sebek-hetep, Son: Ha-ankh-f TK73}{Wife: Senseneb TK73}, {Wife: Senseneb TK73}, {Wife: Sensonb AI155}{Father: Ha'onkhef EO440} {Father: Ha-ankh-f TK73}, {Father: Haenkhef AI155}{Mother: Kema TK73}, {Mother: Keme AI155}{Daughter: Keme, Daughter Neferhotpe AI155}, {Daughter Kema TK73}

"Co with Khesekhemre who survived him" AI159

Khesekhemre ((RH) "Ascending in the Power of the Sun-god" AI154)Gergtoui ((H) "Founding, or making habitable, the Two Lands" AI155)Wepmaet ((Vc) "The verdict or the opening up of the truth" AI155)Menmertu ((Hn) "Establishing that which is beloved" AI155)

Sihathorre ((T) AI159) 22ofD13/17 TK74Sihathor EO155,AI59,BE212,HD70 22ofD13/14 EORe`?-Sihathor......... ((T) EO440) 23ofD13 HD70Ra-Het-Hert-sa ((T) TK74)

6.26ofT EO,HDfather: Neferhotpe AI159 f76-80ofT AI136

Reigned 3 mos (Sihathor) ((T) EO155)

[No separate rule, A son coregent with Neferhotpe (died before his father) AI159]

Neferhotpe AI ?22AofD13/17 TK74?Ra-mer-sekhem Nefer-hetep (Position doubtful TK74) 24ofD13 AI173

[Doubtful TK74]

No trace in Delta of any other king of 13th Dyn. AI

Sebekhotpe IV (Kha`neferre`) AO36 ~1849-1841 AI161Sebekhotpe IV HD70 1730-1720 PGSobkhotpe ((SS) AI161) c1730-1720 AOSebek-hetep (III) ((SS) TK74)?Chenephres = Sebek-hotep III Kha-nefer-re? TX153Khaneferra Sebekhetep III DN15 5ofD13 PGKhaneferre Sobekhotep IV PG 9ofD13/14 DNKhaneferre Sobkhotpe IV CVC818 ~17ofD13 CVCKha`neferre`-Sebekhotpe (IV?) ((T)(Mo) EO440) 23ofD13/14 EOKheneferre Sobkhotpe ((T) AI136) 23ofD13/17 TK74Kheneferre ((RH) (K) AI161) 24ofD13 AO,HD70Kheneferenkhre Sobkhotpe ((Sc) AI161) 25ofD13 AI161Neferkhere-Sebekhotep BE212Enkhibtoui ((H) AI161) 6.27ofT EO,HDAnkh-ab-taui ((Ho) TK74) f76-80ofT AI136Uthkhen ((Vc) AI161)Uatch-khau ((N) TK74)Ra-kha-nefer(Su) Ankh-ab-taui(Ho) Uatch-khau(N) Sebek-hetep(SS) TK74

[Stela TK75][Co regent with Neferhotpe AI159]{Brother: Neferhotep, Nephew: Sihathor BE212}{Brother: Khesekhemre Sobkhotpe AI155}{Brother: Menuthre AI155}{Wife: Merrhis who reared Moses? TX155}{Wife: Thaen AI163}{Moses' foster father? TX155}

Reigned 8+ yrs (Khaneferre Sobkhotpe IV) CVC818

"There are more names of rulers of ancient Egypt for the period from the 13th to the 16th dynastiesthan there are for all the history of the Nile Valley before this time. This in spite of the fact that thefour dynasties lasted very little more than two centuries… No great readuction can be made inthese innumerable names and the most drastic cutting to eliminate possible duplications stillleaves the vast majority of these kings in the period. The only possible explanation of this state ofaffairs must be that Egypt was split up into innumerable petty kingdoms, aptly described by theJew Artapanus of the 1st century B.C. who wrote that King Chenephres was the ruler of the regionsabove Memphis, for there were at that time many kings in Egypt." TX152

Kheneferre ((RH) (K) "The Sun-god Ascending in Beauty" AI161)Enkhibtoui ((H) "Living in the Heart of the Two Lands" AI161)Uthkhen ((Vc) "Abundant in Ascensions" AI161)

Moses was born in the reign of Khaneferre Sebekhotep (per Artapanus), who reigned two kingsafter Neferhotep I. W921b3, r256

Ra-kha-ka TK75 24ofD13/17 TK76

[Karnak TK75]

Sebek-hetep [V] ((SS) TK76) ~1840-1836 AI163Sebekhotpe V HD70Sobkhotpe ((SS) AI163)Khaankhra Sebekhetep V DN15 ~11ofD13/14 DNKhaankhre Sobkhotpe V CVC818 ~18ofD13 CVCKheenkhre Sobkhotpe AI163 25ofD13 HD70Khaankhra (Sebekhotep VI) = Koncharis(SL) TX127 26ofD13 AI163Khenkhre ((RH) AI163) 26ofD13/17 TK76Keuneteru ((Hn) AI163)Kau-Neteru ((Gh) TK76) 7.1ofT HD70Koncharis (SL) TX127Dedkheu ((Vc) AI163)Smatoui ((H) AI163)Sma-taui ((Ho) TK76)Tettet-khau ((N) TK76)Ra-kha-ankh(Su) Sma-taui(Ho) Tettet-khau(N) Kau-Neteru(Gh) Sebek-hetep(SS) TK76

{Pharaoh of the Exodus TX127}[Turin, Karnak, Inscription TK76]

Khenkhre ((RH) "Ascending as the living Sun-god" AI163)Keuneteru ((Hn) "The Spirits of the Gods" AI163)Dedkheu ((Vc) "Doubly Established in his Ascensions" AI163)Smatoui ((H) "Uniting the Two Lands" AI163)

Menuthre ((RH) AI163) 27ofD13 AI163Menuthre....... AI173

[Cylinder AI164]

Menuthre ((RH) "Establishing the prosperity of the Sun-god" AI163)

brother: Neferhotpe, Father-in-law Haenkhef AI164

Mersekhemre Neferhotep II CVC818 1792-1790 AI168?Mersekhemre Neferhotpe? AI168

Mersekhemre Int Neferhotpe AI173Mersekhemre`-Ind ((T) EO440) ~19ofD13 CVCMersekhemre Retho ((T) AI136) 29ofD13/14 EOMersekhemre ((T)(K)(Th) AI168) 30ofD13 HD70Neferhotep II CVC818,HD71 31ofD13 HD71Neferhotpe AI173 34ofD13 AI168Int AI168Ined HD71 7.6ofT EO,HDInd EO440

[2 black granite Statue AI168]

Reigned 3 yrs (Mersekhemre`-Ind) ((T) EO440) ((Mersekhemre Retho) (T) AI136)Reigned 3 yrs 1 mo ((Mersekhemre)(T)(K)(Th)) AI168

Mersekhemre ((T)(K)(Th) "The Beloved-one of the Dominion of the Sun-god" AI168)

Neferenkhre? AI163 28ofD18 AI163

[Scarab AI]

Sebekhotpe V (Kha`hotepre`) AO36 ~1835-1830 AI164Sebekhotpe V? EO440 c1720-1715 AOSobkhotpe ((SS) AI164)Khehotpere Sobkhotpe AI164Khehotpere ((T)(K)(RH) AI164) 10ofD13/14 DNKhahetepre Sobkhotpe VI CVC 20ofD13 CVCKha`hotepre (T), Sebekhotpe V? (Mo) ((T) EO440) 24ofD13/14 EOKhahetepra Sebekhetep IV DN15 25ofD13 AOKha`hotepre` [Sebekhotpe V?] EO440 25ofD13/17 TK74?Ra-mer-hetep Sebek-hetep TK 29of13 AI164Ra-kha-hetep Sebek-hetep (IV) ((T) TK75)

7.1ofT EO{Scarab AI164} f81ofT AI136

Reigned 4 yrs (Kha`hotepre (T), Sebekhotpe V CVCReigned 4yrs8mo29dy (Kha`hotepre` [Sebekhotpe V?]) EO440Reigned 5 yrs (Khehotpere Sobkhotpe) AI164

Khehotpere ((T)(K)(RH) "Ascending as the Satisfaction of the Sun-god" AI164)

Sekhemre Sankhtowy Neferhotep III CVC818 ~21ofD13 CVCNeferhotep III (Sekhemre`-s`ankhtawy) AO 41ofD13 AONeferhotep III Ijchernofre HD72 ?h ofD13 HD72

Wahibre`-Ia`yeb ((T),(Mo) EO440) 1830-1820 AI164Wahibre Ieuib ((T) AI165)Wahibre Yayebi CVC818 12ofD13/14 DN

Wahibre ((RH) AI165) ~22ofD13 CVCIeuib ((SS) AI165) 25ofD13/14 EOYayebi CVC818 26ofD13 HD71Ja'ib HD71 27ofD13/17 TK78Uaiber UN86 30ofD13 AI164Uahabra Aaab DN15 ofD14 UN86Aaab DN15Ra-uah-ab-Aa-ab ((T) TK78) 7.2ofT EO,HD

f81ofT AI136[No remains or large monuments, Inscription, Cylinder, Scarab AI165][Little or nothing found or known, Cylinder, Scarab AI136]

Reigned 10 yrs ((Wahibre`-la`yeb)(T) EO440), ((Wahibre Yayebi) CVC818)Reigned 10yr8mo28dy ((Wahibre Ieuib) (T) AI165)

Wahibre ((RH) "The Abundance of the Heart of the Sun-god" AI165)Ieuib ((SS) "Appeasing" or "Washing the heart" AI165)

Merneferre Iy CVC818 1820-1798 AI165Merenferre` ((T)(Mo) EO440) c1704-1690 AI,AOMerneferre Ay ((T) AI165)Merneferra Ai DN15Merneferre ((RH) AI165) 14ofD13/14 DNAy ((SS) AI166) ~23ofD13 CVCAya (Merneferre`) AO36 26ofD13/14 EORa-mer-nefer Ai ((T) TK78) 27ofD13 AO?Timaio(s)? ((J) Lacks real support. AI166) 28ofD13/17 TK78?Toutimaios ((M) AH184) 31ofD13 AI165?Toutimai(os)? ((J) AI166)?Demaiu AI184 7.3ofT EO

f81ofT AI136[Turin TK78]Contemporary of Oeusrre Apopi of Dyn 15 and Thetumre of Dyn 14. AH184Asiatics, Yapakhal (M)'s Apachnas Merusrre and Apopi. AI165Merneferre Ay was contemporary with 15th Dyn king of the

Apopi converted the 14th and 13th Dyns into vassal kingdoms. AI167

Reigned 23 yrs (Mereneferre`) EO440Reigned 23 yrs 8 mo 18 dy (T) AI165Reigned 23 yrs 9 mos (Merneferre Iy) CVC818

?Demaiu (Contemp of Apophi of Dyn 15 and Thetumre of Dyn 14. AI184)Merneferre ((RH) "The Beloved and Beautiful-one of the Sun-god" AI165)

Remaining kings of 13th Dyn were vassals of 15th Dyn (29more kings) AI167No trace of a later 13th D king north of Fayum

Merhetepre Ini CVC818 1797-1796 AI168

Merhotepre` (T), [Inai] (Mo) ((T) EO440)Merhotpere Ini ((T) AI136)Merhotpere Ini Sobkhotpe AI173 13ofD13/14 DN?Merhotpere Sobkhotpe? AH168 24ofD13 CVCMerhotpere AI168 27ofD13 HD71Meryankhre Mentuhotpe CA 27ofD13/14 EO?Merneferra Ana DN15 28ofD13 HD71Sebekhotpe VI HD71 29ofD13/17 TK78Inai ((T)(Mo) EO440) 32ofD13 AI168Ini AI168,CVC ?e of13 HD71Ani HD71Aja I HD71 7.4ofT EO,HDRa-mer-hetep Ana ((T) TK78) f81ofT AI136?Toutimai(os)? AI

[Scarab TK78]

Reigned 2 yrs (Merhotepre`) EO440Reigned 2yr2mo9dy (Merhotpere Ini) (T) AI136

Merhotpere "The Beloved-one contenting the Sun-god" AI168

Djedneferre Dudimose I (Tutimaios) CVC818 c1675 PT83Djedneferre Dudimose EK20 c1674 CVCDedhotpere Dudumose AI192 ?1495 WC97Dedumose HD71Dudumose AIxiiiDudi-mose (Hyksos Kings start PT83) ~25ofD13 CVCDidumes I UN86 36ofD13/14 EOTutimaeus ((M) WC96), AC62 37ofD13 HD71Tutimaios ((M) PT82), EK20,EO155 LofD13 WC113Timaios AC62,BE216 ?1ofD17 AI192Thoum AC61 ofD14 UN86Taoui-Thom WC102Taui Thom WC113 ?(T)7.13 EOTau Timaeus ((Gr) WC113)Thetumre? AI184Typhon ((Pliny) WC96)Uthkhe ((H) AI192)Shedettoui ((VC) AI193)Inhotpe ((Hn) AI193).....mose (T) EO441Ra-Harmachis [Harakhti?] AC60

Harakhte is the Egyptian name for the western sun. WC120

{Wife: Tephnut WC96}

contemporary with Merusrre of 15th D. AI165contemporary with Hyksos Pharaohs Yapakhal (Apachnas) and Oeusrre Apopi of 15th D. AI165probably contemporary of Apophi(s). AI180

"When the 12th Dynasty came to an end, a local dynasty broke away and ruled from Xois; this wasthe 14th Dynasty which continued to flourish after most of the country had submitted to the

Hyksos. In the reign of `Tutimaios' - believed to be King Djedneferre Dudimose - the Hyksossucceeded in gaining control of much of Egypt, and formed the 15th and 16th Dynasties." EK20

"...the 20th name, [of fragment 101 of the Turin Papyrus] Thetumre, may be the Toutimaios ofManetho (page 184) under whom the Hyksos first invaded Egypt." AI175

Djedhetepre Dudimose II CVC818 26ofD13 CVCDedneferre Dudumose ((Rh) AI193) 36ofD13 EODedumose II (Djedneferre`) AO36 37ofD13 AODidumes II UN86 ofD14 UN86....mose EO ?4of17 AI193

Upper, vassal of Hyksos (Djedhetepre Dudimose II) CVC818Upper rulers - vassals of the Hyksos. CVC

Sewadjtu HD71 1795-1793 AI168S`ankhre`enswadjtu ((T) EO440)Senkhenre Se...tu ((T) AI136) 28ofD13/14 EORa-[mer]-ka TK78 29ofD13 HD71

33ofD13 AI168Reigned 3 yrs ((S`ankhre`enswadjtu) (T) EO440Reigned 3 yrs 2 mo (Senkhenre Se…tu) AI136 7.5ofT EO,HD

f81ofT AI136

Mersekhemre`-Ind EO440 34of13 AI173Mersekemre Retho AI136Mersekhemre Int Neferhotpe AI173 7.6ofT EO440

f81ofT AI136

Swadjkare`-Hore ((T) EO440) 1789 AI168Seuthkere Heri ((T) AI136)Seuthkere AI168 30ofD13/14 EO?....keure? ((K) AI136) 31ofD13 HD71Hori HD71 35ofD13 AI168

Reigned 1 yr (Seuthkere Here) (T) AI136 7.7ofT EO,HDReigned 5 yrs (Swadjkare`-Hore) (T) EO440 f81ofT AI136

[Little or nothing found or known about this king. AI168]

Seuthkere "Causing the Spirit of the Sun-god to flourish" AI168

Mernothemre ((T) AI169) 1788-1787 AI169Mernotherme..... AI173

36ofD13 AI169Mernothemre ((T), "The Beloved-one, the sweetness of the Sun-god" AI169)

Reigned 2 yrs (Mernothemre) (T) AI169

?Seuthkheure? ((K) AI169) ?37ofD13 AI169

[Little or nothing found or known about king or reign. Karnak AI169]

Swadjkare`-Hore ((T) EO440) 1789 AI168Seuthkere Heri ((T) AI136)Seuthkere AI168 30ofD13/14 EO?....keure? ((K) AI136) 31ofD13 HD71Hori HD71 35ofD13 AI168

Little or nothing found or known about king or reign. AI169 7.7ofT EO,HDAt Karnak AI169 f81ofT AI136

Reigned 5yrs (Swadjkare`-Hore) ((T) EO440)Reigned 1yr (Seuthkere Heri) ((T) AI136)

Seuthkere "Causing the Spirit of the Sun-god to flourish" AI168

Mernothemre ((T) AI169) 1788-1787 AI169Mernotherme..... AI173

36ofD13 AI169Mernothemre ("The Beloved-one, the sweetness of the Sun-god" AI169)

Reigned 2 yrs (Mernothemre) (T) AI169

?Seuthkheure? ((K) AI169) ?37ofD13 AI169

[Little or nothing found or known about king or reign, Karnak AI169]

?Sesekhemkere? ((RH) AI169) ?38ofD13 AI169?Sesekhemkere Amenemhetsonbf AI173?Amenemhetsonbf? ((SS) AI169)

[Cy Sc AI169]?Sesekhemkere? ((RH) "Making Powerful the Spirit of the Sun-god" AI169)

?Sekhemwahkere? ((RH) AI169) ?39ofD13 AI169?Sekhemwahkere Rehotpe AI173?Rehotpe? ((SS) AI169)?Wahenkh? ((H) "Abundant in Life" AI169)?Usrronpetu ((Vc) "Mighty of Years" AI169)?Utho ((Hn) "Flourishing" AI169)

"A story dating from the Twentieth Dynasty, some 600 years after this time, tells how a mummycomes to life and says, "When I lived on earth I was a Treasurer of King Rehotpe, and I died in the

14th year of King Menhotpere." AH169

?Menhotpere AI169 ?40ofD13 AI169

[Little or nothing found or known about this king AI169][Mentioned in 20th D story AI169]["is not otherwise known, but he may have been a real personage" AI169]

{Wife: Shertset AI169}{Son: Hornefer AI169}

Meryankhre Mentuhotpe CVC818 28ofD13 CVCMeryankhre Mentuhotpe CA ?41ofD13 AI169?Merenkhre Mentuhotpe AI169

Upper, vassal of Hyksos (Meryankhre Mentuhotpe) CVC818[Little or nothing known, Stela AI]

Seuthenre Mentuhotpe AI173 ?42ofD13 AI169[Inscription on block at Der el-Bahri AI169]

Sewahenre Senebmiu CVC818 27ofD13 CVCSewahenre Sonbmiu AI169 41ofD13 HD72Senebmiu HD72 ?43ofD13 AI169

Upper, vassal of Hyksos (Sewahenre Senebmiu) CVC818[Inscription on block at Der el-Bahri AI170]

?Seneferibre Sesusri? AI169 ?44ofD13 AI170?Senkhtoui ((Vc) AI170)?Neferkhen ((Hn) AI170)

[Stela AI170]

Sebekhotpe VII HD71 30ofD13/17 TKMerkeure Sobkhotpe ((T) AI136) 31ofD13/14 EOMerkeure ((K) AI170) 32ofD13 HD71Merkare UN86 52ofD13 AI170Ra-mer-kau Sebek-hetep ((T)(K) TK89) 78of13/17 TKRa-[mer]-ka ((T) TK)

[Scarab, Stela AI170] 7.8ofT EO,HD{Son: Bebi AI171} f93-95ofT AI136{Son: Sobkhotpe (from Stela found at Karnak) AI171}Merkeure ((K) "Beloved of the Spirits of the Sun-God" AI170)

Maetre Sobkhotpe ((T) AI136) 53ofD13 AI171[Little or nothing known, Scarab, Turin AI]{?Father: Merkeure AI171} f93-95(T) AI136

?Khekere? ((K) AI170) 39ofD13 EO?Khekere....... AI170 46ofD13 AI170....ke.... AI170 75ofD13/14 TK89Ra-kha-ka ((T) TK89) ?2ofD17 AI192Re`......ka ((T) EO441)

7.16ofT EO[Scarab AI170]

Dedenkhre..... AI192 ~1722 AI193Dedenkhre AI229

Dedenkhre..... ((Sc) "Doubly Established as the Life of the Sun-god" AI192)

Djedankhre Mentuemsaf CVC818 29ofD13 CVCDedenkhre Mentuemsuf AI192 32ofD13 AODedenkhre ((RH) AI193) ?h ofD13 HD72Mentuemsuf ((SS) AI193) 6ofD14 UN86Mentuemzaf (Djed`ankhre`) AO36 ?3ofD17 AI192Mentemsaf HD72Menthu-Emsaf UN86?Ra-tet-ankh Mentu-em-sa-f ? TK83

Upper, vassal of Hyksos (Djedankhre Mentuemsaf) CVC818[Scarab TK83]Mentuemsuf ((SS) "The god Mentu is as his protection" AI193)

....besu ((T)(Pers) AI170) 49ofD13 AI173

...-...mesu ((T) TK78)

.....mose ((T) EO441) 7.13ofT EO441Upper, vassal of Hyksos CVC818 f93-95ofT AI136

Nebmaetre Ibi ((T) AI170) ~15ofD13/14 DNNebmaatra Aba DN15 31ofD13/17 TK78Nebmaetre AI170 37ofD13/14 EOIbi II HD72 38ofD13 HD72Re`....ma`e Ibi ((T)(Mo) EO441) 50ofD13 AI170Ra-[neb?]-Maat Aba ((T) TK78)

[Scarab AI170] 7.14ofT EO,HDNebmaetre ("Lord of the Truth of the Sun-god" AI170) f93-95ofT AI136

Re`.......weben Hor.... ((T) EO441) 38ofD13/14 EO....ubenre ((T) AI170) 39ofD13 HD72

Hor II HD72 51ofD13 AI170[Little or nothing known. AI170]

7.15ofT EO,HDf93-95ofT AI136

Se...kare` HD72 40ofD13 HD76

7.16ofT HD72

Secha`enre` HD72 44ofD13 HD72

Merkheperre ((T) AI136) 45ofD13 AI170Merkheperre` ((T) EO441) 45ofD13/14 EOMercheperre` HD72 46ofD13 HD72Ra-mer-kheper ((T) TK89) 77ofD13/14 TK89

[An oblong weight AI170] 7.22ofT EO,HDf87-88ofT AI136

Merkheperre ("The Beloved-one existing in the Sun-god" (T) AI136)

Merkare` HD72 47ofD13 HD72Merka[re] EO 46ofD13 EO

7.23ofT HD,EO

Seseustrouire..... AI173 ?47ofD13 AI170?Seseusrtouire? ((K)(T is obliterated) AI170) ?g ofD13 HD72Sesostris IV HD72 58ofD13/17 TK86Ra-sesuser-taui ((T) TK86)

[Little or nothing known. AI170]

?Seuthenre? ((K)(T is obliterated) AI170) ?48ofD13 AI170?Seuthenre.... AI173

[Scarab, Dagger AI170]

?Sebeqikere? ((Th) AI170) ?49ofD13 AI170

[Cylinder Seal, Scarab AI170]

Menkhaure Senaayeb CVC818 ~30ofD13 CVCMenkheure Seshib? AI172 ?56ofD13 AI172Menkheure AI172

Menkhaure Senaayeb (Upper, vassal of Hyksos CVC818)

[Tablet, Abydos AI172]Menkheure ("Establishing the Ascensions of the sun-god" AI172)

?Sekhemibtouire? AI172 ?57ofD13 AI?Sekhemibtouire.... AI173

[Papyrus of 20th Dynasty AI172]

Nehsy CVC818 ?16ofD13 DNNehasy ((T) EO441) ~31ofD13 CVCNehasi HD75 34ofD13/17 TK79Nehesire ((T) AI136) 51ofD13/14 EO441Nehsira DN15 ?58ofD13 AI172Nehsi `Negro' BE212 2ofD14 HD75Nehesy UN86[Ra]-Nehsi ((T) TK79) 8.1ofT EO,HD

f97ofT AI136Upper, vassal of Hyksos (Nehsy) CVC818`the Nubian' (Nehasy) EO150 ((T) EO441)[Scarab AI172]

Reigned ? Yrs 3 mos (Nehasy) (T) EO441

Kha`tyre` (T) EO441 35ofD13/17 TKCha`tire` HD76 52ofD13/14 EOKhethire ((T) AI136) (The syllable thi is uncertain. AI172) 59ofD13 AI173Khethire..... AI173Ra-kha-kheru ((T) TK) 8.2ofT EO,HD

f97ofT AI136[Little known AI172]

Nebfaure` ((T) EO441) 4ofD14 HD75Nebfawre` HD75 36ofD13/17 TKNebfure ((T) End of dynasty. AI136) 53ofD13/14 EONebfure..... AI173 60ofD13 AI173Ra-neb-f Aa-nekht-meri ((T) TK)

8.3T EO"32nd year of the reign of the Hyksos Pharaoh Khyan" AI172 f97T AI136Reigned 1 yr 5 mo 15 dy (Nabfaure`) (T) EO441, AI136

"At the end of the XIIIth dynasty darkness descended again on Egyptian history and a little later,through the shadows, we catch glimplses of the first great humiliation. Egypt lay under the

domination of Asiatic invaders called the Hyksos whom later the great Queen Hatshepsut referredto as `the barbarians who ruled from Avaris in ignorance of Ra.' From scattered local references,and the later account of the Jewish historian Josephus, it seems that these people had infiltratedinto the Eastern Delta of Egypt during the XIVth dynasty, and finding a period of weak government,seized the royal power as Josephus says `without a battle.'" AB32

14TH DYNASTY ((M) AI138)

At Xois EK, ((Eu)(Af) MM35 3004-2520 TKliv 2793-2533 TKlv

76 kings 184 years ((Af) CVC818,TKlxvi), TST 2791-2607 TKliv 76 kings 484 yrs ((EAV) TKlxvi) 2702-2518 TKliv

2599-2146 TKlv"A group of minor kings who were probably all contemporary with the 13th or 2398-2214 TKlv15th Dyn." AO36 2267-2101 TKliv

2260-2547 TKliv"not a single trace of the reigns of any of the kings mentioned in this list has 2112-1928 S(P)come down to us." AI137 2108-1925 TKlv

1879-1745 AI138"the 14th D is totally unknown to us outside this mere list of names in the 1786-1603 EK,CVC818Turin Papyrus." AI137 ~1720 E

~1710-1650? HD160"Chronologically it may be ignored: it consists of just a list of names of kings 1640 EA123whose rule was confined to the northern and perhaps north-western Delta." ~1450 W52D18AI137

"It is during this confused age that I believe the Fourteenth Dynasty wasestablished in the northern Delta." [early part of D13] AI144

"A large number of kings. Probably a separate line of rulers in WesternDelta forming Dynasty XIV" E109

"After the beginning of the Thirteenth Dynasty in 1786 B.C., the Pharaoh's central government again weakenedand finally collapsed. There followed a century and a half of short, frequently interrupted reigns, probably withmore than one dynasty in power at the same time. Then, near the end of this tumultuous period, called theSecond Intermediate Period, around 1674 C.C., foreign kings ascended the throne. They were the AsiaticHyksos, `Rulers of the Uplands,' and they built a new capital, Avaris, in the delta. It used to be thought that theHyksos had swept into Egypt from Asia as conquerors, but all arghaeological evidence suggests that it was aprocess of infiltration." PE32

Sehebre AI175 1ofD14 AI175Sehabre` HD75 5ofD14 HD75Shebre ((T) EO441) 54ofD13/14 EORa-seheb ((T) TK90) 85ofD13/17 TK

Reigned 3 yrs (Sehebre) AI175 ((T) EO441) 8.4ofT EO,HDf97ofT AI175

Merthefere AI175 2ofD14 AI175Merdjefare` ((T) EO441),HD75 55ofD13/14 EOMer-tchefa ((T) TK)90 86ofD13/17 TK?Ra-mer-tchefa TK90

8.5ofT EOReigned 3 yrs (Merthefere) AI175 ((Merdjefare`) (T) EO441 f97ofT AI175

Sonbkere AI175 3ofD14 AI175Swadjkare ((T) EO441) 7ofD14 HD75Sewadjkare` HD75 56ofD13/14 EORa-sta-ka ((T) TK90) 87ofD13/17 TK

Reigned 1 yr (Sonbkere) AI175 ((T) EO441) 8.6ofT EO441f97ofT AI175

Nebdjefare` ((T) EO441),HD75 4ofD14 AI175Hrunebthefere AI175 8ofD14 HD75Ra-neb-tchefa-Ra(?) ((T) TK90) 57ofD13/14 EO

88ofD13/17 TK90Reigned 1 yr ((Nebdjefare`) (T) EO441), (Hrunebthefere) AI175

8.7ofT EO441f97ofT AI175

Ubenre AI175 5ofD14 AI175Ubenre` HD75 9ofD14 HD75Webenre ((T) EO441) 58ofD13/14 EORa-...-uben ((T) TK90) 84ofD13/17 TK90Reuben LW

8.8ofT EO,HDReigned 1? Yr (Webenre) (T) EO441 f97ofT AI175

Ra-...-tchefa ((T) TK91) 8ofD14 AI175.....thefere AI175 11ofD14 HD75...djefa?re` ((T) EO441) 91ofD13/17 TK91...djefare` HD75 60ofD13/14 EO

Reigned 4 yrs (…djefa?re`) (T) EO441 8.10ofT EO441f97ofT IA175

Ubenre AI175 9ofD14 AI175Uben-Ra II 2AEH927 12ofD14 HD75....[we]ben[re`] ((T) EO441) 61ofD13/14 EO...ubenre` HD75 92ofD13/17 TK91[Ra]-...-uben ((T) TK91)Reubn-an ash LW 8.11ofT EO441Anubnan LW f97ofT AI175

An-ubin LWAn uash LW

Reigned 3yrs (....[we]ben[re`]) ((T) EO441)

Fuibre AI175 10ofD14 AI175Awibre` HD75 13ofD14 HD75Auibre`.... ((T) EO441) 62ofD13/14 EORa-...-ab ((T) TK91) 93ofD13/17 TK91

8.12ofT EO441f97ofT AI175

Heribre AI175 11ofD14 AI175Heribre` HD75 14ofD14 HD75Heribre`.... (T) EO441 63ofD13/14 EORa-her-ab ((T) TK91) 94ofD13/17 TK91

8.13ofT EO,HDf97ofT AI175

Nebsenre AI175 12ofD14 AI175Nebsenre`..... ((T) EO441) 15ofD14 HD75Ra-neb-sen ((T) TK91) 64ofD13/14 EORa`nebsen HD75 95ofD13/17 TK91

Reigned 5 mo (Nebsenre`) (T) EO441 8.14ofT EO,HDf97ofT AI175

Sekhepereure AI175 17ofD14 AI,HDSecheperenre` HD75 66ofD13/13 EOSkheperenre` ((T) EO441) 98ofD13/17 TK92Ra-sekheper-en ((T) TK92)

8.16ofT EO441Reigned 2 yrs 1 day (Skheperenre`) (T) EO441 f101ofT AI175

Dedkherure AI175 18ofD14 AI175Djedkherure ((T) EO441) 67ofD13/14 EODjedcharure` HD75 99ofD13/17 TK92Ra-tet-kheru ((T) TK92)

8.17ofT EO,HDReigned 2 yrs 5 days (Djedkherure) (T) EO441 f101ofT AI175

Senkhkere AI175 19ofD14 AI,HD

Se`anchibre` HD75 68ofD13/14 EOS`ankhibre ((T) EO441) 100ofD13/17 TK92Ra-sankh-... ((T) TK92) 8.18ofT EO,HD

f101ofT AI175Reigned 19 days (S`ankhibre) (T) EO441

Thetumre AI175 20ofD14 AI,HD?Thetum(re) (became Toutimai(os)? AI184) 69ofD13/14 EO?Toutimaios ((M) AI175) 101ofD13/17 TK92Kanefertemre` HD75Nefertemre`.......... ((T) EO441) 8.19ofT EO,HDRa-nefer-sati ((T) TK92) f101ofT AI175

Reigned 18 days (Nefertemere`) (T) EO441

Contemporary with Oeusrre Apopi of 15th Dyn and Merneferre Ay of 13th. AI184

14th Dynasty becomes northern vassal of Hyksos. AI175

Sekhem....re AI175 21ofD14 AI,HDSekhem.....re` EO441 70ofD13/14 EOSechem...re` HD75 102ofD13/17 TK92Ra-sekhem-... ((T) TK92) 8.20ofT EO,HD

f101ofT AI175

Kakemetre` HD75 22ofD14 AI,HDKakemure`.... (T) EO441 71ofD13/14 EOKe.....re AI175 103ofD13/17 TK92Ra-ka-... ((T) TK92)

8.21ofT EO,HDf101ofT AI175

Neferibre AI175 23ofD14 AI,HDNeferibre` ((T)(Mo) EO441),HD75 37ofD13/17 TK79Ra-nefer-ab ((T) TK79) 72ofD13/14 EO

8.22ofT EO,HDf101ofT AI175

A........re AI175 24ofD14 AI,HDA... HD75 73ofD13/14 EOYa.... ((T) EO441) 38ofD13/17 TK79Ra-a...-... ((T) TK79) 8.23ofT EOHD

f101ofT AI175

Khe.....re AI175 25ofD14 AI,HDKha`....re`.... ((T) EO441) 39ofD13/17 TKCha`...re` HD75 74ofD13/14 EORa-nefer-ka ((T) TK)

8.24ofT EO,HDf101ofT AI175

Enkhkere AI175 26ofD14 AI,HD`Aakare` ((T) EO441) 75ofD13/14 EO`Anchkare` HD75

8.25ofT EO,HDf101ofT AI175

Smen.....re AI175 27ofD14 AI,HDSmen...re`..... ((T) EO441) 40ofD13/17 TK80Semen...re` HD76 76ofD13/14 EORa-smen-... ((T) TK80)

8.26ofT EO,HDf101ofT AI175

Mer.....re AI175 28ofD14 AI175Ra-mer-sekhem ((K) TK80) 41ofD13/17 TK80

f101ofT AI175

Djed....re...... (T) EO441 28ofD14 HDDjed...re` HD76 77ofD13/14 EO

8.27ofT EO,HD

"Some [17] which are obviously fantastic and do not belong to real kings." EO441 "An unknown number of names lost." AI175 "the order after the first 28 is very uncertain" AI174 Columns 9 & 10 of the Turin list contain mostly broken names, but some, particularly 9.17-22 and 10.1-11 which are obviously fantastic and do not belong to real kings. EO

Snefer[ka?]re (T) EO442 39ofD14 HDSenefer...re` HD76 44ofD13/17 TK80

Ra-senefer-... ((T) TK80) 84ofD13/14 EO

9.7ofT EO,HD

Menibre` HD76 40ofD14 HDMen....re AI175 ~72ofD14 AI175Men........re (T) EO442 83ofD13/14 EO

9.8ofT EO,HD

Djed......re` EO442,HD76 86ofD13/14 EO

9.9ofT EO,HD

Ink.... (T) EO442 46ofD14 HD76Inek (?) HD76 91ofD13/17 EO442

9.14 EO,HD

An-ab ((SS) TK80) 17ofD13/14 DNA... HD76 45ofD13/17 TKIneb?... EO442 47ofD14 HDInib.... AI175 ?64ofD13Suatch-taui ((Ho) TK80) 90ofD13/14 EOMenkhaura Anab DNRa-men-khau(Su) Suatch-taui(Ho) An-ab(SS) TK80 9.15ofT EO,HD

f152ofT AH175[Turin, Stela TK81]

Ap... HD76 48ofD14 HD

9.16ofT HD

Hibi HD76 49ofD14 HD

7.17ofT HD

Aped (?) HD76 50ofD14 HD769.18ofT HD

Hapi HD76 51ofD76 HD9.19ofT HD

Schamse HD76 52ofD14 HD9.20ofT HD

Meni HD76 53ofD14 HD9.21ofT HD

Werqa HD76 54ofD14 HD9.22ofT HD

...kare` HD76 57ofD14 HD769.25ofT HD

...kare` HD76 58ofD14 HD9.26ofT HD

Hepu (?) HD76 60ofD14 HD9.28ofT HD

...nnat HD76 61ofD14 HD8.29ofT HD

Ef... HD76 64ofD14 HD10.1ofT HD

Seth II HD76 65ofD14 HDSet.... AI175 ~61ofD14 AI175

10.2ofT HD76f150ofT AI175

Saine HD76 ~62ofD14 AI175Senu.... AI175 66ofD14 HD

10.3ofT HDf150ofT AI175

Hor III HD76 67ofD14 HD10.4ofT HD

Enibef HD77 70ofD14 HD10.7ofT HD

Iu.... AI175 ~60ofD14 AI175f150ofT AI175

Pensetensepat HD77 70ofD14 HDPennsetintsept... AI175 ~66ofD14 AI175

f152ofT AI17510.9ofT HD

Cherhimweschepse HD77 73ofD14 HD10.10ofT HD

Chuhimwe HD77 74ofD14 HD10.11ofT HD

Smerensobk... AI175 ~65ofD14 AI175f152ofT AI175

Several names in (T) obviously fantastic. EO442Several names lost. TK

Ra-sekhem-ta(?)-...Pen-...then (Stele of Tehuti-aa TK86) 55ofD13/17 TK86

Ra-u-aqer TK86 56ofD13/17 TK86

[Limestone slab TK86]

Break AI

Ra-neb-ati-... ((T) TK87) 59ofD13/17 TK87....ka[re`?] Nebennati ((T) EO442) 106ofD13 EO

9.29ofT EO442

Woser...re` ((T) EO442) ?73ofD13 AIWoser... ((T) EO442) 107ofD13/17 TK93Ra-user-... ((T) TK93 108ofD13/17 TK98 ...wahre AI175 127ofD13/14 EO

128ofD13/14 EO11.16ofT EO44211.17ofT EO442

Heru-netch-tef (Limestone slab TK86) 57ofD13/17 TK86Her.... AI175 ?63ofD14 AI175

f150ofT AI175

(15th & 16th order of succession is doubtful D15)

HYKSOS DOMINATION WD 2190-1680 TBR41

contemporary of Conquest and early Judges period of Bible. W52D20 ~1985-1575 AN26~1800-1600 WD

Hyksos = Amalekites W52D22,TX128 c1788-1580 TExiii~1730-1570 CE320

"Little is known about this turbulent era and its ephemeral rulers." PG ? 1674-1567 EKc1663-1555 PG

"The Hyksos, a western semitic people... These Pharohs...copied Egyptian c1650-1550 MO9traditions, choosing Seth, the Brother of Osiris, for their god." RB5 c1630 JACF2n65

r1486+-43 JACF2n65"Though the Egyptians prided themselves as archers, the bows of theHyksos were stronger. These Asiatic soldiers used a double-curved, orcomposite, bow made of several layers of wood and horn." PE32

"Hyksos" means King Shepherds TX227"Hyksos" means Shepherd Kings"Hyksos" meansKing of the Arabs (Brugsch EUPv1,265) TX227"Hyksos" means Ruler of countries TX227

15TH DYNASTY 2607-2323 TKliv

Thebes TKIxvii 2547-2287 TKliv

Hyksos EK8,AO36,WE,TN42 2533-2249 TKlv 2520-2270 TKliv

6 kings 284 yrs ((Af) TKlxvii) 2518-2258 TKliv6 kings in 250 yrs ((Eu) TKlxvii) 2296 SOR2126 kings in 511 yrs (J) (Probably obtained from summation of reignes, not 2214 TKlvrepresentative of elapsed time) TX228 2146-1896 TKlv

2101-1842 TKliv"Of the Shepherds, 6 foreign Phoenician kings. 284 years." TST 1928- S(P)

1925 TKlv"The monuments show us that of these Hyksos Kings only two, Apophis and 1850- AH42Khyan (Ionias), ruled all Egypt..." AH36 -1679 AH36

~1788-1580 TExiii"6 Hyksos kings are known" RB 1678-1570 TN42

1674-1567 CVC"The Hyksos generally showed great respect for Egyptian civilization; the new ~1650-1540 HD161rulers adopted Egyptian titles and habits, and wrote their names in 1640 AO36hieroglyphs. They worshiped the Egyptian god Seth, used Egyptian officialsand maintained the general administrative system. Later statements that theyburned cities and temples and created a period of anarchy are probably basedon propaganda put out by their later Theban conquerors." EK20

"The chariotry, probably a Hyksos innovation, was divided into squadrons made up of25 chariots... There was no cavalry as such, probably because the breed of horse wasnot large or strong enough to carry a rider." EK116

"The first Dynasty of the Shepherd Kings (Hyksos, Dynasty XV) reign in Goshencontemporaneously with Egyptian Kings. Manetho according to Julius African." SOR212

Accordign to Budge the Hyksos were a coalition of desert tribes from the Sinai area.TX229

"While the evidence points to an occupation of most of the Nile Valley by the Hyksos forsome extended period of time, strangely, the burial evidences believed to be of Hyksosorigin are limited almost exclusively to the earthen camp at Tell el Yehudiyeh." TX227

"To be sure, the available data on the Hyksos is meager, but from this meager datathere is no conclusion more obvious than that the Hyksos were a people of low culture,a race of vandals who destroyed for the pleasure of destruction, a people who wreakedhavoc with the monuments, the temples, and the cities of Egypt, yet a people whoproduced so little themselves that there remains no basis for identifying this race."TX233

"Queen Hatshepsut, more than a century after the expulsion, referred to them [theHyksos] as the Amu." TX230

Salitis ((M). PT83), AO36,EK20,AC87,HD77 ~1857-1839 AI178Salatis ((J) TKlxxix), WE274,AC87,AI178 ?1850 AH36Saltis ACC120 c1675 PT83Salati or Saite AI179 1670? AEG95Saites EO, ((Af) TKlxvii), ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 1640 AO36Saites (Salatis) ((M) AI177)?Sanati AI183?Setnati AI183 1ofD15 AO,HD,EO443,TKIxvii

Silites ((Bs) TKlxxvi) 1ofD15 (J)AI177?Latis AC120 1ofD15 (M)AI177....kere Sanati ((T) AI179) 1ofD15 (Af)EO443,TKlxvii?el-Welid, son of Douma AC85 1ofD17(Eu) TKlxviiSargon of Akkad? (2350 AEG95) 1ofHyk AC85Sargon I of Assyria? AEG95Sargon II of Assyria? (720 AEG95)Sharek or Salitis? AEG95

Built Auaris AC87Ruled in Memphis (Salitis) in the days of Tutimaios (M). PT83)

Reigned 19 yrs (Salatis) AI178 ((J) Tkxxix)Reigned 19 yrs (Saites) ((Af) TKIxvii), ((M) AI177) EOReigned 15 yrs (Saites) ((Bs) TKIxxvii)Reigned 15 yrs (Silites) ((Bs) TKIxxvi)

"An Amalekite king, el-Welid, son of Douma, arrived from Syria, invaded Egypt, conquered it,seized the throne..." AIC85

"Memphis fell to the Hyksos ruler Salitis in 1674 BC, and the 13th Dynasty came to an end about1633 BC." EK20

"The Hyksos spread certain ideas and techniques; they introduced both warlike and peaceful ideasinto Egypt, including the use of bronze rather than copper, horses, chariots, new weapons,hump-backed cattle, the lyre and lute and the vertical loom. In our museums today, there are fineexamples of the scarabs of this period, with their distinctive scroll designs." EK21

"Manetho's account of the arrival of these Asiatic invaders (Josephus: Contra Apion) is as follows:-`We had formerly a king whose name was Timaios (or Toutimaios). In his time it came to pass, Iknow not why, that God was displeased with us; and there came up from the East in a strangemanner men of an ignoble race, who had the hardihood to invade our country, and easily subdued itby their power without a battle. And when they had our rulers in their hands, they burnt our citiesand demolished the temples of the gods, and inflicted every kind of barbarity upon the inhabitants,killing some and deducing the wives and children of other to a state of slavery. At length theymade one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis: he lived at Memphis, and rendered boththe upper and lower regions of Egypt tributary..." AI179

"...Salatis... found in the Saite [read Sethroite] nome a city very fit for his purposes... he rebuilt itand made it very strong by the walls he built around it and by a numerous garrison of two hundredand forty thousand armed men... If we eliminate the absurd reference to the Assyrians and thepreposterous number of the garrison at Avaris, the tale may be credited as in general a probablenarrative." BE216-217

Mayebre Sheshi CVC818,CA ~1727-1679 AI178Maeibre Ashshi AI189Maeibre? ((Th) AI189)Sheshi AO36 1ofD15 CVCScheschi HD77 1a ofD15 HD77Assis ((J) TKlxxix),EO,AH,AI177 2ofD15 AOAssi(s) ((M) AI176 ~5of15/16 TKAshshi ((Sc) AI189) 6ofD15(J) AI177,TKlxxixRa-aa-seh TK94 6ofD15 EO.....-ka-[Ra] Aanata 2AEH928

(a)Anitas LW?Abimalech? LW

Reigned [1?]3 yrs (Mayebre Sheshi) CVC818Reigned 49 yrs (Assis) EOReigned 49 yrs 2 mos (Assis) AI177, ((J) TKIxxix)

Maeibre? ((Th) "The Truth of the heart of the Sun-god" AI189

Bnon AI178,AI177, ((Af) TKlxvii,EO443), ((M) AI177), ((Eu) TKlxvii), SWJA15 ~1838-1828 AI178Bnon (?Akenenre` Apopi) AH36 ?1831-1828 AH36Benon ((Eu) TKlxvii, AI183Beon ((J) TKlxxix), AI183?Benoni SWJA15 1ofD15/16 TKBebnum AI183 2ofD15 ((J) AI177,TKIxxix)Bebnem HD76 2ofD15 ((Af) Tklxvii,EO)Baion ((Bs) TKlxxvi) 27ofBS TK....kere Bebnum (RH (T) AI183) 62ofD14 HD.....ka[re?] Bednem (T) EO442 107ofD13/14 EO...banan TK93 2of17(Eu) TK?Benjamin SWJA15 9.30ofT EO,HD

f122/123ofT AI179[Papyrus fragment TK93]

Reigned ?4 yrs (Bnon) AH36Reigned 11 yrs (Bnon) AI178Reigned 40 yrs (Bnon) ((M) AI177), (Benon) ((Eu) TKIxvii)Reigned 44 yrs (Bnon) AI177, (Beon) ((J) TKIxxix), (Baion) ((Bs) Tkxxvi)

Apachnan (?Nebkhepeshre` Apop) EO ~1827-1814 AI178Apachnas AI177, ((J)(M) TKlxxix)Apachanas AH36Apachna or Pachnan AI183 1b ofD15 HD77Apakhnas ((Bs) TKlxxvi) 2ofD15 CVC,CAAbeh-en-khepesh ((T) TK93) 2ofD15/16 TK93Alkan Abou-Kabous? AC85 3ofD15 EO,((J) AI177,TKIxxix)Archles (Apachnas) ((M) AI177) 3ofD15 AI177, ((Af) EO,TKIxvii)Archles ((Af) EO443,TKlxvii) 5ofD15 (Af)EO,TKlxviiPachnan ((Af) EO443,TKlxvii,MM35), AI183 of16thD EK8Merusrre ((Th) AI183)Merusrre Yapakhal AI183 28ofBS TKMeruserre Yakubher CVC818,CAMeruserra Igebarh DNYakobhal (Jacob-el) ((Pers) "Yakob is god" AI184)Yapakhal or Yebekhal AI184Yebkhal AI184Jacob-el EK8Ja`qobher HD77?.....re.... (T) AI

[Scarab AI183]

[contemp of Merneferre of D13. AI165]

Reigned 8 yrs (Meruserre Yakubher) CVC818Reigned 8 yrs (Yapakhal) AI184Reigned 14 or 30 yrs (Archles) ((M) AI177)Reigned 36 yrs 7 mos (Apachnas) AI177, ((J)(M) TKIxxix)Reigned 36 yrs (Apachnan) EO, (Apakhnas) ((Bs) TKIxxvi)Reigned 49 yrs (Archles) ((Af) EO443, TKIxvii)Reigned 61 yrs (Pachnan) ((Af) EO443,TKIxvii)

Merusrre ("The Beloved and Pewerful-one of the Sun-god" AI183)

"...the scarabs of a Pharaoh who evidently belonged to the Hyksos time, give his name asJacob-her or possibly Jacob-El, and it is not impossible that some chief of the Jacob-tribes of Israelfor a time gained the leadership of this obscure age." BE220

"At the time when this new Pharaoh proclaimed himself, the Fifteenth Dynasty King of the Asiaticswho were settled in the eastern half of the Delta was a certain Yapakhal (Manetho's Apachnas,page 183); and, since he was posing as a Pharaoh, he had taken the throne-name Merusrre, `TheBeloved and Mighty-one of the Sun-god.' This Semitic monarch was the third of his line..." AI165

Apophis AI177,EM18,EK8,AH184,WE274,AC87,HD78 ~1813-1778 AI178Apophis (`Awoserre`) AO36 ?1813-1778 AH36Apophis I ((J) TKlxxix), UN86,PT83 c1620-1580 PT83Aphophis ((Af) EO443), ((Bs) TKlxxvi), ((M) AI177) c1585-1542 AOAphophis (Eu) Archles (EAV) ((Eu) TKlxvii)Aphobis ((Af) TKlxvii)Apophi AI 4ofD15 TK,CVC,AO,((M)AI177)Apopi (Nomen EO), ((SS) AI184) 5ofD15 HD78Apepa I TK101 6ofD15 EO,TKIxviiApop AC92, ((Nm) EO443) ofD15/16 UN86Agog I AIC92 4ofHyk AC92`Akenenre` Apopi (PrNm) (Mo) EO443 3ofD17 TKlxviiAuserre Apophis I CVC818,CA ?12ofD15/16 DN`Aweserre` Apopi (PrNm) (Mo) EO433`Awoserre` AO36Aauserra Apepa II DN15Oeusrre Apopi AI136Oeusrre ((RH) AI184)Ra-aa-user Apepa ((T) TK92)

[Turin, Papyrus TK93]

Reigned 14 yrs ((Eu) TKIxvii)Reigned 14 or 30 yrs (Aphophis) ((M) AI177)Reigned 36 yrs (Apophis) AI178Reigned 40+ yrs CVC818Reigned 61 yrs (Apophis) AI177, ((J) TKIxxix), (Aphobis) (Af) EO443,TKIxvii, (Apop) AC92

Conquered 13th and 14th Dynasties. AI165,AI167

Contemporary with Merneferre Ay of 13th Dyn and Thetumre of the 14th Dyn. AI184 one of thesetwo kings is to be identified with the Timaios or Toutimaios of (M). AH184

Contemporary with Merneferre Ay. (Oeusrre Apopi AI136)

"Apophis" means "Wild Ass" BCA30

"The Great and Powerful-one of the Sun-god" (Oeusrre) (RH) AI184

"Apopi was the first…[hyksos] to impose his rule on the whole of Egypt." AI138

At war with Seqenenre of D17. AI184

"An Apophis, one of their kings, {the Hyksos} fashioned an altar, now at Cairo, and engraved uponit the dedication; `He [Apophis] made it as his monument for his father Sutekh, lord of Avaris, whenhe [Sutekh] set all lands under his [the king's] feet.'" BE217-218

Agog I lived at the time of Moses and founded Thebes. WC151h

Khyan ((M) AI177), CE320,EK8,WE274,PT83 c1777-1728 AH35Khyan (Ionias) AH35 -1727 AI176Khyan or Khyen ((Pers)(SS) AI186) c1650 PT83Khayan (Nomen EO), CE320 ~1620 CE320Khyen AI186Kyan UN86Khian AE64,TK95 3ofD15 AO,CVCKhian (Swoserenre`) AO36 4ofD15 HD78,((Af)EO,TK)Chajan (Iannas) HD78 5ofD15 AI138,EO, ((J) AI177,TKIxxix)Hian AI186 6ofD15/16 TK95Hioni AI186 ofD15/16 UN86Haianu AI186 ?10ofD15/16 DNStaan ((Af) EO443,TKlxvii,MM35)Seuserenra Khian DN15Seuserenre Khyan CA, CVC818Seweserenre` Khayan (PrNm)(Mo) EO443Seusrenre Khyan AI186Seusrenre ((RH) AI186)Ionias (Khyan) AI177Ionias or Iannas ((M) AI186)Ioni or Ian(n) AI186Iannas (`Aweserre` Apopi) EOIneqetebu ((H) AI186)Anq Atebiu ((Ho) TK95)Jannas ((J) TKlxxix)Ra-seuser-en(Su) Anq Atebiu(Ho) Khian(SS) TK95Ra-User-en Khian TK100

[Inscription TK95]

Could this be the same name as Jannes of Jasher 79:27; 84:15 (Jannes, son of Balaam & father ofBeor). Who succeeded Zepho as king of Chittim. Jsr 67:7

Probably succeeded Apophis (Khyan (Ionias)) AH35)

"Making powerful that which belongs to the Sun-god" (Seusrenre) (RH) AI186

Reigned 50 yrs ((Khyan) (M) AI177), ((Staan) (Af) EO443,TKIxvii), (Iannas EO)

Reigned 50 yrs 1 mo (Ionias (Khyan) AI177), ((Jannes) (J) TKIxxix)

"Embracing the Lands" ((Ineqetebu) (H) AI186)

Archles ((Af) EO443,TK,MM35), ((Eu) TK) 5ofD15 EOReigned 30 yrs (Archles) (Eu) TK 3ofD17(Ea) TKReigned 49 yrs (Archles) (Af) EO443, EK 4ofD17(Eu) TK

Apopi ((Pers)(SS) AI210) 1596-1577 AI210Apop II? AC96Agog II AC96Apepa ((SS) TK94) 3ofD15/16Aphophis ((Eu),(Ea) TK), EO443 4ofD15(J) TKApophis ((J) TK) 4ofD15/16 TKApophis II UN86 4ofD15/17 UNAphobis (Af) TK 5ofD15 CVCAkenenre UN86 6ofD15(Af) TKAqenenre Apophis II CVC818 ?13ofD15/16 DNAaqenenra Apepa III DN15 ~10ofD16 AI204Oeqenenre Apopi AI204 3ofD17(Eu) TKOeqenenre ((RH) AI210) 4ofD17(Ea) TKSehotpetoui ((H) AI210) of D17 MM34Sehetep-taui ((Ho) TK94)Ra-aa-qenen Apepa TK94Ra-aa-qenen(Su) Sehetep-taui(Ho) Apepa(SS) TK94

[Inscription TK94]

Reigned 14 yrs (Aphophis) (Eu) TKReigned 30 yrs (Aphophis) (Ea) TKReigned 61 yrs ((Apophis) (J) TK), ((Aphobis) (Af) TK)

"The Great-one, strengthening the Sun-god" ((Oeqenenre) (RH) AI210)

"Pacifying the Two Lands" ((Sehotpetoui) (H) AI210)

"the Hyksos Pharaoh who was finally ejected" AI204

~contemporary with Seqenenre of the 17th D. AI210

Khamudi AO36 c1542-1532 AO36Khamudy EO442Chamdi HD78?Asehre Khamudy CVC818 5ofD15 AO

?6ofD15 CVCKhamudy [Chieftain of a foreign country] EO442 6ofD15 HD78

10.20ofT EO,HDExtreme south of Egypt now lost by Hyksos. AI

16TH DYNASTY -1738 (PE)TST

(Hyksos EK8,AH36,AH36), 1728- AH42(Tanis (old chronical) MM35) 1684-1567 EK,CVC(wholly artificial PG) 1678- AH36

1674-1567 AEG78"32 Hellenic Shepherd kings, 518 years -Manetho" TST, ((Af) TKIxvii) ~1650-1550 HD161

c1600-1570 TN425 kings 190 yrs ((Eu) TKlxvii)

"Wholly artificial" PG

Probably contemporary with the 15th Dyn. CVCContemporary with the 15th Dynasty. AOContemporary with the 16th Dynasty. AI191Contemporary either with D13 or D15.

"Minor Hyksos rulers, contemporary with the 15th Dynasty." AO

"A succession of eight Hyksos chieftains probably contemporary with the `GreatHyksos' of the Fifteenth Dynasty." CVC818

The names are known, but the order can only be guessed at. AI202

Nothing is known about the sea kings of the 16th Dyn (M), only thatthey were in the Northern Delta while Intefoes ruled Upper andHyksos reigned at Memphis. AI205

Anather CVC818 ?1ofD16 CVCAnther or Anthel DN15 ?2ofD15/16 DN`Anataher HD79 a ofD16 HD79Anat-her PT83 ? ofD15/16Ant-her, a governor of countries TK100Ra-aa-neter TK97

[Scarab PT82,TK97]

User`anath HD79 b ofD16 HD

Semqen DN15,CVC818,HD79 ?1of15/16 DN15Samuqen PT83 ?2ofD16 CVCSemqen TK100 c ofD16 HD

[Scarab PT82]

Semqen, a governor of countries TK100

Ra-sebeq-ka TK96 ? of15/16 TK

Beb`anch HD79 d ofD79 HD

Meruserra Agebarh DN15 ?3ofD15/16 DNRa-user-mer I-qeb-her(?), a king TK100 ?ofD15/16 TK

?Khauserre CVC818 ?3ofD16 CVCKhauserra DN15 ?5ofD15/16 DNRa-Kha-user, a king TK99 ? ofD15/16 TK

Seket CVC818 ?4ofD16 CVCSaket HD80 m ofD16 HDSaket(?), a prince TK101 10f22ofT HD80

?Ahetepre CVC818 ?5ofD16 CVCAahetepra DN15 ?6ofD15/16 DNOehotpere ((Sc) AI204) ?6ofD16 AI204Ra-Aa-hetep, a king TK99 ? ofD15/16 TK

"The Great-one contenting the Sun-god" ((Oehotpere) (Sc) AI204)

Sekhaenre CVC818 ?6ofD16 CVCRa-s-kha-en, a king TK98 ? of15/16 TK

Sekhenen Ra-ka-Set TK96 ? ofD15/16 TK

?Amu CVC818 ?7ofD16 CVC`Amu HD80 q ofD16 HD80Khamura DN15 ?4ofD15/16 DNRa-Kha-mu, a king TK99

Maaabra DN15 ?7ofD15/16 DNRa-Maa-ab, a king TK98 ? ofD15/16 TK

[Papyrus TK96]

Nebkhepeshre Apophis (III?) CVC818 ~1678 AI203Nebkhepeshre ((RH) AI203)Nebkhepeshre` Apop (PrNm) (Mo) EO433Nebtkhepeshra Apepa I DN15 ?8ofD16 CVCApopi ((SS) AI203) ~1ofD16 AI203Ra-Apepi TK96 ?11ofD15/16 DN Pepi (III) HD79 7ofD15/16 TK97

e ofD16 HD79"Lord of the Scimitar of the Sun-god" ((Nebkhepeshre) (RH) AI203)

Ra-neb-uart Apep TK97

Nebma`re` HD79 f ofD16 HD79

Nebkere AI203 ?2ofD16 AI203?Nubkere (Cowroid inscribed AI205)?Ra-nub-ka? TK101

[Scarab AI203]

"Lord of the Spirit of the Sun-god" ((Nebkere) (AI203))

Nikare` HD79 g ofD16 HD

Meribre` HD79 h ofD16 HD79

Nebshefre AI203 ?3ofD16 AI203Ra-neb-tet, a king(?) ((Sc) TK98) ? ofD15/16 TK

Nebshefre ("Lord of the Valour of the Sun-god" AI203)

Aapehtira Nubti DN15 ?9ofD15/16 DNSet-aa-pehti Nubti ? TK95?Ra-Nub-taui? TK100

[Scarab AI203][Stela TK95]

`Ahetepre` HD79 j ofD16 HD79

Sheftouinubre ((Sc) AI204) ~4ofD16 AI204

Sheftouinubre ((Sc) "The Valour of the Two Lands of the Golden-one of the Sun-god" AI204)

Shefhotpere ((Sc) "The Valour contenting the Sun-god" AI204) ~5ofD16 AI204

[Scarab AI204]

"The Valour contenting the Sun-god" (Shefhotpere) AI204

?Ukhuf TK96 ? of15/16 TK

Ra-Uatch-ka TK96 ? of15/16 TK

[Scarab TK96]

Ra-en-ka TK96 ? ofD15/16 TK

[Scarab TK96]

Uatchet TK97 ? of15/16 TKWadjed (Wasa) HD80 n ofD16 HD80

[Scarab TK97]

Heru-Ipeq TK97 ? of15/16 TK

[Scarab TK97]

Senbmaiu TK97 ?of15/16 TK

[Fr TK97]

Khen-tcher-aa-kha TK97 ? ofD15/16 TK

[Scarab TK97]

Oenebre AI204 ~7ofD16 AI204

[Scarab AI204]

"The Great-one, Lord of the Sun-God" (Oenebre) AI204)

Oeneterre AI204 ~8ofD16 AI204`Anetrire` HD79 k ofD16 HD

[Scarab AI204]

"The Great and Divine-one of the Sun-god" (Oeneterre) AI204

Oesehre AI204 ~9ofD16 AI204Aasehra DN15 ?8ofD15/16 DN

"The Great-one of the Wisdom of the Sun-god" (Oesehre) ( AI204)

Cha`userre` HD79 l ofD16 HD

Oeqerium AI205Oeqer-ium AI230

[Scarab AI205]

~"The mighty-one of the Storms of the Sea" (Oeqerium) AI205

Oeium AI205Oe-ium AI230

[Scarab AI205]

"The mighty-one from the Sea" ( Oeium) AI205

Yeium AI205Ye-ium AI230

~"Cleansed by the Sea" (Yeium) AI205

Yekheium or Kheyium AI205

Yekhe-ium AI230Kheyium AI205

[Scarab AI205]

"Ascending from the Sea" (Yekheium or Kheyium) AI205

Khereium AI205Khere-ium AI230

"The Sun-god ascending from the Sea" (Khereium) AI205

Yakobium AI205 p ofD16 HD80Yakob-ium AI230Jakbe`am HD80

[Scarab AI205]

"Jacob of the Sea" (Yakobium) AI205

?Qur or Qul AI205 o ofD16 HD80?Qar, a prince TK99Qor HD80

[Scarab "May belong to this period" AI205]

Khuoth AI205

[Scarab "May belong to this period" AI205]

Nebwaheb AI205

[Scarab "May belong to this period" AI205]

Nia...(?) HD80 r ofD16 HD80

9 petty kings from scarabs of this period. Where they reignedis not known, perhaps western delta. AI231

Nubuthre AI205 ?1of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubnefermaetre AI205 ?2of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubusrre AI205 ?3of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubhotpere AI205 ?4of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubsekhemre AI205 ?5of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubhetre AI205 ?6of? AINubhethor AI205

[Scarab AI205]

Nubibre AI205 ?7of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubenkhre AI205 ?8of? AINub`anchre` HD79 i ofD16 HD

[Scarab AI205]

Nubdedre AI205 ?9of? AI

[Scarab AI205]

Nubneferre or Nefernubre AI205

[Plaque AI205]

Sheftouinubre AI231

Ra-sekhent-neb ((K) TK104)

Aahmes-sa-pa-ari ((Ab) TK105)

"About 1650 B.C., in the reign of one of the earlier Hyksos pharaohs, the Theban branch of theThirteenth Dynasty was succeeded by a new line of Theban rulers who are designated in theAfricanus version of Manetho's history as belonging to the Seventeenth Dynasty." CVC64

"About 1720 B.C. the Hyksos seized a fortress city, Avaris, in the eastern delta. From that center,rule was extended throughout the delta until Memphis was taken about 1674 B.C. AlthoughMemphis seems to have been the effective limit of Hyksos control, the shock was sufficient tobreak the continuity of rule in the Middle Kingdom and to throw Upper Egypt into some confusion." A63

"there is very little to direct us in assigning these obscure Pharaohs either to the 16th Dynastyin Lower Egypt or to the 17th D in Upper Egypt." AI209

17TH DYNASTY 2115-1706 TKlv

(Theban EK8,TK102,AO36) 2082-1822 TKliv(Native, contemporary with 16th AH36,AC68) 2007-1796 TKliv(Memphis (Old Chronicle)) MM35, (Eu)(Af) MM34 1806-1655 TKliv

1776-1625 TKliv 5(?) kings in 151 yrs ((Af) TKlxvii) 1738-1587 (PE)S 4 kings 190 yrs ((Eu) TKlxvii) 1731-1580 TKlv "43 Shepherd kings & 43 Theban Diospolites." S -1580 (BE)S Shepherd kings per (Eu) MM34 1728-1578 AH36 "vassals of the tottering Hyksos" AI212 1684-1591 TKliv "strong enough to start driving the Hyksos out of Upper Egypt." PT84 1680-1580 UN86 Shepherd kings concurrent with a line of kings at Thebes (Af) MM34 c1663-1570 PG "Theban rivals of the Hyksos." WE274 1650-1570 OE Native line of kings, most likely started when Khyan died. AI176 1650-1567 EK

~1650-1550 HD161"...in about 1650 BC a new line of native rulers arose at Thebes; they formed 1641-1490 TKlva semi-independent state in the south and are known as the 17th Dynasty. c1640-1550 AO36Although they paid tribute to the Hyksos they preserved thier independence,and it was these princes who eventually overthrew the Hyksos and drove

them from Egypt." EK20

"The 17th Dynasty is generally regarded as the native dynasty of princes insubmission to, and then in revolt against, the last kings of the 16th, theHyksos, Dynasty. But in Manetho's list, as given by Julius Africanus andEusebius, the 17th Dynasty is the last of the Hyksos." AIC68

"The 2d Dynasty of Shepherd Kings (Hyksos Dynasty XVII) reignscontemporaneously with Ehyptian Kings 215 yrs. Josephus Ant. II. 15;Clemens Alex. Strom.I.145" SOR213

Sekhemre Wahkhau Rehotpe CVC819 1ofD17 CVC,UN86?Sekhemre`-wahkha`Ra`hotpe ((T) EO442) ?1of17 EOSekhem..re` ((T) EO442) 2ofD17 HD81Sekhem......re AI175 25ofD13/14 DNSekhemuahkhaura Hetepra DN ~40ofD14 AI175Ra`hotpe HD81 64ofD13/17 TK87Rahoted UN86Ra-sekhem-uah-khau Ra-hetep ((K) TK87) ?11.1ofT EO442

?f126ofT AH175Reigned 3 yrs (Sekhem..re') (T) Eo442

Sekhemre Wepmaat Inyotef V, `the Elder' CVC819 ~1660-1651 AI198Sekhemre`-wepma`e Inyotef-`o ((C)(R) EO442)Sekhemwepmaetre Intefoe AI198Sekhemwepmaetre ((RH) AI198) 1ofD17 HDWepmaet ((H) AI198) 2ofD17 CVC,UNAntef UN86 ?6ofD17 EOAnjotef V HD81 ~11ofD17 AI198Antef-aa ((SS) TK84) 52of13/17 TKIntefoe ((SS) AI198)

[Coffin found TK84][Coffin, 3 objects from his tomb & pyramidion. AH198][Abbott Papyrus says his tomb had been tunnelled by robbers. AH198]

Reigned 3 yrs (Sekhemre Wepmaat Inyotef V) CVC819

"The Power opening up the truth of the Sun-god" (Sekhemwepmaetre) ((RH) AI198)

"Opening up the Truth" (Wepmaet) ((H) AI198)

Sekhemre Heruhirmaat Inyotef VI CVC819 ~1680-1661 AI197Sekhemherhermaetre Intefoe AI197Sekhemherhermaetre ((RH) AI197)Sekhemre`-herhima`e Inyotef EO442 22of13/14 DNSeshesh(?)raherherimaat Antefa III DN15 ~42ofD14 AI175?Sese......re AI175 ~3ofD17 CVC?Swadj[en?]re` ? ((T) EO442) ~9ofD17 AI197

Antefa DN15 ?7ofD17 EOIntefoe ((Pers) AI197) 51of13/17 TKInyotef VI AL151 ?68ofD13/17 TK88Ra-suatch-en ((K) TK88) ?97ofD13/17 TK91Ra-suah-en ((K) TK91)Ra-seshesh-her-her-maat Antef-aa TK83 116ofT? EO

11.4ofT? EO442[Coffin found TK83][Tomb (R) AL151]

The Power resting upon the truth, or warranty, of the Sun-god" (Sekhemherhermaetre) ((RH) AI197)

Reigned 1 yr (?Swadj[en?]re') (T) EO442

{Brother: Ra-seshesh-her-her-maat Antef-aa TK84}

Sebekemzaf I (Sekhemre`-wadjkha`u) AO ~1707-1688 AI194Sebekemsaf I HD81Sebekemsaf UN86,BE211Sebek-em-sa-f ((SS) TK81) 18ofD13/14 DNSekhem..re (3yrs(T) EO442) ~39ofD14 AI175Sekhem......re AI175 48ofD13/17 TK81Sekhemre`-wadjkha`u Sebekemsaf ((T) EO442) ?2ofD17 EOSekhemuatchkhaura Sebekemsaf DN15 3ofD17 AO,HDSekhemuthkeure Sobkemsuf AH194 ?5ofD17 AI192Sekhemuthkheure ((RH) AI194) ?6ofD17 AHUsrkhe...kheu Sobkemsuf AI192 ofD17 UN86Hotpeneteru ((H) AI194)Hetep-neteru ((Ho) TK81) 11.2ofT? EO442Eshkheperu ((Vc) AI194) 115ofT EOAsh-kheperu ((N) TK81) f126ofT? AI175Anq-taui ((Gh) TK81)Ineqtoui ((Hn) AI194)Ra-sekhem-uatch-khau(Su) Hetep-neteru(Ho) Ash-kheperu(N) Anq-taui(Gh) Sebek-em-sa-f(SS) TK81

[Obelisk, Statue. TK81][Pyramid at Thebes. BE211][red granite statue (Sekhem......re) AI175][Inscription in Wady Hammamat (Usrkhe...kheu Sobkemsuf) AI192]

"The Powerful-one, Prospering in the Ascensions of the Sun-god" (Sekhemuthkheure) ((RH) AI194)"Contentment of the Gods" (Hotpeneteru) (H) AI194"Multiformed" (Eshkheperu) (Vc) AI194"Embracing the Two Lands" (Ineqtoui) (Hn) AI194

Sobekemsaf II AL151 ~1687-1683 AI195Sobkemsuf (2nd) AI194Sebekemzaf II (Sekhemre`-shedtawy) AO36Sebekemsaf II HD82 ~19ofD13/14 DNSekhemre Shedtowy Sobkemsaf II CVC819 49of13/17 TKSekhemseshettauira Sebekemsauf DN15 ~47ofD14 AI175Sekhemseshedetitouire Sobkemsuf AI195 ~4ofD17 CVC

Sekhemseshedetitouire ((RH) AI195) ~6ofD17 AI194?Sekhemshedetef....wasre AI175 ?7ofD17 AI195Sekhemre`-shedtowe Sebekemsaf EO442 ?8ofD17 EO?Sekhemre-shedwise EO442 10ofD17 AO,HD82Sekhem..re ((T) EO442)Ra-Sekhem-seshet-taui Sebek-em-sau-f ((T) TK83) 11.9ofT? EO442

11.9ofT HD82[Papyrus TK][Empty tomb(R) AL151][an account of the robbery of his tomb in D20. AH195][seems to have lived at the reign of Ashshi, D15. TK195]

Reigned 16 yrs ((Sekhemre Shedtowy Sobkemsaf II) CVC819), ((Sekhem..re) (T) EO442)

"The Power Reclaiming the Two Lands of the Sun-god" (Sekhemseshedetitouire) ((RH) AI195)

Sobkemsuf (3rd) AI195

Sekhemneferkheure Wepwetemsuf AI197 ~1682-1681 AI197Sekhemneferkheure ((RH) AI197)Sekhemneferkhau Upuatemsaf DN15Sekhem......re AI175 21of13/14 DNSekhems..re` ((T) EO442) 50of13/17 TKWepwetemsuf AI197 ~41ofD14 AI175Ra-sekhem-nefer-khau Apuat-em-sa-f TK83 ?8ofD17 AI197Ra-sekhem-nefer-khau Ap-uat-em-sa-f TK82

115of(T) EO[Stele in British Museum. AH197]

Reigned 1 yr (Sekhems..re') (T) EO442

Anjotef VI HD82 23of13/14 DNSesheshraupmaat Antefa IV DN15 ?10ofD17 AHApt-maat ((Ho) TK84) 11ofD17 HDAntef-aa ((SS) TK84) 53ofD13/17 TK84......Intefoe AH197Ra-seshesh-ap-maat Antef-aa TK84Ra-seshesh-ap-maat(Su) Apt-maat(Ho) Antef aa(SS) TK84

[Coffin, Stela, Abydos, Papyrus TK84][Coffin in Louvre, similar to Seqenenre's. AH197]

Sekhemre Sementowy Thuty CVC818 1873-1869 AI149Sekhemre Se[mentowy Thuty] CVC65?Sekhemsmentouire Thuti ((K) AI146)Sekhems..re` ?-smentowe Djehuty ((T) EO442) ~5ofD17 CVC819Sekhem......re AI175 ?3ofD17 EOSekhems..re' EO442 10ofD13 AI173

Dhuti HD81 ?41ofD14 AIThuti ((SS) AI173) 115ofD13/14 EO

11.3ofT? EO442[Ephemeral, Door-jamb at Ballas AI146] f126ofT? AH175

Reigned 1 yr ((Sekhemre Sementowy Thuty) CVC818), ((Sekhems..re') EO442)

"The Sun-god, the Power establishing the Two Lands" (?Sekhemsmentouire Thuti) (K) AI146

Mentehotpe VII HD81 1633 PGSankhenre Mentuhotpe VI CVC819, ((T) CVC65)Sankhenre Mentuhotep VI PG353Seqenen-Re I TST235 1ofD17 PG,TSTSekenenra PE32 5ofD17 HDSekenenre B224 6ofD17 CVC

Reigned 1 yr (Sankhenre Mentuhotpe VI) CVC819 11.4ofT HD81

Sewadjenre Nebiryerawet I (CVC819, (T) CVC65) 1640-1631Swadjenre` Nebirierau ((T) EO442)Swadj[en?]re` ?-smentowe Djehuty EO442Sese......re AI175 ?4ofD17 EO(Ra`)Neberaw I HD81 6ofD17 AO,HDNebireyeraw (Swadjenre`) AO36 ~7ofD17 CVC?Nebiri[er]au ((T) EO442) ?42of14 AI?Nebirifure AI175 ~43ofD14 AI175?Nubire ((Sc) AI208) 116ofD13/14 EO?Nubi or Nubti? ((SS) AI207)?Pehnubre or Pehtinubre ((Sc) AI207) 11.4ofT? EO442?Pehtinubre ((Sc) AI206) 11.5ofT? EO?Apehti? ((RH) "Most Mighty" AI207) f126ofT? AH175

Reigned 1 yr (Swadj[en?]re` ?-smentowe Djehuty) EO442Reigned 6 yrs A (Sewadjenre Nebiryerawet I) CVC819Reigned 2?9 yrs (?Nebiri[er]au) ((T) EO442)

Neferkare(?) Nebiryerawet II CVC819, (T) CVC65 7ofD17 HDNebirifure AI175 ~8ofD17 CVCNebiri[er]au EO442 ~44ofD14 AI175(Ra`)Neberaw II HD81 60ofD13/17 TK87Nebitau... (T)EO442 ?117ofD13/14 EO?Ra-neb-aten ((T) TK87 ?118ofD13/14 EO

Reigned 2?9 yrs (Nebiri[er]au) EO442 11.5ofT? EO44211.6ofT? EO44211.6ofT HD81

Semenenre` HD81 8ofD17 HD

Semenmedjat(?)re CVC819, ((T) CVC65 ~9ofD17 CVCSmen....re AI175 ~45of D14 AI175Smen..re ((T) EO442) 61ofD13/17 TK87?Ra-smen-[taui] ((T)(K) TK87) 119ofD13/14 EO

11.7ofT? EO44211.7ofT HD81

Seuserenre (Userenre?) (CVC819, (T) CVC65) ~10ofD17 CVCSeusr.......re AI175 ~46ofD14 AI175Seweserenre` HD82 9ofd17 HD82Seweser..re` ((T) EO442) 120of13/14 EORa-suser-at[en] ((T) TK87) 62ofD13/17 TK87

11.8ofT EO,HDReigned 12 yrs ((Seuserenre) CVC819), ((Seweser..re') (T) EO442)

Sekhemre Shedwast CVC818, ((T) CVC65) ~1630-1615 AI208?Smakere ((Sc) Southern D AI208)?contemporary with Ashshi of the 15th D. AI195 ~11ofD17 CVC

"Uniting the Spirit of the Sun-god" (?Smakere) (Southern D AI208)

[Scarab AI208]

Inyotef V (Nubkheperre`) EO442 ~1650-1641 AI199Inyotef V (Nubkheperre`) AO c1640-1635 AOInyotef VII AL151Intef or Intefoe ((SS) AI199)Nubkheperre Inyotef VII CVC819,CA 24of13/14 DNNubkheperre` Inyotef ((C)(R) EO442) 54ofD13/17 TK85Nubkheperure Intefoe AI199 1ofD17 EO,AONubkheperure Intef AI199 ?5ofD17 EONubkheperre Antef OE ~12ofD17 CVC,AI199Nubkheperra Antefa V DN15 ofD17 UN86Nubkheperure ((RH) AI199)Nebkheprure-Intef BE213Neferkheperu ((H) AI199)Nefer-Kheperu ((Ho) TK85)?Nebkheperenre (Sc AI208)?Mosekheperre (Sc AI208)Herhernestef ((Vc) AI199)Her-her-nest-f ((N) TK85)Kheper-khepreu ((Ho) TK85)Anjotef VII HD82Antef ((SS) TK85), UN86Antef-aa ((SS) TK85)Ra-nub-kheper(Su) Nefer-kheperu or Kheper-kheperu(Ho) Her-her-nest-f(N) Antef or Antef-aa(SS) TK85

[Tomb (R) AL151][Obelisk, Karkak, Inscription TK84][Abbott Papyrus says tomb was tunnelled into but not penetrated. AI202]

[reliefs on stone slabs, rebuilding at the temple of Qebt. AI201]

Reigned 3+ yrs (Nubkheperre Inyotef VII) CVC819{Chancellor: Ahnefer AI201}{Wife: Sobkemsuf (her tomb repaired in the reign of Thutmose I. AI202}

"The Golden-one of the Creations of the Sun-god" (Nubkheperure) ((RH) AI199)"The Beautiful-one of Creations" (Neferkheperu) (H) AI199)"Resting upon his throne" (Herhernestef) (Vc) AI199

Seneferenre AI208

[Scarab AI208]

"The Gratification of the Sun-god" (Seneferenre) AI208

Senakhtenre CVC819 ~1614-1601 AI209Sekhentienre AI209Senekhtenra DN15?Ra-sankh-en-sehtu ((T) TK88) 5ofD17 DN

~13ofD17 CVC"Causing the chieftainship of the Sun-god" (Sekhentienre) AI209 ?ofD17 AI209Between Kamose and Ahmose (Senekhtenra) (DN15) ?65ofD13/17 TK88

Seqenenre Tao I, `the Elder' CVC819 1ofD17 TK102,DN,TSTSenakhtenre`? Ta`o ((C),(R) EO443) 2ofD17 CASeqenenra I Taua DN15 4ofD17 UN86Seqenen-Re I TST235 9ofD17 EOSeqenenre Tao I (`The Elder') CA 13ofD17 AOSeqenenre EK8 ~14ofD17 CVCSeknenre AC96 ?ofD17 AI209Sekhenenre I AL151 13ofD16 HDSekenenre WESenakhtenre Tauoe AI209Senakhtenre ((K) AI209)Ta`o (or Djehuti`o) I (Senakhtenre`) AO36Te`o I HD82Taa I UN86?Tauoe ((~Pers) AI209)Ra-seqenen (I) Tau-aa TK102

[Pyramid, Tomb (R) AL151][Papyrus, Inscruption TK102]

{Wife: Totisheri? AI210}{Wife: Aah-hetep}{Son: Tau-aa S Aah-mes}

"Causing the strength of the Sun-god" (Senakhtenre) (K) AI209

Firm ground again. AI212

Seqenenre Tao II (The Brave) CA,CVC819 ~1600-1586 AI212Sekenenre Tao II PG353 c1574 PGSekenenre` Ta`o (C)(R) EO442Sekenenre UN86Sekenenre II H96 2ofD17 TST,DN,TK103Sekhenenre II AL151 3ofD17 CASeqenenra II Tauaa DN15 5ofD17 UNSeqenen Re II S235 10ofD17 EOSeqenenre ((RH) AI212) 14ofD17 AO,HD82Ta`o (or Djehuti`o) II (Seqenenre`) AO36 ~15ofD17 CVCTe`o II HD82Tauoe ((SS) AI212)Tauoe-oe AI212Tauoe-qen AI212Ra-seqenen (II) Tau-aa-aa TK103

[Mummy. AI212][Pyramid, Tomb (R) AL151][used to be thought that there were 3 Tauoes. AI212][probably under Oeqenenre Apopi. AI212][Papyrus TK103]

{Son: Ahmose, Daughter Ahmose. AI212-215}{Wife: Ahhotpe, Father: Senakhtenre?, Mother: Totisheri AI212-215}{Wife: Tetisheri (ggg-grandmother of Hatshepsut) H97}

"Rallying, or Emboldening the Sun-god" (Seqenenre) ((RH) AI212)"The Great-one of Sacrificial Bread" (Tauoe) ((SS) AI212)"Tauoe the Victorious" (Tauoe-qen) AI212

Seqenen-Re III TST235 3ofD17 TST,DN,TK103Seqenenra III Tauaqen DN15Seqenenre EK8Seknenre AC96,A78Sekenenre WE274,UN86Ra-seqenen (III) Tau-aa-qen TK103

[Mummy H96+2,EK][Coffin, Karnak, Papyrus, Inscription TK103]

{Son: Ahmose I, Mother: Tetisheri, gg-granddaughter: Hatshepsut H96+2}

"The princes of Thebes expelled the Hyksos from Egypt. Conflict began between the Hyksos ruler,Apophis, and Seqenenre' of Thebes. The body of the latter, which we still possess today, indicatesby its terrible head wounds that the Theban died in battle. His son, Kamose, continued the fight;details of this war are recorded on two stelae, one of which was discovered in 1954 at Karnak.

Apophis was driven from Middle Egypt, and Kamose was able to take the Hyksos capital ofAvaris." EK21

"Mounting an army, Sekenenra began a series of campaigns with the Hyksos which, upon hisdeath in battle, were carried on with even greater success by his elder son, Kamose." PE32

"Although Hyksos kings sat on the throne of the divine Pharaohs, they did not conquer all ofEgypt's own land or that of her subjugated peoples. In Nubia there was a state half-Egyptian,half-African, under a prince of Kush. And most of Upper Egypt--from Asyut to the FirstCataract--was still ruled by a Theban prince. His name was Sekenenra..." PE32

Sekenenre Taa-ken (`Taa-the-brave) "1st of the Pharaohs believed to have attempted a repulsion ofthe Hyksos." r242

"Se-qenen-Ra Tau-aaqen {Seqenenre Ta'o-aken}'s mummy was found with those of KingNeb-pehtet-Ra Ahmes and his successors. To judge by the aspect of the mummy, Seqenen-Rawas killed in battle; and a papyrus indicates the outbreak of a quarrel between a king Seqenen-Rain the valley of the Nile and a king Apepi in the Delta…" MM34

"Now since famines suceeding one another on account of deficiency of water in the over-flowing ofthe Nile are of the very greatest rarity, and history knows and mentions only one example, namely,the seven years' famine under the Pharaoh of Joseph; -- since Baba (or, if one prefers to say, theBabas, for the most part the contemporaries of the Thirteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties) lived andworked under the native king Ra-Sekenen Taa III in the ancient city of El-Kab about the same timesin which Joseph exercised his office under one of the Hyksos kings; -- there remains for asatisfactory conclusion but one fair inference: that the "many years of famine" in the days of Babamust exactly correspond to the seven years of famine under Joseph's Pharaoh, who was one of theShepherd Kings (sic)." TX135

Kamose RB,CE320,EK8,WE274,UN86,A78,AL151,TN42,HD82 1585-1577 AI220Kamose (Wadjkheperre`) AO36 c1585 PT83Ka-mose CE320,PT83 ~1580 CE,ACC113Kames TST c1573-1570 PGKemose ((Pers)(SS) AI220,AI214) c1555-1550 AOKertos ((Bs) TKlxxvi)Wadjkheperre Kamose CVC819,PG,CAWadjkheperre` Kamose ((C)(R) EO442) 4ofD17 DN,TK104,TSTUatchkheperra Kames DN15 6ofD17 UNUthkheperre Kemose AI220 11ofD17 EOUthkheperre ((RH) AI220) 15ofD17 AO,HDSetheftoui ((H) AI220) ~16ofD17 CVC819Ra-uatch-kheper Ka-mes TK104 LofD17 A78

ofD17 UN86[Tomb, Pyramid (R) AL151][Inscription, Papyrus, Scarab TK104]

{Mother: Aah-hetep. TK104}{Brother: Ahmosis EA131}

"Child of the god Ke" ((Kemose) (Pers)(SS) AI220)"Child of the Bull" AI214

Reigned 3+ yrs (Wadjkheperre Kamose) CVC819Reigned 29 yrs (Kertos) (Bs) TKIxxvi

"Under King Kamose, the Egyptians attempted to rid their land of these foreign rulers." RB5"Raising up or prospering the Creation or Being of the Sun-god" (Uthkheperre) (RH) AI220"Feeding, or Providing for, the Two Lands" Setheftoui" ((H) AI220)

"Like his father, Kamose is thought to have died in the campaign against the Hyksos, havingenjoyed a comparatively brief reign. Fortunately for Egypt, however, this remarkable family ofTheban princes had by no means exhausted its stock. Dominating the throne, particularly duringthe periods when her husband and older son were off on military campaigns was the remarkablequeen mother, Ah-hotep. Now the queen sent forth from the palace another royal son, Ahmose, toexpel the barbarians from their final stronghold." PE33

"The Hyksos left few written records of their occupation, so we still are uncertain who they were. They were content to remain in the Delta in the north, while the Egyptians in the south seem tohave ruled themselves from Thebes. We do have some documentation of the events thatsupposedly led to the Hyksos' expulsion. From the Delta the Hyksos king, Apophis, sent a letterto the Egyptian ruler in Thebes, Sekenenre, telling him that the hippopotami in the pools at Thebesdisturbed his sleep and that they had to be silenced. Since the Hyksos capital, Avaris, andThebes were several hundred miles apart, the complaint may be viewed as somewhat inflammatory.The goad seems to have worked. Sekenenre's mummy was discovered in 1881 in a cache of royalmummies and judging from the holes in his skull, he died in battle. His son Kahmose recorded ona stela, found in the Temple of Karnak in 1954, that he, Kahmose, stormed the city of Avaris. Apophis, however, had walled himself in and could not be reached. He sent a messenger to Cush(Nubia) asking for reinforcements and promising the king of Cush a division of Egypt between them.The messenger was intercepted by the Egyptians, and the Cushite king never sent troops. The finalrouting of the Hyksos was completed by Kahmose's brother and successor, Ahmose." EM18

"But the most important innovation was that copper and tin could be mixed to produce bronze, ametal which was harder and yet more easily worked than copper. By the New Kingdom, this newalloy was in widespread use." EK134

"The oldest theory places the Exodus at the earliest date: the Israelites were identified with theHyksos, and the Exodus was identified with the expulsion of the Hyksos. Manetho... wrote thatthe Hyksos, when expelled from Egypt, went to Syria and there built Jerusalem." AC28

"It must have been about 1600 B.C. nearly two hundred years after the fall of the Twelfth Dynasty,that the Sekenenre of the folk tale was ruling in Thebes under the suzerainty of a Hyksos Apophisin Avaris. this tale, [from]... Ramesid days, is our only source for the events that immediatelyfollowed." BE223

"After the Hyksos' invasion and expulsion, Egypt's attitude to warfare underwent a radical change. The need for constant self-defense and the fear of conquest were now recognized, and the Hyksoshad themselves introduced the Egyptians to new weapons and military ideas." EK116

NEW KINGDOM

(D18-20 RB,OE,EB15,E,AO36,PO22,WE274,TPE1,LIxi,EA129,ABxxi) 1580-1150 AT,AB(D17-20 S235,PP271) 1580-1100 WD(D18-22 TE) 1580-1090 HC20New Empire (D18-20 UN11), LI16 1580-1085 LI,ASTHE EMPIRE WD,HC20,AT102,CE,A54 1580-1080 UN11First Empire TExiii 1573/0 WP111

1570-1085 OE

"This event [the Exodus] occurred during the New Kingdom. c1570-1075 A54There has never been any doubt on this point; where scholars c1570-1070 PGhave differed, is concerning the king of the New Kingdom to c1570 WP106whose reign the Exodus is to be ascribed." AC28 ~1567-1085 PE11,EK,PO22,AEG78

1567-1080 TPE1"The New Kingdom... Due to the dryness of the climate, many of these c1554-1080 PP271wonderful buildings, although partly ruined, remain today, and thus our 1554-950 CSc236knowledge of this period is greater than that of any other." EK23 1552-1069 RB

c1550-1100 MO9"The craftsmen lived in specially-built `work-cities' near the site of the building *1550-1080 EB15in progress. Various `work-cities,' which housed the workmen employed on 1550-1070 AO,Eroyal buildings of various kinds, have been discovered, and perhaps the most 1550 PY26informative of such towns is that of Deir el-Medineh, known to the Egyptians ~1546-1085 WEas the `Place of Truth,' which is situated not far from the Theban necropolis... c1500 EO40In addition, we have the finished product of their efforts - the decorated New ~1465-1165 CEKingdom tombs in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens." c1300 LI16EK104 1086-512 CSr236

c1040 K8F82"The workmen had official holidays - the 10th, 20th and 30th days of eachmonth..." EK105

"The men worked an eight-hour day, and at night were accomodated inhuts near the tomb they were working on, returning to the village onlyfor their rest days." EK105

"...the Abydos king list has Manetho's XIIth dynasty right before the XVIIIth by jumping fromAmenemhet IV (-1798) to Ahmose (-1570)." AEG79

"Glass was manufactured in Egypt from the 18th Dynasty, although blown glass was unknownbefore Roman times. The glass objects included small vessels and beads. Some glass wascolored, using manganese, copper cobalt and iron, and was often used for inlay to imitatesemi-precious stones."EK135

"The Book of the Dead is not really an accurate title. It was not a single work but rolls of papyrusrecording roughly similar material, of which hundreds of versions have been found. Collectively,they are known under the title the Book of the Dead. These papyrus rolls were not books in thesense of coherent works having a central theme steadily developed. Rather, they contained acollection of spells, incantations, prayers, hymns, and rituals. The various papyri contain in allabout two hundred different spells that have been given standard chapter numbers so that, forexample, any spell dealing with the heart not opposing the deceased would be called Chapter 30.The Book of the Dead is an outgrowth and logical development from two earlier practices--PyramidTexts and Coffin Texts. While the Pyramid Texts were magical spells for the pharaohs only, theCoffin Texts were for anyone who could afford a coffin with magical inscriptions. The problem withplacing the spells on the coffins was that space was limited, and eventually there were so manydifferent spells intended to protect the deceased that they could not all fit. Thus, in the NewKingdom, the Book of the Dead came into existence, enabling the deceased to have copies ofthose texts which would not fit on his coffin. Scribes prepared for eager customers papyrus rollshaving spells for protection, instruction on how to behave when being judged in the next world, howto avoid working in the next world, how to get your body working again, and so forth." EM130

18TH DYNASTY

THEBAN DYNASTY PS193, ((J) TKIxxix), ((Af)(Eu) MM35) 1822-1473 TKliv

MEMPHIS (Old Chronology) MM35 1796-1404 TKlivcontemp with later Judges of the Bible. W52D21 1706-1464 TKlv

1703-1462 TKlv"Perhaps the most important innovation of the 18th Dynasty was the use of 1700-1400 TKlvthe horse and chariot. The earliest chariots display Canaanite influence, and 1655-1326 TKlivthe words used by the Egyptians for horses and chariots and their trappings 1625-1410 TKlivsuggest a Canaanite connection. The small horse was probably introduced ?1600-1350 DN10into Egypt by the Hyksos, although the pre-Hyksos gorse-burial found at the 1591-1443 TKlivMiddle Kingdom fortress at Buhen in Nubia has caused some scholarly 1587-1375 Sdispute over the exact date of the horse's arrival in Egypt." EK117 1580-1350 BE, HC22

1580-1322 WD,TKlvGlass was manufactured in Egypt from the 18th Dynasty, although blown ~1580-1321 TExiii,TKliiglass was unknown before Roman times. The glass objects included small 1580-1314 UN86vessels and beads. Some glass was colored, using manganese, copper 1580- ABxxicobalt and iron, and was often used for inlay to imitate semi-precious ~1580 AS19stones." EK135 1577- AH34

~1575-1359 AN27"Perhaps the most important innovation of the 18th Dynasty was the use of 1570-1365 A76the horse and chariot. The earliest chariots display Canaanite influence, and 1570-1320 CVD1038the words used by the Egyptians for horses and chariots and their trappings ~1570-1305 CE320suggest a Canaanite connection. The small horse was probably introduced 1570-1304 EA130into Egypt by the Hyksos, although the pre-Hyksos horse-burial found at the c1570-1304 TN42Middle Kingdom fortress at Buhen in Nubia has caused some scholarly c1570-1293 PGdispute over the exact date of the horse's arrival in Egypt." EK117 1570-1085 OE

1570 TEA243"The monarchs of the 18th Dynasty were all-powerful. The practise of the 1567-1320 EK,CA,CVCking marrying the Great Royal Daughter, often his own full or half-sister, was 1555-1350 TS20frequent in the early 18th Dynasty; the system of co-regency between a king 1550-1307 AO36and his son was also used by several rulers. From the reign of Amenophis I 1490-1231 TKlvonwards the kings built rock-cut tombs near Thebes, on the west bank of the ~1300-1000 W52D18Nile, in the so-called Valley of the Kings. Although these burials must have v1000 AC197contained sumptuous treasures, the only intact burial to have been v 820 W52D12discovered is that of the minor ruler, Tutankhamun. The mummies of manyof the 18th-Dynasty pharaohs, however, were removed by priests to a safehiding place and have been discovered and placed in a special room in theCairo Museum." EK23

"While about two hundred different spells or chapters appear in the various copies fo the Book ofthe Dead, and there is no fixed order in which they appear, marked similarities have been foundamong the many discovered copies. From these similarities it is possible to determing severalgeographical areas where differing versions were produced. The most important version is what isknown as the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead. During the Eithteenth Dynasty thenobility of Thebes were buried with the Book of the Dead--usually found between the legs of themummy." EM131

"…'After much digging at Tanis by the archaeologists, Mariette, Petrie, and Montet, not a singleobject of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty has been found there.' Wright, G.E. BiblicalArchaeology, p. 60" TX25

Ahmose I BE,PG,UN87 1903 SOR213Ahmose AL213, ((Nm) EO), AI235,RB,OE,PO,WE274,A78,AL151 1580-1557 BE`Ahmose (Nebpehtire`) AO36 1576-1552 AI241Ahmosis EA130 ~1575-1550 EO

Ahmosis I EK21 1570-1547 PT85Ah-mose I CE320 1570-1546 CVD,POAh-mose PT85 c1570-1546 PG,OEAhmes I AB32 ~1570-1545 CEAmosis ((Eu) EO444,AI235,TKlxviii), CA,PY60,TN42 1570 PE,EAmosis I CVB22 1552-1527 PT85Amoses ((EAV) AI235,TKlxviii) 1550-1525 AOAmose: Nebpehtire Ahmose AI241Amose ((Pers)(SS) AI241)Amos ((Af) EO444,AI235,TKlxvii) 1ofD18 UN86,A78,AO,AI241,Aahmes I TST,TK106 TKIxviii,TST,TK106,DN,Aohmose or Ahmose ((Cm) AI241) CVD1038,EO444,RB5Asseth ((Bs) TKlxxvi) last of D7 SOR213Aseth SOR213Nebpehtira Aahmes I DN15Nebpehtyre Amosis CVD1038Nebpehtire` `Ahmose (PrNm) EO443Nebpehtire ((RH) AI241)Neb-pehtet-Ra Ahmes {AhmoseI} MM34Tethmosis (corruption of Amosis), Amos (Af) ((J) EO444)Thestoui ((Hn) AI241)Thes-taui ((Gh) TK106)Tutmosut ((Vc) AI241)Tut-mestu ((N) TK106)Uthkheperu ((H) AI241)Uatch-kheperu ((Ho) TK106)Ra-neb pehti(Su) Uatch-kheperu(Ho) Tut-mestu(N) Thes-taui(Gh) Aahmes(SS) TK106

[Mummy AI216,AB33,MM34][Tomb, Pyramid (R) AL151][Coffin, Inscription, Abydos, Sakkara TK107][Temple, Monuments AB33]

Reigned 25 yrs EA130, ((Eu) EO444,AI235,TKIxviii), ((EAV) AI235,TKIxviii), ((J) EO444)Reigned 20 yrs (Asseth) (Bs) TKlxxvi

{Brother: Kamose EA131}{Wife: Aahmes Nefert-ari. AB33,AI216 (also daughter of Tau-aa-qen and Aah-hetep TK108)}{Wife & Sister: Amose-Nefertari H96+4}{Wife: Thent-Hep, Wife: An-Hep, Wife: Kasmut TK110} {Grand Mother: Queen Teti Sheri AB33}{g-granddaughter Hatshepsut H96+3}

"Lord of the Might of the Sun-god" (Nebpehtire) ((RH) AI241)"Diademed by the Two Lands" (Thestoui) (Hn) AI241"The Image of the Begotten-ones" (Tutmosut) (Vc) AI241"This [driving out the Hyksos] was accomplished by his brother, King"Raising up, or Prospering, Creations" (Uthkheperu) (H) AI241"Child of the Moon" (Ahmose) (AL213)

"By year 11 of his reign, he [Ahmose] had attacked and plundered the Hyksos capital of Avaris... He pursued them across the Sanai to the Palestinian city of Sharuhen...besieged 3years...restored complete control over Nubia... reunified country." RB6

A great valley formed overnight. ANLv92

"After a decade of fighting the supremacy of Egypt was assured. King Ahmosis I inaugurated theNew Kingdom and the Empire." EK21

"Aseth, last King of the XVIIth Dyn. Of Manetho, 32d King from Menes dies. He is followed byMisphrathuthmos. And the Kings of the XVIIIth Dyn." SOR213

Amos I., king of the XVIIIth Dyn. Of Egypt, succeds Misphrathuthmoses under whom the Phoenixperiod of 652 years is renewed." SOR213

Amenhotep I ((So) UN10), PG,S,PE54,PO,WE274,UN87,TEA243 1906 SOR213Amen-hotep I CE320,PT85 1557-1501 BEAmen-hetep I ((SS) TK112) c1551-1524 PGAmon-Hotep I AB35 1551-1527 AI257Amun-hotep (Amenophis I) EA130 1550-1547 (So) UN10Amenophis I (`Amenhotpe) AIorA? ~1550-1528 EOAmenophis I ((J) EO444), EO47,RB,E130,EK8CA,OE,A79,PP271 1546-1526 CVD,PO,PT85Amenophis I (Memnon (Gk) EO47) ~1546-1525 WEAmenophis I (Djeserkare`) AO ~1545-1525 CEAmenophis ((J) EO444) 1545 CSc,TEAAmenophthis ((Af) EO444,TKlxviii) c1529-1508 PPAmmenophis ((Eu) EO444,TKlxviii) 1527-1506 PT85Amenoph: Thoserkere Amenhotpe (I) AI257 1525-1504 AOAmenhotpe I ((Mo) AI235) 1077 CSAmenhotpe ((Nm) EO), ((Pers)(SS) AI257)Amophis ((EAV) TKlxviii)Amosis (Tethmosis) ((Bs) TKlxxvi) 2ofD18 TST,UN86,AO,AI257,Amose I (Thuthmoses) (Exo 7:11) SOR214 CVD,DN, ((J) TKIxxix)Memnon ((Gr) EO47) 3ofD18 EO444,((Eu) TKlxviii)Misphrathuthmoses Exo 2,21 SOR213 (See Amenophis II)Djeserkare` Amenhotpe (PrNm) EO443Djeserkare Amenophis I CVD1038Ser-ka-Ra Amen-Hetep TKxlixTcheserkara Amenhetep I DN15Tcheserkara or Amen-hetep I TKxlixTethmosis ((J) AI235,TKlxxix)Thoserkere ((RH) AI257)Thutmosis II (mistake AI235)Kewef ((H) AI257)Ka-uaf ((Ho) TK112)Ra-tcheser ka(Su) Ka-uaf(Ho) Amen-hetep(SS) TK112

[Coffin, Inscription, Abydos, Sakkara, Karnak TK112][Tomb (R) AL151]

Reigned 20 yrs (Amenophis I) (J) EO444Reigned 20 yrs 7 mos (Amenophis) (J) EO444Reigned 21 yrs ((Amun-hotep (AmenophisI)) EA130)Reigned 21 yrs ((Amenophthis) (Af) TKIxviii, (Eu) EO444,TKIxviii), ((Amophis (EAV) TKIxviii)Reigned 24(21) yrs (Amenophthis) (Af) EO444)Reigned 25 yrs (Tethmosis) ((J) mistake AI235)Reigned 25 yrs 4 mos (Tethmosis) ((J) TKIxxix)Reigned 26 yrs (Amosis (Tethmosis)) (Bs) TKlxxvi)

{Mother: Nefert-ari TK110}

{Mother: Ahmose-Nofretari WE274}

Amenophis I (Whom the Greeks called Memnon EO47)

(Artaxerxes Mnemon ~401 B.C. had the similar Mnemon. See CO99)

"Amon is content" (Amenhotpe) ((Pers)(SS) AI257)"The Splendour of the Spirit of the Sun-god" (Thoserkere) ((RH) AI257)"Attached to the Bull-god" (Kewef) ((H) AI257)

"The town was founded at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty. Amenophis I was regarded as thetown patron and was later worshiped, together with his mother Ahmose Nefertari, by the workmen. The town was probably actually founded by Tuthmosis I, but Amenophis I was perhaps the kingwho first established a gang of royal workmen there." EK104

"...Ahmose's son, Amenhotep I, who had succeeded to his father's throne, devoted most of hisenergies to strengthening Egypt's control over Nubia." PE54

"Mr. Torr... argued...`king Ser-ka-Ra...; so that it clearly is intended for the year of 360 days withtwelve months of thirty days apiece and nothing added.' His conclusion is: `And thus it will notserve to fix the date for Ser-ka-Ra Amen-hetep, as there is nothing to fix the date at which thedog-star rose on day 1 of month 1 in these years of 360 days apiece.'" TKxlix

Tuthmosis I RB,EA130,EK8,CA,OE,EO,PO,PP271,TEA243 1878 SOR213Tuthmosis I (Dhutmose) TN42 1557-1501 BETuthmose: Oekheperkere Thutmose (I) AI264 ~1545-1514 WDTuthmosis I (`Akheperkare`) AO36 1528-1510 EOTuthmosis ((Af)(Eu) EO444), EA130 1528 H115Tuthmos(is) AI266 1526-1514 AI264Thutmose I ((M) AI236), ((Mo) AI235), PE17,PG,WE274,WD,UN86 1526-1512 A79Thut-mose I CE320,PT85 c1525-1512 POThutmose ((SS) AI266) 1525-c1512 OE,CVD,PT,TNThutmosis I EO ~1525-1508 WEThothmes I (Old-fashioned EO14), TST,TE28,TK113,A79,H63 ~1525-1495 CEThmosis ((J) EO444) 1525 PE,TEAThmos(is) AI266 c1524-1518 PGThet-taui-neb ((N) TK114) 1512-1500 AEG79Tahutimes AI267 c1508-1493 PPTethmose AI266 1506-1494 PT89Tethmos(is) AI266 1504-1492 AOTehutimes AI267 1490-89 RC38Tehuti-mes TK114Tem-tua-kah-khau ((N) TK114)Taa-Amen ((Su) TK114) 2ofD18 EO,TKI, ((Eu) TKIxviii)Dhutmose ((Nm) EO), AI267 3ofD18 AI235,AI264,TST,AI235,Akheperkare Tuthmosis I CVD1038 AO,TK113,CVD,DNAakheperkara Tehutimes or Tchehutimes (Thothmes) I D15`Akheperkare` Dhutmose (PrNm) EO443Aa-pehti-usr-khepesh-uatch-renput-em-het-aa-Maat ((Gh) TK114)Ari-en-Ra ((Su) TK114)Ari-en-Amen TK114Oekheperkere ((RH) AI266)Chebron ((J)(EAV) EO444,AI235,TKlxvii), SOR213Chebron (who Manetho mixed up with Thutmose II AI236)

Chebros ((Af) EO444,AI235)Khebros ((Af) TKlxviii)Khebron ((Eu) TKlxviii, (Bs) TKlxxvi)Kenakht-Merimaet ((H) AI266)Ka-nekht-meri Maat ((Ho) TK113)Kenakht-Enkhemmaet ((H) AI267)Ka-nekht-ankh-em-Maat ((Ho) TK113)Ka-nekht-pehti-ma-Amen ((Ho) TK113)Kenakht-Pehtimiamon ((H) AI267)Ka-nekht-en-Ra ((Ho) TK113)Ka-nekht-Ra-en-Qemt ((Ho) TK113)Ka-nekht-ur-baiu ((Ho) TK114)Kha-neferu TK114Khemnesret-Nakhtpehti ((Vc) AI266)Kha-em-Nesert-pehti ((N) TK114)Kha-em-Nesert-aa-pehti ((N) TK114)Kha-ma-Ra TK114Hu-peti ((Gh) TK114)Neferronpitu-Senkhibu ((Hn) AI266)Nefer-renput-sankh-abu ((Gh) TK114)Mer-en-Ra ((Su) TK114)Meri-Amen TK114Ra-meri-kha-em-Hetchet ((Ho) TK114)Ra-aa-kheper-ka ((Su) TK114)Setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK114)Setep-en-Amen TK114Shishak ((Bi) = Thutmose I AC124)Tehuti-mes Kha-ma-Ra Kha-neferu Ari-en-Amen Setep-en-Amen Meri-Amen TK114

[Inscription, Obelisk, Abydos TK115]

{Son: Thothmes II TK116}{Wife: Aahmes TK116}{Wife: Mut-nefert TK116}{Daughter: Hatshepsut TK116,H63}{Architect: Ineni H64}

Reigned 9 yrs (Tuthmosis) ((Af)(Eu) EO444), ((Thmosis) (J) EO444)Reigned 13 yrs (Tuthmosis) (M) AI236Reigned 13 yrs ((Chebron) (J)(EAV) EO444,AI235,TKIxvii), ((Khebron) (Eu) TKIxviii, (BS) TKIxxvi)Reigned 13 yrs ((Chebros)(Af) EO444,AI235), ((Khebros) (Af) TKIxviii))Reigned 19 yrs (Tuthmosis) EA130

"Child of the god Thoth" (Thutmose) ((SS) AI266)"Great in the Creation of the Spirit of the Sun-god" ((Oekheperkere) (RH) AI266)"Mighty Bull, beloved of the Goddess of Truth" ((Kenakht-Merimaet) (H) AI266)"Mighty Bull, Living in Truth" ((Kenakht-Enkhemmaet) (H) AI267)"Mighty Bull, Strong like Amon" ((Kenakht-Pehtimiamon) (H) AI267)"Ascending in the Cobra-diadem, Great in Strength" ((Khemnesret-Nakhtpehti) (Vc) AI266)"Goodly in Years, Refreshing the Hearts" ((Neferronpitu-Senkhibu) (Hn) AI266)

Pharaoh of the Exodus [sic.]. SOR13. Chebron perishes in the Red Sea (Exo. 14:28) SOR214

"Chebron, co-regent with his father Amos I., governs thirteen years." SOR213

"Tuthmosis I extended the boundaries of the new Egyptian Empire as far as Naharin, situated

between two rivers - the Orontes and the Euphrates. Egypt set up native governors in charge of thenewly-conquered areas in Syria and Palestine; in some city states, presumably those whoseloyalty was in doubt, Egyptian garrisons were installed. Local chieftains were usually required tosend tribute to Egypt and their sons were taken to Egypt as hostages, to be educated with theprinces and later returned to their own cities, when fully-grown, as pro-Egyptian rulers." EK23

"Tuthmose I, in an attempt to safeguard his body, conceived a new plan: He would have a secrettomb cut into the desolate valley on the west bank. So concerned was he for secrecy thatevidently the laborers who worked on the tomb were killed. The architect for the tomb, Ineni,recorded on the wall of his tomb with great pride, `I superintended the excavation of the cliff tomb ofhis Majesty, alone, no one seeing, no one hearing.' Howard Carter suggests that the work mayhave been carried out with foreign prisoners to make the slaughter more acceptable. EM181

"In 1525 B.C., he [Amenhotep I] was followed by a more ambitious Pharaoh whose claim to thethrone rested on his marriage into the royal family. This was Tuthmosis I. Early in his reignTuthmosis sailed far up the Nile with Ahmose, an admiral who had served under two previousPharaohs. Ahmose relates how he carefully navigated the rough waters of the Third Cataract whileTuthmosis was `raging like a panther.' He describes in grisly detail how the king killed a Nubianchieftain with an arrow and hung his body from the prow of the ship." PE54

Tuthmosis II RB,EK8,OE,EO,PO,PP271 c1518-1504 PGThutmose II ((M), AI235, (Mo) AI235), PG,WD,WE274,UN87 ~1514-1501 WDThut-mose II CE320,PT85 1513-1494 AI282Thutmose II (Oekheperenre) AI236 1512-1504 TNThothmes II TST,TK117,A79 c1512-1504 OE,CVD,PT,AThutmosis II EO ~1510-1490 EOThutmosis II (`Akheperenre`) AO36 ~1508-1504 WEThuthmosis II CA,TN43 1503-1482 POTuthmose: Oekheperenre Thutmose (II) AI282 ~1495-1490 CEThutmose ((Pers)(SS) AI283) 1494-1490 PT89Thutmose Neferkhen AI283 c1493-1490 PPThutmose Amensi AI283 1492-1479 AOThutmose Setepenamon AI283Thutmose Hiqwas AI283Thutmose Nethtire AI283 4ofD18 AI235,UN87,TST,AO,Tehuti-mes ((SS) TK117) AI282,CVD,DN,EO443Dhutmose (Nomen EO) 3ofD18(J) TKlxxixAkheperenre Tuthmosis II CVD1038Aakheperenra Tehutimes II DN15Akheperenre` Dhutmose (PrNm) EO443Amenophis ((J)(Af) AI235), ((J) TKlxxix)Ammenophis ((Eu) AI235)Anemphis ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Oekheperenre ((RH) AI283)Okhepernere [Thothmes] H113Kheperen ((Th) AI236)Kenakht-Usrpehti ((H) AI283)Ka-nekht-usr-pehti TK117Neter-Sutenit ((N) TK117)Neterinsi ((Vc) "Divine in Kingship" AI283)Sekhem-kheperu ((Gh) TK117)Sekhemkheperu ((Hn) AI283)Ra-aa-kheper-en TK117

[Mummy H96+6][Inscription, Abydos TK118]

{Wife, Coregent & half sister: Hatshepsut H96+6}

"Fortunate in Ascensions" (Thutmose Neferkhen) AI283"Son of Amon" (Thutmose Amensi) AI283"Chosen of Amon" (Thutmose Setepenamon) AI283"Prince of Thebes" (Thutmose Hiqwas) AI283"Defender of the Sun-god" (Thutmose Nethtire) AI283"Great in the Creation belonging to the Sun-god" ((Oekheperenre) (RH) AI283)"Mighty Bull, Strong and Powerful" ((Kenakht-Usrpehti) (H) AI283)"Divine in Kingship" ((Neterinsi) (Vc) AI283)"Ruling Creation" ((Sekhemkheperu) (Hn) AI283)

Reigned 15 yrs ((Anemphis) (Bs) TKIxxvii)Reigned 18 yrs ((Thutmose II (Oekheperenre)) AI236)Reigned 20 yrs ((Amenophis) (J)(Af) AI235) Reigned 20 yrs 7 mos ((Thutmose II) (M) AI235, (Mo) AI235), ((Amenophis) (J) TKIxxix)Reigned 21 yrs ((Ammenophis) (Eu) AI235

"Hatshepsut, daughter of Tuthmosis I by his Great Royal Wife, was married to another of herfather's children by a secondary wife - Tuthmosis II. He died, having fathered only daughters byHatshepsut but leaving a son, born to a royal concubine. Hatshepsut, who it seems could nottolerate being ousted by the child of a non-royal favorite of her husband, claimed the throne forherself. With full pharonic powers, titles and regalia, she ruled Egypt as Queen Regnant, andjustified her actions in scenes painted in her temple at Deir el-Bahri of her fictitious divine birth andappointment and coronation as rightful ruler by her own father." EK24

Thutmose III PG, (5/3/1501-3/17/1447 BE599) (See below) 5ofD18 AOSee 2nd part of reign below Hatshepsut

Queen Hatshepsut EA130,RB,S,E130,WD,A79,WE274 ~1504-1482 WE,AQueen Hetshepsut AI25 1503-1482 OE,PO,TNHatshepsut ((Mo) AI235), EK8,CA,OE,PO,WE,PP271,TEA243 ~1501-1479 WDHatshepsut (Ma`atkare`) Queen. AO36 c1498-1483 PGHat-shepsut CE320 ~1493-1472 AI296Hashepsowe (Hatshepsut TN43), EO c1490-1470 PPHetshepsut Amenmense AI301 1490-1469 TEA243Hetshepsut ((Pers) AI301) ~1490-1468 EOHatshepshut UN86 ~1486-1468 CEHatshepset TK120 c1480 EAHat-shepset ((SS) TK120) 1473-1458 AOHatasu (now abandoned reading. AI301)Kamere [Hatshepsut] H113Khnemet-Amon, Hatshepsut H112 4ofD18 EO444, (J) TKIxxix,Makere EM212,H113 (Af) TKIxviiiMa`kare` Hashepsowe (PrNm) EO443 5ofD18 TST,AI235,UN86,DN,Maetkere ((RH) AI301) CVD,AI296Maatkara Hatshepsut DN15 6ofD18 AOMakare Hatshepsut CVD1038Amessis (Hashepsowe?) ((J) EO444)

Amessis (Hetshepsut) AI23Amessis ((J) TKlxxix)Amensis ((Af) EO444,AI235,TKlxviii)Amenses ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Amense: Maetkere Amenmense Hetshepsut AI296Usrtkeu ((H) AI301)Usert-kau ((Ho) TK120)Uthtronpitu ((Vc) AI301)Uatchet-renput ((N) TK120)Thettounebu ((Vc) "Binding All Lands" AI301)Taiu-nebu TK120Netertkheu ((Hn) AI301)Netert-khau ((Gh) TK120)Senkhibu ((Hn) AI301)Sankh-abu TK120Ra-Maat-ka ((Su) TK120)

[Obelisk, Inscription TK120]

4 Military campaingns to Palestine RB

{Brother: Amenophis EO444}{Father: Thothmes I H63}{Father: Ra "begotten of Ra" DN86}{Mother: Amose H67}{brother: Thutmose II AI236}{Architect: Sunmut WC121, Senmut A79}{Official: Senenmut SISR 97:1, 6

Reigned 11 yrs ((Amenses) (Bs) TKIxxvii)Reigned 20 yrs 9 mos (Amessis) (J) TKIxxixReigned 21 yrs ((Hatshepsut) EA130), (Amesis (Hetshepsut) AI23)Reigned 21 yrs 9 mos ((Hatshepsut) AI236)Reigned 22 yrs ((Amessis) (J) EO444), ((Amensis) (Af) EO444,AI235,TKIxviii)

"The Truth of the Spirit of the Sun-god" ((Maetkere) (RH) AI301)"Chief of the Nobles" (Hetshepsut) ((Pers)(Daughter of Sun-god) AI301)"Mighty in her Spirits" ((Usrtkeu) (H) AI301)"Prosperous of Years" ((Uthtronpitu) (Vc) AI301)"Binding All Lands" ((Thettounebu) (Vc) AI301)"Divine of Ascensions" ((Netertkheu) (Hn) AI301)"Reviving the Hearts" ((Senkhibu) (Hn) AI301)

Posthumously dishonored. PG

"Eventually, Senenmut [Hatshepsut's `favorite' and architect] and Hatshepsut fell from power andTuthmosis III, now fullgrown, seized his rightful throne. Apart from a notable lack of militaryendeavor, Hatshepsut appears to have ruled Egypt as well as any of her male counterparts." EK24

"Her [Hatshepsut's] noblest architectural achievement was the funerary temple at Deir el Bahri,opposite Karnak, which she commissioned Senmut to build for her. With imaginative boldness,they chose the site on the cliff of El Qurn, a natural semicircle separated from the Valley of theKings by no more than a spine of rock. The walls of the temple are precipitous and are beautifullybanded in shades of soft pink and buff stone." PE59

"The reliefs on the first terrace [Dier el Bahri] tell quite different stories. One illustrates a royalmyth, the notion that the Pharaoh was divinely conceived--particularly important religiouspropaganda for Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut's mother, Ahmes, is portrayed sitting politely on a setteewith Amon, who tells her: `Hatshepsut shall be the name of this my daughter whom I have placed inthy body. She shall exercise excellent kingship in this whole land.'" PE62

"One of the most colorful figures in Egyptian history, Hatshepsut refused to rule as queen and hadherself crowned king. She was closely involved with a commoner, Senmut, who was givennumerous titles by the queen/king, including Royal Architect, Royal Tutor, and Steward of Amun. This last put him in charge of the vast fortune controlled by the temples of a Amun... The walls ofDeir el Bahri are covered with descriptions of Hatshepsut's reign, or at least her version of it. Shedescribes three major events. The first is her divine birth, which was propaganda intended toestablish her claim to the throne. She claimed that the god Amun slept with her mother and sowas her true father. The second event she commemorated was the quarrying and transporting fromAswan of two huge obelisks she had erected at the Temple of Karnak. The third event she hadinscribed on her temple walls was a trading expedition to the land of Punt. the reliefs on the templeshow the Egyptians obtaining myrrh, frankincense, giraffes, monkeys, and other desirable exoticcommodities." EM57

"Egypt and other lands flourished. In addition to a lively exchange in goods between Egypt andAsia, Egyptian ships still sailed to Punt to barter for incense, and for myrrh trees which wereeventually planted in temple gardens in Egypt. Scenes in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deirel-Bahri show an expedition to Punt, and give interesting glimpses of Puntite houses, built on stilts,and of their portly queen." EK23

"`The king himself, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Makere [Hatshepsut]. The majesty of thecourt made supplication at the steps fo the lord of [gods]; a command was heard from the greatthrone, an oracle of the god himself, that the ways to Punt should be searched out, that thehighways to the Myrrh-terraces should be penetrated.... It was done, according to all that themajesty of this reverend god commanded, according to the desire to her majesty, in order that shemight be given life, stability, and satisfaction, like Re, forever." EM212

"Shown in the second group of reliefs is the expedition that Hatshepsut sent to the land of Punt tobring back precious African products for the enrichment of her capital. The details are so clearlydepicted that the whole story can be reconstructed. In the sixth or seventh year of her reign, aparty was assembled under the leadership of Nehery, a Nubian. They left the Nile near Coptos, tothe north of Thebes, and with their trading goods packed on donkeys, made the long, hot trekacross the desert to the Red Sea. Upon reaching the sea, they embarked in two ships, cheered onby sailors hanging in the rigging of the huge square sails. They sailed down the torrid Red Seacoast, probably going ashore each night, until at last they reached the fabled land of Punt. Thepeople they saw lived among palm groves in round domed huts with high-set doors that werereached by ladders. There had been other earlier Egyptian Expeditions to Punt, and the nativescame down to greet this one with wonder and enthusiasm. According to the inscriptions on thereliefs, `They were received by the queen of Punt, and the Egyptian sailors dod not trouble toconceal their laughter when they saw the queen...' She was horribly deformed, with huge thighsand a cripple's harsh, strained face. Nehery had an emblem of Hatshepsut displayed, and thelesser chieftains threw themselves on the ground before it. `They speak, praying for peace fromHer Majesty: hail to thee, king of Egypt, female sun who shines like the solar disk.' Then the envoypitched his tent and made a presentation of beer, wine, meat, and fruit in the name of his Pharaoh. In the trading that followed, the Egyptians doubtless had the best of the bargain. They offeredfaience beads and other trinkets; in exchange, their ships were loaded with ebony, ivory, gold,leopard skins, baboons, and myrrh trees (for which Punt was famous), with their roots carefullyprotected for replanting..." PE62

Thutmose III UN10,AI235,PE64,WD,WE274,UN87,TEA243 1504-1450 CVD,PO,PG,OE,PTTuthmosis III EA130,E130,PE64,CA,EO,PO,PP271,RB,EK8,OE 1501-1447 BEThothmes III Men-Kheper-Re TST ~1500-1450 AN27Tuthmosis III (Menkheperre`) AO36 c1490-1439 PPThothmes III A80,AN27,TE15,TK122 ~1490-1436 EO,CE,PT,AEG,Thotmes III AE71 BARME,JACF2n65Thutmose ((Pers)(SS) AI298) ~1482-1450 A80,WEThut-mose III PT89,CE320,CE 1482 PE64Thutmose Neferkheperu AI298 ~1479-1447 WDThutmose Neferkheu AI298 1479-1425 AOThutmose Hiqmaet AI298 1474-1471 UN10Thutmose Hiqwas AI298 1472-1441 (So) AI341Thutmose Hiqon AI298 c1469 EA,TEATehuti-mes (SS) TK123 r1151 +- 52 JACF2n65Tcheser-khau-sekhem-pehti ((Gh) TK122)Dhutmose (Nomen EO)Dhutmose (Ruler of Truth (SS) EO51) 4ofD18(Eu) TKMenkheperre` Dhutmose ((PrNm) EO51) 5ofD18 EO444, ((Af) TK),Menkheperra Tehutimes III DN16 (J) TKIxxix)Menkheperre Tuthmosis III CVD1038 6ofD18 TST,DN,CVD,EO444Men-cheper-Ra Thothmes TKlMenkheperre ((Th) AI236), PS176Menkheperre ((RH) AI298)Men-kheper-Ra TKxxiiMisphragmouthosis BE222Misphragmuthosis ((Af)(Eu) EO444)Mephramuthosis (Tuthmosis III) ((J) EO444)Mephres ((J) AI235,TKlxxix,EO444, (EAV)TKlxvii)Mephre(s) AI235Mankhebiriy (cuneiform transcription AI298)Ma-na-akh-bi-ya (cuneiform TK122)Ma-na-akh-bi-ir-ya (cuneiform TK122)Ma-na-akh-bi-ir-ya ((TA) Hebrew transcription of Men-kheper-Ra TKxxii)Miphres ((Eu) AI235,EO444,TKlxviii)Misaphris ((Af) AI235,EO444,TKlxviii)Misphres ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Magron (Thutmose III) SWJA14Hethke-Meryre ((H) AI298)Kenakht-Khemwas ((H) AI298,EO51)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Uast ((Ho) TK122)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Maat ((Ho) TK122)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Maat-neb-ari-khet-Ra-men-kheper ((Ho) TK122)Ka-nekht-ha-em-Maat ((Ho) TK122)Kenakht-Hemmaet ((H) AI298)Ka-nekht-Ra-meri ((Ho) TK122)Kenakht-Meryre ((H) AI298)Wahinsi-Mirempet ((Vc) AI298,~EO51)Oeshefit-Emtounebu ((Vc) AI298)Oekhepesh-Hupethtiupsith ((Hn) AI298)Uah-sutenit or Uah-sutenit-ma-Ra-em-pet ((N) TK122)Aa-shefit-em-taiu-neb ((N) TK122)Aa-khepesh-hu-pet-paut ((Gh) TK122)Hetch-qa-Ra-meri ((Ho) TK122)Her-her-nekht-hu-hequ-semti ((Gh) TK122)Ra-men-kheper (Su) TK122

Ra-men-kheper (Su) Arien-Ra Setep-en-Ra Mer-en-Ra Heq-Maat Heq-Maat-taa-RaSekhemaet-Merytoui ((Vc) AI298)Sekha-Maat-meri-taui ((N) TK122)Sekhempehti-Thoserkheu ((Hn) AI298), ((Hg) EO51)Sosenk ((of Libian D) = Shishak(Bi) = Thutmose III RV264)Shishak ((Bi) = Thutmose III AC235), W912a2Shesher-ka W912a2? Psamtik I AE95Taa-Amen Ra-saa-en Nekhtkhepesh Neb-nekht Ka HeqUast Neter-nefer-ka TK122

Tehuti-mes (SS) Nefer-kheper Nefer-kheperu Sma-kheper Nefer-khau Heq-MaatHeq-Uast Heq-Annu Neter-heq Sekha-nefer TK123

[Mummy TX36][Inscription, Turin, Obelisk, Abydos TK124][Monument AI235][cuneiform transcription (Mankhebiriy) ( AI298)]

{Wife: Mert-Ra Hatshepset (also Daughter of Hatshepset) TK127}{Mother: Ast, Wife: Aah-sat, Wife: Nebtu, Wife: Merseker TK128}{Son: Amonhotep II H65}{Vizier: Rekhmire A81}

Reigned 12 yrs (Mephres) ((J) EO444), ((EAV) TKIxvii), (Miphres) (Eu) AI235,EO444,TKIxviiiReigned 12 yr 9 mo ((Menkheperre) (M)'s mistake AI236), ((Mephres) (J) AI235,TKIxxix)Reigned 13 yrs (Misaphris) (Af) AI235,EO444,TKIxviiiReigned 23 yrs (Misphres) (Bs) AI235,EO444,TKIxviiiReigned 26 yrs ((Misphragmuthosis) (Af)(Eu)(J) EO444)Reigned 32 yrs 6 mos (Menkheperre) AI236Reigned 54 yrs (Tuthmosis III) EA130

"The Good-one of Creations" (Thutmose Neferkheperu) (AI298)"The Good-one of Ascensions" (Thutmose Neferkheu) ( AI298)"Prince of Truth" (Thutmose Hiqmaet) AI298"Prince of Thebes" (Thutmose Hiqwas) AI298"Prince of On" (Thutmose Hiqon) AI298"Establishing the Being or Creation of the Sun-god" ((Menkheperre) (RH) AI298)"The White Crown, Exalted and Beloved of the Sun-god" ((Hethke-Meryre) (H) AI298)"Mighty Bull, Ascending in Thebes" ((Kenakht-Khemwas) (H) AI298)"Strong bull arisen in Thebes" ((Kenakht-Khemwas) (H) EO51)"Mighty Bull, Rejoicing in Truth" ((Kenakht-Hemmaet) (H) AI298)"Mighty Bull, Beloved of the Sun-god" ((Kenakht-Meryre) (H) AI298)"Enduring in Kingship like the Sun-god in Heaven" ((Wahinsi-Mirempet) (Vc) AI298,~EO51)"Great of Strength in All Countries" ((Oeshefit-Emtounebu) (Vc) AI298)"Great of Valour, Smiting the Nine-Bows" ((Oekhepesh-Hupethtiupsith) (Hn) AI298)"Making the Truth to Shine, Beloved of the Two Lands" ((Sekhemaet-Merytoui) (Vc) AI298)"Mighty in Strength, Splendid in Ascensions" ((Sekhempehti-Thoserkheu) (Hn) AI298),"Powerful of strength, Holy of appearances" ((Sekhempehti-Thoserkheu) (Hg) EO51)

"Throughout history, kings have usually been called the commanders in chief of their militaryforces, but they have not been expected to lead their armies in person. This honorary status wassometimes granted in Egypt: an official inscription may claim that the king led his forces to victory,when in fact he was safely at home. It probably would not be correct to assume that all the stirringpictures in which the Pharaoh is shown trampling crowds of Nubians or Semites below the hoofs ofhis chariot horses are entirely accurate. But it is known from the records of Tuthmosis III andRamesses II that the Pharaohs did lead some campaigns and did take part in the actual fighting."

PE43

"An ancient Egyptian temple was normally composed of three large rooms, one leading intoanother like a railroad flat. The first room was the open court, an unroofed area where commonerscould come to pay respects to the gods. The second was usually roofed over and reserved for thenobility. The third, known as the `holy of holies,' was reserved for the priesthood. The holy ofholies of different temples had different names. One in a temple built by Tuthmose III was called,`His Great Throne Is Like the Horizon of Heaven.'" EM205

"Egypt gained much from Tuthmosis III's wars abroad--including the imported plants, trees, andanimals recorded on this relief at Karnak." PE70

"On his fifth campaign, Tuthmosis struck successfully by sea at the rich maritime cities of northernSyria, and the next year he went on to capture his old enemy's strong and strategically importantfortress of Kadesh. Now at last, in 1471 B.C., the way was open for him to settle his account withthe Mitanni, his chief rivals for world power. Landing at the port of Byblos, he at once gave ordersfor the building of ships from the wood of the famous cedars of Lebanon. This was farsighted, for heknew he would need them to take his men over the Euphrates. But it was difficult to transportthem, and in the end, he had them mounted on ox carts and sent on in advance of his troops. Farfrom the sea, the ships were dragged in this fashion for some 250 miles." PE70

"Thothmes III... his bitterness toward Hatshepsut was vented by erasing the queen's name from hermonuments and substituting those of Thothmes I and II, as if she had never reigned." A80

It is in this Syrian domination of the king of Kadesh that, in the author's opinion, we shouldrecognize the last nucleus of the Hyksos empire, finally annihilated by the genius of Thutmose III.the final destroyer of the Hyksos empire, became also the traditional hero who expelled theinvaders from Egypt; and as Misphragmouthosis he thus appears in Manetho's story as theliberator of his country." BE220

"Tuthmose III, in one of his inscriptions, mentions that when he was a young boy attending aprocession, the statue of Amen noticed him and halted. This is told to whow that even then heknew he would become pharaoh." EM210

"By the time Tuthmosis III came to the throne, a new power - Mitanni - was beginning to causedifficulties for Egypt. The Mitannian Empire was made up of a large number of Hurrians, a peoplewho had spread southwards into the Caspian Sea area, and its rulers were of Indo-Aryan stock. The empire extended from the North Syrian coast to the River Tigris. Thus the small Syrian andCanaanite cities began to divide their allegiance between Egypt and Mitanni and Egypt lost herformer control. But Tutmosis III succeeded in restoring Egypt's influence in Asia Minor in a seriesof 17 campaigns fought over 20 years." EK23

"...the rising of Sirius... Here there is given neither the name of a king, nor the year of his reign. Itis, however, asserted boldly that the mention belongs to the reign of Thothems III, because thisking's name is found on another fragment...which is said to belong to it." TKl

"...Tuthmosis III was a lover of nature. On his campaigns in Syria he found time to collect unusualplants and animals and send them to Egypt for botanical garden at Thebes." EK24

"Tuthmose was keeping to a family tradition of listening to oracular commands. His aunt,Hatshepsut, the female ruler of Egypt who preferred to be called `king,' stated that her tradingexpeditions to the land of Punt were the result of an oracle's command." EM211

"During the peaceful years of Hatshepsut's reign, chiefs and princes of Palestine and Syria hadbanded together against Egypt under the leadership of the king of Kadesh, whose strong fortresscity was in western Syria, on the Orontes River. Behind this coalition, and a far more dangerous

threat, was the increasing power of the Mitanni. Tuthmosis had decided that he would restore theempire won by his grandfather, and in a series of campaigns over a twenty-year period, hesucceeded in pushing the Egyptian frontier farther and farther north. At last he was able to take hischariots across the Euphrates, crush the Mitanni, and force the Hittites, Assyrians, andBabylonians to pay tribute to his kingdom." PE64

"Much has been made of Hatshepsut's suppression of her young nephew and of his resulting hatredfor her. Later, he was to prove himself the best soldier and one of the most authoritative rulers in allEgyptian history, so his submission during the twenty-one years his aunt was in power is certainlypuzzling. The belief that he felt a strong resentment is based on the fact that some successor toHatshepsut obliterated the names and likenesses of the queen at Deir el Bahri and othermonuments, and it seems likely that Tuthmosis was responsible. Perhaps he was. On the otherhand, there is nothing to support the suggestions that he was kept under restraint or that he finallydeposed or even murdered Hatshepsut; and there is no doubt that he married her daughter." PE63

"It was also common to wear scarabs bearing the name of a favorite pharaoh. The most numerousof these are scarabs with the name of Tuthmose III, (men kheper Re). He was such a favoritethat scarabs with his name were being produced a thousand years after his death." EM148

"Thutmose III was undoubtedly the most powerful ruler who ever occupied the throne of Egypt…Also a convincing argument that Thutmose III could not be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. TX23-24

Amenophis II EA130,RB,E130,EK8,EO,CA,A82,OE,AE71,TN43,PP271 c1453-1419 PGAmenophis II (`Akheprure`) AO36 ~1452-1425 WEAmenhotep II ((J) AI237, (Mo) AI235), PG,S,WE274,UN87 1450-1428 PT89Amenhetep II DN280p 1450-1425 A82,OE,CVD111Amen-hotep II CE320,PT89 1450-1424 TN43Amen-hetep II TK129 ~1450 DNAmenhotpe ((Nm) EO) 1448-1420 BEAmenhotpe II AI236 1444-1412 PT89Aakheperura Amenhetep II DN16 c1439-1413 PPAkheprure Amenophis II CVD1038 1439 CE`Akheprure` Amenhotpe (PrNm) EO443 1438-1412 PT89Mephramuthosis ((J) AI235,TKlxxix)((M)confused with Tuthmosis IV AI236) ~1436-1413 EOMispharmuthosis ((EAV) TKlxviii) ~1439-1406 CEMisphragmusis ((Af) AI235) 1427-1401 AOMisphragmuthosis ((Af)(Eu) AI235, EO444,TKlxviii) ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Misphragmuthosis (Amenhotep II) SWJA15Heq-Annu TK129 5ofD18 (EAV) TK, (Eu) TKHeq-Uast TK129 6ofD18 (Af)TKKa-nekht-ur-pehti ((Ho) TK129) 7ofD18 TST,AO,AI235,DN16Okheperure ACC215Thet-sekhem-f-em-taiu-nebu ((Gh) TK129)Usr-f-au-sekha-em-Uast ((N) TK129)Ra-aa-kheperu ((Su) TK129)v Zerah-Amenhotep II AC235

[Mummy TX36][Inscription, Stela, Abydos TK130]

{Father: Thothmes III H65}

Reigned 16 yrs (Misphragmuthosis) (Bs) TKIxxviiReigned 25 yrs (Amenophis II) EA130

Reigned 25 yrs 10 mos (Amenhotep II) (J) AI237Reigned 25 yrs 10 mos (Mephramuthosis) (J) AI235,TKIxxixReigned 26 yrs (Mispharmuthosis) (EAV) TKIxviii, (Misphragmusis) (Af) AI235,EO444,TKIxviii

Amenhotep II was a "large man... boasted that no one could draw his bow." C218

"A shawabti belonging to Amenhotep II carried not hoes, but an ankh in each hand to bring life tothe pharaoh in the next world. More often, the shawabtis of kings have farm implements in theirhands." EM173

"Amenhotep's father, Tuthmosis IV, and his grandfather, Amenhotep II, had both been credited withimpossible feats of strength: Amenhotep II was supposed to have rowed a large ship unassisted,with a thirty-four-foot oar, when the whole of his crew of two hundred men had, with ordinary humanfrailty, collapsed at their benches." PE73

"Hittite power waned with the rise of Assyria; Knossos, the center of minoan culture on Crete, wasdestroyed about 1400 BC and a new people from the mainland came to Crete. Migrations incentral Europe caused a displacement of population in the regions of the Balkans and the BlackSea, and this created a population movement in western Asia which put pressure on the peopleswho occupied the islands and coasts of the western Mediterranean. These in turn were driven tofind new homes, and these `Sea Peoples' finally reached the shores of North Africa, where theyjoined up with Egypt's old enemies - the Libyan tribes. Soon Egypt was to face several determinedattempts by this coalition to enter and settle in Egypt." EK26 Amarna Letters, Great Hunter, LuxorTemple RB

"Unfinished sketch from the tomb of Amenophis II. The primary drawing was completed, but it wasnever painted." EK74

Thutmose IV ((M) AI237, (Mo) AI235), BE,PG,WE274,UN87 6ofD18(Eu) TKThut-mose IV CE320 7ofD18 EO444, (J)(Af) TKTuthmosis IV (EA130), RB,EO,EK8,E130,CE320,CA,OE,TN43,PP271 8ofD18 AI235,AO,TST,DN,CVDTuthmosis IV (Menkheprure`) AO36Tuthmose IV EM215 1425-1417 A,OE,CVD,PTThothmes IV TST,A81,TK132 ~1425-1412 WEThmosis (Tuthmosis IV) ((J)(Af)(Eu) EO444) c1424-1417 TN43Thmosis ((J) TKlxxix) 1424-1417 A81Tuthmosis ((Af)(Eu) EO444,AI235,TKlxviii) 1420-1411 BETouthmosis? TKlxxvii c1419-1386 PGTehuti-mes ((SS) TK132) 1414-1405 PT89Tettet sutenit-ma-Tem ((N) TK131) ~1413-1405 EODhutmose (Nomen EO) c1413-1403 PPMenkheprure~ Dhutmose (PrNm) EO443 1412-1402 PT89,BARME52Menkheprure Tuthmosis IV CVD1038 ~1406-1398 CEMenkheperura Tehutimes IV DN16 1401-1391 AOKa-nekht-tut-khau ((Ho) TK132)User-khepesh-ter-pet-paut ((Gh) TK132)Ra-men-kheperu(Su) Heq-Maat Ka Meren-Ra Arien-Ra Setep-en-Ra TK132

[Inscription, Tablet of Sphinx, A TK133]

Reigned 9 yrs (Thmosis) (Af)(Eu) EO444, (Tuthmosis) (Af)(Eu) EO444,AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 9 yrs 8 mos (Thutmose IV) (M) AI237, (J) EO444Reigned 14 yrs (Tuthmosis IV) EA130Reigned 39 yrs (Touthmosis?) TKIxxvii

"The grandnephew of Hatshepsut and son of Tuthmose III also recorded his debt to the oracle. Carved on a rock near Philae is an inscription put there by order of Tuthmose IV. The king toldhow, when he was informed of an uprising in Nubia, he went to the temple to consult the oracle. He made offerings and asked what he should do. The oracle told him what path to pursue and thathe would be successful. After hearing this, Tuthmose IV waged war on the Nubians and wastriumphant." EM212

"Archaeological evidence supports such account of ancient beliefs in prophetic dreams. The caseof Tuthmose IV (1413-1405 B.C.) is perhaps the most famous. At the foot of the Great Sphinx is astela that tells of a dream by the young prince who was to become Tuthmose IV. The prince washunting. At noon he became tired and napped in the desert near where the Great Sphinx laypartially burried in the sand. He dreamed that the Sphinx spoke to him, saying that if he clearedaway the sand that encumbered it, the young prince would become pharaoh. The last portion of thestory is missing, but undoubtedly it told of how the dream was realized. We know the sand wascleared away and the prince became pharaoh." EM215

Amenhotep III WE275,PE,WD,BE,CE,PO,UN87,TEA243 1438-1412 AEG79Amen-hotep III CE320,PT89 1417-1379 A,OE,CVD,PO,PTAmen-hetep III TK135 (additions: Heq-Uast Sa-Ra Neter-heq-Uast TK136) c1417-1379 TN43Amenophis III EA130,RB,EO,EK8,E130,CA,A82,OE,CVC49,PP271 1415 PE73Amenophis III (Nebma`atre`) AO36 c1413-1403 CA9Amenophis III ("The Magnificent") TN43 ~1412-1376 WDAmonhotep III TST ~1412-1375 WEAmenhetep III TE26 1411-1375 BEAmenhotpe III ((M) AI237) ~1405-1367 EO,PT89Amenhotpe ((Nm) EO), ((Mo) AI235) c1403-1365 PPAmenophis (Amenophis III) ((J)(Af)(Eu) EO444,AI235,TKlxviii), AE71 1402-1364 PT89Amenophis ((J) TKlxxix) ~1398-1361 CEAmenophthis? ((Bs) TKlxxvii) 1397-1371 TEAAmanhatbi [Amenhotep III] TEL35 1391-1353 AONebma`re` Amenhotpe (PrNm) EO443 c1386-1349 PGNebmare Amanophis III CVD1038 973-936 W912aNebmaatra Amenhetep III DN16 v 870 AC242Neb-Maat-Ra (Lord-of-Truth-is-Ra TE12), TKxxiiNetch-neteru-mes-henu-sen ((Gh) TK136)Nimmuria ((Th) AC246) 8ofD18 EO444Nam-mur-ya (form of (Pr) Neb-Maat-Ra in the Tell al-`Amarna Tablets TK136) 9ofD18 AO,TST,AI235,CVD,DNNi-mu-wa-ri-ya (form of (Pr) Neb-Maat-Ra in the Tell al-`Amarna Tablets TK136)Ni-im-mu-u-ri-ya (Hebrew transcription of Neb-Maat-Ra TKxxii)Ni-ib-mu'-wa-ri-ia AC238Ni-ib-mu-a-ri-ya (form of (Pr) Neb-Maat-Ra found in the Tell al-`Amarna TabletsTK136)Mi-im-mu-ri-ia AC238Mi-im-mu-ri-ya (form of (Pr) Neb-Maat-Ra found in the Tell al-`Amarna Tablets TK136)Im-mu-ri-ia AC238Ka-nekht-kha-em-Maat ((Ho) TK135)Ka-nekht-sekhem-f-au ((Ho) TK135)Ka-nekht-heq-hequ ((Ho) TK135)Ka-nekht-tut-khau ((Ho) TK135)Ka-nekht-suten-suteniu-ter-pet-paut ((Gh) TK135)Khenti-kau-ankhiu-nebu ((Ho)(N) TK135)Khenti-kau-ankhiu ((Gh) TK136)Hu-Mentiu-ter-Thehennu ((Gh) TK135)Hefenu-nebu-mati-Ra ((Gh) TK136)

Sma-hetchet-mer-Annu ((Ho) TK135)Smen-hepu-sekerh-taui ((N) TK135)Smen-hepu-thes-taui ((N) TK135)Thehen kheperu-ur-bait ((Gh) TK135)Aa-khepesh-hu-Satiu ((Gh) TK135)Petpet Antiu-thet-ta-sen ((Gh) TK135)Uah-renput-asht-hebu ((Ho) TK135)Ur-men-er-tchat-pehti-r-shen-em-Annu-ment-er-Annu-resu ((N) TK135)Ra-neb-Maat Mer-en-Ra Ari-en-Ra Taat-Ra Setep-en-Ra Asu-Ra Thehen-Ra Mer-Amen Taat-Amen Setep-en-Amen Setep-en-Tem, Etc. TK136

{Daughter: Sat-Amen, Father-in-law: Iuaa, Mother-in-law: Thuau, Wife: Kilkipa}{Wife: Tatum-khipa (Dof Tushratta) TK143}{Wife: Tiy AE71,WE274}{Harem of 318 including Nefertiti? AE72}{Vizier: Amenhotep son of Hapu AE148} {Begotten of Ra DN86}{Son: Tutankhamun MM31}

[Inscription, Amarna, Abydos TK139][Colossus of Memnon WE275,TN43,EK44][Palace at Thebes EK65]

Reigned 30 yrs 10 mos (Amenhotpe III) ((M) AI237), WE275, (Amenophis (J) TKIxxix)Reigned 31 yrs (Af)(Eu) EO444,AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 34 yrs (Amenophthis?) (Bs) TKlxxviiReigned 36 yrs (Amenhotpe III)Reigned 39yrs (Amenophis III) EA130

"The Magnificent" (Amenhotep III WE275)

Amenophis III shychronized with Burna-buriash of Babylon & Asshur-uballet of Assyria? CO172

"Figure 58. A fifteen-inch ebony shawabti, belonging to the pharaoh Amenhotep III, was only one ofhundreds originally in the tomb." EM172

"Tuthmosis III's great-grandson, Amenhotep III, became pharaoh of Egypt in 1417 B.C., and whilehe inherited the aggressiveness and vigor of his warrior ancestor, his exploits took place on thehunting grounds rather than the battlefield. Once, on a wild-cattle chase, it was said that the kingand his hunting party killed ninety-six wild bulls. And Amenhotep himself was said to have shotover a hundred lions singlehanded. The actual score was doubtless improved to demonstrate thePharaoh's superhuman strength--a common practice at the time." PE73

"Amenhotep III sent word of his new pleasure lake to officials throughout his land by means ofscarabs such as the one above. The raised back carries the king's name, and on the flat undersideis a description of the royal lake." PE74

"The letters from the city states, begging for Egyptian aid, went unanswered. Ignored by her ally,Mitanni fell under Hittite domination and when Shuppiluliuma died, eventually became part of theAssyrian domains. The Egyptian empire disintegrated, to be restored years later by the pharaohsof the 19th Dynasty." EK23

"The most famous commemorative scarabs are those of Amenhotep III, who instituted the practicein the Eighteenth Dynasty. These memorialize five different events: a wild bull hunt which occurredin the second year of the king's reign; the lion hunting which took place in the first ten years of theking's reign; the arrival of a princess from Mitanni in the tenth year of his reign; the construction of apleasure lake for Queen Tye and the marriage of Amenhotep III and Tye." EM148

"No one can judge whether in the long run Tuthmosis' conquests were good for Egypt or whetherthey corrupted and overstrained her. But undoubtedly they brought great immediate wealth. Goldand goods of every kind poured in from countless tributary peoples, from Crete to Babylon, andsouth to the Fourth Cataract. With the age of conquest over, the Thebes of the later EighteenthDynasty became less martial, growing more extravagant, more highly cultivated and cosmopolitan.Splendor and luxury were to reach their climax during the long, peaceful reign of a later Pharaoh,Amenhotep III." PE71

"Artists from Crete who had fled from their homeland when catastrophe overtook them in the reignof the previous king, Amenophis III, had settled down in Egypt, and doubtless they continued toexert their influence on the art forms developing at the new capital of Akhetaten, which they maywell have made their home." EK77

"Amenhotep III may have killed most of the lions claimed for him, but, more important, he became aluxury-loving, self-indulgent king. If he ever led his army at all--which is doubtful--it was only on onecampaign in Nubia." PE73

"During this time Egypt received a vast amount of tribute from her territories, but Amenhotep andhis agents paid out a great deal of gold in gifts to his vassals and allies. He apparently preferredthis expensive system of overlordship to waging campaigns. A letter from Tushratta is typical ofthe attitude of the Asian kings, who assumed that the Pharaoh was so rich he could pay out goldendlessly. `My brother,' the Mitannian wrote to Amenhotep, `pray send gold in very greatquantities, such as cannot be counted; my brother may send me more gold than my father got. Inthe land of my brother, is not gold as dust upon the ground?" PE74

"In Thebes, the statue cult grew more sophisticated. Amenhotep III began to build a mortuarytemple in western Thebes; it was a little closer to the Nile than the temples of other New KingdomPharaohs, so that it stood just on the edge of the cultivated land. The temple was never finished,but the king did live to see and dedicate its most extraordinary feature--two gigantic seated statuesof himself, each with a relatively tiny figure of his mother against his left leg and Queen Tiy againsthis right. The statues were cut from one piece of stone and were originally seventy feet high andweighed far more than the largest obelisks. The marvelous feat of erecting them was theachievement of one of the most remarkable men of the court, a commoner who held the position ofa scribe and was known as Amenhotep, Son of Hapu. Amenhotep was the New Kingdomcounterpart of King Zoser's famous architect, Imhotep, and like him, Amenhotep was revered as asage (and eventually worshiped in a small temple not far from that of his master). PE79

"The king and queen [Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy] began to build a new palace in westernThebes, south of El Qurn. Like other contemporary dwellings, their palace was constructed mainlyof mud brick; stone was used only for the foundations and door frames, and occasionally forcolumns." PE74

AMARNA PERIOD HC22 1375-1358 HC22 1370 AEG94

"Mitanni's neighbors were Assyria on one side and the Hittites, 620 AEG94who occupied a large part of Anatolia, on the other. Towards theend of Amenophis III's reign a new Hittite king, Shuppiluliuma,came to the throne and the Hittite Empire flourished. He sackedthe capital of Mitanni and dominated Syria, having wooed awayfrom Egypt many of her former satellite city states, causingdissension among them. Amenophis III, obese, world-weary andinterested only in the luxurious life of his court, paid little heed;

heretic Amenophis IV (Akhenaten), cared even less, soengrossed was he in his great religious revolution." EK23

Akhenaten * Amenhotep IV EO,CE,S 1403-1385 AN28Akhenaten * Amenophis IV RB,EO,E130,EK8,CA,AE140 ~1387-1366 WEAkhenaten PO,UN87,TE95,TN43 ~1380-1362 WDAkhnaton AI237,MO15 1379-1365 A84Akh-en-Aton PT89 1379-1362 OE,CVD,PT89Akhen-Aton AB155 c1379-1362 PO,TNAmenophis IV * Akhenaten (Neferkheprure` wa`enre`) AO36 1378-1362 PT89Amenophis IV * Akhenaten EA130,PP271 1375-1358 BE,HC25Amenophis IV * Akhnaton A84 1371-1353 TEA243Amenhotep IV * Akhnaton WE275 ~1369-1353 CEAmonhotep IV * Akhenaten TST ~1367-1350 EOAmenhotep IV * Akhenaten PG,AN28 c1365-1349 PPAmenhotep IV * Ikhnaton WD,BE,B428 c1363-1347 MO,VSAmen-hotep IV * Akh-en-Aton CE320 1353-1335 AOAmenhotpe * Akhenaten (Nomen EO) c1350-1334 PGAmen-hetep IV (Khu-en-Aten) TK147 v 840 AC197Amen-hetep IV TK145Aten-khu-en ((SS) TK147)Aa-em-aha-f ((SS)addition TK147) 8ofD18(Eu) TKIkhnaton AE141,TEA243 9ofD18(Af) TKKa-nekht-qa-shuti ((H) TK145) 10ofD18,AO,TST,DN16Ka-nekht-Aten-meri ((H) TK147)Khuniatonu [Akhnaton] OA175Neferkheprure`-wa`enre` Amenhotpe * Akhenaten (PrNm) EO443Neferkheprure Amenhotpe (Amenophis IV) * Akhenaten CVC49Neferkheprure Amenophis IV * Akhenaten CVD1038Neferkheperurauaenra Aten meri Amenhetep IV * Aakhuenaten DN15Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en-Ra TKxxiiNeter-heq-Uast (or, Annu) aa-em-aha-f ((SS addition) TK145)Naphuria AC238Na-ap-hu-ri-ia AC238Ni-ip-khu-ur-ri-ri-ya (Hebrew transcription of Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en-Ra TKxxii)Nam-hur-ia AC238Orus ((J) TKlxxix,(Af)(Eu)(EAV) AI235)Oros ((Af) TKlxviii), ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Thes-khau-em-Annu-qema ((Gh) TK145)Thes-ren-f-en-Aten ((Gh) TK147)Ur-sutenit-em-semt-aten ((N) TK145)Ur-sutenit-em-khut-Aten ((N) TK147)Ra-nefer-kheperu-ua-en-Ra ((Su) TK145)Ra-nefer-kheperu-ua-en-Ra-Aten-meri ((Su) TK147)

[Tomb, Stela, Inscription, Amarna, Scarab TK146]

{Father: Ai TK152 ?}{Father & Co: Amenhotep III WE275}{Wife: Nefertith TK148}{Son-in-law: Netchemet-Mut TK148}

Reigned 16 yrs 5 mos (Akhenaten) AI237Reigned 17 yrs (Akhenaten) EO130

Reigned 36 yrs (Orus) (Eu), AI235Reigned 36 yrs 5 mos (Akhenaton) ((Manetho's mistake) AI237), ((J) TKIxxix), (Orus (Eu) AI235)Reigned 37 yrs (Orus) (Af) AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 48 yrs (Oros) (Bs) TKIxxvii

One theory places the Exodus during Aknenaten's time. AC30

The el Amarna letters should be dated 870-840, not 1410-1370 AC242

Ra-nefer-kheperu-ua-en-Ra ((Su) "High-priest of Heru-khuti, exalted one in the horizon in hisname`shu-in-the-Disk'" TK145)

"It was Amenophis III, father of Akhenaten, who first brought his [Aten's] Worship to prominence, but Akhenaten himself did what no other pharaoh was prepared to do - he ordered the completeexclusion of all other deities. Abolishing the traditional temple rituals, festivals and statues, heeven obliterated the names of the other gods and at Akhetaten, his new capital, together with hisfamily and courtiers who had followed him there, he worshiped the one god." EK88

"Akhenaten himself composed a superb hymn to the sun god for use in the temple services. Thishymn, the greatest poetry surviving from ancient Egypt, finds an echo in the One hundred andfourth Psalm of the Bible. How the words came down to the Hebrew psalmist some four centurieslater no one can say." PE90

"Amenophis IV describes himself as a super-intellectual..." AE114

"Nefertiti bore her husband six daughters and no sons. After some years she disappeared from thescene - perhaps through death or banishment - and Akhenaten married his eldest daughter,Meritaten. As he had no sons, his chosen successor was Smenkhkare, probably a son ofAmenophis III by a secondary wife... Recent tests on the mummies of Smenkhakare andTutankhamun have indicated that the two boys were probably full brothers, and sons of AmenophisIII. Akhenaten now gave Smenkhkare the royal heiress - his own daughter-wife, Meritaten - andhimself married his third daughter, Ankhesenpaaten. Akhenaten and Meritaten both died andSmenkhkare married the widowed Ankhesenpaaten. Upon his early death, the throne andAnkeseenpaaten passed to Tutankhamun, in the absence of any other male heir. A restoration ofthe old religion and the multitude of deities now took place." EK25

"The Amarna Period. The art of this period must be discussed separately, for it constitutes a break- the only significant one - in the history of Egyptian art. As we have noted, religion and art wereclosely interwoven. When Amenophis IV introduced new religious beliefs and ideas, changed hisname to Akhenaten and established a monotheistic religion, symbolized by the Aten or sun's disk,he broke down the conventions which had dictated the basis of Egyptian art for centuries. He builta new capital city - Akhetaten - at a place where there had previously been no habitation; in morerecent times this site has been known as Tell el-Amarna and from this both the period of historyand the style of art have taken their name." EK74

"On the limestone block at the right is an inscription of Akhenaten's hymn to the sun disk. Itreads, in part: How manifold are thy works, Mysterious to our eyes! O sole god, like whom there isno other! Thou didst create the world according to thy desire, When thou wert alone: All men, allbeasts, both tame and wild, All that is on earth and walks upon its feet, All that is in the sky andflies upon its wings." PE86

"Indeed, the brilliant young king's [Akhenaten's] mind was full of new ideas, ideas that have beenviewed ever since as original contributions to man's understanding of his world. Even his centralbelief in the sun as a source of life and energy was a religious expression of what many centurieslater was found to be a scientific fact." PE85

"Funerary art also underwent radical changes. The tombs at Amarnan intended for the royal familyand the nobility who had followed and served them, display distinct differences from, for example,the Theban tombs. The life which the Egyptian noble hoped to enjoy after death is no longerdepicted on the walls, but instead events in his career are shown, emphasizing in particular the rolewhich the king has played in his life and his advancement. This, of course, reflected the doctrine,supported by Akhenaten, that he alone, as the divine son, could mediate between the Aten and thepeople; it also emphasizes how much less importance was attached to life after death and theattendant funerary beliefs which had been such features of the worship of Osiris." EK75

"The sacred oils must have been especially precious to the ancient Egyptians, as Tutankhamenwas buried with thirty-four heavy alabaster vases containing more than one hundred gallons. Thereis an interesting parallel from the tomb of Sit-Hat-Hor-Yunet, a princess of the Twelfth Dynasty. She was buried with a large alabaster jar containing what the inscription called `cool water,' whichwas supposed to be capable of bringing all living things into existence." EM197

"At the end of the 18th Dynasty Akhenaten came to the throne, known at first as Amenophis IV. With his queen Nefertiti, he founded a new capital where he could pursue his worship of thestrange, featureless god, Aten. After some years his religion became exclusive and themonuments of other deities were destroyed and defaced, and their priesthoods and worshipterminated. At Akhetaten, his capital (the modern Tell el-Amarna)..." EK24

Smenkhkare PG,EO,CA,OE c1370-1366 WESmenkhkare` EO,WE,TN43 1366-1363 PT89Smenkhkere ((Mo) AI235) 1364-1361 OE,CVD,PT89Smenkhkare` (`Ankhkheprure`) (=Nefertiti?) AO36 c1361 TNSmenkhkara TE112 ~1355-1352 CESmenkh-ka-Re TST,CE320,PT89 1351-1348 PT89Smenkhare VSxi ~1350-1347 EOSakere B429, BE599 ~1349-1347? VSSakara DN16 c1336-1334 PGSmenkhkare`Nefernefruaten-merwa`enre` (Nomen EO) 1335-1333 AOAnkhkheprure` Smenkhkare`, Nefernefruaten-merwa`enre` (PrNm)EO443(Ankhkheprure) Smenkhkare CVD1038Acenchere(s) ((M)'s mistake for Smenchere(s) AI237) 9ofD18(Eu) TKAcencheres ((J) AI235) 10ofD18(Af) TKAcencheres I ((J) TKlxxix) 11ofD18 TST,AO,AI,DN16,CVDAchencherses ((Eu) AI235,TKlxviii)Achencheres ((EAV) AI235,TKlxviii)Acherres ((Af) AI235,TKlxviii)Akhenkheres? ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Neferneferuaten (by Ankhkheprure's 3rd regnal yr. CVC63)Ra-ankh-kheperu Ra-saa-ka-tcheser-kheperu ? TK150

{No independent reign. WE275}

Reigned 2 yrs (Smenkhkere) (Mo) AI235Reigned 12 yrs (Achencherses) (Eu) AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 12 yrs 1 mo (Smenkhkere) (Manetho's mistake) AI235Reigned 12 yrs 1 mo (Acencheres) (J) AI235,TKIxxixReigned 16 yrs (Achencheres) (EAV) AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 25 yrs (Akhenkheres?) (Bs) TKIxxviiReigned 32 yrs (Acherres) (Af) AI235,TKIxviii

"He married Akhnaton's daughter, and hense the description `his daughter'" AI237

"...Merytaten, offers a bouquet of flowers to her relaxed, windblown husband, King Semenkhkara."PE89

"Akhenaten took his son-in-law Semenkhkara as his co-regent, while Nefertiti went with heryounger daughter and Tutankhaten to live in the northern palace. Collapse was now inevitable. Semenkhkara went back to Thebes to make terms with the old order and the priests of Amon. Butthere he disappears from the records. And Akhenaten and Nefertiti disappear also... It is notknown how or where they died..." PE92

"The diplomatic correspondence of the latter part of the 18th Dynasty between Amenophis III'scourt, that of his son and the kings and princelings of other Near Eastern states is preserved in theTell el-Amarna letters found at Akhenaten's capital, and in the Boghaz Keui tablets from the HittiteRecord Office. Both sets are written in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time. From theseit appears that the city states of Syria/Palestine were either subdued or went over to the Hittites,and in the south the governor of Jerusalem had to contend with the raiding nomads - the Khabiru -who are believed by some scholars to have had links with the Hebrews." EK23

Tutankhamun * Tutankhaten PG,RB,E130,BE599 ~1366-1357 WETut`ankhaten * Tut`ankhamun EO443 1362-1349 PT89Tut`ankhamun (Nebkheprure`) AO36,TN43 1361-1352 OE,CVD,PT89Tutankhamun EK8,CA,WE275,VSxi,PP271 c1361-1351 TN43Tutenkhamon ((Mo) AI235), WD ~1360-1350 WDTutankhamen OE,AI237,UN87,AE131,TEA243 ~1352-1344 CETutankhamon MO14 1343 TEA243Tut-ankh-Amon TST,PT89 ~1347-1339 EOTut-ankh-Aton * Tut-ankh-Amon CE320 ~1347-1338 PT,VSTut-ankh-Amen TK150 c1347-1337 PPTut-ankh-amun EA130 c1340 MOTutankh ten * Tutankhamen TE112 c1334-1325 PGKheperunebra Tutankhaten * Tutankhamen DN16 1333-1323 AOKa-nekht-tut-mes ((H) TK150) r1030+-50 RC50Nebkheprure` Tut`ankhaten * Tut`ankhamun (PrNm) EO443 r 899 PSxviNebkheprure Tutankhaten (Tutankhamun) CVC66Nebkheprure Tutankhamun CVD1038Neb-khepru-Re EM193 10ofD18(Eu) TKNefer-...-taui ((N) TK150) 11ofD18(Af) TKRathotis ((J) TKlxxix,EO444,AI235) ~11ofD18 EO444Rathos ((Af) AI235,EO444,TKlxviii) 12ofD18 AI,AO,TST,DN,CVDRa-Kheperu-neb ((Su) TK150)Renp-khau-sehetep-neteru ((Gh) TK150)Athoris ((Eu) TKlxviii), ((Bs) TKlxxvii)

[Mummy, Tomb…][Inscription... TK151]

{Vizier: Ay A86}{Wife: Amen-ankh-nes TK151}, {Wife: Ankes an-Amen, half sister. Brier TV4/6/97}{Brother: Acencheres EO444{Son: Amenhotep III? MM31}

Reigned 2 yrs (Rathotis) (J) AI235Reigned 6 yrs (Rathos) (Af) AI235,EO444,TKIxviiiReigned 9 yrs (Tut-ankh-amun) EA130 ((Rathotis) (J) TKIxxix)

Reigned 29 yrs (Athoris) (BS) TKIxxviiReigned 39 or 9 yrs (Athoris) (Eu) TKIxviii

Beautiful-is-the-life-of-Amen (Tutankhamen) TE112

Archives of Hittite Bogoskoi. After the death of Tut, his wife sent 2 letters to the king of the Hittitesto send her one of his sons to marry so she wouldn't have to marry a servant (Bob Brier - TLC TV4/6/97).

"The body of Tutankhamen still lies in its stone sarcophagus in the tomb, while the golden shrinesand outer coffin are in the Cairo Museum. The gold is inscribed with religious texts, such asChapter 17 of the Book of the Dead, which deals with the creation of the world, and the Book of theDivine Cow, which tells of the sun god's reign on earth and mankind's punishment for lack ofobedience." EM190

"Judging from Tutankhamen's tomb, a very important amulet was a small model of a headrest whichwas placed under the mummy's head. Tutankhamen's headrest amulet was one of only three itemsin the tomb that were made of iron. It is one of the earliest known uses of that metal in Egypt."EM157

"Unique...are the shawabtis of Tutankhamen. Four hundred and thirteen shawabtis of alabaster,limestone, and wood were found in his tomb. The wooden ones are the finest, each a recognizableportrait of the king." EM173

"On the far end of the antechamber was a sealed door leading to the burial chamber. On eitherside of this door was a life-size wooden statue of Tutankhamen. The statues represent the pharaohwith black skin, wearing a gold kilt and gold sandals." EM185

Ay ((M) AI237, (Mo) AI235), EO,RB,PG,S,CE320,PE94,CA,A87,OE,CVC69,PT89,VSxiAya (Kheperkheprure`) AO36Ai ((SS) TK152) ~1357-1353 WEEye B429,BE599,CE320,WE275 ~1355-1352 A87Itnute-Ay (Nomen EO) 1355-1349 PT89Kheperkheprure` Itnute-Ay (PrNm) EO443 1352-1348 CVD,PT89Kheperkheprure Ay CVD1038 1351-1347 TN43Kheperkheperuraarimaat Ai DN16 ~1344-1342 CEKhebres ((Af) TKlxviii) ~1339-1335 EOKhencheres ((Eu) TKlxviii) 1338-1334 PT89Khenkheres? ((Bs) TKlxxvii) ~1338-1333 VSKa-nekht-thehen-khau (or, Kheperu) ((Ho) TK152) c1325-1321 PGAcencheres ((J) AI235), ((J) EO444) 1323-1319 AOAcencheres II ((J) TKlxxix)Achencherses ((Eu) EO444)Ancheres ((Eu)Armenian AI235) 13ofD18 TST,AI,AO,CVD,DNAcherres ((Eu) AI235), ((Af) EO444) 12ofD18 (Af)(J) TKAcherres ((Af) AI235), ((Af) EO444) 11ofD18 TKlxviiiAkherres ((Bs) TKlxxvii)Neter-heq-Uast ((SS)addition TK152) ~10ofD18 EO444Heq-maat-sekheper-taui ((Gh) TK152) ~12ofD18 EO444Chebres ((Af) AI235,EO444)Cherres ((Eu) AI235)Cheres ((EAV) AI235,TKlxviii)Sekhem-pehti-ter-Satet ((N) TK152)Ra-kheper-kheperu-ari-maat ((Su) TK152)

[Inscriptions TK153]

Reigned 4 yrs 3 mos (Ay) AI237Reigned 8 yrs ((Ancheres) (Eu Armenian)(Af) EO444, (Eu) AI235), (Akherres (Bs) TKIxxvii)Reigned 12 yrs (Khebres) ((Af) TKIxviii), ((J) EO444), (Acencherses (Eu) EO444)Reigned 12 yrs ((Chebres) (Af) AI235, EO444), (Acherres (Af) AI235)Reigned 12 yrs 3 mos (Ay) (M) AI237, (J) AI235Reigned 12 yrs 5 mos (J) AI235, (Acencheres II) TKIxxixReigned 15 yrs (Cherres) (Eu)(EAV) AI235,TKIxviiiReigned 16 yrs (Khencheres) (Af) TKIxviiiReigned 26 yrs (Khenkheres?) (Bs) TKIxxviiReigned 32 yrs (Acherres) (Af) EO444

"The boy-king died in his late teens and the throne passed to a non-royal adviser, the elderly Ay."EK25

{Son: Amen-hetep IV TK152}

Acencheres ((J) Haremhab's daughter EO444)

Ay may have murdered Tut, his wife & the son of the Hittite king's son sent to marry Tut's widow. (Bob Brier TLC TV 4/6/97)

Horemheb ((M) AI237), (Mo) AI235), RB,TST,AI217,E130,PE94,CA,EK8,PG,CVC71,UN87,VSxi,PP271Haremhab EA130,PG,EO,OEHaremhab (Harmais) TN43 ~1353-1319 WEHaremheb TST 1352-1319 A87Haremhab (Djeserkheprure`) AO36 1350-1315 BEHar-em-hab CE320 1349-1319 PT89Hor-em-heb PT82 1348-1320 OE,CVD,PT89Harmhab BE599,WD,A87,WE275 c1347-1319 TN43Harmais (=Haremhab) EO444 ~1346-1322 WDHeru-em-heb ((SS) TK154) ~1342-1303 CEHeri-her-maat-sekheper-taui ((Gh) TK154) ~1335-1308? EOHeq-maat-setep-en-Ra ((Su)addition TK154) 1334-1306 PT89Heq-Uast-setep-en-Ra ((Su)addition TK154) ~1333-1318 VSHeq-Annu-se-tep-en-Ra ((Su)addition TK154) c1332-1305 PPArmais ((J) TKlxxix, (Eu) AI235) c1325/20 PT82Armaios? ((Bs) TKlxxvii) c1321-1293 PGArmesses ((Af) AI235) 1320-1292 ALAa-khepesh ((Gh) TK154) 1319-1307 AODanaus = Armais (Harmhab) TX288Djeserkheprure` Haremhab (PrNm) EO443Djeserkheprure Horemheb CVD1038 14ofD18 CVD,DN16,TST,AOTcheserkheperura Heremheb DN16 9ofD18 EO444Ka-nekht-sept-sekheru ((Ho) TK154) --ofD19 WDMer-en-Amen ((SS)addition TK154)Oros (36yrs(J), 37yrs(Af), 36or38yrs(Eu) EO444)Oros (=Haremhab) EO444Ur-bait-em-Apt ((N) TK154)Setep-en-Ra ((Su)addition TK154)Ra-tcheser-kheperu ((Su) TK154)

[Inscription, Sakkara, Abydos TK154]

{Vizier: Rameses I A88}

(Horemheb was succeded by Ramesses. CVC77)

Reigned 4 yrs 1 mor ((Horemheb) (M) AI237), ((Armais) (J) TKIxxix)Reigned 5 yrs ((Armais) (Eu) AI235), ((Armesses) (Af) AI235)Reigned 9 yrs (Armaios?) (Bs) TKIxxviiReigned 24 yrs 1 mo (Horemheb) (M) AI237Reigned 28 yrs (Horemheb) AI217Reigned 36 yrs (Oros) (J) EO444 (36 or 38 yrs (Eu) EO444)Reigned 37 yrs (Oros) (Af) EO444

Oros may be intended for Ser-cheperu-Ra Heru-em-heb. MM34

"Ay was succeeded by Horemheb, the last ruler of the 18th Dynasty, who had formerly beenCommander of the Army and Chief Administrator. Perhaps he had been the power behind thethrone since the return of the court to Thebes, using Tutankhamun and Ay as figureheads." EK25

"Horemheb, the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, attempted to obliterate all memory of the Amarnaheresy. Akhetaten was deserted - the magnificent temples, palaces and villas, the many examplesof the revolutionary art forms which had flourished in this city - all were abandoned to theencroaching sand and the jackals." EK88

"Horemheb claimed to have been the immediate successor of Amenhotep III, erasing the hereticPharaoh's name from the lists of kings and blotting out the king's portraits and titles." PE95

"...he [Ay] was succeeded by Horemheb, Akhenaten's former commander in the north and a toughprofessional soldier. His was an efficient but authoritarian and semimilitary regime. He restoredtemples and put in soldiers as their chief priests. He also tried to check abuses in tax collectingand in the administration of justice, imposing frightful penalties, such as the cutting off of noses, onall those who broke his regulations." PE94

"The burial chamber is rectangular and oriented to the four cardinal points. The orientation isextremely important in ancient Egyptian burials because the deceased has to head west. In thewalls are niches for magical guards of the four cardinal points." EM189

Acencheres II ((J) EO444) 10ofD18 ((Eu) TK), ((EAV) TK)Acherres ((Af) EO444, (Eu) TKlxviii) 13ofD18(Af) TKAkherres ((Af) TKlxviii) ~13ofD18 EO444Ancheres ((EAV) TKxlviii)

Reigned 8 yrs (Ancheres) (EAV) TKXlviiiReigned 12 yrs ((Acencheres II) (J) EO444), ((Acherres) (Af) EO444,TKIxviii), ((Eu) TKIxviii)

Cherres ((Eu) EO444,TKlxviii) 11ofD18(Eu) TKCheres ((EAV) TKlxviii) 13ofD18(J) TKAcencheres III ((J) TKlxxix)

Reigned 12yr3mo(J) TKIxxixReigned 15 yrs ((Cherres) (Eu) EO444,TKIxviii), ((Cheres) (EAV) TKIxviii)

"Later in the dynasty [18th] Egypt and Mitanni made peace, cemented by marriages betweenEgyptian kings and Mitannian princesses." EK23

Harmais ((J) EO444) ~14ofD18 EO444Harmais (= Haremhab (reappears) EO444)Armesis ((Af) EO444) 14ofD18(J) TKArmais ((Eu) EO444,TKlxviii) 12ofD18(Eu) TKArmessis ((Af) TKlxviii) 14ofD18(Af) TK

Reigned 4 yrs (Harmais) (J) EO444Reigned 5 yrs (Armesis) (Af) EO444,TKlxviii)

Menkh-p-Ra Tehuti-mes (Thothmes V) TK155

"In the late 18th Dynasty, and increasingly in the later periods, the Egyptian army possessed a substantialnumber of foreign recruits. These included Libyans, Nubians, `Asiatics' and `Sea Peoples,'..." EK116

Second Empire TE

19TH DYNASTY 1473-1279 TKliv

(Thebes TKlxix) (Thebes (Af)(Eu) MM35) 1464-1288 TKlv(Same as 26th D RV228) 1462-1288 TKlv

1443-1209 TKliv 5 kings 194 yrs ((Eu) TKlxix) 1410-1293 TKliv 7 kings 209 yrs(Af) (8 listed S235) (6 listed TKlxix) 1404-1195 TKliv

1400-1200 TKlv"The slave's position in Egypt was not too unbearable, particularly if he 1375-1202 S235happened to be assigned to the private house of a nobleman. By Ramesside ~1359-1253 AN28times many foreigners, like the Biblical Joseph, held high positions in the 1350-1205 BEgovernment and at court, and at all periods it was not unusual for a slave to 1346-1210 WDreach a position of trust in Egypt." EK108 1326-1183 TKliv

1322-1202 TKlv~1321-1205 TExiii,DN10 1320-1200 EK,CA,OE,CVD,TKl 1319-1200 TN43 1318-1184 VSxi 1314-1200 UN87 1307-1196 AO~1305-1200 CE320 1304-1181 EA130 1304-1192 TEA243c1293-1185 PG 1292-1225 HC8

1231-1022 TKlv~1000-~900 W52D18

Ramesses I ((J) EO445,AI235), ((Af) AI235), PG,EO,CA,OE84,CVC77,WE,AL217Rameses I ((Mo) AI235), S,CE320,TE27,TK156,A88,VSxiRamesses I (Menpehtire`) AO36 1320-1318 OE84,CVDRamses I BE599,CE320,UN87,PT89 1320 PE97Ramesses (Ramesses I) ((J) EO445) ~1319-1318 WERamesses ((Af) TKlxviii), ((J) TKlxxix), TN43 c1319 TN43Ra`messe (Nomen EO), TN43 ~1318-1317 VSRa-messu or Ra-meses ((SS) TK156) c1317 AI238,PT89Ra-men-pehti ((Su) TK156) 1315-1314 BEMenpehtire` Ra`messe ((PrNm) EO445) ~1308 EO445Menpehtyre Ramesses I CVD1038 1307-1306 AOMenpehtira Rameses I DN16 ~1303-1302 CEMenophreos (Rameses I) TKlii c1293-1291 PGPramses RB, AL218 1292-1290 ALPramesse (not Ramesses?) CVC77) v 663 RV19Paramesses (Ramesses I) PE97Ka-nekht-uatch-suteniu ((Ho) TK156)Kha-em-suten-ma-... ((N) TK156) 15ofD18 AI235, (J)(Af) TK...-em-khet-taui ((Gh) TK156) 1ofD19 EO,TST,A,AO,CVD,DNNecho I (Appointed to rule Egypt by Assurbanipal RV19)

[Inscription, Abydos, Sakkara TK157]

[Wife: Sat-Ra TK158]

Reigned 1 yr (Af) TKIxviiiReigned 1 yr 4 mos ((J) EO445,AI235,TKIxxix), ((Af) AI235)Reigned 2 yrs AL217

Pramesse (identification with Ramesses apparently to be abandoned. CVC77)

"Ramesses I, the first king of the 19th Dynasty, was the son of a low-ranking military officer. Horemheb raised Ramesses to the rank of vizier and named him as his successor." EK25

"Dropping the first sylable at the beginning of his name, he [Paramesses] ascended the throne asRamesses I, the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Now, although Thebes remained Egypt's greatadministrative city, this dynasty ruled from a new capital, Pi-Ramesses, in the eastern delta on thesite of the present-day town of Qantir." PE97

Seti I RV226,AL217,WD,RB,PG,BE,E130,A88,CE320,HC23,PO,UN87,AN28,TE27,PT89,TK158,VSxi,TEA243Seti ((SS) TK163)Sety I PG,PE105,AB 1605 SOR215Sethi I WE278 ~1356-1347 AN28Setekhy I TST -1304 PE105Sethos I ((Af) (Eu) EO445), EA130,EK8,CVB22,CA,OE,RC50,PP271 ~1321-1300 WDSethos I (Menma`atre`) AO36 c1319-1304 TN43Sethos I (Seti) TN43 1319-1298 A88Sethos ((Af) (Eu) EO445,TKlxix), ((Bs) TKlxxvi), CVC77,SOR215 1318-1304 OE,CVD,PO

Sethosis ((J) TKlxxix) ~1318-1299 WESethus ((EAV) TKlxix) ~1317-1290 VSSety-merenptah (Nomen EO) c1316 PT89Sety-Mer-en-Ptah AB157 1313-1292 BE,HC23Seti the Great (Ptah Maat) RVC19 ~1309-1291 EO445Seti Ptah-Maat RVC33 1306-1290 AOSekhem-pehti-ter-pet-paut ((N) TK160) c1303-1290 PP,TEASehetep-em-Ra-merrt-f ((Gh) TK161) ~1302-1290 CESekhem-neter-en-khepera ((Gh) TK161) c1302 EA131Setep-[en]-Ra ((Su)addition TK162) c1291-1278 PGSesostris (Osimandya) ((He) SOR113) 1290-1279 ALMenma`re` Sety-merenptah (PrNm EO445) r~1100+-100 RC50Menmare Sethos I CVD1038 v 663-609 RV231Menmaatra Seti I DN16Menmaetre Sety-Merenptah AI206Men-Maat-Ra (Abider-in-Truth-is-Ra TE12,AB157) 1ofD19 ((J) TKIxix)"Man of Seth" RB 2ofD19 EO,TST,AO,CVD,DNMen-mennu-tchetta-heh ((N) TK160)Menthu-en-meri-mak-qemt ((N) TK160)Mak-Qemt-uafu-semti ((N) TK160)Mer-en-Ra-saa-ka-f ((Gh) TK161)Mer-en-Ptah-mer-Amen ((SS)addition TK163)Merenptah-si-Ptah? AE195Meri-Ptah-Ra ((SS)addition TK163)Meri-Ptah or Mer-en-Ptah ((SS)addition TK163)Meri-en-Amen ((SS)addition TK163)Nem-mestu-sekhem-khepesh-ter-pet-paut ((N) TK160)Nem-mestu-sekhem-ter-pet-paut ((N) TK161)Nem-mestu-user-peti ((N) TK161)Nem-khau-user-peti-em-taiu-nebu ((Gh) TK161)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Uast-sankh-taui ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-nem-mestu ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-sekhem-khepesh ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-ter-pet-paut ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-nem-khau ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-matet-menth ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-sa-Tem ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-hetep-her-Maat ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-user-peti ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-pet-pehti ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-sekhem-pehti ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-aa-khepesh ((Ho) TK158)Ka-nekht-kha-khau ((Ho) TK158)Ka-en-Ra-meri-Maat ((Ho) TK158)Asu-Ra ((Su)addition TK162)Ari-en-Ra ((Su)addition TK162)Ari-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su)addition TK162)Heq-taiu ((Su)addition TK162)Heq-Uast ((Su)addition TK162)Heq-Annu ((Su)addition TK162)Uafu-semti-ter-Mentiu ((N) TK160)User-peti-em-taiu-nebu ((Gh) TK161)Ra-Maat-men ((Su) TK162)Taa-Ra ((Su)addition TK162)Taa-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK162)Osimandya (Father of Rameses the Great) SOR113

Egyptus (alternate name for Seti I) TX288Ptah-meri ((Su)addition TK162)Psammetichus RV19Psammetich ((Gr) RV34)

[Mummy, Coffin, Abydos, Sakkara TK162]

{Wife: Tui or Tuaa TK164}{Son: Amen-nefer-neb-f TK165}{Daughter: Ra-hent-ma TK165}{Governors of Nubia: Ani & Amen-em-apt TK165}

Reigned 11 yrs (Seti I) AL217Reigned 13 yrs (Sethos I) EA130Reigned 50 yrs (Sethos) (Bs) TKIxxviReigned 50+ yrs (Seti I) RV226Reigned 51 yrs (Sethos I) (Af) EO445,TKIxixReigned 55 yrs ((Sethos I) (Eu) EO445,TKIxix), ((Sethus) (EAV) TKIxix)Reigned 59 yrs (Sethosis) (J) TKIxxix

An inscription seems to show that Rameses II and Seti were reigning at on time.

An inscription on the coffin of Rameses II says that in year 16* the coffin was removed from thetomb of king Men-mat-Ra-Seti to the cemetary of king Amen-hetep {Amenhotep I} MM21 *Inscriptions on the coffins of Men-mat-Ra Seti & king Men-pehtet-Ra Rameses {Ramesses I} showthat the date in year 16 refers to the reign of king Se-Amen {Siamun}. MM21

An inscription says that in the year 17 the HP Pinetchem repaired the coffin of king User-mat-RaRameses [Ramesses II] in the tomb of king Men-mat-Ra Set {Seti I} MM21

1631 Planetary configuration on the sarcophagus of Sethos in the British Museum. Sethos, thefirst King of the XIX Dynasty of Egypt. SOR215

"An example of an elaborate New Kingdom sarcophagus is that of the Pharaoh Seti I. discoveredin 1815 and taken to London, this sarcophagus is almost ten feet long and is inscribed with textson both the inside and outside surfaces describing the journey of the sun god through the twelvehours of the night." EM121

"...Egypt's might was restored under his son Sethos I who, despite his lack of royal lineage, set outto confirm by his actions his right to rule Egypt. The family was connected with Tanis in the Deltabut Sethos retained Thebes as his capital." EK25

"His [Sethos'] campaigns are depicted in the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, in a series of wall reliefs."EK26

"Sethos professed his religious zeal in his building projects - the great Hypostyle Hall at theTemple of Karkak and his temples at Qurneh, Thebes and at Abydos where six chief deities as wellas Sethos himself, as a dead, deified ruler, were accommodated." EK26

"Sethos fought one campaign against the Libyans and three against other troublemakers. In a finalcampaign against the Hittites, Sethos won the day and restored Egyptian control over part ofSyria." EK26

"After more than 3,000 years, the features of this mummy [Figure 12] are still recognizable asthose of Seti I. EM67

"At Abydos in particular the ritual scenes are well preserved... aspects of the daily ritual as carriedout for the gods Amen-Re' and Osiris by Pharaoh Sethos I." EK98

"Sety I's appearance is well known not only from a number of sculptured portraits but from awell-preserved mummy. Even after thirty-three centuries, it is possible to see that he was a strong,handsome, and forceful man. With his military upbringing he saw himself first and foremost as asoldier--and a soldier with a duty to restore the empire and Egypt's prestige abroad. He began todo so at once, leading strong forces into Palestine and Syria, and at the same time holding backthe Libyans..." PE98

"Sety I's greatest monument is th temple he built at Abydos, northwest of Thebes. This was theplace where the head of Osiris, ripped form his body by the ferocious Seth, was supposed to havebeen buried." PE98

Ramesses II AL217,EA130,PE105,EK8,PG,CA,OE,EO445,WE275,TN44,PP271Ramesses II (Userma`atre`setepenre`) AO36Rameses II WD,PG,A88,TST,AN28,TE21,VSxi 1693 SOR214Rameses II = King So TX297 1572 SOR215Ramses II EM215,BE599,CE320,HC24,UN87,TEA243 ~1347-1280 AN28Ramesses ((Bs) TKlxxvii) 1304-1237 OE,CVD,PO,TNRameses II Sesetsu TK165 1304-1236 EM215Ramses Meiamun, son of Osimanthya SOR215 c1304 PE105,PT89Rampses ((Eu) EO445,TKlxix, (J) TKlxxix) 1301-1235 GRapsaces ((Af) EO445) ~1300-1233 WDRapsakes ((Af) TKlxix) ~1299-1232 WERa`messe-miamun (Nomen EO) 1298-1232 A88Ra-meses-meri-Amen ((SS) TK176) 1295-1227 AI206Ra-messu-meri-Amen ((SS) TK176) 1292-1225 BE,HC24Ra-messu-meri-Amen-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TK176) ~1291-1224 TP153Ra-meses-meri-Amen-neter-aa-neb-pet ((SS) TK176) ~1290-1224 CE,EO,AO,VS,PPRa-messu-meri-Set ((SS) TK176) 1290 TEA243Ra-meses-neter-heq-An-meri-Amen ((SS) TK176) 1279-1213 BARME42Ra-meses-heter-heq-An-meri-Set ((SS) TK176) 1279-1212 PG,ALRa-meses ((SS) TK176) 1279- RS25Ra-messu ((SS) TK176), DN33 1272 CScRa-messu-pa-neter-aa ((SS) TK176) r1080 +- 60 JACF2n65Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK173) r1060 +- 60 JACF2n65Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK173) r~1000+-90 RC50Ra-user-Maat-Ra-messu-meri-Amen ((Su) TK173) r990 +-50 JACF2n65Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK173) r890 +- 60 JACF2n65Ra-user-Maat-Sotep-en-Ra TX297 864 CS234Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra? Ra-meses-meri-Ptah-Ra-Amen ((Su) TK173) 841-777 CAA187aRa-user-Maat ((Su) TK173) v 609-569 RV274Ra-user-Maat-s ((Su) TK173)Ra-user-Maat-taa-Ra ((Su) TK173)Ra-user-Maat-taa-en-Ra ((Su) TK173) 3ofD19 EO,TST,AO,CVD,DNRa-user-Maat-heq-Uast ((Su) TK173) 2ofD19 (J) TKRa-user-Maat-asu-Ra ((Su) TK173)Ra user-Maat-Ra-meri ((Su) TK173)Usima`re`-setpenre` Ra`messe-miamun (PrNm EO445)Usermare Ramesses II CVD1038Usermare Setepnere (Ramses II) RVC32Usermaatrasetepenra Rameses II DN16Ur-shefit-mak-Qemt ((N) TK170)

Ur-f-autu-sekhem-pehti ((Gh) TK172)Ur-nekhtu-her-semt-nebt ((Gh) TK172)Usr-renput-aa-nekhtut ((Gh) TK172)Usr-renput-aa-nekhtut-Ra-mes-neteru-ker-taui ((Gh) TK1 a Hittite princess." EK26Usr-renput-aa-nekhtut-an-tcheru-pe-huui-ta-her-heh-aha-sehens-nef-re-usekh-en-...-semti ((Gh) TK172)Usr-khepesh-meri-ta ((Gh) TK172)Uafu-semti-er-nekht-beteshu ((Gh) TK172)Heh-khu-en-meses ((Gh) TK172)Harmesses Miamun (Ramesses II) (Eu) (J) EO445Osymandyas (Ramesses II) EO6Pheron (Ramses the Great) ((He) SOR113)Armesses Miammi ((J) TKlxxix)Aha-en-heh-eh-renput-mau-se-khem-ab ((N) TK170)Mak-Qemt-uafu-semti ((N) TK170)Mak-Qemt-uaf-semti-Ra-mes-ne-teru-ker-taui ((N) TK170)Mak-Qemt-uafu-semti-ari-uru-sen-em-Antiu-sma-em-ast-sen ((N) TK170)Mak-Qemt-uafu-semti-an-uru-sen-em-...-er-Ta-Mera ((N) TK170)Mak-Qemt-uafu-semti-neb-sent-shefit-em-taiu-nebu-ari-ta-en-Keshi-em-tem-un-ta-en-ta-en-Kheta-ab-re-fKa-nekht-meri-Maat ((Ho) TK165)Ka-nekht-mak-Qemt ((Ho) TK165)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Maat-sankh-taui ((Ho) TK165)Ka-nekht-uafu-semti ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-Ra-meri ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Set ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Seb(?) ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Asar ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Tem ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Tenen ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Khepera ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-sa-Amen ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-ur-pehti ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-ur-nekht-her-aha-khepesh-f ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-ur-hebu-meri-taui ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-aha-her-khepesh-f ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-usr-pehti ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-usr-Maat ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-usr-khepesh ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-usr-renput ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-usr-renput-hefennu ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-renput-hefennu ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-thes-Maat ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-men-ab-sekhem-pehti ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-en-Ra-set-Sati ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-meriu-Maat ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-seqa-Uast ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-meri-Maat-neb-hebu-ma-tef-Ptah-tu-nen ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-meri-Maat-Menthu-en-suteniu-ka-en-heqiu-ur-pehti-ma-atef-Set-em-Nubti ((Ho) TK166)Ka-nekht-meri-Maat-heb...-her-qen-i-her-nekht ((Ho) TK166)Smenkh-mennu-em-Apt-rest-en-tef-Amen-ta-su-her-nest-f ((N) TK170)Smenkh-mennu-em-An-resu-en-tef-Amen-ta-su-her-nest-f ((N) TK170)Seshep-neb-neter-en-Khepera ((N) TK170)Sekher-peh-su-en-an-pehui-ta ((N) TK170)Shuti-ma-Ra-am-Uast-suten-bat-aat-meri-en-Heru ((Gh) TK172)Sessy-[su] (nickname W52D20)Sesostris (of Herodotus) = Ramesses II W52D20?Sesostris = Shishak CO27

Shishak (Bi) = Ramesses II W52D20Necho II = Ramses II AC154,RV19

[Mummy, Coffin, Temple, Sakkara TK171]["1693 planetary configuration on the sarcophagus of Ramses the Great in Paris…" SOR214[Bronze shawabtis - see Psusennes (21st D)]

{Wife: Nefert-ari, Wife: Ast-Nefert, Wife: Ra-maat-neferu TK177}{Mother: Tui or Tuaa TK164}{Son: Merenpthah WE275}, {Daughter: Bint-Anath W52D20} {many children on TK180}{Father: Men-mat-Ra Seti Mer-enptah MM32}{Co: Kemuast DN16}

Reigned 61 yrs (Rapsaces) (Af) EO445,TKIxixReigned 66 yrs (Rampses) ((Eu) EO445,TKIxix), ((J) TKIxxix)Reigned 66 yrs 2 mos (Harmesses Miamun (Ramesses II)) (J) EO445,TKxxixReigned 67 yrs (Ramesses II) AL217,EA130Reigned 68 yrs ((Ramesses) (Bs) TKIxxvii), ((Harmesses Miamun (Ramesses II)) (Eu) EO446)

[contemp of Solomon, Muwatallis (Hittite) & Hiram of Byblos. W52D20]

"The Ramasseum at Thebes...is a mortuary temple dedicated to the warrior king, Ramesses II...[included a] `Holy of Holies'." EK93

"Ramesses married Manefrure in 1257 B.C., an event that seemed to mark the end of his career asa warrior. From that time on, he led a luxurious, self-indulgent life..." PE109

There is an endorsement by a HP named Pinetchem on the shroud of king User-mat-Ra Rameses{Ramesses II} MM21 (See HPA of D21)

?Sir Isaac Newton "followed Sir John Marshall in Identifying Sesostris with Shishak, whose date hereduced from B.C. 1300 to 965." CO27

"Ramses built a `store-city' which he called Pithom, or `House of Atum' (Exo 1:11) ... Somewherein the eastern delta he founded he founded a residence city, Per Ramses, or `House of Ramses'.Its situation is not certain, although it has often been thought to be identical with Tanis... It wasfamiliar to the Hebrews as `Raamses', and through this Pharoh's other great enterprises here, thisregion became known as 'The Land of Ramses' a name so completely identified with it that Hebrewtradition read it back into the days of Joseph, before any Ramses had ever sat on the throne." RB314

"...the great hypostyle hall of Sethos I and Ramesses II at Karnak, the largest columned hall in theworld... the hall alone covers 54,000 square feet, and the central pillars are 69 feet high. Thecomplex at Karnak as a whole includes 20 temples, shrines and ceremonial halls, dedicated tovarious gods." EK96

"At home, Ramesses II became famous for his monumental and impressive buildings, though theyshow little refinement. These include the Ramesseum at Thebes - his mortuary temple, thefamous rock-cut temple at Abu Simbel and monuments at Tanis. He moved the capital to thenorthern city of Pi-Ramesse. He had many wives, including his favorite, Nefertari, whose tomb isparticularly beautiful and he had over a hundred children." EK26

"Ramesses II was evidently determined to emulate the strenuous efforts of his father to restore theempire, and he may even have seen himself as a second conqueror, like Tuthmosis III. Hisadvance into Asia followed almost identically the paths taken two centuries before, for the availableroutes and the strategic points were unchanged. But while Tuthmosis liked to celebrate the Battle

of Megiddo, Ramesses' favorite theme was the Battle of Kadesh. Sety had captured Kadesh, but ithad been retaken by the Hittites..." PE105

"There are two scholarly approaches to this story of the plagues as told in Exodus, chapters 7-11. One holds it to be a fairy tale... `neither group of legends has any historical truth at its source. The plagues are a later substitution for older miracles. However, miracles have never occurredanywhere.' H. Gressmann" AC34

"Oracle statues not only gave advice, but could also perform miraculous cures. One of the mostinteresting records is on a stela in the Louvre. This stela was first seen by Champollion when hevisited Egypt. It was then lying near the temple of Khonsu at Karnak. Khonsu is the ram-headedgod who created humanity on a potter's wheel. The stela recounts a miraculous cure performed byhim during the reign of Rameses II but actually it was carved by priests almost one thousand yearsafter the event, because they believed it worth recording for posterity." EM212

"According to the text that occupies the remainder of the stela, Ramses II was in Naharin, whereheads of all foreign countries came with gifts of homage. The king of Bekhten brought hisextremely beautiful daughter before the pharaoh, and she became queen. Sometime later, whenthe royal couple were in Thebes, a messenger from the king of Bekhten arrived informing thepharaoh that his wife's sister was ill with a sickness that had affected her limbs. The king ofBekhten asked that Ramses send one of his wise men to cure her. Ramses sent for priests whowere in charge of secret writings of the House of Life and dispatched one to Bekhten. The priestconcluded that the princess was possessed and that he could not help her. Consequently, theking asked Ramses to send an oracle statue to cure his daughter. Ramses presented the requestto Khonsu-in-Thebes-Beautiful- Rest, who apparently was the more powerful oracle. Then thestatue of Khonsu-the-Plan-Maker, Great God, Smiter of Evil Spirits, was brought in, and Ramsessaid, `O thou good lord, if thou inclinest thy face to Khonsu-the-Plan-Maker, the great god, smitingthe evil spirits, he shall be conveyed to Bekhten.' The oracle nodded vigorously, and soKhonsu-the-Plan-Maker was dispatched to Bekhten. According to the stela the journeys of boththe wise men and the oracle took seventeen months. When the oracle was brought before theprincess, the spirit that possessed her left immediately, and she was cured. The spirit, beforeleaving forever, requested that the oracle ask the king of Bekhten to make a festival day so that thespirit and the oracle could celebrate together! The king, seeing how powerful the oracle was,decided to keep it in his country. He retained the statue for three years and nine months, until hehad a vision. In a dream he saw the oracle coming toward him in the form of a golden falcon thatthen flew off toward Egypt. The king awoke in a fright and, taking the dream as an omen, orderedthat the oracle be returned with a great retinue and gifts to Thebes." EM213

"Of all the Pharaohs, he [Ramesses II] was the most relentless builder of temples; nearly half ofthose that survive can be attributed to him."

"The Hittite princess Manefrure found herself one among many other royal ladies, for during his longreign, Ramesses' marriages followed a most intricate pattern. He had already taken one othergreat wife before Nefertari whose temple he raised at Abu Simbel, and he also married his motherand three of his daughters. He had at least a hundred, perhaps even a hundred and fifty, children,and out of all his sons, the thirteenth, according to the list in the Ramesseum, was chosen tosucceed him." PE111

[3/12/86 Dr. Wilfred Griggs told me that archaeologists have recently found Pithom and Raameses.The details are still unpublished, but he said they found Rameses II's cartouche. [Rameses II'scartouche is, of course, found on many things built prior to his time.]]

"Ramesses II, Sethos' son, continued the reconquest of Asia Minor. He advanced into Syria, andat Kadesh on the Orontes a battle took place between Egypt, with her allied city states, and theHittites with their satellites. Despite the glowing accounts recorded on various buildings in Egypt,both sides were boubtless glad to withdraw and in the 21st year of Ramesses' reign an

Egyptian-Hittite alliance brought peace. This was welcomed by the Hittites who faced domestictroubles. Both Egyptian and Hittite versions of the treaty have been found - the two states were tobe considered equals; they promised eternal peace, and mutual aid if either was attacked by anoutsider; there was also provision for the extradition of political refugees. The gods of both stateswere invoked to guarantee the treaty and it was cemented by the marriage of Ramesses II to

"The field corps, divided into divisions of about 5,000 men each, included the chariotry and theinfantry. The divisions were named after the state gods, and presumably came under theirprotection. At the Battle of Kadesh, the divisions were commanded personally by pharaoh andseveral royal princes." EK116

"Although Ramesses' boasting seemed preposterous, it was once thought that a great Egyptianvictory had occurred. But, a Hittite account of the battle has since been found in which they claimthe victory at Kadesh, saying that the Egyptians were obliged to retreat to the south. The truthprobably lies somewhere between the two stories, for after further years of inconclusivecampaigning, a peace treaty was drawn up between the two powers. In the treaty they agreed upona line of demarkation, and each monarch promised to come to the support of the other if eithershould be attacked by an outside enemy. The alliance was reinforced by the marriage of thePharaoh to one of the Hittite king's daughters, the Princess Manefrure." PE108

Gen 47:11 "And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in... thebest of the land, in the land of Rameses."

Merneptah AL217,EM,WD,BE,PG,AL,CA,A89,OE,WE,PP271 1237-1225 TN44Merneptah (Baenre` hotephirma`at) AO36 c1237 PT89Merenptah EA130,EK8,EO445,UN87,WE275,VSxi 1236-1223 EM215,CVDMerneptah (Ammenepthes) TN44 ~1233-1223 WDMerenptah-si-Ptah? AE195 1232-1214 A89Mer-en-Ptah TST,AL218 1225-1215 BEMer-en-Ptah Hetep-her-Maat TK187 1224-1214 EO,AO,VS,PPMer-ne-Ptah CE320,PT89 ~1224-1214 CE,EOMerenptah I Hetephermaat DN16 c1220 EO35Mer-en-Ptah Hetep-her-Maat ((SS) TK187) c1212-1202 PGMerenptah-hotphima`e (Nomen EO) 1212-1199 ALMerneptah-Hophrama`e RVc11 777-769 CAA1/87aMenophis ((EAV) TKlxviii) v 569 RV274Menophres? CO172Binere`-meramun Merenptah-hotphima`e (PrNm EO445)Binere`-meramun Merenptah-hotphi(r)ma`e RVc209 4ofD19 AO,EO445,TST,DN,CVDBaenre Merneptah CVD1038 3ofD19 TKlxixBa-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK187) 14ofD18(Eu) TKBa-en-Ra-meri-neteru ((Su) TK187) 16ofD18(Af) TKBa-en-Ptah-meri-Amen ((Su) TK187)Ba-en-Ra Mer-enPtah (Amen-meri & Hetep-her-matAmenophis ((J) EO445,TKlxxix), ((Bs) TKlxxvii), ((J) TKlxxix)Ammenophis ((Eu) TKlxviii)Ammenophis (Merenptah) ((J) EO445)Ammenephthis ((EAV) EO445,TKlxix)Ammenephthes (Merneptah) ((Af) EO445)Ammenephthes ((Af) (Eu) TKlxix)Amenophath ((Af) EO445,TKlxviii)Aa-khepesh-hu-Sati ((Gh) TK187)Apries RV209Ka-nekht-haa-em-Maat ((Ho) TK187)

Ka-nekht-haa-em-Maat-henk-su-en-Ra-em-khert ((Ho) TK187)Kha-ma-Ptah-em-khennu-hefennu ((N) TK187)Kha-ma-Thah-em-khennu-hefennu-er-smen-hepu-neferu-em-khet-taui ((N) TK187)Hophra ((Bi) = Merneptah RV209)

{Wife: Ast-Nefert TK189}

Reigned 8 yrs (Amenophis) (Bs) TKIxxviiReigned 12 yrs (Merenptah) EA130Reigned 13 yrs (Merneptah) AL217Reigned 19 yrs (Amenophath) (Af) EO445,TKIxviiiReigned 19 yrs 6 mos (Amenophis) (J) EO445,TKIxxix,EO445Reigned 20 yrs (Ammenephthes (Merenptah)) (Af) EO445,TKIxix, (Eu) TKIxixReigned 40 yrs ((Menophis) TKIxviii), ((Ammenephthis) EO445), ((Ammenophis) TKIxviii)

"Merneptah was the last memorable ruler of the 19th Dynasty. Some believe that it was during hisreign that the Exodus of the Children of Israel took place. The rulers at the end of the 19th Dynastyreigned briefly, and even the order of their succession is confused. Egypt never again achievedgreatness. Perhaps weakened irretrievably by the incursion of the Sea Peoples, the country lackedboth faith in old beliefs and inspiration for new ideas." EK26

"It was once thought that Merenptah was the Pharaoh mentioned in the biblical account of theExodus. Now it is believed that the flight of the Jews took place when the Hyksos had fled the landcenturies before." PE114

"Famine probably aggravated the situation, [see comment at 1400 BC] driving the Libyans and theSea Peoples to attack Egypt early in the reign of Merneptah. They were repulsed, and over 9,000were taken prisoner. Egypt enjoyed a temporary peace as some of the Sea Peoples made theirway to other Mediterranean shores where they perhaps later became the Lycians and Etruscans."EK26

"...Merneptah, who came to the throne in 1237 B.C. He thought he was inheriting a prosperousand peaceful kingdom, but, he soon found himself confronting a dangerous new enemy. Thesomewhat repetitious pattern of repressing native rebellions in Nubia and carrying out punitivecampaigns in Asia was now broken; for the first time in her imperial history, the western frontier ofEgypt was seriously threatened. The trouble was caused by great migrations of semibarbaricpeoples pushing down to the Mediterranean from the Balkan and Black Sea regions..." PE111

"Egyptian sources give another case of a pharaoh taking a dream seriously and acting upon it. Merneptah inherited a kingdom which was in a pronounced state of decline. His father, Ramses II,simply lived too long. He became feeble and failed to maintain the strong army needed to protectEgypt's borders. When Merneptah ascended the throne, there were threats on the Libyan border. The details of the crucial battle in which the Libyans were defeated are recorded on one of the wallsof the great temple at Karnak. Prior to the battle, the god Ptah, in the form of a statue, appeared tothe pharaoh in a dream, told him not to be afraid (`...banish thou the fearful heart from thee...'), andhanded him a sword. These words are followed by a description of the victory. Herodotus tells asomewhat similar version of this story, but the identity of the pharaoh is not clear. Herodotus saysthat he was told of a pharaoh who neglected the warrior class and so had no one to help defend thecountry when it was attacked by foriegn invaders. This pharaoh, called Sethos by Herodotus,entered a temple and went to the inner sanctuary where the statue of the deity was kept. There hewept and bemoaned his situation and fell asleep. In Sethos' dream the statue told him not to fear,that he should take whoever would follow him and go to battle. Here Herodotus offers a detaillacking in the story of Merneptah. The reason that Sethos was victorious, as the god in his dreamhad told him, was that the night before the battle, field mice came and ate all of the enemy'squivers and bowstrings." EM215

Seti II AL217,WD,UN87,PT89,VSxi 1216-1210 OESety II B431, (Before Siptah) BE599, PG ?1216-1210 CVDSeti II Merenptah III DN16 ~1214-1210 WDSeti-Mer-en-Ptah ((SS) TK191) ~1214-1208 EO,VSSetekhy II TST 1214-1204 AO36Sethos II EO445,CA,OE 1209-1205 BESethos II (Userkheprure` setepenre`) AO36 c1199-1193 PGSethos, Ramesses (Sethos II) ((J) EO445) 1195-1189 AL217Sethos ((J) TKlxxix) ~ 925 W52D20Sethi II WE275Sety-merenptah (Nomen EO)Ka-nekht-meri-Ra ((Ho) TK191) 5ofD19 EO445,TST,AOKa-nekht-meri-Ra-smen-taui ((Ho) TK191) 7ofD17 DN16Ka-nekht-meri-Ra-Amen-sa ((Ho) TK191)Aa-nekhtu-em-taiu-nebu ((Gh) TK191)Mak-Qemt-uaf-semti ((N) TK191)Meri-Amen ((SS) TK191)Usikhaprure`-setpenre` Sety-merenptah (PrNm EO445)Userkheprure Sethos II CVD1038Ramesses (Sethos II) EO445Ramesses ((Af) TKlxix)Ra-user-kheperu-meri-Amen ((Su) TK191)Ra-user-kheperu-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK191)

[Temple Inscription TK192]

"A new wave of Sea Peoples swept down through Syria and Palestine in about 1200 BC with theirfamilies, possessions and cattle. The Hittite Empire disintegrated, Byblos and Ugarit fell. Troywas also defeated, an event which is remembered in Homer's Iliad." EK27

Reigned 10 yrs (J) (Sethos Ramesses) EO445Reigned 60 yrs ((Ramesses (Sethos II)) EO445), ((Af) TKIxix)

Amenmesse AL217,PG,EO445,VSxi c1228 PT89Amenmeses B431,PE39,BE599,PT89 ?1222-1217 CVDAmenmesse (Menmire`) AO36 1215 BEAmmenemnes ((Af) EO445,TKlxix) ~1208 VSAmmenemes ((Eu) EO445,TKlxix) c1202-1199 PGAmenmose WE275 1199-1195 ALAmon-mes (after Setekhy II TST) v 568-525 RV232Amen-meses ((SS) TK190)Ka-nekht-ur-pehti-ma-Amen ((Ho) TK190)Ka-nekht-meri-Maat-smen-taui ((Ho) TK190) 4ofD19(Eu) TKMenmire Amenmesses CA 5ofD19 DN16 ((Af) TK)Menmare Amenmesses CVD1038Menmarasetepenra Amenmeses DN16Menmire` Amenmesse-hekawise ((PrNm) EO445)Meri-Ra ((SS)addition TK190)Heq-Uast ((SS)addition TK190)Neb-setu-ma-Ptah-tunen ((Ho) TK190)Ur-bait-em-Apt ((N) TK190)Ra-men-ma-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK190)

Ra-men-ma-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK190)v Amasis? see RV223

[Inscription TK190]

[Usurper during the reign of Sethos II AO36]

"(On some occasions the heir was even appointed as co-regent long before the king's death ashappened in the Nineteenth Dynasty, in the reign of Amenmeses, when for a time there were twoPharaohs on the throne at the same time.)" PE39

Reigned 4 yrs (Amenmesse) AL217Reigned 5 yrs (Ammenemnes) (Af) EO445,TKIxixReigned 26 yrs (Ammenemes) (Eu) EO445,TKIxixVery brief reign (Menmire` Amenmesse-hekawise). EO445Position in dynasty uncertain (Amenmesses) CVD1038

Siptah AL217,PG,B431,WE275 1215-1209 BESiptah (Akhenre`setepenre`) AO36 ?1209-1200 CVDSi-Ptah (after Setekhy II TST) ~1208-1202 EO445Rameses Siptah VSxi (1208) EO445Ra`messe-siptah (Nomen EO) 1204-1198 AOSekha`enre`-setpenre` Ra`messe-siptah (PrNm EO445) c1193-1187 PGMerenptah II Saptah DN16 1189-1183 ALMer-en-Ptah Sa-Ptah ((SS) TK192)Kha-em-Bat (?) ((Ho) TK192)Khu-en-Ra-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK192) 7ofD19 EO445,AO,TSTPer-ne-Ptah-Siptah PT89 6ofD19 DN16Akhenre`-setpenre`Merenptah-siptah (PrNm EO445)Akhenre-setepenre Merenptah Siptah, Sekhaenre Ramesses Siptah CVD1038Ari-Maat ((Su)addition TK192)

Reigned 6 yrs (Siptah) AL217

Queen Towosret RB67 6ofD19(Af) TKTwosre (Sitre`meritamun) Q. AO36 7ofD19(Eu) TKTwosret PG 8ofD19 AOTwosre EO445,VSxi 9ofD19 EO445Thuoris ((Af)(Eu) EO445,TKlxix), ((Bs) TKlxxvii) 9.29ofT EO442Twosre-seteptenmut (Nm EO445)Ta-wsrt AE195 ?1209-1200 CVDTa-user-ta (may be Thuoris) MM34 1202-1194 EOSitre`-meryamun Twosre-seteptenmut (PrNm EO445) 1198-1196 AOSitre-meryatamun Tewosret CVD1038 c1187-1185 PG

Reigned 7 yrs (Thuoris) (Af) (Eu) EO445,TKIxixReigned 17 yrs (Thuoris) (Bs) TKIxxvii

INTERIM Anarchy and reign of Syrian usurper. BE 1205-1290 BE

Syrian interregnum CE320 ~1202-1197 CE

Egypt in Decline VSxi 1150-663 AB

The Decadence ABxxi

20TH DYNASTY 1293-1109 TKliv

(Thebes TKlxix), 1288-1110 TKlv(Ramesside OE,WD) 1279-1101 TKliv

1209-1091 TKliv12 kings 135 yrs(Af) TKlxix 1205-1210 WD12 kings 178 yrs(Eu) TKlxix ~1205-1100 TE,DN10

1202-1102 S,TKlvThe 21st runs, for the most part, parallel with the 20th, but starts earlier. PS 1200-1100 TKlv

1200-1090 BE"Our main sources for the 20th Dynasty are the so-called Great Papyrus ~1200-1090 CE320Harris, which gives a general picture of conditions at this period including the 1200-1085 EK,CA,OE,CVD,UNincreasing wealth of the priesthood of Amun; and the scenes and inscriptions 1200-1070 CR11Ron the walls of the Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, which show the 1200 PErenewed conflicts with the Sea Peoples and Libyans." EK27 1196-1070 AO36

1195-1060 TKliv"In the 20th Dynasty in particular, unrest over the delay of supplies to the 1192-1075 TEA243royal workmen led to tomb robberies and strikes. In the scribal records of c1190-1065 TN44the period there is some mention of `foreigners' in connection with these 1185-1075 HD162strikes, and it would appear that some workmen had reason to fear these 1185-1070 PGpeople, whoever they were." EK107 1184-1069 VSxi

1183-1048 TKliv"Although Egypt had defeated the invaders, her prestige gradually declined in 1181-1075 EA130the final years of the 20th Dynasty. This is made clear in the `Story of 1022-887 TKlvWenamun,' written at the end of the 20th Dynasty. Gradually the Libyans - ~ 900-800 W822d20,W824fespecially the Meshwesh - filtered into Egypt; they became mercenaries inthe Egyptian army and eventually achieved considerable power. Theirdescendents later founded the 22nd Dynasty." EK27

"The last Ramesside rulers - Ramesses IV to XI - presided over a declining state. Bad harvests ledto famine, which in turn encouraged widespread tomb-robbing." EK27

"The tombs of the kings of the 18th to 20th Dynasties had been constantly plundered. The goldenfunerary equipment had long since been carried off, but the priests of the 21st Dynasty made anattempt to prevent further desecration of the royal remains by reburying the mummified bodies oftheir former kings and queens, with their remaining coffins and funerary equipment, in a deep tombnear Deir el-Bahri." EK28

Neither Africanus nor Eusebius, in their versions of Manetho's history, specify the names of any ofthe kings in D20… the presumption is that Dynasty 20 conssisted of intervening kings who bore thename of Rameses. MM35

Arsu (?) a Syrian DN of D19 VS(Irsu) VSxi 1of D20 DN16

Setnakht RB,E130 1207-1206 PT89Setnakhte EO,VSxi 1200-1198 BE,CVD,WESethnakht PG,WE275,UN87 ~1197-1195 CE320Sethnakhte (Userkha`ure`meryamun) AO36 1196-1194 AOSethnachte HD93 1187/86-1184 HD162Setekh-nekht TST,CE320 c1185-1182 PG,VSSethakht AL217 ~1184-1182 EO446Set-nakht (EA130), CE320,PT89 1183-1181 AL217Set-nekht ((Ho) TK194)Set-nekht-meri-Ra-meri-Amen ((SS) TK194)Ka-nekht-ur-pehti ((Ho) TK194) 8ofD19 TSTUserkhaurasetepenra Setnekht DN16 LofD19 TKUsikha`ure`-meramun-setpenre` Setnakhte-mererre`-meramun ((PrNm) EO446) 1ofD20 EO446,AO,HD93,CVDUsikhaure-meramunsetpenre Setnakhte-merrere-meramun PSC19 2ofD20 DN16Userkhaure Setnakhte CAUserkhaure Sethnakhte CVD1038Ra-user-khau-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TK194)Ra-user-khau-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TK194)

[Inscription, Papyrus TK195]

Reigned 2 yrs ((Sethakht) AL217), ((Set-nakht) EA130){Wife: Thi-mer-en-Ast TK195}{Son: Rameses III WE275}

Rameses III EO,CA,S,WD,TE,TKO1,A90,VSxiiRamses III CE320,UN87,PT89,HD93Ramesses III AL217,EA130,EK8,EO,PG,PO,WE,TN44,PP272Ramesses III (Userma`atre`meryamun) AO36Ramessu III (PE) MMIII 1206-1175 PT89Ra`messe-hekaon (Nomen EO) ~1204-1172 WDRa-meses-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO1) 1198-1167 BE,A,WERa-user-Maat-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO1) 1198-1166 CVD,POUsima`re`meramun Ra`messe-hekaon (PrNm EO446) ~1195-1164 CEUsermare-meryamun Ramesses III CVD1038 1194-1163 AOUsimare-meramun Ramesse-hekaon (Life, Prosperity, Health! PSC19) c1193-1162 PPUsermaatra Rameses III DN16 c1188-1156 TN44User-pehti-ma-atef-f-Menthu ((N) TKO1) 1184-1153 HD162Ur-setu-ma-Tathenen ((N) TKO1) c1182-1151 PG,EO,VSUser-renput-ma-Temu-athi-mak-Qemt-uafu-semti ((Gh) TKO1) 1181-1149 ALAmen-meri (epithet) MM26 c1174 EA138Heq-Annu (epithet) MM26 1100 (PE)MMIIIKanekht-mau-pehti-nekht-a-neb-khepesh-Sati PSc94 ~1000 MM27**Ka-nekht-mau-pehti-nekht-a-neb-khepesh-sati ((Ho) TKO1) c 850 W824fKa-nekht-aa-sutenit ((Ho) TKO1) 770-738 W912aKa-nekht-meri-Maat-smen-taui ((Ho) TK01) 751-713 CAA1/87aKa-nekht-susekh-Qemt-user-khepesh-nekht-a-smam-Thehennu ((Ho) TK01) v 379-361 PS39Qen-neb-khepeshui-er-tash-...mer-f-em-sa-kheftiu-f ((Gh) TKO1)Nectanebo I (= Ramses III PS39)Nekht-a-neb ((Ho) PS40) 1ofD20 TST

2ofD20 EO,HD,AO,CVD

[Temple, Inscription TK3] 3ofD20 DN16

father: Sethnakht WE275father: User-Chau-Ra Seti-necht {Setnakht} MM27son 2: Neb-mat-Ra Rameses MM26son 1: User-mat-Ra Rameses MM26son 3: Rameses At-Amen Nutar-heq-Annu MM26son 4: User-mat-Ra Rameses MM26wife: Ast-...a-marthruth TKO4wife: Ast, W Hu-matertchai(?), several sons TKO4only a prince TX158

Life, Prosperity, Health! (Usimare-meramun Ramesse-hekaon) PSC19

Reigned 32 yrs (Ramesses III) AL217,EA130

"...Ramesses III was forced to face two attempted invasions of Egypt by the Libyans, led by theMeshwesh tribe and supported by the Sea Peoples, whose aim was to settle in the fertile Deltalands and in Syria/Palestine. Ramesses III eventually repulsed them in a battle fought both on landand at sea. Some fled to Asia Minor and Syria; the Sheklesh and Sherden people quite possiblyeventually reached Sicily and Sardinia; the Philistines settled down in Palestine. The wholeappearance of the Near East was changed." EK27

"During this period [Rameses III's] a unique episode took place which later became known as `TheHarem Conspiracy.' Several officials of Rameses' court intended to overthrow their sovereign. Theyplotted in a typically political manner and eventually took into their confidence several ladies of theharem, probably to obtain information about the pharaoh. Eventually, the overseer of the royalcattle, a high official in the government, became involved and enlisted the help of the man in chargeof the royal library. From him the overseer obtained a papyrus of magical formulae, which heattempted to use to cast spells over Ramses. He made wax figures and magical amulets and hadthem smuggled into the palace. All this conspiring, however, was fruitless. The plot wasdiscovered and the conspiritors severely punished." EM42

"During the reign of Rameses III a workman named Amenemope claimed to own a tomb known asthe tomb of Hai, one of his ancestors who lived during the reign of the pharaoh Horemheb. Whenthe necropolis officials inspected the tomb they found only a coffin with no name and no funeraryequipment or offerings. The lack of bodies made the officials suspect Amenemope's claim to thetomb." EM208

"The new Pharaoh [Ramesses III] had to deal simultaneously with renewed attacks by the Libyansand their allies in the west and a strong confederation of seafaring northerners who were trying tofind new lands all the way from Syria to the western delta. Among them were the Philistines, whohad settled along the coast of Palestine. The confederation attacked Egypt by sea and by land. Again it was a true migration, the land forces being accompanied by ox carts crowded with women,children, and household goods. However, Ramesses III succeeded in repulsing them. On the wallsof the massive mortuary temple he built at Thebes to compete with the Ramesseum, he shows agreat sea battle, one of the first to be recorded in history. The enemy ships tried to sail up the Nile,but Ramesses' vessels stopped some, and his men boarded them. Others were showered witharrows from the riverbanks, and at least one was capsized. It was a glorious victory, and thesubjects of Ramesses III may have felt that the power and the glory of the New Kingdom would beprolonged forever. In fact it was already fading. The Egyptian armies that threw back the invaderswere nearly all made up of mercenaries. Asiatics and Libyans filled important posts, and theEgyptians themselves were becoming more and more conservative." PE 115

Ramses IV PS86,RB,B431,BE600,CE320,UN87,AE93,HD94,MM25 ~1167 WERameses IV TST,VSxii 1166-1160 OE59,CVDRamesses IV AL217, PG,EO,CA,OE59,WE275,TN44,PP272 ~1164-1157 CERamesses IV (Heqama`atre`setepenamun) AO36 1163-1156 AORa`messe-hekama`e-meramun (Nm EO446) c1162-1156 PPRa-meses-meri-Amen-heq-Maat ((SS) TKO7) 1156 TN44Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO7) 1153-1147 HDRa-heq-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO7) c1151-1145 EO,PGRa-heq-Maat-[Ra]-meses-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO7) 1149-1143 AL217Ra-heq-Maat-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO7) 950 MM27Ra-heq-Maat, Ra-Maat ((Su) TKO7) 942 MM26Hekama`re`-setpenamun Ra`messe-hekama`e-meramun (PrNm EO446) 360 PPS210Heqmaatra Rameses IV DN16Heq-mat-Ra Rameses {Ramesses IV} MM25Ka-nekht-ankh-em-Maat ((Ho) TKO7) 3ofD20 HD,AO,EO,CVDKa-nekht-ankh-em-Maat-neb-setu-ma-tef-f-Ptah-Tathenen ((Ho) TKO7) 4ofD20 DN16Ka-nekht-Ra-en-Qemt ((Ho) TKO7)Ka-nekht-pehti-ma-Amen ((Ho) TKO7)Usermare-setepenamun Ramesses IV (later named Hikmare-setepenamun. CVD1038)User-renput-ur-nekht-athi-mes-neteru-sekheper-taui ((Gh) TKO7)Setep-en-Amen (epithet) MM26Amen-meri Heq-mat (epithet) MM26Mak-Qemt-uafu-pet-paut ((N) TKO7)Tachos ((Gr) = Ramses IV PS85)

{Inscription TKO8}

Reigned 6 yrs (Ramses IV) PS86,AL217

"Ramses IV `spent his days investigating (the annals) of Thoth who is in the House of Life [thearchives of the royal genealogy--Gardiner]; he says: I have not left unseen any of them, in order tosearch out both great and small among gods and godesses, and I have found the entire Ennead[the king's ancestral line--Anthes]... (JEA 24:162.)" AE93

Rameses V TST,VSxii 1161-1157 BERamses V BE600,CE320,UN87 1160-1156 CVD,PORamses V (Amenhichopschef I) HD95 ~1157-1153 CERamesses V AL217,CA,PG,PO,EO446,WE275 1156-1151 AORamesses V (Userma`atre`sekheperenre`) AO 1147-1143 HD162Ra`messe-Amenhikhopshef-meramun (Nm EO) c1145-1141 EO,PG,VSRa-meses-Amen-khepesh-f-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO10) 1143-1139 AL217Ra-user-Maat-sekheper-en-Ra ((Su) TKO10) 946 MM27Ka-nekht-Maat-Amen ((Ho) TKO10)Sekheperenra Rameses V DN16Usermare-sekheperenre Ramesses V CVD1038 4ofD20 HD,AO,EO446,CVDUsima`re`-sekheperenre` Ra`messe-Amenhikhopshef-meramun (PrNm EO446) 5ofD20 DN16

[Tomb TKO11]

Reigned 4 yrs AL217

Rameses VI TST,VSxii 1156-1148 OE,CVD,PO

Ramses VI BE600,CE320,UN87 ~1153-1149 CERamses VI (Amenhichopschef II) HD95 1151-1143 AORamesses VI AL217,CA,OE,PG,PO,EO446,WE275 1143-1135 HD162Ramesses VI (Nebma`atre`meryamun) AO36 ~1141-1134 EO446Ramessu VI (PE) MMIII c1141-1133 PGRa`messe-Amenhikhopshef-nutehekaon (Nm EO446) 1139-1132 AL217Ra-meses-Amen-her-khe-pesh-f-neter-heq-Ant ((SS) TK11) 1050 (PE)MMIIIRa-meses-meri-Amen-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO11)Ra-Maat-neb-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO11)Ra-Maat-neb-meri-Amen-asht-tau ((Su) TKO11) 5ofD20 HD,AO,EO446,CVDAmen-Ra-meses-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO11) 6ofD20 DN16Ka-nekht-aa-nekhtu-sankh-taui ((Ho) TKO11)User-khepesh-het-hefennu ((N) TKO11)User-renput-ma-Tathenen-athi-neb-setu-maki-Qemt ((Gh) TK11)Nebmare-meryamun Ramesses VI CVD1038Nebma`re`-meramun Ra`messe-Amenhikhopshef-nutehekaon (PrNm EO446)Nebmare-meramun Ramesse-itamun-nutehekaon PSc94Nebmaatra Rameses VI DN16

[Tomb TKO12]

{Father: Ramesses III MM26}{Wife: Nub-khesbet TKO13}{Daughter: Ast TKO13}{High Priest: Rameses-necht MM25}

Reigned 7 yrs (Ramesses VI) AL217

"In 1922, when almost ready to give up, Carter and Carnarvon decided to explore the one remainingarea around the tomb of Ramesses VI beneath the towering `Peak'..." EK57

"Ma'at, goddess of truth, wearing her distinctive feather, the symbol of justice. She receives theadoration of Ramesses VI... The painting is in the tomb of Ramesses VI in the Valley of the Kings."EK77

Rameses VII TST,VSxii ~1149-1142 CERamses VII BE600,CE320,UN87 1148-1147 CVDRamses VII (Itiamun) HD95 1143-1136 AORamesses VII AL217,CA,EO446,WE275 1135-1127 HD162Ramesses VII (Userma`atre`setepenre` meryamun) AO36 ~1134-1127 VSRa`messe-itamun-nutehekaon (Nm EO446) 1134 EORa-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO13) 1132-1125 AL217Ra-meses-ta-Amen-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO13)Amon-meri Setep-en-Ra (epithet) MM26At-Amen Nutar-Heq-Annu (epithet) MM26 6ofD20 HD,AO,EO446,CVDKa-nekht-an-em-suten ((Ho) TKO13) 7ofD20 DN16Mak-Qemt-uafu-Pet ((N) TKO13)Usermare-meryamun-setepenre Ramesses VII CVD1038Usima`re`-meramun-setpenre` Ra`messe-itamun-nutehekaon (PrNm EO446)User-renput-ma-Tanen(?)-athi-ur-setu-ma-Amen-Ra-suten-neteru ((Gh) TKO13)Usermaatra Rameses VII DN16User-mat-Ra Rameses MM26

[Tomb - Thebes TKO15]

{Father: Rameses III MM26}

Reigned 7 yrs (Ramesses VII) AL217

Rameses VIII TST,EO,TKO15,VSxii 1147-1140 CVDRamses VIII BE600,CE320,UN87 ~1142-1138 CERamses VIII (Sethhichopschef) HD95 1136-1131 AORamesses VIII AL217,CA,EO446,WE275 ~1134 EO446Ramesses VIII (Userma`atre`akhenamun) AO36 1127-1126 HD162Ra`messe-Sethikhopshef-meramun (Nomen EO) ~1127-1125 VSRa-meses-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO15) 1125-1124 ALRa-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen ((Su) TKO15)Usermare-akhenamun Ramesses VIII CVD1038Usima`re`-ankhenamun Ra`messe-Sethikhopshef-meramun (PrNm EO446) 7ofD20 HD,AO,CVDUsermaatraaakhuenamen Rameses VIII DN16 8ofD20 DN16User-mat-Ra Rameses MM26Chu-en-Amen (epithet) MM26Amon-meri Seti (epithet) MM26

Reigned 1 yr (Ramesses VIII) AL217

{Father: Rameses III MM26}

Rameses IX TST,TKO15,VSxii 1142-1123 BERamses IX BE600,CE320,UN87 1140-1121 CVD,PORamses IX (Cha`mwese I) HD96 ~1138-1119 CERamesses IX AL217,EO,CA,PG,PO,PP272 c1137-1119 PPRamesses IX (Neferkare` setepenre`) AO ~1134-1117 EO446Ra`messe-kha`emwise-merraramun (Nm EO446) 1131-1112 AORa-meses-sa-Ptah ((SS) TKO15) c1126-1108 PG,HDRa-sekha-en-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO15) ~1125-1107 VSNeferkare-setepenre Ramesses IX CVD1038 1124-1105 ALNeferkare`-setpenre` Ra`messe`kha`emwise-mereramun (PrNm EO446) 936 MM25Nefer-ka-Ra Rameses {Ramesses IX} MM25Sekhaenra Rameses IX DN16

8ofD20 HD,AO,EO446,CVD[Sherd TKO15] 9ofD20 DN16

{High Priest: Amen-hetep {Amenhotep} MM25}

Reigned 19 yrs AL217

Rameses X TST,TKO15,VSxii 1123-1121 BERamses X BE600,CE320,UN87 1121-1113 CVDRamses X (Amenhichopschef III) HD96 ~1119-1116 CERamesses X AL217,CA,EO,WE275 1117-1114 EORamesses X (Kheperma`atre` setepenre`) AO36 1112-1100 AORa`messe-Amenkikhopshef-meramun (Nm EO446) 1108-1104 HD162Ra-meses-kha-em-Uast-Maat-merer-Amen ((SS) TKO15) 1105-1096 ALRa-nefer-ka(or kau)-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO15)

Khepermare-setepenre Ramesses X CVD1038Kheperma`re`-setpenre` Ramesse-Amenhikhopshef-meramun (PrNm EO446) 9ofD20 HD,AO,EO446,CVDKa-nekht-kha-em-Uast ((Ho) TKO15) 6ofD20 DN16Cheper-mat-Ra Rameses {Rameses X} MM25Neferkara Rameses X DN16User-khepesh-sankh-taui ((N) TKO15)User-renput-ma-Ptah-Tunen-athi-ur-sutenit-ter-pet-paut ((Gh) TKO15)

{Tomb-Thebes, Inscription TKO16]

Reigned at least 3 yrs MM25Reigned 9 yrs (Ramesses X) AL217

Rameses XI TST,TKO17,VSxii 1121-1118 BERamses XI BE600,CE320,UN87,PT89 1117-1092 PT89Ramses XI (Cha`mwese II) HD96 ~1116-1090 CERamesses XI AL217,EO,CA,PG,TN44,WE275,PP272,MM25 1114-1087 EORamesses XI (Menma`atre`setepenptah) AO36 1113-1085 CVD,PORa`messe-kha`emwise-mereramun-nutehekaon (Nm EO446) c1110-1080 PPRa-meses-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO17) 1104-1075 HD162Ra-meses-Amen-her-khepesh-f ((SS) TKO17) 1100-1070 AORa-kheper-Maat-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO17) c1098-1070 PGMenmare-setepenptah Ramesses XI CVD1038 ~1098-1069 VSMenma`re`-setpenptah Ra`messe-kha`emwise-mereramun-nutehekaon (PrNm 1096-1069 ALMenmare-setpenptah Ramesse PS145 -1065 TN44Men-mat-Ra Rameses {Ramesses XI} MM20}Aa... ((Nu) TKO17)Khepermaatra Rameses XI DN16 10ofD20 HD96,AO,EO446,CVDKa-nekht-Ra-sekhaa ((Ho) TKO17) 11ofD20 DN16

[Tomb-Thebes TKO17]

Reigned 27 yrs (Ramesses XI) AL217

{High Priest: Her-Heru (who was afterwards king) MM24}

In all probability, Rameses 11 succeeded Rameses 9. MM25

Although Men-mat-Ra Rameses was king at a time when AHer-Heru was merely a HP, Her-Herumay have assumed the rank of king before the death or abdication of Rameses 11.

"The Egyptian people could no longer feel that they had a god in their midst. With the finalRamesses--the eleventh of the name--who died in 1085 B.C., the same kind of rivalry that had longago alarmed Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy again endangered the throne of Egypt. This was causedby the great wealth and power of the high priests of Amon. Now, with the monarchy weakened, thepriests could grow stronger than ever. During the last years of Ramesses XI, the High Priest Herihorwas even more powerful than his royal master, and at least within his precincts at Karnak, he hadhimself portrayed as an equal among the gods and with the Double Crown on his head." PE118

"With the villainous Viceroy driven back to Nubia and Herihor awarded all the highest Thebanoffices, with the return of high flood and good government to the Southern City, Ramesses XIdecided that a new era, a new reckoning of dates would be initiated: the nineteenth year of his reignwould be `Year One of the Era of Rebirth'. It was decreed that there would be a renaissance atThebes..."

"In year 19 of Ramesses XI began a brief era called `Repetition of Births', within which Hrihor, thehigh-priest of Amen-Re` at Karnak, temporarily arrogated to himself the kingship." EO446

Rameses XII B423, BE600 12ofD20 DN16Ra-meses-kha-em-Uast-merer-Amen-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO18)Ra-men-Maat-setep-en-Ptah ((Su) TKO18)User-khepesh-het-hefennu ((N) TKO18)Ur-peht-sankh-taui-athi-her-ab-maat-sehetep-taui ((Gh) TKO18)Ka-nekht-meri-Ra ((Ho) TKO18)Menmaatra Rameses XII (?) DN16

{Tomb at Thebes, Inscription TKO18}

Menephres (M) SOR215 1322 SOR215

of D20 SOR215

Cheops (Chemmis) SOR216 1251 SOR216

Built the largest Pyramid at Gizeh, lived after the downfall of Troy. of D20 SOR215SOR216 (sic? See 4th Dynasty)

Chephren (Chephris) SOR216

THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD "1100-650 W822d14 1085-665 OE

(D21-25 RB,OE,EB15) 1080-730 UN11(D21-23 UN11) *1080-664 EB15

1079-650 RB 1070-712 AO36c1069-525 PG

"The Era of `Repeating Births'." CE320 ~1098-1090

TANITE-AMONITE PERIOD B432 1090-945 B 1072 CSC 634 CS

LATE NEW KINGDOM (D21-25 TPE1) 1080-664 TPE1POST EMPIRE PERIOD CE320 ~1150-663 CE

LATE DYNASTIC (D21-31 TN44,PP272) ~1085-342 PO22LATE PERIOD (D21-30 PO22,LIxi), EK28,EO,S,E 1085-332 EK,EO,LIxi

c1080-332 PP272c1070-332 E 1065-332 TN44

THE DECLINE WE275,MO8 c1100-650 MO8~1085-332 WE

"In about 730 BC an event occurred which had far-reaching effects on Egypt. The Biblical `Ethiopea' - geographically the regions of Nubia and Kush - had separated from Egypt at the end of the 20th Dynasty. Theygoverned themselves from the capital of Napata, and continued to worship fervently the Egyptian deityAmen-Re'. Like many outposts, this area was more `Egyptian' than Egypt. Under their ruler Piankhy theEthiopians (or Kushites) marched from Napata to Thebes and easily subdued the whole of Egypt, which wasagain in a state of confusion, setting up a new line of vigorous rulers which held out some hope for the future."EK28

21ST DYNASTY 1110-980 TKlv

Tanis TKlxix,TN44,CA,E,MM35 1109-979 TKlivTanis & Thebes TKO 1102-952 S,TKlv(Pe)Libyan WD 1101-971 TKlivDelta DN16 1100-966 TKlvPriest Kings TE 1100-950 TExiii

1100-947 WD,DN10King ruled lower, while High Priest ruled upper PG or S235? 1092-943 PT89

1091-961 TKliv"The era of `repeating births'" CE320 1090-945 BE,EK

~1090-945 CE320The 21st runs, for the most part, parallel with the 20th, but starts earlier. PS c1090 WP112

~1087-945 EO447The 1st 4 Kings in Dynasty 21 reigned concurrently with those of Dynasty 20 1085-960 UN87or even 19 and possibly were connected with an earlier Dynasty. MM35 1085-945 OE,CVD1039,WE

c1080-1072 PG"The kings who go under the name of the 21st dynasty are but princely 1079-1073priests of the oases, established there by Darius II and his successors." 1077-947 SOR216PS192 1075-940 EA151,TEA244

1070-946 EBy the 21st Dynasty scribes didn't understand their own texts, copying 1070-945 AO36backwards, etc. ANLD57 c1069-945 PG

c1065-935 TN44

"In the 21st Dynasty Egypt was split into two halves, with the legitimate line 1060-930 TKlivof kings ruling from Tanis, and the high priests of Amun forming their own 1048-934 TKliv`dynasty' at Thebes. Ties of friendship and even marriage existed between 887- TKlvthe two lines, but separate rule existed again in the two halves." EK28

"A new super-state, Assyria, was growing in the north. From now on thepharaohs were forced to rely very heavily upon mercenaries, and the days ofthe great campaigns in Asia were over. Egypt had to be content with armedraids, political interference and intrigue, and whenever the Egyptain forcescame into contact with the new powers it became sadly apparent thatEgyptian arms and equipment were inferior. Iron - a commodity not abundantin Egypt but which the new states possessed - had replaced bronze as theforemost metal for weapons. Gradually the Egyptians lost the ability toassert themselves, and the fiction of a powerful, supreme pharaoh wasmocked by the existence of the dual `kingship' of Tanis and Thebes." EK28

Smendes AL218 ((Af) EO447,TKlxix), PG,UN87,VSxii,W822d18,HD97 1090 BESmendes (Nesbanebded) TN44 ~1090-1085 CESmendes (Hedjkheperre` setepenre`) AO36 1075-1049 HD162Smendes =?+ Hetch-cheper-Ra Nesi-Batattat MM23 1070-1044 AOSmendis ((Eu) TKlxix) c1069-1063 PGHedjkheperre`-setpenre` Nesbanebded-meramun EO447 ~1069-1043 VSHedjkheperre-setepenre Smendes CVD1039 ~810-800? W822d18Hedjkheperre Nesubanebdjed =?= Smendes MM23Nesubenebded B433Nesbanebtet DN16 1ofD21 HD,AO,EO,CVD,DNNesbanebded (Tanis CA), TN44 1ofD21(Eu) TKNesu-Ba-neb-Ded CE 1ofD21(Af) TKNes-ba-neb-Tettet TKO32 1ofD21Ta TKO32Nes-ba-neb-Tettet-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO32)Ka-nekht-Ra-meri-s-user-Amen-khepesh-f-er-seqa-maat ((Ho) TKO32)Sekhem-pehti-he-reqiu-f-hab-tuf-hept-em-...-khesef-tenten ((N) TKO32)Ra-hetch-kheper-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO32)

[Inscription TKO33]

Reigned 26 yrs AL218 ((Smendes) AL218 (Af) EO447, TKIxix), ((Eu) TKIxix)

{Wife: Thent-Amen TKO33}

Priest Kings of Thebes DN16,~HD162 1075-945 HD162Kings of Thebes TKO20,TN44

Pesibkhenno I B433, BE600 1085-1067 BEPaseb-khanu I (Lower Egypt TST)Pisebkhanu I (Delta DN16) 2ofD21 DNRa-taa-kheperu-setep-en-Ra Pasebkhanut I TKO33Meri-Amen TKO33

[Stela, Inscription TKO33]

Amenemmsu TST235 1069-1043 TSTAmenemnisu AL218,W822d18 1044-1040 AOAmenemnisu (Neferkare`) AO37 ~757-754 W822d18Neferkare-hikwast Amenemnisu CVD1039

2ofD21 AO[overlaps Psusennes II (Tjetkheperre), & Osorkon II. W822d18] 2ofD21 CVD

Reigned 4 yrs AL218

Amenemopet B433 1026-976 BEAmonemypt (Lower Egypt TST) ~753-745 W822d18Amenemapt DN16Amenemope (Tanis CA), W822d18 3ofD21 DN16Amen-em-Apt-meri-Amen TKO33Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen TKO33

[contemp of Osorkon II. W822d18][Inscription TKO33]

Psusennes I ((Af) EO447) AL28,EK8,PG,E151,RB,CA,VSxii,HD98,EA151 c1059-1033 PGPsusennes I (`Akheperre` setepenamun) AO37 1045-994 HD162Psusennes I (Akheperre (I err, SB 2nd Psusennes)) W822d17 ~1039-991 VSPsusennes (HP PPS210) 958-945 BEPseusennes I UN87 ~727-712 W822d18Pesibkhenno II BE600 ~390 PPS210Paseb-khanu II (Lower Egypt TST)Pasebkhanut (II) TKO34 2ofD21 EO447Pasebkhanut-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO34) 3ofD21 AO,HD,UN87,CVDPsibkha`emne-meramun (Nm EO447) 5ofD21 DN16Petubastes? ((Bs) TKlxxviii)`Akheperre`-setpenamun Psibkha`emne-meramun (PrNm EO447)Akheperre-setepenamun Psusennes I CVD1039Akheperre Pasebakhaenniut (Psusennes I) JACF3g53Aa-cheper-Ra Pasebchanu =?= Akheperre Psusennes MM23Her Pisebkhanu DN16Ka-nekht-em-tata-Amen ((Ho) TKO34)Ra-aa-kheper-setep-en-Menthu (or Amen) ((Su) TKO34)Tjetkheperre Psusennes (I) W822d17

[Inscription TKO34] [mask EK56] [(Akheperre) succeeded Osorkon II as ruler of Tanis. W822d16][(Akheperre) overlaps Shoshenk III, Takelot II, & ?Pedubast I. W822d18]

{Son-in-law Osorkon II. W822d16}

Reigned 19 yrs (Akheperre-setepenamun Psusennes I) CVD1039Reigned 44 yrs (Petubastes?) (Bs) TKIxxviiiReigned 45 yrs (Psusennes I) EA151Reigned 46 yrs (Psusennes I) (Af) EO447

Reigned 48 yrs (Psusennes I) AL28

Priest King of Thebes DN16,~HD162Kings of Thebes TKO20,TN44

Herihor TST,CA,PG,B145,UN87 1110-1094 PT89Herihor AL217,RB,EK8,PPS208,~HD96 ~1090-1085 CEHeri-Hor Nesu-Ba-neb-Ded CE320 1085 WE275Heri-hor PT89 1079-1073 AL217Her-heru TKO21,MM24 438 PPS208Her-Heru-sa-Amen ((SS) TKO21)Hrihor B145,EM20,BE600,WE,CVD1039Herher DN16 ~10aofD20 HD96Ari-khut-em-apt-en-tef-f-Amen-qema-neferu-f ((Gh) TKO21) ofD20 PGAri-...-em-nekht-taui-tat-hetep-neteru-nebu-em-hen-s ((Gh) TKO21) 1ofD21t TKO21,DN?Tchet-Chensu-af-ankh MMxxxiv ofD21 UN87Cha-cheper-Ra Pinetchem {Pinudjem I} MM21Ka-nekht-sa-Amen ((Ho) TKO21)Ka-nekht-sa-Amen-ari-mennu-her-menkhet-en-mes-s ((Ho) TKO21)Ka-nekht-sa-Amen-ur-khut-em-Apt ((Ho) TKO21)Khu-em-Apt ((Gh) TKO21)Neter-hen-tep-en-Amen ((Gh) TKO21)Sehetep-neteru-qet-het-sen-arii-herer-kat-sen ((N) TKO21)Sabeb-ta-en-Meh-Resu-em-mennu-s-thehenth-ma-khut-am-s ((H) TKO21)

[Mummy, Coffin, Temple TKO22]

{Wife: Netchemet TKO23}{Sons: Pai-ankh, Amen-Ra-her-shef, Pa-shet-Khensu, Masaqahartha, others TKO23}{Son: Pianchi MM20}

Reigned in Upper Egypt (Herihor) TSTReigned in Thebes (Herihor) CA,CVD1039Reigned 6 yrs (Herihor) AL217

High Priest (Herihor) CVD1039,DN16High Preist and King MM20

Overthrew 20th Dynasty. WE

The High Priest Her-Heru {Herihor} adopted the epithet Se-Amen {Siamun} on his cartouche asking. MM21

"With the decline in pharaoh's power, the importance of Amun's priesthood at Thebes grew, and theoffice of high priest became hereditary. Eventually a high priest - Herihor - ruled Upper Egypt fromThebes, under the nominal authority of a pharaoh who resided at Tanis." EK27

"By the end of the Twentieth Dynasty the kingship was so weakened and the priesthood so strongthat the high-priest of Karnak, Hrihor, was able to call himself a king and begin a sussession ofpriest-kings." EM20

Her-Heru was apparently the predecessor of Ahetchem on the throne; and as he filled the office ofHigh Priest under Men-mat-Ra Rameses {Ramesses XI}, he was perhaps that king's successor. MM24

Painkh AL217,CVD1039,PS145 1073-1070 ALPiankhy TST,AL218 c753-713 PGPiankhi DN 751-730 EO,POPianky PO Same? or different? See 750 B.C. 730 EO449Pai-ankh (High-priest of Amen TKO25) 721-715 DN11Pi`anch HD97 ~720 CE

~703-665 W52D19Same as 2 of D23? 702/1 W53b10

High Priest (Piankh) AL217,CVD10391ofD23 TST

{Father: Her-Heru MM20} 2ofD21t TKO25{Wife: Hent-taui (I) TKO25} ~10b ofD20 HD97{Sons: Pa-netchem, Heq-nefer, Heq-aa, Ankh-f-Mut, Pai-netchem TKO25}{Son: Pinetchem MM20}

Reigned in Upper Egypt (Piankhy) TSTReigned in Thebes (Piankhi) DN

"In about 730 BC an event occurred which had far-reaching effects on Egypt. The Biblical`Ethiopea' - geographically the regions of Nubia and Kush - had separated from Egypt at the end ofthe 20th Dynasty. They governed themselves from the capital of Napata, and continued to worshipfervently the Egyptian deity Amen-Re'. Like many outposts, this area was more `Egyptian' thanEgypt. Under their ruler Piankhy the Ethiopians (or Kushites) marched from Napata to Thebes andeasily subdued the whole of Egypt, which was again in a state of confusion, setting up a new line ofvigorous rulers which held out some hope for the future." EK28

Paynozem I B433 1070-1055 ALPeinuzem PS145 1070-1026 PG,TPinezem I TST,AL 1069-1054 ALPinejem AL217 1067-1026 BEPinedjem I PG,T c1030 JACF2n65Pinedjem UN87 r680 +- 50 JACF2n65Pinudjem I CA,CVD1039 ~400 PS148Pinudem I HD99Pinetchem I DN16Pai-netchem I TKO26 5ofD21 UN87Pai-netchem-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO26) 1ofD21t HDPa-netchem-Amen-meri (enclosed in a cartouche) MMxxxiv 3ofD21t TKO26Setep-en-Amen Amen Meri MM21Ka-nekht-meri Amen ((Ho) TKO26)Ra-kheper-kha-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO26)

[Inscription TKO27]

High Priest/King PGReigned in Thebes (Pinedjem I) PG,CA,CVD1039

Reigned in Upper Egypt (Pinezem I) TSTReigned 15 yrs (Pinejem) AL217

{Father: Pianchi MM20}{Wife: Maat-ka-Ra TKO27}{Sons: Pai-netchem, Masahertha, Ra-men-kheper TKO27}{Sons: Tchet-Chensu-af-anch, Pasebchanu MM20}

"Bronze was by far the rarest material used for shawabtis. Only a few of these extant are known tobe authentic, most notably those belonging to the pharaohs Ramses II and Ramses III of theNineteenth Dynasty and to Psusennes of the Twenty-first Dynasty." EM173

Nephercheres ((Af)(Eu) EO,TKlxix),HD98 1049-1043 HD162Nepherkheres VS ~1043-1039 VSNeferkare`-hekawise Amenemnisu(?)-meramun (PrNm EO447)Amenemnisu(?)-meramun (Nomen EO)

2ofD21 HD(Another Nephercheres in Dyn 5) 3ofD21 EO447

3ofD21(Af)(Eu)TK[Small object from Tanis EO47]

Reigned 4 yrs ((Af)(Eu) EO,TKlxix)

Ra-kheper-kha-setep-en-Amen Pai-netchem (III) TKO33

[Inscription TKO33]

Masaharta (Upper Egypt AL, TST)Masaherta (Thebes CA)Masahert (HP Amun, Thebes CVD1039)Masahalot HD99

{father: Pinetchem MM20-22}

Djechonsef`anch HD99 3 of D21t HD

?treasurer of Amenemope? db

The title "royal son of Rameses" given to the high priest of Amon was also given toTchet-Heru-af-anch {Djedhorefankh}, Tchet-Ptah-af-anch {Djedptahefankh} MM20

Amenophthis ((Af)(Eu) EO447,TKlxix),SOR216 c1033-981 PGAmenemope PG,W822d16 1001 SOR216Amenemope (Amenophthis) HD98 997-985 HD162Amenemope (Userma`atre` setepenamun) AO37 993-984 AO,VSAmenomope VSxii

Amenomope-meramun (Nn EO447)Amen-em-Apt {Amenemope} MM21 4ofD21((Af)(Eu)TK),CVD,SORUsima`re-setpenamun Amenemope-meramun (PrNm EO447) 4ofD21 W822d,HD,AO,EO447Usermare-setepenamun Amenemope CVD1039User-mat-Ra Amen-em-Apt MM21

Amenopthis =?= Amenhetep {Amenhotep} MM25

[predecessor & contemp of Osorkon II W822d16]Amenopthis was High Priest during the reigh of Rameses IX MM21

{treasurer: Tahet-Chensu-af-anch {Djedkhonsefankh} MM21}

Reigned 9 yrs (Amenophthis) ((Af)(Eu) EO447,TKlxix)Reigned 49 yrs (Usermare-setepenamun Amenemope) CVD1039

Pai-netchem II TKO29 1055-1048 ALPinezem II TST ~295- PPS212Pinetchem II D16Pinudjem II CA,CVD1039,AEG80,HD99 6ofD21t HD

5ofD21t DN16[Coffin TKO29], [12 Glass Beakers AEG80]

High Priest during Amen-em-Apt's reign MM21

{Father: Pasebchanu MM21}Reigned in Upper Egypt (Pinezem II) TSTReigned in Thebes (Pinudjem II) CA,CVD1039,AEG80,HD99,D16

Mummies found which bear the endorsements by the younger Pinetchem {Pinudjem II} MM20

Pinetchem II's name appears with the date of year 3 on the mummy of Nesi-Chensu {Nesikhons}…These dates appear to belong to the reign of king Amen-em-Apt {Amenemope} MM21

Psusennes I ((Af) EO447)AL28,EA151,EK8,PG,E151,RB,CA,VSxii,HD98 c1059-1033 PGPsusennes I (`Akheperre` setepenamun) AO37 1045-994 HD162Psusennes I (Akheperre (I err, SB 2nd Psusennes)) W822d17 ~1039-991 VSPsusennes (HP PPS210) 958-945 BEPseusennes I UN87 ~727-712 W822d18Pesibkhenno II BE600 ~390 PPS210Paseb-khanu II TSTPasebkhanut (II) TKO34 2ofD21 EO447Pasebkhanut-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO34) 3ofD21 AO,HD,UN87,CVDPsibkha`emne-meramun (Nm EO447) 5ofD21 DN16Petubastes? ((Bs) TKlxxviii)`Akheperre`-setpenamun Psibkha`emne-meramun (PrNm EO447)Akheperre-setepenamun Psusennes I CVD1039Akheperre Pasebakhaenniut (Psusennes I) JACF3g53Her Pisebkhanu DN16Ka-nekht-em-tata-Amen ((Ho) TKO34)Ra-aa-kheper-setep-en-Menthu (or Amen) ((Su) TKO34)Tjetkheperre Psusennes (I) W822d17

Psusennes =?= Pasebchanu? (high priest & king) MM25

[(Akheperre) overlaps Shoshenk III, Takelot II, & ?Pedubast I. W822d18]

[Inscription TKO34] [mask EK56] [(Akheperre) succeeded Osorkon II as ruler of Tanis. W822d16]

{Father: Pinetchem MM20}{Son: Pinetchem MM20}{Son-in-law: (Osorkon II W822d16), (Uasarken MM20)}{Daughter: Mat-ka-Ra MM20}

Reigned in Lower Egypt TSTReigned 19 yrs (Akheperre-setepenamun Psusennes I) CVD1039Reigned 44 yrs ((Petubastes?) (Bs) TKlxxviii)Reigned 45 yrs (Psusennes I) EA151Reigned 46 yrs (Psusennes I) (Af) EO447Reigned 48 yrs (Psusennes I) AL28

"Egyptian material remains from the 21st to the 25th Dynasties are comparatively poor and sparse,partly due to the decline in political and military power, but perhaps also because many of thefinest antiquities of the period have perished through flooding and silting, since the capital citieswere frequently situated in the Delta. Certainly some of the works of art which have been found,such as the mask of Psusennes I of the 21st Dynasty from the royal burials at Tanis, and thebronze statue of Queen Karomama dating to the 22nd Dynasty, provide evidence of continuing skill.Generally, however, the works which do remain indicate imitation of earlier designs, in an attemptperhaps to recapture the spirit of happier times." EK29

Djechonsef`anch HD99 3ofD21t HD

Menkheperre CA,CVD1039,AL218 1045-991 ALMenkheperra DN16Mencheperre` HD99 4ofD21t DN16Ra-men-kheper TKO28 4ofD22t HD

4ofD21t TKO28[Inscription: TKO28]

father: Pinetchem {Pinudjem I} MM22wife: Ast-em-khebit I TKO28sons: Nesi-ba-neb-Tettet, Pai-netchem, Pa-seb-khanut TKO28daughter: Hent-taui II TKO28

{Reigned in Thebes (Menkheperre) CA,CVD1039,DN16}

Osohor (M) = Osorkon II (ofD22) W822d16 985-979 HD162Osochor ((Af)(Eu) EO447,TKlxix),HD98Osorkon I (`Akheperre` setepenre`) AO37 5ofD21(M) W822dOsorthon? ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 5ofD21 EO,HD

5ofD21 AOOsochor =?= Her-Heru MM23 (HP & King) MM25

Reigned last 6 years also in Tanis (Osohor) W822d16Reigned 6 yrs (Osochor) (Af)(Eu) EO447,TKlxxixReigned 9 yrs (Osorthon?) (Bs) TKlxxviii

Smendes I HD99 5ofD21t HD

Siamon B433 979-960 HD162Siamun (Netjerkheperre` setepenamun) (After Osorkon I AO37) 978-959 AO,VSSiamun CA,HD98 976-958 BESiamun (Psinaches) W822d18 ~743-727 W822d18SiAmun VSxii ~275 PPS212Si-Amon TST, (HP PS212)Saamen DN16 6ofD21 AO,HDSa-Amen-meri-Amen TKO34 4ofD21 DN16Nutekheperre-setepenamun Siamun CVD1039 5ofD21 CVDNutekheperre`-setpenamun Siamun-meramun (PrNm EO447)Nutar-cheper-Ra Se-Amen {Neterckeperre Siamun} MM21Ra-neter-kheper-setep-en-Amen TKO34Her-Heru {Herihor} = Se-Amen {Siamun} MM21

[contemp of Shoshenk III, Takelot II, & Osorkon II. W822d18][High Priest PS212]

Reigned in Lower Egypt (Si-Amon) TSTReigned in the Delta (Saamen) DN16Reigned 17 yrs (Nutekheperre-setepenamun Siamun) CVD1039

The high priest Her-Heru {Herihor} adopted the epithet Se-Amen {Siamun} in his cartouche as king;and thus he mighe be credited with the dates in year 16 of king Se-Amen. MM21

The coffins of Rameses I & II & Seti were moved in year 16 of Siamun's reign. MM21

Nesbenebded CVD1039Nesunebded PS200

High Preist of Amun, Thebes (Nesbenebded) CVD1039Governor of Tanis (Nesunebded) PS200

Pinezem II TST 430 PS200Pinetchem II D16 ~295- PPS212Pinudjem II CA,CVD1039,AEG80,HD99

6ofD21t HDPsinaches =?= Pinetchem (high priest and king MM25) MM23 5ofD21t DN16

[Coffin TKO29], [12 Glass Beakers AEG80]Reigned in Upper Egypt (Pinezem II) TSTReigned in Thebes (Pinudjem II) CA,CVD1039,AEG80,HD99

{father: Pasebchanu (who was High Priest with Amen-em-Apt as king) MM21}{father?: Men-cheper-Ra (high priest) MM21}

Pinetchem II's name appears with the date of year 3 on the mummy of Nesi-Chensu {Nesikhons}… MM21

Pisebkhanu II (Thebes DN16) 6ofD21t DN

Psusennes [II] ((Af) EO447),HD98 973 TEA244Psusennes II (Tanis CA), TEA244 960-945 HD162Psusennes II (Titkheprure` setepenre`) AO 959-945 AOPsusennes II (Tjetkheperre) (1st Psusennes W822d18) ~801-752 W822d18Pseusennes II UN87Psusennes ((Af)(Eu) TKlxix) 7ofD21 EO447,HD,AOPsibkh`emne-meramun (Nomen EO) 6ofD21 CVDTjetkheperre Psusennes (err - SB Psusennes I. W822d17) ofD21 UN87Tjetkheperre Har-Pasebakhaenniut (Psusennes II) JACF3g56 LofD21 W822d17Tikheprure`-setpenre` Psibkha`emne-meramun (PrNm EO447)Titkheprure-setepenamun Psusennes II CVD1039Akheperre Psussenes (II) (46yr(M) W822d17)

[alliance with Solomon. TEA244][(Tjetkheperre) overlaps Amenemnisu, & Osorkon II. W822d18]

Reigned 14 yrs (Af) Eo447Reigned 35 yrs (Eu) TKlxixReigned 46 yrs (M) W822d17

22ND to 24TH DYNASTIES WE275 ~945-712 WE275 (22, 23, 24 Simultaneous Lybian Dynasties RB)

LYBIAN KINGS B433, RB 945 B or Bubastite E 1070 RB

22ND DYNASTY 980-810 TKlv

Bubastis EK8,WD,TKO35,DN16 979-829 TKlivLibyans TE,VSxii 971-851 TKliv

966-766 TKlvOverlapped the 26th Dyn. W822d14 961-787 TKlivContemp with 25th D. W822d17 960-817 UN87 9 kings 120yrs(Af) TKlxx 952-755 TKlv 3 kings 49yrs(Eu) TKlxx 952-749 S[The order of succession is doubtful] D17 950?-773 TKlv

950 CS236"Many of the Libyan mercenaries, decendents of the earlier Libyans who ~947-720 WD,TE

had infiltrated into Egypt, had settled down at Heracleopolis. They 947 SOR216achieved positions of great influence and, as close confederates of the ~945-745 CE320,BETanite rulers they achieved power and founded the Dynasty which Manetho ~945-730 EO448,EK8calls `Bubastite' - the 22nd Dynasty. Contemporary with their rule, a 945-718 HD162portion of Egypt probably broke away and continued as the 23rd c945-712 PG,AO37,EDynasty." EK28 940 EA151,TEA244

c935-725 TN44 934-814 TKliv 930-810 TKliv

Buiu-uaua (Libyan TKO35) 1ofD22 EKO35

{Son: Maauasan TKO35}

Iupet (HP of Thebes HD103) 804-783 VSIupet I HD105 ~706-?686 W52D19Iuwelot (HP of Thebes HD103)Iupet HD162 1ofD22t HDIuput W52D19 1ofD22a HD162Input I VSxii 2ofD23 VS,HDAuput (Bubastis DN16) 3ofD22a HD163Auput or Aupuat {Iuput} (hp) MM20 3ofD22t HD

?6ofD22/23 DN16[Inscription: high priest of Ammon in year 21 of Hetch-cheper-Ra Sheshenk. MM20]

[contemp of Shoshenk III, Shabako, Shebitku, Osorkon III, & ?Pedubast I. W52D19]

{father: Hetch-cheper-Ra Sheshenk MM20}

See 3 of Dynasty 23

Smendes II (HP of Thebes HD103) 4ofD22a HD163

Son of Harsiese (HP of Thebes HD103) 6ofD22t HD

Nemalot (HP of Thebes HD103) 7ofD22t HD

Harsiese II (HP of Thebes HD104) 9ofD22t HD

Sheshonk I WE275,WD,BE,CE320,VSxii,TEA244 ~947-925 WDSheshonk LI36 945-924 BE,cPG,AO,VS,HDSheshonq I CA,UN87 ~945 CE

Sheshenq I PG 935-914 TN44Sheshonki I ANLp72 c930 LI36Sheshank I TST 929 TEA244Sesonchis I EA151 ~848or834 MM14Sesonchis ((Af) EO448,TKlxx) ~825or811 MM14Sesonchosis ((Eu) EO448,TKlxx) ~725 W822d17Schoschenq I (Sesonchis) HD100Sosenk RVc264Shashanq (Shishak) I DN16 1ofD22 VS,UN87,TST,HD,Shashanq I (Shishak) TKO39 TKO39,EO448,AO ((Af) EO)Shashanq TKO35 1ofD22/23 DNShishak ((Bi) RV264,DN33,TN44) 2ofD22t HDShishaq ANLaa86*Shoshenk I is not Shishak JACF3g47Shoshenk I EK8, EO448Shoshenq I (Hedjkheperre` setepenre`) AO37Shoshenk I (Hedjkheperre) W822d17Shoshenq I (Sesonchis) TN44Schoshenq (HP of Thebes HD103)Shoshenk-meramun (Nm EO448)Shashanq-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO39)Sekhem-pehti-hu-pet-paut-ur-nekht-taiu-nebu ((Gh) TKO39)Ka-nekht-Ra-meri-sekha-f-em-suten-sma-taui ((Ho) TKO39)Kha-em-sekhet-ma-Heru-sa-Ast-sehetep-neteru-em-maat ((N) TKO39)Konkharis? ((Bs) TKlxxviii)Hedjkheperre`-setpenre` Shoshenk-meramun (PrNm EO448)Hedjkheperre Shoshenk ?=? Pharaoh "So" W822d17Hedjkheperre Shoshenk (I) JACF3g46Hetch-cheper-Ra Sheshenk {Shoshenq I} MM20Hetch-kheper-Ra MMxlviRa-hetch-kheper-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO39)

v So ((Bi) = Sosenk = Shishak = Thutmose III RV264,AC189)v Thutmose III (= Shishak(Bi) conquered Palestine in 5th yr of Rehoboam. RV264) erroneous W822d20v Ramesses II = Shishak W822d20Shishak = Sesostris CO27*

[Inscription TKO35,MM20]

[Sacked Jerusalem WE275,TEA244]

(At Bubastis DN16) (Shashanq (Shishak) I)

{Father: Nimrod ANLp72}{Son: Nimrod ANLaa86}{Son: Auuapeth TKO41}{Wife: Meht-usekht-meri-Mut, Buiu-uaua Great-great-grandfather TKO35}{Wife: Karamat TKO41}{Wife: Nesta-Utchat-khut TKO43}{daughter was married to king Solomon ANLp72 **disputed W892f}

Hetch-cheper-Ra Sheshenk probably assumed the name Rameses, and such an act would meanhe came close to Men-mat-Ra Rameses {Ramesses XI} or else Cheper-mat-Ra Rameses{Rameses X} MM20

*The Sesostris mentioned in CO27 as being the same as Shishak seems to fit with W52D20's

identification of Ramses II with Sesostris. db

Hedjekheperre Shoshenk was not Shoshenk I. W912a2

May be the Shoshenk who became the HP by virtue of his ancestry.

Reigned 21yrs EA151 ((Af) EO448,TKlxx) ((Bs) TKlxxviii)

The O.T. gives Shishak wrongly 1Kings14:25 EO448

"Hetch-cheper-Ra Sheshenk {Sheshenq I} has given a list of the cities he captured and thisincludes a number of cities in Palestine and Syria. So this Sheshenk is probably the Shishak…who figures in the Bible as the assailant of Jerusalem in year 5 of Rehoboam." MM15

"The great Chief of the Me" PG

"Sheshonk, the first king of the 22nd Dynasty, who appears in the Bibleas `Shishak,' invaded Palestine, attacked Jerusalem and plundered thetemple of Solomon. But the upsurge of vigor was only temporary." EK28

HP of Thebes (Schoshenq HD103)

Osorkon I EO448,EK8,E151,TST,WD,PG,UN87,VSxii 925-889 WDOsorkon I (Osorthon) TN44,HD101 924-909 AO37Osorkon I (Sekhemkheperre) W822d17 924-899 HD162Osorkon (HP of Thebes HD104), EA151 924-895 BEOsorkon-meramun (Nm EO448) c924-889 PG,VSOsorthon ((Af)(Eu) EO448,TKlxx, (Bs)TKlxxviii) c914-874 TN44Osorcho EO47 ~?848-834 MM14Usarken I (At Bubastis DN16) ~ 827-804 MM14Uasarken I (Osorkon) TKO42Uasarken-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO42) 2ofD22 TST,VS,UN87,TK042Sekhemkheperre`-setpenre` Osorkon-meramun (PrNm EO448) ((Af)(Eu) TK)Ra-sekhem-kheper-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO42) 2ofD22/23 DN16Zerah? ACc219 8ofD22a HD163

[Monument EO47}[Inscruption TKO42]

{Father: Shashanq I TKO42}{Son (dau?) Nesta-Utchat-khut TKO43A}{Son: Heru-sa-Ast, Nemareth the general TST,TKO43}{Wife: Thent-sa, TKO42}

Reigned 36yrs EO448,EA151

Takeloth I TST,VSxiii 909 AOTakelot I (HP of Thebes HD104), BE,UN87,HD101 899-883 HD162Takelot I (Takelothis) TN44 895-874 BETakelot I (Userma`atre` setepenamun) AO37 ~889-874 VSTeklet I (Bubastis DN) c874-860 TN44Takelot (Nm EO448) ~804-790 MM14

Takelothis I CATakelothis ((Af)(Eu) TKlxx) 3ofD22 TST,VS,EO448,AO,TKOTakalophis ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 3ofD22/23 DNThekeleth I TKO43 10ofD22t HDThekletath ((SS) TKO43) 10ofD22a HD163Usima`re` Takelot (PrNm EO448)Uatch-taui ((Ho)(N) TKO43)Uatchiu... ((Gh) TKO43)Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO43)

[Buried in tomb complex of Osorkon II at Tanis. R375][Inscription: TKO44]

Reigned 13 yrs ((Af)(Eu) TKlxx) ((Bs) TKlxxviii)Reigned 7?23?yrs BE

{Son: Nemureth TKO44}{Son: Uasarken TKO44, Osorken II R375}{Son: Tchet-Ptah-af-ankh TKO44}{Dau: Shep-en-Sept TKO44}{Wife: Mut-em-hat Karmama TKO44}{Wife: Sheps or Ta-Sheps TKO44}

Osorkon II EO448,W822d16,TST,PG,WD,UN87,TN44,VSxiii,HD101 984-978 AOOsorkin II (Osorchor) W822d18 883-850 HD162Osorkon II (Sekhemkheperre` setepenre`) AO37 ~880-850 WDOsorkon-meramun (Nm EO448) 874-853 BEUsima`re`-setpenamun Osorkon-meramun (PrNm EO448) c874-850 PG,VSUsarken II (Bubastis DN16) c860-832? TN44User-mat-Ra Uasarken {Osorkon II} MM20 ~813-790 MM14Uasarken-sa-Bast (Uasarken II) TKO46 ~760-737 W822d17Uasarken-sa-Bast (or Ast)-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO46)Ur-pehti-hu-Mentiu ((Gh) TKO46) 2ofD21 AOKa-nekht-meri-Maat ((Ho) TKO46) 4ofD22 TST,VS,EO448,TKO46Sma-peshti-ma-sa-Ast ((N) TKO46) 4ofD22/23 DN16Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO46

[Ins TKO47 W822d17]

{son: Harnakht W822d16}{son: Shashanq TKO49}{son: Namareth, & more TKO49}{dau: Amen-khnem-ab Shep-en-Apt TKO49}{wifes: Karama, Karatchat, Meht-usekh-meri-Mut, Ast-en-khebit, Mut-hetch-ankh-s TKO49}{wife: Mat-ka-Ra or Karama MM20}

Reigned 29 yrs EO448Reigned >23 yrs W822d16

May have reigned before Shoshenk (I) and Osorkon (I). W822d17[Contemp of Amenemn {F-in-law Tjetkheperre Psusennes (I) W822d17}[Overlaps Siamun, Psusennes II (Tjetkheperre), & Takelot II. W822d18]

Shoshenq II PG 890 PGShoshenq II (Heqakheperre` setepenre` AO37) -883 AO37Sheshonk II B434,BE600,CA,WD -877 B434Sheshonq II UN87 850-825 PGShashanq II (Bubastis D16)Sheshank II TST 3ofD22 HDShashanq II TKO53 4ofD22 AOShasha[nq]-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO53) 5ofD22 TST,TKO53Schoschenq II HD101 ?5ofD22/23 DNUser-pehti ((Ho) TKO53)Hekakheperre`-setpenre` Shoshenk-meramun (per Montet, Shoshenk I or II? EO448)Ra-seshesh-kheper-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO53)

[Name found on Papyrus TKO53]

{Father: Uasarken II TKO53}{Son: Heru-sa-Ast TKO54}{Wife: Nes-ta-neb-ashert TKO54}

Sheshonk II (Coregent with Osorkon II B434), BE600,CA,WD

Osorkon III TST 883-855 AOOsorkon III (Userma`atre` setepenamun) AO37Uasarken-sa-Ast TKO56 3ofD23 TSTUasarken-sa-Ast-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO56) 5ofD22 AOAst-ab-taui ((N) TKO56) 7?ofD22 EKO56Ka-nekht-kha-em-Uast ((Ho) TKO56)Mes-neteru ((Gh) TKO56)Ra-user-Maat ((Su) TKO56)

[Inscription TKO57]

[preceded Takelot II W822d16]

Co-regent: Takelot III R372

mother: Karomama merytmut or Kamama Merytmut. R375son: Rudamun. R372wife: Shepenwepet R372wife: Amenirdis (dau of King Kashta (of Dyn 25) (& sis of Piankhy) R372

Takelot II EO448,W52D15,B434,PG,UN87,TN44,VSxiii,HD163 860-835 AOTakelot II (Hedjkheperre` setepenre`) AO 853-827 HD162Takelot II (Takelothis) HD102 850-834 BETakeloth II TST c850-825 PG,VSTaklet II (Thebes? DN16) c837-823 TN14Takelothis ((Af),(Eu) EO448),CA 810-784 W912aThekeleth II TKO54 ~765-752 MM14Thekleth-meri-Amen-meri-Ast ((SS) TKO54) ~745-720 W52D18Takelot-siese-meramun (Nm EO448)Hedjkheperre`-setpenre` Takelot-siese-meramun (PrNm EO448) 5ofD22 EO,VS

Ka-nekht-kha-em-Uast ((Ho) TKO54) 6ofD22 AO,TST, ((Af)EO)Ra-hetch-kheper-setep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO54) 6?ofD22 TKO54

11ofD22a HD163{High Priest: Osorkon W52D15} ?12ofD22/23 DN16

[overlaps Amenemope, Osorkon II, Siamun, & Psussennes I. W52D18][succeeced Osorkon II W52D16]

Buried at Tanis R375Inscription TKO55

Reigned 13 yrs Takelot II ((Af)(Eu) EO448)Reigned 25 yrs Takelothis EO448, W52D15

father: Nimlot, commander of Heracleopolis R375grandfather: Osorkon II R375daughter: Ari-Bast-tchaau TKO56

Belongs to a subsidiary line of the 22nd Dynasty. We know that Takelot II preceded Shashenk III,but Shoshenk III succeeded Osorkon II. R375

Sheshonk III B434,BE600,WD,VSxiii 835-783 AOShoshenq III PG,TN44 834-784 BEShoshenq III (Userma`atre` setepenre`/amun) AO37 827-775 HD162Shoshenk III EO448,W52D19 c825-773 PG,VSSheshonq III UN87 ~821-769 WDSheshank III TST 822-770? TN44Shashanq III (Bubastis DN16), TKO58 798-746 W912aShoshenk-sibast-meramun (Nm EO448) ~790-761 MM11Shashanq-sa-Bast-meri-Amen-neter-heq-Annu ((SS) TKO58) ~737-686 W52D18Schoschenq III HD102Susinku = Shoshenk III? W52D15 6ofD22 EO,VS?So W53b11 7ofD22 AO,TST,HDKa-nekht-Ra-meri? ((Ho)? TKO58) ?7ofD22/23 DNUsima`re`-setpenamun Shoshenk-sibast-meramun (PrNm EO448) 9?ofD22 TKO58Ra-user-Maat-setep-en-Ra, or Amen ((Su) TK58)

[ovelapped Takelot II by 22yrs. W52D15][contemp of Piankhy (Dyn 25), Shebitku, Shabako, Osorkon III, Iuput &?Pedubast I (52nd/53rd yr = 19/20th yr of Piankhy). W52D15-19]

Reigned 39 yrs EO448

{Son: Pimay W52D15}{High Priest: Osorkon W52D15}

"Chief of Ma" Shoshenk = Shoshenk III W52D15

Pemou B434 784-782 BEPamay TST 783-773 AOPemay EO448 775-769/67 HD162Pemui HD102 773-767 VS

Pimai (Bubastis DN16) c770-765 TN44Pimay VSxiii,W52D19 746-740 W912aPemay-meramun (Nm EO448) ~737 MM10Pami CA,UN87,TN44 702 W53b10Pami (Userma`atre`setepenre`/amun) AO37 ~685-680 W52D19Pa-mai TKO59Pa-mai-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO59) 7ofD22 EO,VSRa-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO59) 8ofD22 TST,HD,AOUsima`re`-setpenamun Pemay-meramun (PrNm EO448) ?8ofD22/23 DN

10?ofD22 TKO59[overlaps Taharka, Piankhy, Tefnakht, Osorkon III. W52D19]

{Father: Shoshenk III W52D15}

Reigned 6 yrs EO448

"Chief of Ma" Pimay = Pimay W52D15

Sheshonk IV B434,WD 783-777 VSSheshank IV TST 782-745 BEShashanq IV (Bubastis DN16), TKO59 c765-725? TN44Shashanq-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO59) ~763-725 WDShoshenk IV EO448 ~735 MM10Shoshenk (Nomen EO)Shoshenq IV TN44 3ofD23 VS`Akheperre` Shoshenk (PrNm EO448) 9ofD22 SRa-aa-kheper ((Su) TKO59) 11?ofD22 TKO59

?9ofD22/23 DNReigned 37 yrs EO448 8ofD22 EO448

Shoshenq V (`Akheperre`) AO36 773-735 AOSheshonq V UN87 769/67-729 HD162Sheshonk V VSxiii ~767-730 VSShoshenk V W52D15,W912a,W822d15 740-703 W912aSchoschenq V HD102 ~680-630 w852f

~673-641 W52D19[contemp of Psamtek I (D26). W52D15][overlaps Taharka, Piankhy, Tantamani, Psamtek I, Necho, 8of21 VS Pedubast II, Osorkon III, Takelot III, ?Osorkon IV. W52D19] 9ofD21 AO

9ofD22 HD102[succeeded Pimay. W52D15]

Reigned > 37 yrs W52D15

LYBIAN ANARCHY (23rd & 24th Dyns PG)

23RD DYNASTY

Theban WD, (At Thebes? DN16) 851-762 TKlivTanis EK,TKlxx,MM8 850-745 WD

829-740 TKlivOverlapped the 26th Dyn. W52D14 828-712 AO37

820-718 HD1634 kings 89yrs(Af) TKlxx 817-780 UN873 kings 44yrs(Eu) TKlxx 817?-730 EO449

814-725 TKliv[The order of succession is doubtful] D17 810-721 TKlv

773-684 TKlvVarious contemporary lines of kings recognized in Thebes, Hermopolis, 766-733 TKlvHerakleopolis, Leontopolis and Tanis; precise arrangement and order are still c759-715? TN44disputed. AO 755-721 TKlv

749-721 S 745-718 BE~745-718 CE320

Harsiese I (Konig) HD163 c870-860 PGHarsiese I (HP of Thebes HD103)Harsiese (H.P. King PG), T [another Harsiese 131 BC] 5ofD22a HD163Hersaast (Thebes? DN16) 10ofD22/23 DNHer-Heru? MM20 HP to Rameses XI, afterwards king.Heru-sa-Ast (contemporary of Uasarken II TKO52)Heru-sa-Ast-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO52)Ka-nekht-kha-em-Maat ((Ho) TKO52)Ra-hetch-kheper setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO52)

son: Pedubast R37

Piankhy/Piyi PG c753-713 PGPiankhi CA,DN11 751-730 EO,POPiankhy (Ammeris) W52D19 730 EO449Pi-ankhi CE320 721-715 DN11Piankhy I TST,CE320 ~720 CEPianky PO ? Same as HP Pianky? 1073 BC? ~703-665 W52D19P-ankhi ((Su)(SS) Nubian TKO62) 702/1 W53b10Pianchi {Piankhy} MM7P-ankhi-meri-Amen TKO62 1ofD23 TSTPiye RB,PG,E151 d ofD24a HDPe`ankhy EO 25th Dyn PG, CA, E151,EOPedi`anti (?) HD107

[invasion at beginning of Ammeris' reign W53b10][overlaps Shabako, Shebitku, Shoshenk III Osorkon III, Iuput, & ?Pedubast I. W52D18]

son: Kashta TKO67daughter: Shopen-apet {Shepenwepet II} MM7

Could this be the Pianki in D25? dbSee the high priests of Amon in D25

Input I VSxii 804-783 VSIupet I HD105 ~706-?686 W822d19Iuput W822d19?User-mat-Ra Auaput HPA & king MM20 2ofD23 VS,HD

[contemp of Shoshenk III, Shabako, Shebitku, Osorkon III, & ?Pedubast I. W822d19]

Pedubast B435,E151,EK8,S,VAxiii 828-803 AOPedubast I W52D19 823 SOR217Pedubaste I AO37 820-718 HD163Pedubaste I (Petubastis) HD105 818-793 VSPedibast BE601,UN87 817 EO449Petabast (Thebes? DN16) ~776 EO449Peta Bast TKO53 2 of this name? 745-721 BE601Peta-Bast ((SS) TKO60) 740-725 AOPetubates ((Af) EO449) ~720-697? W52D19Petubastis ((Eu) EO449,TKlxx), CA ((M) SOR217)Petubastes ((Af) TKlxx) ~1ofD23 AO,VSPefthew`awbaste (in Herakleopolis) HD107 1ofD23 HD,((Af) EO,TKIxx)Peftjau`awybast (Neferkare`) AO37 1ofD23(Eu) TKlxxPedubast-meramun (Nm EO449) 2ofD23 TSTPeta-Bast-sa-Bast-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO53) ~3ofD23 AOUsima`re`-setpenamun Pedubast-meramun (PrNm EO449) ?11ofD22/23 DNUser-Maat-Ra-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO53) ofD22 TKO53Ra-seher-ab ((Su) TKO60) a ofD24a HD

[Inscription TKO53]

Reigned 23 yrs (Pedubast) B435Reigned 25 yrs (Petubastis) ((Eu) EO449,TKlxx)Reigned 40 yrs (Petubastis) ((Af) EO449,TKlxx)Reigned 54 yrs (Pedubast) EA151

[?contemp of Shoshenk III, Iuput, Piankhy, & Shabako. W52D19]

father: Harsie R376

Sheshonq UN87 795-788 HD163Schoschenq IV HD105Schoshcenq (Konig) HD162 2ofD22a HD162

2ofD23 UN87 3ofD23 HD105

Osorkon III TST,BE601,W52D19 788-760 HD163Osorkon III HD105 777-749 VSOsorkon UN87 769 HP MM11Osorcho ((Af) EO449,TKlxx), (the Egyptians call him Heracles.(Af) EO449) ~697-670 W52D19Osorthon ((Eu) EO448, TKlxx)Usarken III (Thebes? DN16) 2ofD23 ((Eu) TKlxx),TKO61

Uasarken III TKO61 2ofD23(Af) EO,TKlxxUasarkena-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO61) 3ofD23 UN87

4ofD23 VS,HDReigned 8 yrs ((Af) EO449,TKIxx) ?13ofD22/23 DNReigned 9 yrs ((Eu) EO448,TKIxx) (24th D after Boccoris B435)

sons: Auuareth, Nes-ba-neb-Tettet, Ra-user-Maat Amen-rut TKO61wife or Mother: Ta-ta-Bast TKO61mother: Kamama Merytmut. W52D16daughter: Shepenupet W52D16daughter: Shep-en-apet {Shepenwepet I}, who was married to King Kashta of D25 MM7

[succeeded Shoshenk III whom he had served as HP. W52D16][contemp of D25, ruled Bubastis and Tanis. W52D16][overlaps Shebitku, Taharka, Tefnakht, Nekauba, Necho, Shoshenk V, Pimay, Iuput. W52D19][overlaps Takelot III (28th yr = Takelot III's 5th yr). W52D16]

(the Egyptians call him Heracles.( Osorcho)(Af) EO449)

Harsiese II HD163 9ofD22a HD163

Nemalot HD163 7ofD22a HD163Nemalot (in Hermupolis) HD107 b ofD24a HDNemart {Nimlot} (high priest of Amon) MM20

mother: Panrashnes {Penreshnes} the daughter of the great chief MM20

Pedubast II W52D19 ~670-645 W52D19

[overlaps Taharka, Tantamani, Piankhy, Necho, Psamtek I, Shoshenk V, & Takelot III. W52D19]

Osorkon IV AO37,VSxiii,W52D19,HD103 777-749 AOUsarken IV DN17 730-715 VS

729-718 HD162 [?overlaps Psamtek I, Shoshenk V. W52D19] 703-687 W912a

~645-636 W52D19

~2ofD23 AO?16ofD22/23 DN 10ofD22 HD103

Osorkon V (`Akheperre` setepenamun) AO 735-712 AORa-aa-kheper-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO61)

10ofD22 AO

Psammus ((Af)(Eu) EO449,TKlxx), W52D19 ~636?-?626 W52D19

[contemp of Psamtek I? W52D19] 3ofD23(Af) EO,TKlxx

Reigned 10 yrs (Af)(Eu) EO449,TKIxx

Zet ((Af) EO449,TKlxx) 4ofD23(Af) EO,TKlxx

Reigned 31 yrs (Af) EO449,TKIxx

Takelot III BE601,VSxiii,W52D19,HD105 765-756 HD163Takeloth III TST 691 W53b10Teklet III (Thebes? DN17) ~676-?667 W52D19Takelot UN87Thekleth-sa-Ast (Thekeleth III?) 4ofD23 TSTThekleth-sa-Ast-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO57) 8?ofD22 TKO57Uatch-Taui ((Ho)(N)(Gh) TKO57) 5ofD23 VS,HDRa-user-Maat-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO57) ?14ofD22/23 DN

ofD23 UN87 [contemp of early D26. W52D16] [overlaps Taharka, Piankhy, Necho, Shoshenk V, Pedubast II. W52D19] [coregency with Osorkon III for 5yrs] W53b10 [overlaps Osorkon III (Osorkon III's 28th yr = Takelot III's 5th yr). W52D16] [In the 24th D after Boccoris & Osorkon III B435]

mother: Thent-sa TKO42

Rudamun VSxiii,HD106 6ofD23 VS,HDRutamen DN17 ?15ofD22/23 DN

756-752 HD163 734-731 VS

Schepenupe I (Gottesgemahlin) HD163 7bis23 HD163

Input II VSxiii 752-718 HD163Iupet II HD106 731-720? VS

7ofD23 VS,HD

(Sheshonk VI) VSxiii 720-715 VS

8ofD23 VS

NEW ERA (D24-30 UN11)

NUBIAN PERIOD B435

730-330 UN11 772-661 B435

24TH DYNASTY830-751 EA151

(Memphite WD), (Sais EK8,AO37,DN11,TKO69,VSxiii) 783 SOR217780-751 UN87762-718 TKliv740-734 TKliv733-700 TKlv730-712 HD163730-709 CA729-716 TKliv727-715 VSxiii725-719 TKlivc725-709 TN44725-663 WD724-712 AO37721-715 S720-715 EK,OE~720-715 EO449718-712 BE,DN11~718-712 CE320684 TKlv

Tafnekht ((SS) TKO69), DN17 ~730-718 HD163Tafnekht I TKO69 c728-720 AEBcTefnakht ((N) AEB20), UN87,W52D19 727-720 VSTefnakhte I VSxiii 724-717 AOTefnakhte, Technactis TN44 710-703 W912aTefnakhte (Shepsesre`?) AO37 ~686-679 W52D19Tefnakhte CATefnachte HD106 1ofD24 TKO,VS,DN,UN,AO,HDTechnactis EO449Tnephachthos ((Af) EO449)Shepsesre` Tefnakhte EO449Ra-shepses ((Su) TKO69)Stephinates = Tefnakhte W52D15

[Inscription: TKO69]

{see Stephinates of D26}

[contemp of Piankhy (Ammeris). W52D15]

[overlaps Taharka, Pimay, Osorkon III. W52D19][a Princelet TN44], [prince of Sais. W52D15]

Name structured like the 6th D. AEB20The Names Tnephachthos, Technaktis & Stephinathis must all be variations of Tef-necht MM7

Dhutemhet (in Hermupolis) HD107 c ofD24a HD

Pedi`anti (?) HD107 d ofD24a HD

Bakenrenef DN17,CE320,CA,UN87 720-715 VSBakenranef VSxiii 718-712 BE,HDBak-en-renef MM6,CE320 717-712 AOBak-en-ren-f(SS) (Bocchoris) TKO69 ~715 CEBekneranef (Bocchoris BE) ~711 MM6Bocchoris EA151,CA,TST,UN281 703-697 W912aBocchoris ((Af)(Eu) TKlxx,MM6) ~698 MM8Bocchoris (Wahkare`) AO37Bokkhoris ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 1ofD24 TKIxx ((M) MM6,SOR)Bokchoris HD107 2ofD24 UN,DN,TKO69,AO,HDBochchoris EK8, (of Sais EO449)Bochchoris of Sais EOBocharis ((M) SOR218)Wahkare` Bekenrinef EO449Ra-uah-ka ((Su) TKO69)

[Inscription TKO69]

reigned 5 yrs E151reigned 6 yrs (Bak-en-renef MM6) ((Af) TKIxx,MM6)reigned 44 yrs (Bocchoris)(Eu) TKIxx,MM6)(Bokkhoris (Bs) TKIxxviii)

"It is possible that the 24th Dynasty, under King Bochchoris ofSais, continued to rule a small section of lower Egypt." EK28

Uah-ab-Ra Tafnekht (II) TKO69 3ofD24 TKO

[Ins at Cairo(?) TKO69]

Local kings HD163 750/710 HD163

Pefthew`awbaste (in Herakleopolis) HD107 a ofD24a HD

Nemalot (in Hermupolis) HD107 b ofD24a HD

See Dynasty 22 & HP of Thebes

Dhutemhet (in Hermupolis) HD107 c ofD24a HD

Pedi`anti (?) HD107 d ofD24a HD

"From about 700 BC onwards, and throughout the Greco-Roman period, Demotic was used by theliterate Egyptian population for their business, literary and private correspondence. It was cursiveand was written with pen and ink." EK52

25TH DYNASTY~775-653 HD163

ETHIOPIAN PERIOD WE,W822d c772-712 PGEthiopian WD,EK,OE,UN278,TE,WE275,TN44,VSxii 770-712 AO37KUSHITE DYNASTY ~HD108 751-668 EK(Nubian) E 751-663 UN87"Nubia and Theban area." AO37 750-656 CA Nubian kings. WE275,TEA244 745-663 WD

745-650? TE 3 kings 40yrs(Af) TKlxx 734-684 TKliv 3 kings 44yrs(Eu) TKlxx 730 TEA244

728?-678 TKlvContemp of 22nd D. W822d17 719-658 TKliv

718-674 TKliv "names of the earliest rulers are unknown" UN278 716-685 TKliv

715-667 S 715-665 TKlv 715-663 TKlivc715-656 OE,TN44 715-650 DN11 712-664 E 712-663 BE,WE 712-657 AO37 712-656 (2nd half PG)c710- W822d15

"The Kushites were able to bring some order once again to the country, and although twice invaded by theAssyrians from southwest Asia, Egypt recovered and was even able to enjoy another period of prosperity. Thispeaceful time was shortlived, however, for the Persians invaded the country, ruling it for nearly two centuries."PE 119

"The Kushites set out to challenge Assyria over Egypt's one-time possessions in Syria and Palestine. Outrightforce was impossible, but the Kushites employed various indirect methods - political intrigue, subsidies of

Nubian gold and promises of aid to states which showed signs of rebellion against Assyria. An Egyptiancontingent was sent to help King Hezekiah of Judah in his struggle against the Assyrians, but the Egyptianarmy was defeated resoundingly by Sennacherib, the Assyrian ruler." EK29

"Iron was not widely used in Egypt. Not until the 25th Dynasty was it utilized to make weapons." EK134

"After the pyramids of the Middle Kingdom, there was yet a further degeneration of the pyramid form. Around700 B.C. the Nubian kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty renewed the practice, constructing numerous pyramids inthe Sudan for themselves and for their queens. These pyramids are quite small, some no more than thirty feetsquare at the base, with extremely steep sides. Today they all stand with their tops truncated. In the earlypart of the eighteenth century a traveler discovered gold hidden at the top of one of them and proceeded todecapitate all the others in an unsuccessful search for more treasure." EM118

Alara UN178,VSxiii,HD108 780-760 VS 775-765? HD163

1ofD25 UN,VS,HD

Kashta EO450,UN278,VSxiii 770-750 AOKashta (Nima`atre`) AO 765-745? HD163Kaschta HD108 760-747 VS

father: Piankhy TKO67 1ofD25 EO450,AOson: Piankhy [II]db TKO73 2ofD25 UN,VS,HDwife: Queen Shep-en-apet {Shepenwepet I} daughter of Osorkon III MM7

4 P-ankhis? TKO62,65,66,73

Piankhy II TST 1ofD25 DN17Piankhi meri Amen DN17 2ofD25 S,D25,EO450,AOPiankhy VSxiii 3ofD25 UN,VS,HD,TKO73Piankhy/Piyi PG 10ofD25 TNPi`ankhy EK8,EO450 ofD25 PG,Pi`ankhi TN44Pi-Ankhy (Peye) UN87 c753-713Pi-ankhy EA151 ~751-730 EO450Piye AO37 c751-710 TN44Peye (Piankhi) UN280 750-712 AOPije HD108 747-716 VSP-ankhi ((SS) TKO66), TKO73 745-713 HD163P-ankhi, son of Amen, born of Mut ((SS) TKO73)P-ankhi-meri-Bast-uatch-taui ((SS) TKO65)Usima`re` Sneferre` (PrNm EO450)Userma`atre` AO37Mes-hem(?) ((N) TKO73)Sasht-qennu ((Gh) TKO73)Sehetep-taui-f ((Ho) TKO66)Ra-men-kheper ((Su) TKO73)Ra-senefer-f ((Su) TKO66)Ra-user-Maat ((Su) TKO65)

Ammeris = Usimare Piankhy W822d15

wife: Kenensat TKO66wife & sister: Amenartas (I) TKO73wife: Amen-artas {Amenirdis I}, who was the daughter of Kashta & sis of Shabaka (Sabakon) MM7father: Kashta TKO73son: Pinetchem MM20daughters: Shep-en-Apt (II), D Mutartas TKO73daughter: Shep-en-apet {Shepenwepet II}, who was married to Pramtek {Psammitichos} MM7brother: Shakaka TN44

[contemp of Shoshenk III (D22) (52nd/53rd yr of Shoshenk III = 19/20th yr of Piankhy. W822d15] [adversary of Tefnakhte (Stephinates). W822d15] [Defeated Tefnakhte TN44] [Ins TKO73]

Reigned 35 yrs EA151

Shabaka (Nubian WE275), PG,B435,S,BE,CA,EK8,PG,UN280,TK70,DN33 1ofD25 TST,AO,EO,DN,AOShabaka (Neferkare`) AO37 1ofD25(Af) TKShabaka (Sabacon) MM6,TN44 1ofD25(M) SORSabacon EO450 2ofD25 DN17Shabako (Nm EO450), VSxii,W822d19,EA151 3ofD25 EO450Shabako I W912a 4ofD25 UN,VS,HDSchabako (Sabakon) HD108Shabakon ((Af)(Eu) TKlxx) 716-702 VSSabakon, the Ethiopian ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 715-667 TSTSabakon ((M) SOR219) 713-698 HD163Seqeb-taui ((Ho)(N)(Gh) TKO70) ~713 UN280Seqqer-taui ((H) TKxiv) 712-700 BESo ((Bi) DN33) 712-698 AONeferkara Shabaka DN17 c710-698 TNNeferkare` Shabako (PrNm EO450) ~710-696 W822d19Wahibre` Shabako (PrNm EO) 707 W823b10Ra-nefer-ka-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO70) 700-688 BE

699-685 W912a[Inscription TKO70] ~695-690 EO450

692 MM8father: Kashta TKO70son: Shabataka TKO70wife: Amenartas (II) TKO70brother: Pi'ankhi TN44

reigned 8yrs ((Af) EO450,TKIxx)reigned 12yrs ((Eu) EO450,TKIxx), ((Bs) TKIxxviii)riegned 15yrs MM6,EA151overlaps Shebitku, Piankhy, Shoshenk III, Iuput, & ?Pedubast I. W822d19Gottesgemahlinnen HD109

"is reputed to have had Bocchoris, dynasty of Sais, who resisted him, burnt to death" UN281

Shabataka (Nubian WE275), BN435,BE,S,UN87,TKO71 713-698 PGShabataka-meri-Amen ((SS) TKO71) ~705 MM6

Shebitku EA151,EO,CA,VSxiv,W822d14 702-690 VSShebitku (Djedkaure`) AO37 700-690 UN281,HDShebitku II W912a 698-690 AOSchebitko (Sebichos) HD108 ~699-688 W822d19Shebteko (Sebichos) TN44 697 W823b10Sebichos ((Af),(Eu) EO450,TKlxx) 687-685 W912aSebichos appears to be Shabataka {Shebitku} MM6Sebekhon ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 2ofD25 TKO ((Af) EO,AO)Sekha-Maat-meri(?)-taui ((N) TKO71) 3ofD25 S,VS,DN17Aa-khepesh-h...-nebu ((Gh) TKO71) 4ofD25 EO450Aa-shefit-taiu-nebu ((N) TKO71) 5ofD25 UN281,HDDjedkaure` Shebitku (PrNm EO450)Her-her-nekht ((Gh) TKO71)Menkheperre` Shebitku (PrNm EO450)Tet-kha ((Ho) TKO71)Tetkhaura Shabataka DN17Ra-tet-khau ((Su) TK71)

[Ins TKO72] [contemp of Osorkon III (D23). W822d16] [overlaped Shabako, Piankhy, Osorkon III, & Iuput. W822d19]

{Father: Shabaka TKO71}

reigned 12 yrs ((Eu) EO450,TKIxx),((Bs) TKIxxviii)reigned 14 yrs ((Af) EU450,TKIxx)reigned 20 yrs E151

{Sabakon took Bocchoris prisoner and burnt him alive (M)MM6} {Sabakon killed Nekos the father of Psammitichos (He) MM6}

Taharka (Nubian WE275), BE601,S,B436,EO,OE,WD,W822d14 ~691-663 W822d16Taharqa EA151,EK8,RB,PG,UN87,TKO75,VSxiv 690-667 VSTaharqa (Khure nefertem) AO37 690-664 PG,AO,UN,HD,MM,Tahrqa CA W912aTaharqo (Tarcos) TN44 689-664 EO,OETaharqo (Tarakos) HD109 ~689-663 WD,W822dTarcos ((Af) EO450) 688-662 BETarkos ((Af) TKlxx) 685-663 TN44Taracos ((Eu) EO450)Tarakos ((Eu) TKlxx), MM6 3ofD25 TKO,AO,TKIxxTarakes ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 3ofD25 ((Af) TKIxx)Tarquu (Tarakos) (Assurbanipal's inscriptions MM6) 3ofD25 ((Eu) TKIxx)Tirhakah TKxiv 4ofD25 TST,VS,DNTirhakah, king of Ethopia Isa 37:9 5ofD25 EO450Tirhaqa AE173 6ofD25 UN281,HDTirhaqah ((Bi) DN33)Tirhakak (Bi) (Tarakos) MM6T-H-A-R-Q-A DN33T-h-r-q DN33Qa-khau ((Ho)(N) TKO75)Khunefertemre` Taharka (PrNm EO450)Khu-taui ((Gh) TKO75)Aakhu Nefer-Tem-Ra Taharqa (Tirhakah) DN17

Ra-nefer-Tem-khu ((Su) TKO75)

[Inscription TKO77]

[coregent of Shebitku for 5yrs. W823b10][overlapped Shebitku, Tantamani, Piankhy, Tefnakht, Necho, Nekauba, Psamtek I, Pimay, Pedubast II, Osorkon III, Takelot III, & Iuput W822d19]

reigned 18 yrs (Tarcos (Af) EO450,TKIxx)reigned 26 yrs (Taharqa) E151reigned 20 yrs (Taracos (Eu) EO450, TKIxx)

{Wife: Shep-en-apt II. Wife: Amentakhet TKO77}{Mother: Aqleq TK077}{Sister: Amenirdis W822d16}

Fought against Sennacherib, Esarhaddon (680-667), & Assurbanipal. MM6

"From about 668 B.C. Taharka's rule will have alternated at Memphis with that of Neko of Sais..."EO450

670 Esarhaddon the Assyrian conquers. WE275

Tanutamon S,B436,CA ~665-?658 W822d19Tanutamun VSxiv 664-663 VSTanuatamun EM216,EO450,TN44 664-657 AOTanoutamon UN87 664-656 EO,EM216Tanotamun (Tanwatamani) HD109 664-653 HD163Tanuath-Amen TKO77 663-656 TN44Tantamani (Bakare`) AO37Tantamani W822d14 4ofD25 TKO77,AO37Bakara Tanutamen DN17 5ofD25 S,VS,DN17Bakare` Tanuatamun (PrNm EO450) 6ofD25 EO450Uah-mert ((Ho) TKO77) 7ofD25 HDAmen-tanuath ((SS) TKO77) +7ofD25 UN282Ra-ba-ka ((Su) TKO77)

[Ins TKO78]

{Wife: Kerearhenti(?), Son: Qelhetat TKO78)

[contemporary of Psamtek I (D26) and Assurbanipal. W822d14] [overlaps Taharka, Psamtek I, Shoshenk V, Pedubast II. W822d19]

"During the period of final decline, Egypt was ruled by foreigners. One was Tanuatamun, anEthiopian ruler. On a stela he recorded a dream in which he was holding a snake in each hand. When he awoke there were no snakes. As he was wondering what the interpretation of the dreamwas, he heard these words: `Upper Egypt belongs to thee, take to thyself, Lower Egypt. TheVulture and Uraeus goddesses have appeared on thy head, and the land is given to thee in its legthand breadth, and none shall share with thee.' Apparently the prophecy came true, for a later

portion of the stela says that when Tanuatamun was crowned he said,`Lo, the dream is true!'"EM216

"and others" AO

Amenardais I HD109 1ofD25a HD

Schepenupe II HD109 2ofD25a HD

Amenardais II HD109 3ofD25a HD

Kings of Zeit HD110 680-650 HD163

Pedubaste II HD110 a ofD25b HD

Gemnefchonsbak HD110 b ofD25b HD

Neferkare` A...(?) HD110 c ofD25b HD

Paamun HD110 dofD25b HD

Menibre` HD110 e ofD25b HD

Nekow I (Nechao, Nechepsos) HD110 f ofD25b HD

ASSYRIAN INVASION S, (under Taharka WE) 671-650 A170~670 WE

"Inevitably, Assyria was forced to take firm action against Egypt to put a stop to her meddlesome policies. Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal both attacked Egypt, and Memphis and Thebes were temporarily occupied.

Eventually, Tanutamon, the Kushite king, reoccupied Memphis, and power was regained at Thebes by theDivine Consort, Shepenopet II, and the fourth prophet of Amun, Mentuemhet. A second Assyrian attackeventually persuaded Tanutamon to flee from Egypt to Mapata, never to return. This brief and unusualexperiment of Nubian supremacy over their erstwhile lords thus ended, and was never repeated." EK29

"In 612 BC a coalition of Babylonian and Persian armies had captured and sacked Nineveh, the Assyriancapital, and Saite foreign policy consisted mainly of attempting to maintain the balance of power by supportingfirst the Assyrians against the Babylonians and Persians, then allying themselves with Babylonia againstPersia." EK30

Esarhaddon of Assyria takes Delta 671 TEA244

ASSYRIAN OCCUPATION WD ~674-650 WD

LATE PERIOD (D26-31 RB15), (D25-30 AO37,TE), (D27-31 EB15) 712-332 AO37 667 TST*525-332 EB

"This period [late period] is sometimes regarded as a time of nationalism when the kings, having driven out theAssyrian oppressors, attempted to revive earlier glories... Egyptian dissatisfaction with the large groups offoreigners now resident in the country was expressed in a nostalgia for the former `pure' Egyptian civilization. This archaism took various forms - ancient titles of the nobility were revived, art forms from previous periodswere imitated, reliefs and sculptures from the Old Kingdom in particular were copied, and there was a revival ofanimal worship. Even the styles of dress and writing were influenced, and the study of their own past waseagerly taken up. Art forms show great precision and attention to detail, and their very perfection gives them acertain beauty; fine sculptured portraits were produced and carefully carved ushabti figures. However, the worksusually copied from or inspired by earlier pieces lack the dynamism which characterizes the originals." EK30

SAITE PERIOD (Dyn 26 EB15,PY139,TPE1,ABxxi), OE 650-323 RB*664-525 EB15 664-525 PY139,TPE1 663-525 ABxxi 661 TEA244

"The Saite rulers were interested in all commercial enterprises which were likely to increase their wealth andinfluence. The export of corn from Egypt was begun... The Saites also initiated the project to build a canal fromthe Nile to the Red Sea, and Phoenician sailors were commissioned to attempt the circumnavigation of Africa."EK30

Kings of Kush after the 25th Dynasty ~HD130

Atlanersa HD130 8ofK HD

Senkamanisken HD130 9ofK HD

Analamani HD130 10ofK HD

Aspelta HD130 11ofK HD

Aramatel-qo HD130 12ofK HD130

Malonaqen HD130 13ofK HD

Analma`aje HD130 14ofK HD

Amaninatakelebte HD130 15ofK HD

Karakamani HD130 16ofK HD

Amaniastabara-qo HD130 17ofK HD

Si`aspi-qo HD131 18ofK HD

Nasachma HD131 19ofK HD

Malowijebamani HD131 20ofK HD

Talachamani HD131 21ofK HD

Arikamaninote HD131 22ofK HD

Baskakeren HD131 23ofK HD

Harsijotef HD131 24ofK HD

Achariten HD131 25ofK HD

Amanibachi HD131 26ofK HD

Nastasen HD131 27ofK HD

Arikamanikasch...(?) HD131 27a ofK HD

Menma`re`...ati`a-qo(?)HD132 27b ofK HD

Aryamani HD132 27c ofK HD132

Arikepije-qo HD132 27d ofK HD

Talachamani HD131 21ofK HD

Arikamaninote HD131 22ofK HD

Baskakeren HD131 23ofK HD

Harsijotef HD131 24ofK HD

Achariten HD131 25ofK HD

Amanibachi HD131 26ofK HD

Nastasen HD131 27ofK HD

Arikamanikasch...(?) HD131 27a ofK HD

Menma`re`...ati`a-qo(?)HD132 27b ofK HD

Aryamani HD132 27c ofK HD132

Arikepije-qo HD132 27d ofK HD

Sabrakamani HD132 27e ofK HD

Arkekamani (Ergamenes I) HD132 27f ofK HD

Amanislo HD132 27g ofK HD

Amanitecha HD132 27h ofK HD

Arnechamani HD132 36ofK HD

Arqamani (Ergamenes II) HD132 37ofK HD

Adichalamani HD132 38ofK HD

Tabirqal HD133 39ofK HD

Schesep`anchenamani HD133 i ofK HD

Naqyrinsan HD133 j ofK HD

Tanyidamani HD133 43ofK HD

Natakamani HD133 48ofK HD

Queen Amanitore (Mitregentin) HD133 48a ofK HD

Arikancharor (Mitregent) HD133 48b ofK HD

Arikechatani (Mitregent) HD133 48c ofK HD

Amanitenmomide HD133 52ofK HD

Queen Amanichataschan HD133 k ofK HD

Amanichataqermo HD133 l ofK HD

Teqoridamani HD133 57ofK HD

Aritenjesboche HD134 62ofK HD

26TH DYNASTY (Renaissance TE) 685-525 TKliv

Sais EK8,WD,CE320,TKO78,VSxiv 684-525 TKliv 678-527 TKlv

9 kings 150 yrs(Af) TKlxxi 674-524 TKliv 9 kings 168 yrs(Eu) TKlxxi 672-525 S 9 kings 167 yrs(EAV) TKlxxi 666-527 TKlv =19th D RV228 665-527 TKlv

*664-525 AO37664/663 The second invasion of 664-525 PG,CA,EK,OE,EA151Assurbanipal and sacking of Thebes. HD163

W52D14 *664/663 W52D 663-525 BE,HC32,WE,UN87, TE,DN11,TKIiv,TN44~663-525 CE320,WD 658-529 TKlivc650-525 MO9

Ammeris the Ethiopian ((Eu) EO451), MM23 701 W53b10Ammeris ((Eu) TKlxxi), W52D15Ammeres ((EAV) TKlxxi) 1ofD26 (Eu TKlxxi,EO) W52DAmaes ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 1ofD26 (EAV TKIxxi), W52DUsimare Piankhy = Ammeris W52D15

[yr 1 = yr 21 of Piankhy W53b10] [contemp of Shebitku and Shabako. W52D15]

reigned 12 yrs ((Eu) EO451,TKixxi (EAV) EKIxxi)reigned 38 yrs (Bs) TKIxxviii)

Ammeris is probably a variant of Amen-meri. MM22

Stephinathis ((Eu) EO451) 666 W52DStephinatis ((Eu) TKlxxi)Stephinates ((Af) EO451,TKlxxi) 1ofD26(Af) EO,TKlxxiStephinathes ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 2ofD26 W52DTefnakhte = Stephinates W52D15,MM9 2ofD26 ((Eu)(Af) EO,TKIxxi)

reigned 7 yrs ((Eu) EO451,TKIxxi)reigned 7 yrs ((Af) EO451,TKIxxi)reigned 27 yrs ((Bs) TKIxxviii)

Nechepsos ((Af)(Eu) EO451,TKlxxi)Nekhepsos ((Bs) TKlxxviii)

reigned 6 yrs ((Af)(Eu) EO451,TKIxxi)reigned 13 yrs ((Bs) TKIxxviii)

Necho I TST,AO37,LI36 ~673-665 W52D19Necho I (Niku) W52D14 *672-664 AO37Necho PG,CE,UN87,TEA244 610-595 PGNeko I EO 610 TEANeko I (Nechao, Necho) TN44 *609-595 LI36Neko (of Sais EO450) 609-594 WENekos or Nekau or Nechao, or Nikuu MM7 ~600 CENekau WE275Necos (1st to attempt canal to Red Sea (He) RVC19) 1ofD26 TST,AONechao ((Af)(Eu) EO451) 4of D26 MM7Nechao I ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxi)

Nechaus I ((EAV) TKlxxi)Nekhao I ((Bs) TKlxxviii)Uhemabra Nekau (Necho) DNv Ramses I (= Necho I RV19), (err W52D14)

[contemp of Taharka (D25) and Esarhaddon. W52D14] [overlaps Piankhy, Psamtek I, Shoshenk V, Pedubast II, Osorkon III, & Takelot III. W52D19] [Named King by Esarhaddon TN44]

reigned 8 yrs ((Af)(Eu) EO451,TKIxxi)reigned 8 yrs ((EAV) TKIxxi, (Bs) TKIxxviii)

son: Psammitichos MM7

"Nekos or Nekau or Nechao, the 4th of the Saite kings of Dynasty 26 is obviously theNikuu of Sais who stands at the head of the tributary kings in Assurbanipal'sinscriptions." MM7

Psamtik I, Psammetichos I E151, ((He) EO451) 671-617~(He) MM5Psamtik I (before Necho PG), BE601,WE *664-610 AO37,W912aPsamtek I ((He) MM5), S,W52D19 *664 MM5Psamtek I (Nabushezibanni/Tushamilki) W52D14 664-610 PG,EO,VS,HDPsamtik ("Psammetichos") I WD ~663-610 AN30Psametik I UN87 663-609 WD,BE,WE,TNPsametik I (Psammetichos) HD111 c600 EA16Psamatik I VSxivPsammetik I (the Saite UN282) 1ofD26 HD,VS,TKO,AN,DNPsemthek(SS) I (Psammetichus) TKO78 2ofD26 TST,AOPsamitikhos ((Bs) TKlxxviii) 4ofD26 TKlxxiPsammetichos I EA151 5ofD26 TKlxxiPsammetichos ((Af)(Eu) EO451,TKlxxi), EA16 ofD25 EPsammetichus I ((EAV) TKlxxi), EK8,EO,CA,AN30,RVc19Psammetichus I (Wahibre`) AOPsammetichus I (Psamtek) TN44Psammetich PSc101Wahibre` Psamtek (NmPr EO451)Uahabra Psamthek I DN17Uah-ab-Ra (Pr) Psamtek I MM4Aa-ab ((Ho) TKO78)Neb-a ((N) TKO78)Qennu, or Qen ((Gh) TKO78)? Thutmose III A7H95Ra-uah-ab ((Su) TKO78)

[Inscription TKO80]

father: Uah-ab-Ra TKO74son: Peta-Net TKO74son: Shashanq TKO74wife: Tan-ta-Bast TKO74wife: Mut-maat-Ra-hent-neferu Shep-en-apt TKO80wife: Meht-en-usekht TKO80wife was a niece of Sabakon. MM7wife: Shep-en-apet {Shepenwepet II}, daughter of Pianchi {Piankhy} & Amen-artas. MM7

father-in-law: Pianchi MM23daughter: Net-aqert TKO80daughter: Netaqert {Nitocris} MM7great grandfather: P-ankhi TKO74vizier: Seti Ptah Maat (= Psammetich RV19,PS101), (err W52D14)

reigned 54 yrs E151,EO451,MM5 ((Af) EO451,TKIxxi)riegned 45 yre ((Eu) EO451,TKIxxi)reigned 44 yre ((EAV) TKIxxi)reigned 14 yrs ((Bs) TKIxxviii)

[Labyrinth built by Psamtik I & 11 other kings according to Herodotus. AI144][ovelaps Shoshenk V (D22), W52D19][ovelaps Necho, Piankhy, Taharka MM6][ovelaps Tantamani, Pedubast II, ?Osorkon IV, & ?Psammus. W52D19][contemp of Tantamani (D25) and Assurbanipal. W52D14][expels Assyrians in 663 BC WE275][founder of the independent Saite Dynasty TN44]

"After attacking Egypt, trouble in another part of his empire (Elam) caused Ashurbanipal to return toAssyria, leaving only a few of his troops behind. Twelve native princes were placed in control duringhis absence; one of these, Psammetichus of Sais, was not slow to seize this opportunity and withthe aid of Greek mercenaries and military assistance from Gyges, king of Lydia, he establishedhimself as King of Upper and Lower Egypt. At Thebes the Divine Consort of Amun, Shepenopet II,was instructed to adopt the daughter of Psammetichus as her successor, and the prophet of Amun(Mentuemhet), who had wielded such power under the Kushites, was replaced by one of the Saitesupporters. Psammetichus appointed his own men to key positions and discontinued the paymentof tribute to Assyria. The power of Assyria in any case was waning and, having thrown off its yoke,Psammetichus set about restoring Egypt's military power by building up an army containing manyforeign mercenaries - Ionians, Carians and Lydians." EK29

"Psammetichus I and his successors built up a fine navy and merchant fleet and, with the aid ofPhoenician sailors, dominated the Mediterranean. They encouraged foreign traders andcommunities to settle in Egypt and showed them favor. Although this commercial enterpriseexpanded Egypt's wealth, the privileges granted to the foreign communities angered the nativeEgyptians and eventually their antagonism resulted in the confinement of the foreigners to their ownspecial cities. At Naukratis, for example, a self-governing, independent community of Greektraders flourished, while a Jewish community, worshiping Yahweh, grew up at Elephantine." EK30

Herodotus asserts that the history of Egypt was known accurately from the time of Psammitichos{Psamted I} MM5

"Herodotus (II,147) has a story that the great Labyrinth was built by twelve kings who all ruled atthe same time; but since he calls one of the Psammetichus, a Pharaoh who had reigned not verylong before Herodotus' own time, and since the priests who were his guides when he visited theLabyrinth could hardly have been so ignorant as to suppose that their temple was of such recentdate, we may perhaps assume that Herodotus mixed up two stories, one about Psammetichus,and the other about twelve kings who lived at, or near, the time of the Labyrinth's building..." AI144

Necho II EA151,TST,EK8,AN30,PY225 617-601~(He)MM5Necho II (Wehemibre`) AO37 *610-595 AO37Necho ((Bi) DN33),VSxiv 610-595 PG,EO,PY,VS,HDNiku ("Necho") II WD ~610-594 AN30Nekos {Necho II} ((He) MM5) 609-594 WE,A7H95,TN

Neko II EO,TN44 609-593 BE,WDNekow II (Nechao, Nekon) HD111Nechao II ((Af)(Eu) EO451,TKlxxi), ((He) EO451) 2ofD26 HD,TKO80,DN17Nekau-Wehemibre RVc18 3ofD26 AO,TSTNekau ((SS) TKO80), WE 5ofD26(Af) TKNekau DN33 6ofD26(Eu) TKNekhao II Pharao ((Bs) TKlxxviii)Nechaus II ((EAV) TKlxxi)Neteru-meri ((Gh) TKO80)Maat-kheru ((N) TKO80)Sa-ab ((Ho) TKO80)Wehemibre` Neko (NmPr EO451)Uhemabra Nekau (Necho) DN33?Akhenaton A7H95Ra-nem (or uhem)-ab ((Su) TKO80)v Rameses II (= Necho II AC154)

[Inscription TKO81]

Reigned 6y (Nechao II) EO451,TKIxxiReigned 9y (Nechao II) TKIxxviiiReigned 15y (Necho II) E151Reigned 16y (Nekos) MM5, (Nechao II EO451)

{Father: Psemthek I ((He) MM5) TKO80}{Wife: Shep-en-Apt II Urt(Ho) Mut-nebt-neferu(Su) Net-Aqert-meri-Mut(SS) TKO81}{Daughter: Net-Aqert Shep-en-Apt III TKO80}

Psamtik II PG,WE275,WD,TEA244 601-595~(He)MM5Psamtek II TST *595-589 AOPsametik II UN87 595-589 PG,EO,OE,VS,TEA,HDPsametik II (Psammis, Psammuthis) HD112 594-588 WE,TNPsamatik II VSxiv 593-588 BE,WDPsemthek II(SS) TKO83Psammetik II UN285 3ofD26 HD,VS,DN17Psammetikos II OE 4ofD26 AO,TSTPsammetichos II EA151,((Eu) EO451) 6ofD26 (Af) EO,TKPsammetichus II EO451,EK8,EO,CA,AE115,TN46 7ofD26 (Eu) EO,TKPsammetichus II (Neferibre`) AO37Psammuthis II ((Af) EO451)Psammuthis ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxi), ((Bs) TKlxxviii)Psammuthes ((EAV) TKlxxi)Psammis ((He) RV210)Psammis {Psamtek II} ((He) MM5)Neferibre` Psamtek (NnPr EO451)Neferabra Psemthek II DN17Neb-pehti ((SS)addition TKO83)Men-ka-Ra ((SS)addition TKO83)Menkh-ab ((Ho) TKO83)User-a ((N) TKO83)Senefer-taui ((Gh) TKO83)Ra-nefer-ab ((Su) TKO83)

[Inscription TKO83]

[Temple at Philae TKO83]Reigned 6y E151,EO451,TKIxxi,MM5Reigned 17y EO451

{Father: Nekau TK083, Nekos MM5}{Wife: Takhauath TKO83}{Son: Psemthek TKO83}{Daughter: Mut-meri-Heqt-neferu Ankh-nes-nefer-ab-Ra, Net-mer-tef-s TKO84}{Daughter: Ast-[em]-khebit TKO85}

Apries ((Gr) RV209), EO,CA,OE,PG,WE275,UN87,VSxiv,TEA244,E151 595-570~(He)MM5Apries (Hophra) EA151,BE601,EK8,TST *589-570 EO37Apries (Ha`a`ibre`) AO 589-570 PG,AO,OE,VS,TEA,HDApries (Wahibres`) TN46 589-567 W912aApries (Uaphres) HD112 588-569 BE,WEAubnura, or Auvnura (Champollion's) SOR195 588-568 TNAhab-Hra SOR195Uaphris ((Af),(Eu) EO,TKlxxi), ((He) EO) 4ofD26 TKO85,VS,HD,DN17Uah-ab-Ra (Hophra) TKO85 5ofD26 AOUah-ab ((Ho) TKO85) 6ofD26 TSTUah-ab-Ra (Pr) Haa-ab-Ra (Nm) Apries ((He) MM4&5)Uahabra DN34Vaphres ((EAV) TKlxxi)Hophra ((Bi) DN34,TN46), TKO85,BE601,EK8,S,RV209,SOR220Hop-Ra SOR 196Hapries ((He) SOR195)Haaabra Uahabra (Hophra) DN17Ha`a`ibre` Wahibre` (NnPr EO451)Neb-khepesh ((N) TKO85)Suatch-taui ((Gh) TKO85)Ra-haa-ab ((Su) TKO85)Ra-uah-ab ((SS) TKO85)v Merenptah (= Apries RV209)v Merenptah-Apries RV220

inscription: TKO85ivory tablet found at Nineveh SOR194

Reigned 19y E151,EA151,EO,TKIxxiReigned 25y EO,TKIxxi,MM4&5,TKIxxi

{father: Psammis (He) MM5}

"The remnant of the jews fled to him, when Jerusalem was captured by the Assyrians."(Af)(Eu) EO451

Reigned when Nebuchadnezzar… SOR196

Amasis ((He)MM5) EA151,EK8,EO,OE,WE275,UN87,A154,VSxiv *570-526 AOAmasis (`Ahmose-si-neit) TN46 570-526 PG,EO,OE,VS,HD,MMAmasis (Khnemibre`) AO37 W912aAmasis II TST,CA 570-525 TEA

Ahmose ("Amasis") II WD ~569-526 WE,WD,AI54Ahmose II E151,PG,TEA244 569-525 BEAmosis II CA 568-526 TN46Amosis II (Amasis) HD112Aahmes-sa-Net(SS) (Amasis) TKO86 5ofD26 VS,HD,TKO86,DNv Amenmesse? see RV223 6ofD26 AOSmen-Maat ((Ho) TKO86) 7ofD26 SSa-Net-Sebt (or Sept)-taui ((N) TKO86) 8ofD26(Af) EO,TKSetep-neteru ((Gh) TKO86) 9ofD26(Eu) EO,TKKhnemabra Aahmes II (Amasis) DN17Khnemibre``Ahmose-si-Neit (NnPr EO451)Ra-Khnem-ab ((Su) TKO86)

[Inscription TKO86]

Reigned 44 yrs EA151,E151

{Son: Psamemetichus III TN46}{Son: Psemthek TKO87}{Son: Pa-sen-Khensu TKO88}{Wife: Mut-meri-heqt-neferu Ankh-nes-nefer-ab-Ra TKO87}{Wife: W Thent-Kheta TKO87}{Wife: Sebastet-nekht-ru TKO87}{Mother: Ta-sheret-Ast(or Ta-khart-Ast) TKO88}

{userper MM5}

Ultimately, however, the Persians established a great empire while Egypt was torn by a civil warbetween its Saitte pharaoh and `a man of the people,' Amasis, who won the struggle. A fewmonths after Amasis' death Egypt fell to Cambyses, King of the Persians." EK30

Nebuchadrezzar II invades Egypt WD 568-567 WD

Psamtik III B438,PG,WE,WD 569-525 WDPsamtek III (before Apries TST) *526-525 AOPsametik III UN87 526-525 PG,WD,TN,VS,HDPsametik III (Psammenitos, Psammecherites) HD112 526-525 MM5Psamatik III VSxiv 525 BE,WEPsammetichus III EO,CA,TN46 520-525 EOPsammetichus III (`Ankhkaenre`) AO37Psammenitos {Psamtek III} ((He) MM5) 5ofD26 TSTPsammecherites ((Af)(He) EO451, (Af) TKlxxi) 6ofD26 HD,DNPsemthek(SS) III TKO89 7ofD26 AOAp-Aah-taui ((Ho) TKO89) 9ofD26 (Af)EO`Ankhkaenre` Psamtek (NnPr EO451)Ankhkaenra Psemthek III DN17Ra-ankh-ka-en ((Su) TKO89)

[Inscription TKO89]

Reighed 6 mo EO451Reigned 1 yr B438

{father: Amasis MM5}{daughter: Ankh-nes-nefer-ab-Ra D TKO89}

Psamtek IV TST 8ofD26 TST

Gottesgemahlinnen (~God's spouse)

Nitokris I HD112 1ofD26a HD

`Anchnesneferibre` HD113 2ofD26a HD

Nitokris II HD113 3ofD26a HD

LATE PERIOD (Dyns 27-31 EB15,TPE1), (Dnys 27-30 ABxxi) 525-332 PG,EB,TPE1PERSIAN PERIOD S235,EA151,TN46 524-343 OE

525-332 WE

PERSIAN CONQUEST WD,A168,S,CE,WE,TE 525 WD,S,TE,TEA~525 CE320 520 CS

FIRST PERSIAN E 650-525 A168SAITE DYNASTY PGSAITE KINGDOM A168

"Since money was not used in Egypt until the end of the Late Period, the temple revenues were paid in kind -grain, oil, beer, wine and metal, among other commodities." EK81

"Coptic, the language spoken in Egypt during the late period, was written in the Greek alphabet with sevenspecial characters added. It is called `Coptic' because the Copts were the Egyptian Christians who used thisscript. Coptic is the connection between written hieroglyphs and how the words were pronounced. Forexample, the hieroglyph meant life. The later Coptic word for life was onch. When we see the sign ,therefore, we can be reasonably sure that it was pronounced onch." EM27 the 27th Dynasty in Manetho's list.)

27TH DYNASTY529-405 TKliv

1st Persian Dynasty EK8,PG 527-406 TKlvPersian CA,AO37,OE,TKO91 527-404 TKliv

525-424 TKliv 8 kings 124yrs 4mo S, (Af) TKlxxi 525-405 TKliv 8 kings in 120yrs 4mo (Eu) TKlxxi *525-404 AO37,E

525-404 EO,CA,OE,PG,UN,EAEgyptian Opposing Kings ~HD114 525-332 A168

525 BE,WE275524-404 TKliv

Pedubaste III HD114 a ofD27a HD

Inaros HD114 b ofD27a

Cambyses ((Af),(Eu) EO452,TKlxxi), PG,EK8,AO,UN87 530-521 PS21Cambysis CA *525-522 AO37Kambyses {Cambyses} MM5 525-522 PG,EO,HDKembathet(SS) (Cambyses) TKO91Kenbutcha ((SS) TKO91) 1ofD27 (Af)(Eu)EO,AO37,DH,DNKambasutent ((SS) TKO91)Kambyses HD113Ka-[m]-b-u-j-i-ya (Persian TKO91)Mesutra Kembathet (Cambyses) DN17Sma-taui ((Ho) TKO91)Ra-mesuth ((Su) TKO91)

reigned 6 yrs (Af) EO452reigned 3 yrs (Eu) EO452,TKIxxi

According to some contemporary reports, Cambyses proved to be a hard taskmaster who did littleto help Egypt and attacked some of its religious practises. On his return to Asia, Egypt wasplaced in the charge of a satrap, as it was now a Persian province or satrapy... For nearly twocenturies Egypt was a well-managed province except for a period when native princes gained a briefindependence for the country." EK30

Darius I PG,EK8,CA,AO37,UN87 2ofD27 EO,TK,HD,DN,AO37Darius ((Eu) EO451,TKlxxi) 3ofD27(Eu) EO,TKDarius, son of Hystaspes ((Af) EO451)Darius Hystaspes ((Af) TKlxxi) *521-486 AO37Dareios I HD113 521-486 PG,EO,PS,HDD-a-r-ya-w-u-sh (Persian TKO93)Setutra Anthriush (Darius) DN17Anthrusha ((SS) TKO92)Anthriuasha (Darius Hystaspes) TKO92Anthriuasha, Ser-ta-rest-meri ((Ho) TKO92)

Teriusha ((SS) TKO92)Taruasha ((SS) TKO92)Tarusha ((SS) TKO92)Netruaa ((SS) TKO92)Nenthrisha ((SS) TKO92)Ra-setut ((Su) TKO92)

reigned 36 yrs EO451,TKIxxi

{father: Hystaspes EO451}

"Darius I succeeded Cambyses as ruler and, unlike his predecessor, showed an active interest inthe ancient civilization of Egypt. He sent a satrap to Egypt with instructions to make a deatiledaccount of the history of Egyptian law from the knowledge of Egyptian scribes, priests and soldiers.He also ordered the completion of the canal which the Saites had started, and built temples for theEgyptians. He appears to have shown a genuine interest in their welfare, and attempted to gaintheir acceptance of him as their rightful pharaoh by using the royal pharaonic title." EK30

REVOLT AGTAINST PERSIA WD 486 TEA244 485 WD

"...in 486 BC the Egyptians rebelled against their Persian overlords; they werepromptly subdued by Xerxes, the new Persian king, and their condition grewworse. Temple building ceased and Egypt was made to realize that it wasnow just one of many Persian provinces." EK31

Xerxes (Reconquest WD), EK8,EO,PG,UN87 *486-466 AO37Xerxes I ((Eu) TKlxxi), AO37,HD114 486-466 EOXerxes the Great ((Af) EO451,TKlxxi) 485-465 PG,PS,HDXerxes, son of Darius ((Eu) EO452) 484 WDKhshairsha (Xerxes) TKO94Khshiarsha TKO94 3ofD27(Af) EO,TKKh-sh-ya-a-r-sh-a (Persian TKO94) 4ofD27 (Eu)EO

reigned 21 yrs TKIxxi,EO451,TKIxxi

father: Darius EO452

Egypt revolts after death of Xerxes. TEA244 464 TEA244

Khabesha TKO94 3ofD27 DN17Khabbasha-meri-Ra ((SS) TKO94)Senen-en-Ptah-setep-[en]-Tanen ((Su) TKO94)Senenenptah Setepentanen Khabbasha DN17

Arabanos ((Af) EO452) 4ofD27 (Af)EOArtabanus ((Af) TKlxxi) 4ofD27(Af) TK

reigned 7mo EO452,TKIxxi

Artaxerxes ((Af) EO452,TKlxxi), ((EAV) TKlxxi), EK,CA 465-425 PS22Artaxerxes Longhand ((Eu) EO452) 465-424 EO,AO,HDArtaxerxes I AO37,HD114Artakhshashs (Artaxerxes) DN17 4ofD27 AO,HD,DN17Artakhashasha (Artaxerxes) TKO95 5ofD27(Af) EO,TKA-r-ta-kh-sh-tr-a (Persian TKO95)

reigned 40 yrs TCIxxi,EO452reigned 41 yrs EO452,TKIxxi

"Herodotus appears to have found his travels in Egypt exhilarating: he even managed to reach the FirstCataract, shortly after 450 BC. Wherever he went he made detailed notes of all he saw and was told." EK43

Xerxes II ((Af)(Eu) EO452,TKlxxi) 424> HD164Xerxes ((Af) EO452)

6ofD27(Af)(Eu)EO,TKlxxireigned 2 mo EO452,TKIxxi

Sogdianos ((Af)(Eu) EO452) 7ofD27(AF)(Eu)EO,TKSogdianus ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxi)

reigned 7 mo EO452,TKIxxi

Darius II EO,PG,CA,AO37,UN87 *424-404 AO37Darius, son of Xerxes ((Af)(Eu) EO452) 424-404 EODarius II (Nothus) PS40 423-405 PG,HDDarius Xerxes ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxi) 413 PS195Userkhepeshmeri Anthriusha (Darius) DN17Ochus (= Darius II PS23) 5ofD27 AO37,DN17Anthriuasha(SS) (Darius II) TKO95 8ofD27 EOAmen-Ra-meri ((Su) TKO95) 8ofD27(Af)(Eu) TKAmen-Ra-neb-Hebt-neter-aa-user-khepesh-meri ((Su) TKO95)

reigned 19 yrs EO452,TKIxxi

28TH DYNASTY 527-399 TKlv

Sais EK,TKlxxii 525-399 TKliv"Wanting" D17,TK96 424-399 TKlivAmyrtacus E 406-399 TKlv

405-399 TKliv*404-399 AO37 404-399 TN46,?HD164 404-398 UN87,TKliv,EA151 404 TEA244

"In a later form of ancient Egyptian writing, demotic, the hieratic was transformed into an even morecursive form with the objects still less recognizable." EM24

Amyrteos EA151,CA,PS42 *404-399 AO37`Amyrteos ((M) EO452) 404-399 EO,TNAmyrteus the Saite TST236 400 PPS210Amyrtaeus TKlxxii,TN46Amyrtaios HD114 1ofD28 AO37,TK,TN,HDAmyrtis UN87Amyrtaios ((Eu) EO452), AO37Amonortais (Gr EO452)

reigned 6 yrs TKIxxii,EO452reigned 7yrs E151

Artaxerxes II EO452 404-401(359) HD164Artaxerxes II Mnemon K84a2 404-358 EO,PS,K84aArtakshatsu PS28 404-343 EKArsaces PS40Arsatis PS28Arshu PS28Mnemon PS40

29TH DYNASTY 404-399 PG,EO,EK,AO,OE

At Mendes EK8,TKlxxii 404-378 (28&29 CA) 399-382 TKliv

5 kings 21yrs4mo(Eu) TKlxxii *399-380 AO37 4 kings 20Yrs4mo S,TKlxxii 399-380 OE,TN46,HD164 "Four kings of Mendes" (M) EO452 399-378 TKliv

398-378 UN87,TKlv,EA151 398-377 TKliv

Nepherites ((Af)(Eu) EO452,TKlxxii), CA,PS28 *399-393 AO37Nepherites I (Baenre`merynetjeru) AO37 399-393 EO,HD164Nepherites I UN87,HD115Nef`aurud (Nm EO452) 1ofD29 EO,AO34,HD,TKO96,DNNaifaaiurut TKO96Naif-aaiu-rut ((SS) TKO96)User-... ((Ho) TKO96)...-neteru-setep ((N) TKO96)Ra-ba-en-neteru-meri ((Su) TKO96)Baenra Naifaaurut DN17

reigned 6 yrs EO452,TKIxxii

Achoris ((M)EO, (Af)(Eu)TKlxxii), E151,CA,UN87,EA15,HD115 *393-380 AO37Acoris PS42 393-380 PG,EO,PS,TN,HDAchoris (Hakor) TN46 390-378 EA15Aa-ab-meri-taui ((Ho) TKO97) -379 PS43Hakoris PG EO, (after Psammuthis EO)Hakoris (Khnemma`atre`) AO37 2ofD29 (M)EO,DN,TKO97Haker ((SS) TKO97) 3ofD29 HD115,AO,EO452Heker ((SS) TKO97)Khnemma`ere`-setpenkhnum Hakor (NmPr EO452)Khnemmaatra Hagr DN17Qenu ((N) TKO97)Sehetep- or Setep-neteru ((Gh) TKO97)Ra-khnem-Maat-setep-en-Khnemu ((Su) TKO97)

reigned 13 yrs E151

Psammuthis I ((Af)(Eu) EO452) *393 AO37Psammuthis (Userre` setepenptah) AO37 393 HD164Psammuthis ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxii)Psamuthis HD115 2ofD29 EO452,HD,AO37P-sa-Mut ((SS) TKO99) 3ofD29 EO452,TK,DNAa-pehti-uah-sepu ((Ho) TKO99)Userptah Setepenra Psamut DN17Usire`-setpenptah Pshenmut (NmPr EO452)Ra-user-Ptah-setep-en ((Su) TKO99)

reigned 1 yr EO452,TKIxxii

Nepherites II ((Af)(Eu) EO452), AO37,HD115 *380 AO37Nepherites II UN87 380 HD164Nepherites ((Af)(Eu) TKlxxii)Nef`aurud (demotic only EO452) 4ofD29 EO452,TK,AO

5ofD29(EAV) TKreigned 4 mo EO452,TKIxxii

Muthes ((EAV) TKlxxii) 4ofD29(EAV) TKMuthis I ((Eu) EO,TKlxxii) 5ofD27(Eu) EO,TK

reigned 1 yr TKIxxii

30TH DYNASTY 382-346 TKliv

Sebennytos EK8,TKO100 *380-343 AO37Sebennytis E 380-343 EK,CA,OE,TN46

380-342 PG,HD164 3 kings 38yrs(Af) TKlxxii 379-342 S 3 kings 20yrs(Eu) TKlxxii 378-341 UN87,EA151

378-340 TKliv,TEA244 377-339 TKliv

Senetchemabra Nekhtherhebit DN

Arimaatenra Tcheher DN

Nectanebo I ((Gr) PS39), EA151,TST,EK8,CA,PG,WE275,UN87 380-363 EO,TN,JACF2n65Nectanebo I (Kheperkare`) AO37 *380-362 AONectanebes ((Af) EO453,TKlxxii) 380-362 PG,HD164Nekht-nebef PS153 379-361 PSc39Nekhtnebef EO 378-360 WE275Nekhtnebef (Nectanebes) TN46 378-359 E151Nectanebis ((EAV) TKlxxii) r430 +- 80 JACF2n65Nektanebis (Nechtnebef) HD115Nekht-Heru-heb (Nekhanebes) TKO100 1ofD30 TST,AO37,TK,HD,TKONekht-Heru-heb-meri-Amen-sa-Ra ((SS) TKO100)Kheperkara Nekhtnebef DNKheperkare` Nekhtnebef (PrNm EO453)Mer-taui ((Ho) TKO100)Mer-taui-mak-Qemt ((Ho) TKO100)Thama ((Ho) TKO100)Seher-ab-neteru ((N) TKO100)Smen-hepu ((Gh) TKO100)Senetchemabra Nekhtherhebit DN17Senetchem-ab-Ra-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO100)v Ramses III (= Nectanebo I PS39)

[Inscription at Sakkara TKO100]

reigned 10 yrs TKIxxiireigned 18 yrs EO453,TKIxxii

reigned 19 yrs EA151

{Wife: Net-khateb-ari-bent TKO101}

"Psamshek and Nekht-Nebef, both wrongly identified - one with a pharaoh of the 7th century, theother with a pharaoh of the fourth century - were not separated by `over 200 years': both belong tothe 5th century." PS98

"...Mariette made his way to Saqqara near Memphis where, he tells us: `I perceived the head ofone of these same sphinxes obtruding itself from the sand. This one had never been touched, andwas certainly in its original position. Close by lay an oblation table on which was engraved inhieroglyphs an inscription to Osiris-Apis. The passage in Strabo suddenly occurred to my mind... Igathered together a few workmen, and the excavation Began! The first of the Grecian statues of thedromos, together with the monumental tables or stelae of the temple of Nectanebo, were drawn outof the sand... Thus was begun the discovery of the Serapeum.'" EK52

"Nectanebos, the last Pharaoh, was one who mastered `the cosmic elements by study.'" AE108

"Tradition says that Nectanebo, the last native king of Egypt, was the greatest magician of allpharaohs. Nectanebo supposedly could read the stars, interpret omens, and most important,control other kings by magic. If Egypt were being invaded by the sea, Nectanebo would go to aspecial room he used for his magic. There he would fashion out of wax figures of the enemy'sships and soldiers as well as figures of his own fleet and men. These he would place in a basinfilled with water. Then he would put on a magic cape and say magic words over the miniature battlescene. These words would cause winds. Eventually, the enemy ships would sink and theminiature Egyptian fleet would triumph. As it happened in miniature, so it always happened in theactual battle. Nectanebo was the last Egyptian to rule Egypt, and according to the Greek tradition, magic hadsomething to do with Nectanebo's decline. One day a scout came to the pharaoh and informed himthat the combined forces of several countries were about to invade Egypt. Nectanebo was notperturbed. He went to his secret room, where, as usual, he fashioned the images, placed them inthe basin, and said his incantation. This time the winds turned against him and sank his own fleet.Nectanebo realized that the powers which had always helped him had turned against him. Heshaved his head and beard, put on clothes of a commoner, and fled Egypt for Macedonia." EM51

Zeher TST 2ofD30 TST

Teos ((Af) EO453 &(Eu) TKlxxii), CA,PG,UN87 *365-360 AOTeos, Tachos EO453 362-361 EO,TNTeos (Irma`atenre`) AO37 362-360 S,PG,HDTeos (Tachos) HD116Tachos EO453,PS85 2ofD30 TKlxxii,AO37,HD,DNTakhos (Djeho) TN46Tche-hra (Teos) TKO102Arimaatenra Tcheher DN17An-Her-Tche-hra-setep-en ((SS) TKO102)Kha-em-Maat-sem-taui ((Ho) TKO102)Khui-Beqt-uaf-semti ((Gh) TKO102)Maat-meri-sekhut-neteru-pau ((N) TKO102)Irma`enre` Djeho-setpenanhur (PrNm EO453)Ra-ari-Maat-en ((Su) TKO102)v Ramses IV (= Tachos PS85)

[Inscription TKO102]

reigned 2 yrs EO453,TKIxxii

Nectanebo II EA151,TST,EK8,OE,PG,WE275,UN87 360-363 EONectanebo II (Senedjemibre` setepenanhur) AO37 *360-343 AO37Nectanebos ((Af) EO453, & (Eu) TKlxxii), CA,ANLr132 360-343 OE,EO,TNNektanebos (Nechtharehbo) HD116 360-342 PG,HDNectanebis ((EAV) TKlxxii) 359-342 TENekhtharehbe EO453 359-341 WENekhtherheb TENekhtharehbe (Nectanebos) TN46 3ofD30 TST,AO37,HD,TKIxxii,Nekht-neb-f(SS) (Nektanebos) TKO103 TKO103,DNAri-neteru-meri ((Gh) TKO103)Kheperkara Nekhtnebef DN17Temaa ((Ho) TKO103)Smenkh-taui ((N) TKO103)Snedjemibre`-setpenanhur Nekhtharehbe (PrNm EO453)Ra-kheper-ka ((Su) TKO103)vRamses VI (= Nectanebo II PS86)

[Inscription, Stela TKO103]

riegned 8 yrs TKIxxiireigned 18 yrs EO453reigned 19 yrs E151

father: Tchet-hra TKO104son: Alexander the Great? AE191-2daughter: Mert-Hap TKO104

"The Egyptians also believed that it was possible to cause by magic someone else to have oraculardreams. According to the Greek writer pseudo-Callisthenes, the last native king of Egypt,Nectanebo, was a great magician who knew how to cause dreams in others. On one occasionNectanebo made the Greek queen Olympias dream that the god Amun would make love to her andshe would give birth to a god. He did this by gathering desert plants and extracting their juices. Hepoured these over a wax effigy he had made of the queen and, while doing this, he recited a spell tocause the dream. When Nectanebo wanted Philip of Macedon to dream that the child who was going to be born toOlympias was the son of the god, he said an incantation over a hawk which then flew to wherePhilip was sleeping and told him what he would dream. Philip had the dream precisely as the hawkdirected, and so the divine origin of Alexander the Great was established." EM223

Ra-qa-ka An TKO105Senefer-taui-f ((Ho) TKO105Ra-qa (or haa)-ka ((N)(Gh) TKO105)An(?) ((SS) TKO105)

PERSIAN (D31 PO22), TN462nd PERSIAN PERIOD AO,E,EK8,PG,DN12,EA151,AO37Second Persian Epoch UN87

31ST DYNASTY 359-331 DN12

3 kings 9yrs(Af) TKlxxii *343-332 AO37 3 kings 16yrs(Eu) TKlxxii 343-332 EK

342-332 PG,PO22,HD164"There is little evidence in the many family genealogies which have been 341-333 UN87,EA151studied that consanguineous marriages - between brother and sister - 341 E151occurred outside the royal family before the Ptolemaic era. The terms`brother' and `sister,' which occur frequently in the love poems of pharaonicEgypt, were probably merely endearments." EK109

"A final breath of freedom came when native princes gained a briefindependence from Persia during the 28th to 30th Dynasties; but in 343 BC,under King Artaxerxes III, Egypt was once again reduced to the status of aPersian province. This time the gold and silver were carried off from thetemples and a satrap was again installed. This second Persian domination(the 31st Dynasty) consisted of three Persian kings. But the end of Persiaitself was now in sight." EK31

Artaxerxes III EK8,UN87 (358)342-338 HDArtaxerxes III Ochus AO37 *343-338 AOOchus Artaxerxes III EO453 340 TEA244Ochus ((Af)(Eu) EO453,TKlxxii), D17

1ofD31 AO,DNreigned 2yrs (Af) EO453,TKIxxiireigned 6yrs (Eu) EO453,TKIxxii

Arses ((Af)(Eu) EO453,TKlxxii), DN17,EK8,AO37 *338-336 AO37 338-336> HD164

reigned 3yrs (Af) EO453,TKIxxiireigned 4yr (Eu) 453,TKIxxii 2ofD31 DN,AO

Darius III ((Af)(Eu) EO453,TKlxxii), DN17,EK8,UN87 *335-332 AO37Darius III Codoman AO37 335-332 HDDareios III HD116

3ofD31 DN,AO,HDreigned 4yrs (Af) EO453,TKIxxiireigned 6yrs (Eu) EO453,TKIxxii

Khababash (Senentanen setepenptah) [native] AO37 3a ofD31 HDChabbasch HD116

GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD PG----------------------------------------------------------- 332-30 S,E 323-30 RB 283-30 WD

"coffin of the Ptolemaic period." HO107 r346+-450 HO107 330 RD70

* "Wood from mummiform coffin from Egyptian Ptolemaic r240+-450 RD70* period. Known age 2280" [-1950=330BC]. RD70

MACEDONIAN DYNASTY -------------------------------------------------------- 332-304+ AO37 332-302+ CA 332-323+ PG*332-395+ AO37*304-330+ AO37

"Some Egyptians, desperately weary of their lot, disappeared into the desertswhere they became the first hermits and forerunners of the Christian monasticcommunities, or they sought refuge in the temples." EK32

Alexander The Great BE,EK,WD,CA,AO37,PG,S,PO,WE,TE,TKO107,DN17,TEA244,HD117Alexander of Macedon EA151Heq-qennu ((Ho) TKO107) 333 ES18Heq-qennu-teken-semti ((Ho) TKO107) *332-323 AO37Mak-Qemt ((Ho) TKO107) 332-323 AO,PG,POMeri-Amen-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO107) 332 BE,EK,WD,CS,S,WE,Alksantrs-sa-Amen ((SS) TKO107) TE,EA,TN,CE,TEA

{Father: Nectanebos ANLr132} 1ofM DN17,AO

{Son of Ammon who took the form of Nectanebus...by QueenOlympias. DN86}

"Philip of Macedon had already put his country on the map as a coming world power. His son,Alexander the Great, now started on his amazing career of unprecedented conquest of the knownworld. In 332 BC he reached Egypt, where the Persian satrap surrendered to him without astruggle. Alexander was accepted as pharaoh, and laid the foundations of the future great city ofAlexandria. During his famous visit to the oracle of Amun at Siwa he became convinced of his owndivinity. Then, having made provision for the government of Egypt - the appointment of nativegovernors, suitable arrangements for tax collection and the stationing of a small army under thegeneral Ptolemy - Alexander left Egypt to pursue his world conquest." EK31

Alexander was "Recieved by the high priest Menkheperre" PS172

"The youthful Alexander the Great died, leaving a four-year-old son as his heir. The child waspromptly murdered, and Alexander's empire was divided among his generals. In 305 BC Egyptbecame the property of general Ptolemy, and was ruled successively by 15 Ptolemies, as well as

the famous Queen Cleopatra, before Octavius conquered the land in 30 BC and made Egypt a partof the Roman Empire." EK31

Philip Arrhidaeus PG,DN17,CA,AO37,TE31 323-317 TE31,HDPhilip Arrhidaeus and Alexander II PG *323-316 AO37Philip Arrhidaeus TKO108 323-305 PGPhiliupus ((SS) TKO108)Philippos Arrhidaios HD117 2ofM DN17,AO37,HDPlipus ((SS) TKO108)Pilippas ((SS) TKO108)Heq-semti ((N) TKO108)Ka-nekht-Maat-meri ((Ho) TKO108)Mer-...au ((Gh) TKO108)Meri-Amen-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO108)Ra-...-taui ((Ho) TKO108)Ra-user-ka-meri-Amen-setep-en-Ra ((Su) TKO108)

Alexander II PG,DN17,TKO109 317-310 HD164Alexander II (IV) HD117Hun-user-pehti ((Ho) TKO109) 3ofM DNNeteru-meri-erta-nef-aat-en-tef-f ((N) TKO109) 3ofD HDHeq-em-ta-thcer-f ((Gh) TKO109)Arksantrs ((SS) TKO109)Ra-haa-ab-setep-en-Amen ((Su) TKO109)

Alexander IV CA,AO37 *316-304 AO37

3ofM AO

Ptolemaios (I) HD117 3ofD HD

PTOLEMAIC PERIOD S,EK8,WD,OE,EB15,CA,DN17,ABxxi,PP272 *332(323-31) EB15PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY (Dyn 32 EB15) 332-30 PP272THE PTOLEMIES CA,TI 323 TEA244PTOLEMAIC OR GREEK PERIOD RB15 323-30 PO22

305-30 PG,TE"In Ptolemaic times, a research institute of engineering studies 304-30 CAwas set up at the newly-built Museum of Alexandria; here threeoutstanding inventors - Hero, Ctesibius and Philo of Byzantium -produced various hydraulic devices, including a water clock, awater organ, a fire engine and a device to open temple doors.These are known to us only from literary sources. Anotherinventor, Archimedes, made, among other things, a screw-pump forraising water from mines." EK136

"The Ptolemaic period was a time of great intellectual achievement in Egypt, yet also one of severe deprivationand humiliation for the native Egyptians. On the one hand, the Ptolemies created the beautiful city ofAlexandria on the shores of the Mediterranean which became an intelectual center, attracting the most eminentscholars of the ancient world. A museum and the largest library in the world were built there, and branches oflearning such as mathematics, medicine and geography flourished. On the other hand, the Ptolemies, by usingto their own advantage the divine power of pharaoh, brutally exploited the land and the native inhabitants ofEgypt. Previously, all land and property had theoretically belonged to the king, and the Egyptians werepharaoh's loyal subjects; however, this absolute authority had never been exercised, and in practise privateownership of land and property had been common from the earliest times." EK31

"The Ptolemies took great pains to assume Egyptian ways and to emulate the lives of the Pharaohs. Traditional Egyptian culture persisted in the arts and crafts, and there was even an effort to revive the art stylesof earlier periods. Architectural traditions were no less persistent. The temples on the island of Philae, forexample, were partly built under the Roman emperors of the first and second centuries A.D., yet it is hard totell that these are anything other than wholly Egyptian. There, still, are the gods and goddesses with theirhorns, their falcon heads, their disks of the sun, and there too is the ruler wearing the Red and the Whitecrowns." PE119

Egyptian Gegenkonige HD122

Harwennofre(Hyrganophor)HD122 a HD122

`Anchwennofre HD122 b HD122

Harsiese HD122 c HD122

Ptolemy Lagus DN12 305 DN12

Ptolemy I Soter I EK8,S,AO37 ~325 PPS212Ptolemy I Soter CA,PG,PPS212 323-282 PGPtolemy I Soter ("savior") TN103 310/05-282 HD164Ptolemy I PO 308-285 PPS212Ptolemy Son of Lagus PPS212 305-283 TNPtolemaios I. Soter HD118 *304-284 AO37Ptulmis ((SS) TKO111) 304-283 POSetep-en-Ra-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO111)Ra-kheper-ka ((Su) TKO111) 1ofP TN,AONetch = Soter (Surname TKO111)

{Father: Lagus TN103}{Wife: 4th Bereniket (Berenice) TKO111}{Daughter: Piltara or Pilatra TKO111}

Ptolemy II Philadelphus PG,S,CA,AO37,TKO112,PPS212,ES18 ~300 ES18Ptolemy II OE,PY139,TEA244 285-247/6 PGPtolemy II Philadelphus ("Lover of his sister") TN103 285-246 AO,OE,PY,TNPtulmis ((SS) TKO112) 285/82-246 HD164Ptolemaios II. Philadelphos HD118 280 SOR142Ptolemaeus Philadelphus SOR142Hunnu ((Ho) TKO112) 2ofP TN,AO,HDUr-pehti ((N) TKO112)Skha-n-s-tef-f ((Gh) TKO112)Ra-user-ka-meri-Amen ((Su) TKO112)Mer-sen = Philadelphus (Official surname TKO112)Neterui-nenui=Adelphoi (Alexandrian title of the King and Queen TKO112)

{Wife &Son: Arsinoe II TN103}

"Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus commissioned Manetho to write a History of Egypt." EK44

"Long after Hatshepsut had been forgotten by the Egyptians, medical miracles took place on theupper terrace of her temple. Under the reign of Ptolemy II, the upper level of Deir el Bahari wasdedicated to two famous Egyptians, Imhotep and Amenhotep, son of Hapu. They were bothphysicians and wise men. Imhotep, the architect of the step pyramid at Saqqara, was deified bythe Greeks as Asclepius, the god of healing. On the terrace a small room was built where theinfirm could come to be cured." EM57

"Manetho... & Boucher de Perthes... made major contributions to chronology, providing a framework for almostall modern approaches to the study of Egypt's past. About Manetho, we know very little." AB11

"Manetho was an Egyptian writer, historian, polemicist, and Anti-Semite, inventor of a baseless identification ofMoses with Typhon, the evil spirit, and the Israelites with the Hyksos... Manetho was guided by the desire toprove to the Greeks, the masters of his land, that the Egyptian people and culture were much older thantheirs..." PS207

"Manetho was High Priest in the Temple of Heliopolis and a native Egyptian. He was trained in all aspects ofEgyptian religion and could read the sacred hieroglyphic script - a rare ability - in addition to Greek, thelanguage in which he wrote his books. Like all Egyptians, he was a keen student of his country's illustriouspast and as a priest, he revered its traditions. He had access to the records of past events which were kept inthe secret safety of the temple libraries as well as to the King Lists which adorned the temple walls. His lifetime(323 to 245 BC)... Manetho gathered enough information to fill eight volumes; as he worked, he was unawarethat his writings would be the only native source... to survive from the Classical period; indeed they would onlysurvive in part, edited and preserved in the works of Josephus, a Jewish historian of the 1st century AD, ofEusebius (c.320 AD), of Julius Africanus (c. 220 AD) and of Syncellus (c.800 AD). The priestly historian couldnot foresee that many of the sources to which he had access would shortly be destroyed by the Greeks - thetemples burnt, the priesthood destroyed and many of the sacred records lost for ever... His Chronicle of Kings,listing Egyptian rulers from the accession of Menes (c. 3100 BC) to the conquest of Egypt by Alexander theGreat (332 BC), with estimates of the lengths of the rulers' reigns, subdivided into 31 dynasties, would bepreserved by later writers. With some caution and certain scholarly reservations, the historians of the 20thcentury AD still use Manetho's list as the basic source for the construction of an Egyptian chronology." EK44

"...These and the like accounts are written by Manetho. But I will demonstrate that he trifles, and tells arrantlies..." J618

"His (Manetho's) work has survived only in summary form in later Greek writers, but the designation of Menesas the first king agrees with other fragmentary lists of earlier date. All the lists have gaps and include names of

dubious authenticity, so that reconstruction of the King lists is difficult." A54

"This native historian of Egypt, [Manetho] a priest of Sebennytos, who flourished under Ptolemy I (305-285B.C.), wrote a history of his country in the Greek language. The work has perished, and we only know it in anepitome by Julius Africanus and Eusebius, and extracts by Josephus. The value of the work was slight, as itwas built up on folk-tales and popular traditions of the early kings. Manetho divided the long succession ofPharaohs as known to him, into thirty royal houses or dynasties, and although we know that many of hisdivisions are arbitrary, and that there was many a dynastic change where he indicates none, yet his dynastiesdivide the kings into convenient groups, which have so long been employed in modern study of Egyptian histroy,that it is now impossible to dispense with them." BE14

"Towards the end of the 3rd century BC a small number of native Egyptians began to become `hellenized' byreceiving a Greek education and accepting at least superficially, Greek ideas and values; some Egyptianwomen even married Greek men. The old Egyptian aristocracy had been abolished, and the new `hellenized'Egyptians formed a new native elite. However, the majority of the Egyptians and Greeks, divided by such alienbackgrounds and circumstances, never really intermingled. This is bourne out by the differences preserved intheir art forms, religious beliefs and burial customs. Greeks and Egyptians retained their own distinctive tombs;the only known exception is the tomb of Petosiris in which scenes and inscriptions of Egyptian type - showingmetal-working, carpentry, agriculture and the offering of food - are arranged in registers, as in traditionalEgyptian tombs, although many of the details in the scenes show Greek influence." EK32

"A late-period addition to the Egyptian magical medical paraphernalia is the stipulation that this is to be done[the spell to cure a man with the gout] when the moon is in the constellation of Leo. This astrologicalspecification is purely Greek, as the Egyptians did not practice astrology." EM65

"The Egyptian coffins of the period differ from earlier styles in that wood had become scarce and was replacedby cartonage - coarse canvas stiffened with stucco. The face and head, molded in plaster on canvas, paintedwith bright colors and inlaid with glass or stone eyes, were attached to the actual head of the mummy bybandaging." EK33

"...the Ptolemies, anxious to appear as rulers accepted by the gods, repaired, restored and made additions toolder temples such as those at Karnak and Luxor, and erected new temples at Edfu, Denderah, Esneh, KomOmbo and Philae. These were built on the same general plan as earlier temples, but incorporated some newelements. There were, however, no Greek characteristics in the basic design or purpose. No importantremains of Greek temples in Egypt, built for the Greeks, have come to light, although they undoubtedlyexisted." EK34

"While Greek was used as the official script, and Demotic - a cursive form of hieroglyphs - was used by nativeEgyptians for business purposes, the Egyptian hieroglyphic script continued to adorn the walls of temples andwas used for sacred purposes, although by now probably few understood its meaning." EK33

Ptolemy V Epiphanes PG,S,CA,AO37,PY139,TKO123 205-182 PY139Ptolemy V Epiphanes ("god manifest") TN103 *205-180 AO37Ptolemy V DN183,EA22 205-180 PG,HDPtolemaios V Epiphanes HD119 203-181 TNPtulmis-ankh-tchetta-Ptah-meri ((SS) TKO123) 196 DN183,EAP-neter-per = Epiphanes (Official surname TKO123)Hunnu-khaui-em-suten-her-ast-tef-f ((Ho) TKO123) 5ofP TN,AO,HDNetch Baqet ("Defender of Egypt" TKO123) 5a ofP HDNeb-neferu ("Lord of good deeds" TKO123)Neterui-merui-[a]tui-aa-setep-en-Ptah-user-ka-Ra-Amen-sekhem-ankh ((Su) TKO123)Ur-pehti-smen-taui-snefer-Ta-mera-menkh-ab-kher-neteru ((N) TKO123)Uatch-ankh-en-hamemet-neb-set-ma-Ptah-Tanen-athi-Ra-mai ((Gh) TKO123)

{Wife: Cleopatra Syra TKO126}

Kleopatra I HD119

Harwennofre (Native Userper AO27) 205-199 AO,HDHyrganophor HD165

`Ankhwennofre (Native Userper AO37) 199-186 AO,HD165

Ptolemy VI Philometer PG 181-145 TNPtolemy VI Philomater ("loving his mother") TN104 180-164,163-145 PG,HDPtolemy VI Philometor S,CA,AO37 *180-164,163-145 AOPtolemy VII(?) Philometor I TKO126 180-164? AOPtolemaios VI Philometor HD119

6ofP AO,HDmother: Cleopatra I TN104

Ptolemy VII Euergetes II PG,S235 *170-163 145-116 HD,AOPtolemy VII Euergetes II ("benefactor" or Physcon "fat-bellied") TN104 170-163,145-116 PGPtolemy VIII Eurgetes II CA,PG 170-163 Ptolemy IX(?) Euergetes II TKO130 170-.-116 PGPtolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physkon) AO37 145-116 TNPtolemaios VIII Euergetes Tryphon HD119Ptah-Tanen-em-khat-f-sensen-Hap-ankh-her-meskhent-sen ((Ho) TKO126) 7ofP TNPtulmis-ankh-tchetta-Ptah-meri ((SS) TKO126) 8ofP HDEuergetes II EK8Euergetes II (Physkon) (after Ptolemy VIII AO37)Em-maat-skha-en-su-tef-f ((N) TKO126)Ur-pehti-neb-hebu-ma-tef-f-Ptah-Tanen-tef-neteru-athi-Ra-ma ((Gh) TKO126)Ur-pehti-neb-set-tef-f-ma-Ptah-Tanen-tef-neteru-athi-Ra-ma ((Gh) TKO131)Hunnu-hekent-am-ankh-f her-nest-atef-f-maret-sepu-tcheser-mes-khau-f-her-Hap-ankh ((Ho) TKO130)Hunnu-hekennu-neteru-ret-her-f-shep-nef-nefert-suteniu-ma-tef-f-resu-kher-sent-f-Amentet-Abtet-kher-en-shefit-f ((Ho) TKO131)Hunnu-hekent-her-ast-tef-f-taat-tche-serti-en-suten-neteru-setep-en-Tem-tchesef ((Ho) TKO131)Hunnu-her-peti-paut-sa-Asar-mes-en-Ast ((Ho) TKO131)Neterui-perui-aa-Ptah-kheper-setep-en-Ra-ari-Maat-Amen ((Su) TKO126)Neterui-perui-aa-en-Ptah-setep-en-Ra-ari-maat-sekhem-ankh-Amen ((Su) TKO131)Neter-menkh = Euergetes (Official surname TKO131)Neb-qen = Nikephoros (Title of honor TKO131)Seher-ab-taui ((N) TKO131)Sehetep-tef-f (Title of honor TKO131)

{Wife & Sister: Cleopatra Soteira TKO136}{Wife & Niece: Klauapatrat Cleopatra Kokke TKO136}

Kleopatra II HD120 8a ofP HD

Kleopatra III HD120 8b ofP HD

Ptolemy VIII Eupator TSTPtolemy VI(?) Eupator TKO126

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator CA,AO37 7ofP HDPtolemy IX Neos Philopator TSTPtolemy VIII(?) Philopator II TKO130 145 HD165Ptolemaios VII Neos Philopator HD119

Harsiese (Native Userper AO37) 131-130 HD165

[another Harsiese ~870 BC]

Ptolemy IX Soter II PG,CA 116-110 PGPtolemy IX Soter II AO37 *116-107 AOPtolemy VIII Soter II ("Savior" or Lathyrus, son of Ptolemy VII) TN104 116-107 HD16Ptolemy X Soter II (or Philometor II) TKO138 116-81 OEPtolemy X Soter II and Cleopatra III TST 109-107 PGPtolemy IX OE 88-80 PGPtolemaios IX Philometor Soter HD120Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) AO37 9ofP HD

Ptolemy X Alexander I AO 110-109,107-88 PG,HDPtolemy X Alexander PG 108-88 TNPtolemy XI Alexander I TST 107-88 PGPtolemy IX Alexander I TN104Ptolemaios X Alexander HD121Ptulmis-ankh-tchetta-Ptah-meri ((SS) TKO138) 9ofP TNAa-en-neter-menh-netert-menhet-setep-en-Ptah-ari-Maat-Ra-sekhem-ankh-Ame 10ofP HDMut-f-meri = Philometor (Official surname TKO138)Netchti Mut-s-meri ((Su)addition TKO138)Netchti = Soter (Official surname TKO138)Ur-pehti-hent-sha-en-neheh-nefer-ab...-ne-feru-Tehuti-aa-aa-ma-neb-shefit-ma-Neb-tcher-tettet-sutenit-Ra- ma-em-au-ab-heq-em-pa-Shu-thet-nef-nest-en-Seb-erta-nef-ankh-user-en-Asar ((N) TKO138)Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X Alexander I AO37

{Wife & Sister: Klaupatrat Cleopatra IV, W Cleopatra V Selene TKO141}{Brother: Ptolemy VIII TN104}

Ptolemy IX Soter II (Restored CA,TN104), AO37 *88-81 AO *81-80 AO

Cleopatra Bernice AO 11ofP HDBerenike III HD121

>80 HD165

TKO has a bunch more Ptolemy name variations TKO142+

Ptolemy XI Alexander II AO37,CA *107-88 AOPtolemy X Alexander II CA 88-80 TNPtolemy X Alexander II TN104 80 AOPtolemy XII Alexander II TST 80-58 AO

55-51 AO

10ofP TN

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus PG *80-58,55-51 AOPtolemy XII Neos Dionysos CA 80-.-51 PG,HDPtolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) AO37 58-51 TNPtolemy XI Auletes ("flute player") or Neos ("new") Dionysos TN104Ptolemaios XII Neos Dionysos HD121 11ofP TN

12ofP HD{Daughter: Cleopatra VII TN104}{Son: Ptolemy XII TN104}

"In 59 BC Diodorus Siculus visited Egypt, and the resulting work - the Bibliotheca - contained details of hisjourney and the information he had gathered on education, animal worship and medicine in Egypt." EK43

Plutarch... had a very original approach to Egypt; his interest lay in the religion of the Egyptians and he gives aworthy account of the legend of Osiris and Isis." EK43

Berenice IV AO37 *58-55 AO37 58-55 HD165

Cleopatra (after Ptolemy XV S), PG *51-30 AO37Cleopatra VII PG,AO37,PO 51-30 PG,AO,PO,HDCleopatra VII Philopator CA

Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XII AO37 12ofP TNKleopatra VII Philopator HD121 13ofP HD

Ptolemy XIII Philopator TST *51-47 AO37,HDPtolemy XIII AO37,TN104 47-44 TN?Ptolemaios XIII HD122

13ofP TN104 13a ofP HD

Ptolemy XIV Philopator TST *47-44 AO37,HDPtolemy XIV AO37?Ptolemaios XIV HD122 13b ofP HD

Ptolemy XV Philopator TST

Ptolemy XV Caesarion AO37 13c ofP HDPtolemy XV (Caesarion) PGPtolemy XV PO *44-30 AO37Ptolemaios XV Kaisar(os) HD122 44-30 PO

41/36-30 HD165

"Strabo, a Greek-speaking native of Pontus, took up temporary residence in Alexandria, which wasat the center of the intellectual world. Driven by curiosity, Strabo set out to explore the region ofUpper Egypt with a companion. For these two friends, the years 24 and 25 BC were exciting ones;they visited many Egyptian sites - vast temple complexes, tombs and the pyramids, thosemysterious structures, already so ancient, which stretch out along the edge of the western desertlike so many wheaten cakes... Strabo was able to draw on his experiences to write a book aboutEgypt - number 17 in his geographical series." EK43

ROMAN CONQUESTROMAN EMPERORS ------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 BC ABxxi

*30-395+ AO37Egypt conquered by Rome 30 BE601 30-395 E"Conquest by Octavius, 30 B.C." TST,E 30-640 TE

30-311+ PO22"...during the Roman period, the earliest known painted portraits were produced. The face waspainted on a wooden panel (probably during the lifetime of the deceased) and attached to thebandaged head of the mummy. Most of these portraits have been found in the Fayoum district, andsome are strikingly beautiful. The features are delicately modeled, using light and shade - apractise not found in traditional Egyptian art. Both the faces portrayed and the techniques used aremore Greek than Egyptian, and here we have a brief glimpse of the type of painting which was laterto be associated with Europe. Beneath the portraits and the bandaging, the deceased weremummified exactly as in earlier times." EK33

"The situation worsened when Octavius became the Roman ruler of Egypt. A Prefect was left incharge, and the Ptolemaic system was continued, the taxes now being used to supplement theprivate Imperial income. Under an absentee Roman landlord, the lives of the Egyptians becameeven more difficult." EK32

Augustus PG,CA,AO37,PO,HD123 *30-14+ AO37,HD165 27-14+ PO

1ofR HD

Tiberius PG,CA,AO37,HD124 *14-37 AO,PG 14-37 HD165

2ofR HD

"Tacitus, the historian, tells us that when the Roman emperor Germanicus visited the ruins of Thebes he waspuzzled by the meaning of the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the walls of the tombs and temples. He found anold man wandering through the crumbling buildings and asked what the carvings said. The old man toldGermanicus that he was the last man alive who could read the writings of the Egyptians, and he pretended totranslate the hieroglyphs. Undoubtedly the old man lied to Germanicus. In the early first century A.D., whenGermanicus visited Egypt, few could read hieroglyphs, and soon any knowledge of the sacred script was todie. Because the Egyptians had been conquered by the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, only a small vestigeof the priestly caste remained who could read ancient Egyptian and finally even these remnants were gone. Then, for almost fifteen hundred years scholars wondered what the carvings of birds, feet, animals, and othersymbols meant." EM22

Gaius (Caligula) AO37 *37-41 AO37Caius (Caligula) HD124 37-41 HD165

3ofR HD

Claudius AO,PG,HD124 41-54 PG,AO,HD

4ofR HD

Nero PG,AO,HD124 54-68 AO,PG,HD

5ofR HD

Galba AO,HD125 68-69 AO,HD

6ofR HD

Otho AO,HD125 69 AO,HD

7ofR HD

Vespasian PG,AO 69-79 PG,AOVespasianus HD125

9ofR HD

Titus PG,AO,HD125 79-81 PG,AO

10ofR HD

Domitian PG, AO 81-96 PG,AODomitianus HD125Hunnu-qen ((H) TKxiv) 11ofR HD

"...a papyrus containing a horoscope written on April 13, 95 A.D. Though badlydamaged, the papyrus gives clearly detailed positions of the planets, the stars, and themoon. The sun and Mercury are viewed as benevolent influences that can ward off theinfluence of malevolent planets." EM265

Nerva PG,AO,HD125 96-98 PG,AO

12ofR HD

Trajan PG,AO 98-117 AO,PGTrainus HD125

13ofR HD

Hadrian PG,AO 117-138 PG,AOHadrianus HD126

14ofR HD

Antoninus Pius PG,AO,HD126 138-161 PG,AO

15ofR HD

Marcus Aurelius PG,AO,HD126 161-180 PG,AO

16ofR HD

Lucius Verus AO,HD127 161-169 AO

16a ofR HD

Commodus AO,HD127 180-192 AO

17ofR HD

Septimius Severus PG,AO,HD127 193-211 PG,AO

20ofR HD

CHRISTIAN EGYPT 200-640 PG RB15

"The Copts are the Christian sect of Egypt. The word `Copt' is probably a corruption of the Greek word forEgypt. When St. Mark began preaching Christianity in Egypt during the first century, he found the Egyptiansready converts. Since the Egyptian gods had always formed trinities, when St. Mark preached of another, itprobably was not difficult to accept. Although Christians, the Copts were also Egyptian, so it is not surprisingthat they continued the practice of magic." EM262

Geta PG,AO 209-211 PGSeptimius Geta HD127 209-212 AO

21a ofR HD

Caracalla PG,AO 198-217 AOAntoninus Caracalla HD127 209-217 PG

21ofR HD

Macrinus AO,HD127 217-218 AO

22ofR HD

Diadumenianus AO,HD127 218 AO

22a ofR HD

Severus Alexander AO 222-235 AO

Gordian III AO 238-244 AO

Philip AO 244-249 AOPhilippus HD127

27ofR HD

Decius AO,HD127 249-251 AO

28ofR HD

Gallus and Volusianus AO 251-253 AO

Valerian AO37 253-260 AO37Valerianus HD127

31ofR HD

Gallienus AO 253-268 AO

Macrianus and Quietus AO 268-261 AO

Aurelian AO 270-275 AO

Probus AO, (?)HD38 276-282 AO

38ofP HD

Diocletian PG,AO 284-305 PG,AODiocletianus HD128

41a ofR HD"Even though the Roman emperor Diocletian ordered all magicaltexts destroyed, a considerable practice of magical arts continuedin Egypt during the first few centuries of the Christian era. A greatmany of the practitioners were the Copts." EM262

Maximian AO 286-305 AOMaximianus HD128

41b ofR HD

Galerius AO,HD128 293-311 AO

41c ofR HD

Maximinus Daia HD128 42ofR HD

Coptic (Christian) Period, Byzantine Emperors PO22 313-624 PO22Byzantine Period 323-642 PG

"Gradually the age of the Pharaohs slipped into the past. The last known hieroglyphic inscription was cut inA.D. 394, and when Egypt was converted to Christianity, some of the old pagan temples were made intochurches." PE123

Constantine PG 323-337 PG

Theodosius PG 379-395 PG

Justinian I PG 527-565 PG

Islamic Conquest 640 RB15 640 RB15,TEArab Conquest TE 642 PG

HD48,(M)AH62,AI7,DN,(M)EO,

4ofD4 AO,TK21,CVB995,CA13,HD53

6ofD6 TST,TN,CVB995,AI15,AH18

~1991-1786 EK,PO22,TN42,VSix

In 1987… cleared the granite blocks belonging to a gateway of the djadja ('court') of Amenemhat I ('restored' by Senuseret III)

5ofD15 AI138,EO, ((J) AI177,TKIxxix)

~1567-1085 PE11,EK,PO22,AEG78

Pinetchem II's name appears with the date of year 3 on the mummy of Nesi-Chensu {Nesikhons}… MM21

1ofD27 (Af)(Eu)EO,AO37,DH,DN

1ofD29 EO,AO34,HD,TKO96,DN

MACROS

Abbreviations and Bibliography David McKay BarkerNAME AND DATE VARIATIONS FOR THE PHARAOHS 2140 S. Timothy Way

08-May-23 Bountiful, Utah 84010

Abbreviations

(A) Abydos list(A2) Abydos list (2nd)(Ab) Abbott Papyrus(Af) Africanus(Bi) Biblical name(BS) Book of the Sothis TKLxxv(Cm) Child of the Moon-god name(E) Eratosthenes(Ea) Eusebius - Armenian version(Eu) Eusibius(Gh) Godlen Horus Name ("Horus of Gold" expressed some kind of sweeping power or glory, but its application is still obscure. TBU102)(H) Hawk name AH62(He) Herodotus(Hg) Horus of Gold name (or Royal Gold TKxvii) DN84(Ho) Horus name (or Throne name EB270), (as "the Horus" the king was the current ruler, the sky-god. TBU102 EO430,DN83(Hn) Hawk of Nubi name(I) Insibtia EO430, (Prenomen? EO51)(Js) Jar Sealings(J) Josephus(K) Karnak List(Ki) King Lists(Mo) From Monuments(M) Manetho(Nm) Nomen(Nu) Nesu-bit name AR Nusubat (as "Lord of the Two Lands" DN84,TBU102)(N) Nebti name (2 ladies EO430), (as "the Two Ladies" the king incorporated into himself the two goddesses, of Upper and Lower Egypt. TBU102)(P) Palermo Stone(Pa) Panodorus(Pers) Personal name(PE) Petrie(PrNm) Prenomen & Nomen(Pr) Prenomen(R) Rameses IX Inspection(Rem)Actual Remains(Re) Re name EO435(RH) Reed & Hornet name(S) Sakkara List(Se) Seth name(SL) Sothis List TX120(So) Sothis established date(SS) Son of the Sun name AH64(Su) Suten Bat name TK (The sheaf of the Suten Bat name is read "King of the South. TX179) ("title preceded the king's most commonly used names...inclosed in cartouches... As "He of the Sut-Plant and of the Bee,"commonly rendered "King of Upper and Lower Egypt." TBU102)

dbarker50@juno.com

MACROS

(T) Turin Papyrus(Th) Throne Name(TKL)Theban King List TX195(Vc) Lord of the Vulture and Cobra Name (or Nebty EO51)

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS:

Date Column Abbreviations:b = Before the date shown.c = Circa or about~ = Approximately, about, derived from, or probable positionr = Radiocarbon datev = Velikovsky's proposed date? = Author used a questionmark next to date, or I question it.* = "exact," "certain," "fixed," "absolute," "known," or "precise" = Quoting another authorx = Something I disagree with, at least part of what is being said.

Before each name: clues to where information was found[Al] Name found on an alter[C] Coffins at Thebes[Ca] Cairo Fragment[Co] Coffin found[Cy] Name found on cylinder seals[Do] Doubtful[Eph] Ephemeral[Err] Erroneous[Ins] Inscriptions on rocks, monuments, temples, or etc.[Js] Jar sealings[Li] Little known[Ma] Mastaba[Mon] Name found on monuments or reportedly built by the king.[Mu] Mummy found[No] Little or nothing found or known about king or reign.[Ob] Obelisk[Pa] Name mentioned on Papyrus scroll or fragment[Pyr] Pyramid[Sa] Sarcophagus[Sc] Name found on a scarab or sculpture[Scu] Sculpture[Sh] Name found on pottery sherds, bowls, vases or etc.[St] Statue found[Ste] Stela[Tab] Tablet[Tem] Temple[Tm] Tomb found

After the last name variation listed, information about familyand/or close associates is sometimes shown.

{B} = Brother{Co} = Co-Regent

MACROS

{D} = Daughter{F} = Father{M} = Mother{S} = Son{Sis} = Sister{V} = Vizier{W} = Wife or Queen

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A reference code followed by "c" signifies the author's intent to show a "conventional" date.

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MACROS

E Aldred, Cyril The Egyptians. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1961.EA Aldred, Cyril The Egyptians, rev. and enl. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1984. EB Hoffman, Michael A. Egypt Before the Pharaohs. New York: Knopf, 1979.EK David, A. Rosalie The Making of the Past: The Egyptian Kingdoms. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1975.EM Brier, Bob Ancient Egyptian Magic. New York: Quill, 1981EO Gardiner, Sir Alan Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1961.EP Nibley, Hugh Enoch the Prophet. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1985.ES Griggs, C. Wilfred, ed. Excavations at Seila Egypt. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1988.ET Drury, Allen Egypt: The Eternal Smile. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1980.FW Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, 1983 ed. S.v. "Egypt." G Putnam, William C. Geology, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.GF Pratt, John Paul "Genealogy From Adam to the 12 Tribes: Including Their Wives Consisting of 7 Charts Fully Documented." Salt Lake City, Utah: Handkraft Art and Publishing Co., n.d.H Wells, Evelyn Hatshepsut. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1969.HC Payne, Blanche History of Costume. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.HD von Beckerath, von Jurgen Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen, Munchen, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1984. Munchner Agyptologische Studien.HE King, L.W. and Hall, H.R. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. London: The Grollier Society, 1906.HO Hurley, Patrick M. How Old is the Earth? Garden City, New York: Anchor Books Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1959IE Harris, Miles F.; Hesser, D Investigating the Earth, rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973.IM Hurry, Jamieson B. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser. Reprint ed. London: Oxford Universtiy Press, 1928.J Josephus, Flavius Josephus Complete Works, trans. William Whiston. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 1960.JACF3g Rohl, David M. "The Early Third Intermediate Period: Soem Chronological Considerations." The Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum, 127 Porter Road, Basingstoke, Hants, RG22 4JT, UK, vol 3, 1989/90K6#4h Parker, Richard A. Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VI, No 4, Summer 81, Wynnewood, Pa.K5 Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VIII, No 4, Summer 83, Wynnewood, Pa.K8 Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VIII, No 1, Fall 82, Wynnewood, Pa.K488 <K9 Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol XII, No 3, Spring 88, Wynnewood, Pa.LD Nibley, Hugh Lehi in the Desert, The World of the Jaredites, There Were Jaredites, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988.LI Erman, Adolf Life in Ancient Egypt. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1971.MJS Nibley, Hugh The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: an Egyptian Endowment. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1975MO Strayner, Joseph R.; Gatzke The Mainstream of Civilization to 1500, 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974.MM Torr, Cecil, ed. Rohl, Davi Memphis and Mycenae, Isis Occasional Publications Series Volume One. The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Redhill, Surrey, U.K. 1988 Reprint of 1896 ed.NG2 Gore, Rick National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 173:6, Jun. 88, Washington, D.C.NG488a<NG1 Miller, Peter National Geographic Magazine, vol. 173:4, Apr. 88, Washington, D.C.OA Yates Origin and Brief History of NationsOE Habachi, Labib The Obelisks of Egypt, Skyscrapers of the Past. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977.OTR Nibley, Hugh Old Testament and Related Studies. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1986.PE Hawkes, Jacquetta Pharaohs of Egypt. American Heritage Publishing Co. Inc., 1965PEM Cook, Melvin A. Prehistory and Earth Models. London: Max Parrish, 1966PG Murnane, William J. The Penguin Guide to Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1983; Paperback ed. 1984.PGO Leet, Don and Judson, Sheld Physical Geology, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971PO Romer, John People of the Nile. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1982.PP James, T.G.H. Pharaoh's People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.PS Velikovsky, Immanuel People of the Sea - Ages in Chaos: vol. 4. London: Abacus, 1977.PSC Velikovsky, Immanuel People of the Sea - Ages in Chaos: vol. 4. London: Abacus, 1977 (conventional dates).PsPhi Harrington, D.J. trans. Psuedo-Philo (found in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday & Co., 1985)PT Mazar, Benjamin, ed. Patriarchs: The World History of the Jewish People, vol. 2. Israel: Rutgers University Press, 1970.PY Davidovits, Joseph The Pyramids an Enigma Solved. New York: Hyppocrene Books, 1988.R2BY <RB Sabbahy, Lisa K. Ramses II Exhibition Catalog. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1985.RC Olsson, Ingrid U., ed. Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Nobel Symposium 12. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1970.RD Libby, Willard F. Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.RE Libby, Willard F. Radiocarbon Dating, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.RS Simkins, Mark A., and Taylo Ramses II. Salt Lake City: Simpkins Splendor of Egypt P.O.Box 17072 SLC, UT, 1985.RV Velikovsky, Immanuel Ramses II and His Time, Ages in Chaos, vol 3 or 5. Great Britain: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1978; reprint ed., London: Abacus by Sphere Books Ltd., 1981.S >TST Murray, Margaret A. The Splendour That Was Egypt. Hawthorne, 1963.SG Velikovsky, Immanuel Stargazers & Gravediggers - Memoirs to Worlds in Collision. New York: Morrow, 1983; Quill, 1984.

MACROS

TB Patten, Donald Wesley The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch. Seattle: Pacific Meridian Publishing Co., 1966.TBU Wilson, John A. The Burden fo Egypt An Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951.TC The Collections of the British Museum, 1989TE Shorter, Alan W. M.A.(Oxon) The Egyptian Gods. Hertford, G.B.: Stephen Austin and Sons, Ltd, 1937.TEA Asimov, Isaac The Egyptians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967.TEG Ruffle, John The Egyptians. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977.TK Budge, E.A. Wallis The Kings of Egypt, vol. 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Lt., 1908.TKO Budge, E.A. Wallis The Kings of Egypt vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Lt., 1908.TMO Reymond, E.A.E. The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple. N.Y.: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1969.TN Langer, William L. The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of World History, vol.1. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1940; New York: Harry N Abrams, Inc. 1975.TP Payne, Elizabeth The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 1964.TPE <TPP Edwards, I.E.S The Pyramids of Egypt, rev.ed. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1947; New York: Viking, 1986.TS Cottrell, Leonard The Secrets of Tutankhamen's Tomb. Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society Publishers, Ltd, 1964.TST <S Murray, Margaret A. The Splendour That Was Egypt. Hawthorne, 1963.TT Nibley, Hugh Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, BYU, 1978.TX Courville, Donovan A. The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, vol.1. Loma Linda, California: Challenge Books, 1971.TXt Courville, Donovan A. The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, vol.2. Loma Linda, California: Challenge Books, 1971.UN Mokhtar, G. General History of Africa, vol. 2, Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Berkely, California: University of California Press, 1981.VS Jones, Wilbur Devereux Venus and Sothis, How the Ancient Near East Was Rediscovered. Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1982.W52d Rohl, David and James, Pete "An Alternative to the Velikovskian Chronology for Ancient Egypt", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, Vol. 5, No. 2, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1983.W892f Rohl, David Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, 1989:2, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1983.W901b Porter, R. M. "Solomon, The Exodus and Abraham Related to Egyptian Chronology", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, 1990 No. 1, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1990.WD Durrant, Will The Story of Civilization, vol. 1: Our Oriental Heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.WE Seele, Keith C. and Steindo When Egypt Ruled the East, rev. Keith C. Steele Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.WP Clark, Grahame World Prehistory - An Outline. London: Cambridge University Press, 1961.

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MACROS

(Gh) Godlen Horus Name ("Horus of Gold" expressed some kind of sweeping power or glory, but its application is still obscure. TBU102)

(Ho) Horus name (or Throne name EB270), (as "the Horus" the king was the current ruler, the sky-god. TBU102 EO430,DN83

(Nu) Nesu-bit name AR Nusubat (as "Lord of the Two Lands" DN84,TBU102)(N) Nebti name (2 ladies EO430), (as "the Two Ladies" the king incorporated into himself the two goddesses, of Upper and Lower Egypt. TBU102)

of the Bee,"commonly rendered "King of Upper and Lower Egypt." TBU102)

MACROS

A reference code followed by "c" signifies the author's intent to show a "conventional" date.

An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1920; reprint ed. N.Y.: Dover, 1978, vol. 1.An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1920; reprint ed. N.Y.: Dover, 1978, vol. 2.The World of Ancient Times. N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966.Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1984.Abydos: Holy City of Ancient Egypt. Los Angeles: L.L. Company, 1981Ages in Chaos. Great Britain: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1953; Abacus 1981. Ancient Civilizations: the Near East and Mesoamerica. Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. 1979.Abraham in Egypt. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret, 1981."Did the Sumerians and the Akkadians Ever Exist?," AEON, A Symposium on Myth and Science, vol. 1 no. 2 (February 1988): 17-35."Early Glassmaking and Chronological Puzzles," AEON A Symposium on Myth and Science, vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 76-103.A History of the Pharaohs, 2 vols. N.Y.: E.P.Dutton & Co., 1925, vol. 1.A History of the Pharaohs, 2 vols. N.Y.: E.P.Dutton & Co., 1927, vol. 2.A History of Egypt. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1937.Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1984Ancient History. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1904)"A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, April, 1968, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, Feb, 1969, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, Apr, 1969, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, May, 1969, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, Jun, 1969, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, Jul, 1969, Salt Lake City."A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price." Improvement Era, Aug, 1969, Salt Lake City.Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1980; reprint ed., New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1980.Ancient Times to 1520: A Survey of European Civilization, 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1969.Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth, UK: Penquin Books, 1961, reissued 1972.Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, 2nd ed. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1944.History of the Ancient Egyptians, 2nd ed. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1913; reprint ed. 1956. A History of Egypt. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1937.Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

The Culture of Ancient Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951; reprint ed. 1956.The Cosmic Serpent. New York: Universe Books, 1982.The Cosmic Serpent. New York: Universe Books, 1982 (As the authors report "conventional" dates.)The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., vol. 1, part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1974.The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., vol. 1, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1971.The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., vol. 2, part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1973.The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., vol. 2, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1975."Essays on Early Greek History in the light of the New Chronology." Chronology and Catastrophism Review 11 (1989): 43-48.Dating in Archaeology. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976.The Dwellers on the Nile. London, 1885; reprint ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1972.

MACROS

The Egyptians. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1961.The Egyptians, rev. and enl. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1984. Egypt Before the Pharaohs. New York: Knopf, 1979.The Making of the Past: The Egyptian Kingdoms. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1975.Ancient Egyptian Magic. New York: Quill, 1981Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1961.Enoch the Prophet. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1985.Excavations at Seila Egypt. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1988.Egypt: The Eternal Smile. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1980.Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, 1983 ed. S.v. "Egypt." Geology, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971."Genealogy From Adam to the 12 Tribes: Including Their Wives Consisting of 7 Charts Fully Documented." Salt Lake City, Utah: Handkraft Art and Publishing Co., n.d.Hatshepsut. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1969.History of Costume. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen, Munchen, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1984. Munchner Agyptologische Studien.History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. London: The Grollier Society, 1906.How Old is the Earth? Garden City, New York: Anchor Books Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1959Investigating the Earth, rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973.Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser. Reprint ed. London: Oxford Universtiy Press, 1928.Josephus Complete Works, trans. William Whiston. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 1960."The Early Third Intermediate Period: Soem Chronological Considerations." The Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum, 127 Porter Road, Basingstoke, Hants, RG22 4JT, UK, vol 3, 1989/90Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VI, No 4, Summer 81, Wynnewood, Pa.Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VIII, No 4, Summer 83, Wynnewood, Pa.Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol VIII, No 1, Fall 82, Wynnewood, Pa.Kronos A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis, Vol XII, No 3, Spring 88, Wynnewood, Pa.Lehi in the Desert, The World of the Jaredites, There Were Jaredites, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988.Life in Ancient Egypt. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1971.The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: an Egyptian Endowment. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1975The Mainstream of Civilization to 1500, 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974.Memphis and Mycenae, Isis Occasional Publications Series Volume One. The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Redhill, Surrey, U.K. 1988 Reprint of 1896 ed.National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 173:6, Jun. 88, Washington, D.C.National Geographic Magazine, vol. 173:4, Apr. 88, Washington, D.C.

The Obelisks of Egypt, Skyscrapers of the Past. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977.Old Testament and Related Studies. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1986.Pharaohs of Egypt. American Heritage Publishing Co. Inc., 1965Prehistory and Earth Models. London: Max Parrish, 1966The Penguin Guide to Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1983; Paperback ed. 1984.Physical Geology, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971People of the Nile. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1982.Pharaoh's People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.People of the Sea - Ages in Chaos: vol. 4. London: Abacus, 1977.People of the Sea - Ages in Chaos: vol. 4. London: Abacus, 1977 (conventional dates).Psuedo-Philo (found in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday & Co., 1985)Patriarchs: The World History of the Jewish People, vol. 2. Israel: Rutgers University Press, 1970.The Pyramids an Enigma Solved. New York: Hyppocrene Books, 1988.Ramses II Exhibition Catalog. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1985.Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Nobel Symposium 12. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1970.Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.Radiocarbon Dating, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.Ramses II. Salt Lake City: Simpkins Splendor of Egypt P.O.Box 17072 SLC, UT, 1985.Ramses II and His Time, Ages in Chaos, vol 3 or 5. Great Britain: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1978; reprint ed., London: Abacus by Sphere Books Ltd., 1981.The Splendour That Was Egypt. Hawthorne, 1963.Stargazers & Gravediggers - Memoirs to Worlds in Collision. New York: Morrow, 1983; Quill, 1984.

MACROS

The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch. Seattle: Pacific Meridian Publishing Co., 1966.The Burden fo Egypt An Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951.The Collections of the British Museum, 1989The Egyptian Gods. Hertford, G.B.: Stephen Austin and Sons, Ltd, 1937.The Egyptians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967.The Egyptians. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977.The Kings of Egypt, vol. 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Lt., 1908.The Kings of Egypt vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Lt., 1908.The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple. N.Y.: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1969.The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of World History, vol.1. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1940; New York: Harry N Abrams, Inc. 1975.The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 1964.The Pyramids of Egypt, rev.ed. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1947; New York: Viking, 1986.The Secrets of Tutankhamen's Tomb. Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society Publishers, Ltd, 1964.The Splendour That Was Egypt. Hawthorne, 1963.Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, BYU, 1978.The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, vol.1. Loma Linda, California: Challenge Books, 1971.The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, vol.2. Loma Linda, California: Challenge Books, 1971.General History of Africa, vol. 2, Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Berkely, California: University of California Press, 1981.Venus and Sothis, How the Ancient Near East Was Rediscovered. Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1982."An Alternative to the Velikovskian Chronology for Ancient Egypt", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, Vol. 5, No. 2, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1983.Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, 1989:2, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1983."Solomon, The Exodus and Abraham Related to Egyptian Chronology", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, 1990 No. 1, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1990.The Story of Civilization, vol. 1: Our Oriental Heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.When Egypt Ruled the East, rev. Keith C. Steele Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.World Prehistory - An Outline. London: Cambridge University Press, 1961.

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MACROS

Ancient Civilizations: the Near East and Mesoamerica. Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. 1979.

"Did the Sumerians and the Akkadians Ever Exist?," AEON, A Symposium on Myth and Science, vol. 1 no. 2 (February 1988): 17-35.

"Essays on Early Greek History in the light of the New Chronology." Chronology and Catastrophism Review 11 (1989): 43-48.

MACROS

"Genealogy From Adam to the 12 Tribes: Including Their Wives Consisting of 7 Charts Fully Documented." Salt Lake City, Utah: Handkraft Art and Publishing Co., n.d.

"The Early Third Intermediate Period: Soem Chronological Considerations." The Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum, 127 Porter Road, Basingstoke, Hants, RG22 4JT, UK, vol 3, 1989/90

Memphis and Mycenae, Isis Occasional Publications Series Volume One. The Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Redhill, Surrey, U.K. 1988 Reprint of 1896 ed.

Ramses II and His Time, Ages in Chaos, vol 3 or 5. Great Britain: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1978; reprint ed., London: Abacus by Sphere Books Ltd., 1981.

MACROS

The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of World History, vol.1. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1940; New York: Harry N Abrams, Inc. 1975.

General History of Africa, vol. 2, Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Berkely, California: University of California Press, 1981.

"An Alternative to the Velikovskian Chronology for Ancient Egypt", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, Vol. 5, No. 2, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1983.

"Solomon, The Exodus and Abraham Related to Egyptian Chronology", Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Workshop, 1990 No. 1, Bedfordshire, U.K., 1990.

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