xii the americas (i) north america to c1783

XI1 The Americas (i) North America to c1783

Keith Mason

The French Settlements New France received little attention over the past year. However, P. Lawson, The Imperial Challenge: Quebec and Britain in the age of the American Revolution (McGill-Queen's U.P. , 1989, €29.95) will interest students of early Canada. Reconstructing the background to the Quebec Act, Lawson demonstrates that the measure merely coincided with the Intolerable Acts and owed nothing to unrest in the thirteen colonies. The Breton and Norman fisheries are the subject of J.F. Briere. La pPche francaise en Amerique du Nord au XVIIIe siecle (Saint-Laurent. Qutbec: Editions Fides). M. Boleda, 'Trente mille Francpis A la conquete du Saint-Laurent' (Soc. Hist. /Cunada/, 23) revises the level of French immigration sharply upwards. D. Massicotte, 'Stratification d a l e et differenciation spatiale en milieu urbain prt-industriel: le cas de locataires Montrealais. 1731-1741' (R. d'hisr. de 1'AmPrique franqaise, 44) analyses the status and distribution of Montreal tenants. Concentrating on crop rotation, T. Wien. "'Les travaux pressants": calendrier agricole, assolement et productivitk au Canada au XVIIIe siecle' (ibid., 43) argues that Canadian agriculture owed its extensive character to traditional peasant constraints, not to the American environment. S. DCpatie. 'La transmission du patrimoine dans les terroirs en expansion: un exemple Canadien au XVIlIe sitcle' (ibid., 44) traces changing inheritance patterns.

Two essays deal with the margins of settlement. An intriguing study, W. Brigs, 'Le Pay des Illinois' (Wm. & Mary Q . . 47) demonstrates that French colonists were as capable as New Englanders of creating close-knit. village communities. V.A. Lapomarda. 'The Jesuit missions of colonial New England' ( f i sex Institute Hist. Collections, 126) analyses the range of activitics at several early outposts.

French Louisiana provides the focus for other works. M. Allah. 'Not worth a straw': French colonial policy and the early years of Louisiana (Lafayette, La: Center for Louisiana Studies, 1989, $15) shows how advocates of a strong Louisiana struggled in vain against a policy that displayed little concern for their aspirations. M.J. Foret. 'War or peace? Louisiana. the Choctaws, and the Chickasaws, 1733-1735' (Louisiana Hist., 31) describes Governor de Bienville's unsuccessful Indian policy. A preliminary survey, V.B. Baker, 'Cherchez les femmes: some glimpses of women in early eighteenth-century Louisiana' (ibid., 31) suggests that colonial women were more energetic, imaginative, and assertive than is usually supposed. S. Wilson Jr.. 'The plantation of the Company of the Indies' (ibid, 31) reviews the early history of an estate used as a reception area for imported Africans.

British North America: General A short, engaging survey, H.M. Wall, Fierce communion: family and community in early America (Harvard U.P., f23.95) examines the transition from communa! power to individual rights in the colonies. Suggestive and provocative, J. Butler, Awash in a sea of faith: chrisrianizing the American people (ibid., f19.95) argues that the story of religion in America after 1700 is one of Christian ascension rather than declension. Disputing whether commerce and religion were antithetical, F. Lambert, "'Pedlar in divinity": George

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Whitefield and the Great Awakening. 1737-1745’ (1. Amer. Hist.. 77) emphasises the evangelical preacher’s skill as an impresario. By contrast, L.E. Schmidt, Holy fairs: Scottish communions and American revivals in the early modern period (Princeton U.P., $32.50) suggests that awakenings were not epiphenomena as much as an extension of tradition and ‘enduring patterns’. R.B. Sher and J.R. Smitten (eds), Scorland and America in the age of enlightenment (Edinburgh U.P., €35) contains sixteen essays on the cultural relations between the two British provinces. On the economy, C. Shammas, The pre-industrial consumer in England and America (Oxford: Clarendon P., f35) uses probate inventories to trace the eighteenth-century explosion in consumer demand. A significant article, D. Vickers. ‘Competency and competition: economic culture in early America’ (Wm. & Mary Q . . 47) argues that the colonists’ aspiration for a comfortable independence troubled them far more than worries about the legitimacy of commerce. J . J . McCusker, Rum and the American Revolution: the rum trade and the balance of payments of the thirteen continental colonies (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $210) is the definitive, oft-quoted work on this branch of commerce. On intellectual history, M. Warner, The letters of the republic: publication and the public sphere in eighteenth-century America (Harvard U.P., €19.95) is an important treatise on the meaning of the printed word during the colonial and revolutionary eras. An idiosyncratic piece, K . R. McNamara. ‘The feathered scribe: the discourses of American ornithology before 1800’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 47) describes how works by naturalists shed light on early American self-perception. J.M. Dederer, War in America to 1775: before Yankee Doodle (New York U.P., $40) is an eclectic survey of what the colonists probably knew and thought about war given the theoretical works available.

New England Two outstanding books have appeared. Successfully integrating political history with changing intellectual, social, and economic variables, J.L. Brooke, The heart of the commonwealth: society and political culture in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 1713-1861 (CUP, 1989, GO) examines the tension between classical republican and Lockean traditions in a single community over several generations. On another central theme in American history, C. Clark, The roocs of rural capitalism: western Massachiisetts. 1780-1860 (Cornell U.P., $32.50) is the latest entry into the debate about the mentalite of farmers in the pre-industrial U.S. and the social meaning of the ‘great transformation’ in the countryside. Of less significance, J . Canup, Out of the wilderness: the emergence of an American identity in colonial New England (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan U.P., €31 SO) explores how the Puritan settlers wrestled with the pervasive menace of the American environment. Examining a different threat, D.D. Hall, Witch-hunring in seventeenth- century New England: a documentary history, 1638-1692 (Northeastern U.P., $35, pbk $14.95) draws on a wide variety of primary sources. L. Gragg, A quest f o r security: the life of Samuel Parris, 1653-1720 (Westport. Conn.: Greenwood, €35.95) is, surprisingly, the first full-length biography of Salem’s notorious minister.

Several articles discuss aspects of Puritan belief. D.S. Lovejoy, ‘Plain Englishmen at Plymouth’ (New England Q., 63) looks at the role that Robert Cushman’s famous 1621 sermon played in the colony’s formative years. Concentrating on an incident memorialized by Nathaniel Hawthorne, F.J. Bremer, ‘Endecott and the red cross: Puritan iconoclasm in the New World’ ( I . Amer. Studr., 24) examines the New Englanders’ strong underlying iconoclasm. R. Smolinski, ‘Israel redivivus: the eschatological limits of Puritan typology in New England’ (New England Q . , 63) suggests that scholars have misunderstood the Puritan position on such crucial issues as America’s millenial role. Influenced by D.D. Hall’s work on popular religion, M.P. Winship. ‘Encountering providence in the seventeenth century: the

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experiences of a yeoman and a minister' (Essex Institute Hist. Collections, 126) shows how the same concept was experienced and interpreted differently by clergymen and laymen. J. Rosenmeier, 'John Cotton on usury' (Wm. & Mary Q. , 47) suggests that Cotton's treatise represents one Puritan's attempt to cling to a world that was passing, while C.D. Felker. 'Roger Williams's uses of legal discourse: testing authority in early New England' (New England Q., 63) argues that his separatist views derive at least as much from his understanding of English common law as from biblical typology. P. Kafer, 'The making of Timothy Dwight: a Connecticut morality tale' (Wm. & Mary Q. . 47) shows how he followed the flawless logic of his own inner experience. D.P. Nord, 'Teleology and news: the religious roots of American journalism' (J . Amer. Hist., 77) concludes that New England's religious culture provided a rich environment for the identifying, reporting. and publishing of news stones, while R. Kennedy, 'Thomas Brattle and the scientific provincialism of New England, 1680-1713' (New England Q., 63) argues that Brattle's achievements should be evaluated in the light of the region's backwardness.

Other works examine public affairs. H.E. Selesky. War and society in colonial Connecticut (Yale U.P., DO) explains how the colony's leadership responded to military problems and creates a social portrait of its soldiers. A now-dated dissertation, R.C. Simmons, Studies in the Massachusetts franchise, 1631-1691 (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $25) locks horns with the Browns. R. Remer, 'Old lights and new money: a note on religion. economics, and the social order in 1740 Boston' (Wm. & Mary Q . , 47) shows how divisions over economic policy coincided with religious schism in the wake of the Great Awakening. Casting doubt on the traditional depiction of the colony, B.P. Stark, "'A factious spirit": constitutional theory and political practice in Connecticut, c. 1740' (ibid., 47) highlights evidence of electioneering and the development of rudimentary factions.

On social history, R. Archer, 'New England mosaic: a demographic analysis for the seventeenth century' (ibid., 47) places the region's population profile somewhere between those of contemporary England and the Chesapeake. G. Nobles, 'The rise of merchants in rural market towns: a case study of eighteenth- century Northampton, Massachusetts' (/. SOC. Hist.. 24) examines the active role the mercantile community played in promoting economic development, while T.L. Ditz, 'Ownership and obligation: inheritance and patriarchal households in Connecticut, 1750-1820' (Wm. & Mary Q . , 47) explores the impact of commercial- ization on inheritance patterns. Examining the most 'bourgeois' of crafts, E.M. Ward, 'Hierarchy and wealth distribution in the Boston goldsmithing trade, 1690-1760' (Essex Institute Hist. Collections, 126) highlights divisions among urban artisans.

The Middle Cdooies Intriguing, if occasionally perplexing, D. Merwick, Possessing Albany: 1630-1710: the Dutch and the English experiences (CUP, DO) is a work which draws on historical geography and cultural anthropology to enhance our understanding of the Dutch settlement of the Hudson Valley. Arguing that the town's diverse ethnic traditions explain its quiescent politics, A. Howe, 'The Bayard treason trial: dramatizing AngleDutch politics in early eighteenth-century New York' (Wm. & Mary Q., 47) sheds light on the Dutch community's posture of accommodation and retreat. R.V. Wells, 'While Rip napped: social change in late eighteenth-century New York' (New York Hist., 71) examines continuity and change during the approximate years of Rip Van Winkle's protracted sleep.

Much of this year's literature on the Middle Colonies concentrated on Pennsylvania. The most important work was B.G. Smith, The 'lower sort': Philadelphia's laboring poor, 1750-1800 (Cornell U.P., $34.50). The product of painstaking research, it presents the most sophisticated cost-of-living index to date

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for the working poor and charts their precarious existence. Attempting to define a specifically artisanal ideology, R. Schultz, ‘The small-producer tradition and artisan radicalism in Philadelphia, 1720-1810’ ( P . and Pr.. 127) shows how the craft tradition served as the American skilled labourer’s ethical lodestar. S.E. Klepp, Philadelphia in transition: a demographic history of the city and its occupational groups, 1720-1830 (N.Y.: Garland, 1989. $72) uses family reconstitution to produce the first in-depth analysis of an early American urban population. An interesting research note, F. Grubb. ‘German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1769 to 1820 (J . Interdisc. Hist., 20) suggests that German migrants complemented rather than duplicated the British-American occupational mix. L.L. Burkhart. The good fight: medicine in colonial Pennsylvania (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $66) argues that the colony had the best-trained medical practitioners and most advanced medical institutions in North America. Two articles concentrate on Southeastern Pennsylvania. R.C. Henderson, ‘Demographic patterns and family structure in eighteenth- century Lancaster county, Pennsylvania’ (Penn. Magazine of Hist. and Biography, 114) supports the view that familial and communal standards rather than competitive individualism governed peoples’ lives, while L. Simler, ‘The landless worker: an index of economic and social change in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 1750-1820’ (ibid.. 114) delineates the scale and growth of the cottager system. On religion and culture, 1. William Frost, A perfect freedom: religious liberty in Pennsylvania (CUP, $42.50) examines how succeeding generations have modified William Penn’s concept of religious liberty, while B.S. Schlenther, ‘“The English is swallowing up their language”: Welsh ethnic ambivalence in colonial Pennsylvania and the experience of David Evans’ (Penn. Magazine of Hist. and Biography, 114) shows how Welsh communities were torn in their attitude towards adopting English.

On one of the colony’s most famous sons, E. Wright (ed.), Benjamin Franklin: his life as he wrote it (Harvard U.P.. $25) is a largely unsuccessful attempt to produce an expanded version of his ‘autobiography’. I.B. Cohen, Benjamin Franklin’s science (Harvard U.P., €27.95) provides a lucid analysis of his scientific ideas and their intellectual context, while W.G. Carr, The oldest delegate: Franklin in the constitutional convention (Delaware U.P., f 19.95) argues that Franklin played a more active and influential role at Philadelphia than has been thought. J.A. Smith, Franklin and Bache: envisioning the enlightened republic (OUP, f21) examines the connections between the two men and tries to locate them within classical and ‘enlightenment’ republican paradigms. Turning from press ideology to printing networks, R. Frasca, ‘From apprentice to journeyman to partner: Benjamin Franklin’s workers and the growth of the early American printing trade’ (Penn. Magazine of Hist. and Biography, 114) shows how Franklin was able to exercise influence through his connections i n the trade.

The South Surprisingly little was published in this field during 1990. The most significant accomplishment was R. Micklus (ed.), The history of the ancient and honorable Tuesday club by Dr Alexander Hamilton ( 3 vols, North Carolina U.P., $150 the set). A marvellous entrCe into the mindset of the British-American middle class, this work is both a political satire and a humorous treatment of the outcry against luxury. The editor’s The comic genius of Dr. Alexander Humillon (Tennessee U.P., $24.95) shows that Hamilton’s goal was to preserve metropolitan culture in the colonies. On other aspects of Maryland history, A.F. Day, A social study of lawyers in Maryland, 1660-1775 (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $140) examines the growth of the legal profession, and J.K. Sawyer, ‘Benefit of clergy in Maryland and Virginia’ (Amer. 1. Legal Hist., 34) argues that the concept was an enduring feature of Chesapeake criminal law. J. Haw, ‘Patronage, politics, and ideology, 1753-1762: a prelude to revolution in Maryland’ (Maryland Hist. Magazine, 85) shows how the


workings of the provincial patronage system encouraged the acceptance of Commonwealth thought, while J.B. Lee, 'Maryland's "dangerous insurrection" of 1786' (ibid.. 85) views the state's most serious disturbance of the 1780s as a classic eighteenth-century riot.

The most important book on Virginia in a very quiet year was J.R. Perry. The formation of a society on Virginia's eastern shore, 1615-1655 (North Carolina U.P., $32.50). Using network analysis, Perry examines the numerous ways in which interpersonal, economic. and institutional ties contributed towards the development of a surprisingly stable and harmonious community. Two reprinted dissertations also appeared. Though completed in 1970, M.H. Quitt. Virginia house of burgesses, 1660-1706: the social, educational, and economic bares of political power (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $60) remains the only full-length study of the members and procedures of this key institution during the later decades of the seventeenth century. G. Morgan, The hegemony of the law: Richmond county, Virginia, 1692-1776 (ibid., $48) shows how local elites defined their communities by gradually excluding 'undesirables' and by restricting the moral behaviour of independent whites.

The Lower South received even less attention. An environmental history, T. Silver, A new face on the countryside: Indians, colonists, and slaves in Sourh Atlantic forests, 1500-1800 (CUP, f27.50) suggests that the region's landscape was the product of a complex contest between Indian, African, and European cultures. A. Murdoch (ed.). 'A Scottish document concerning emigration to North Carolina in 1772' (North Carolina H . R . , 67) examines the connection between the Highlands and the Cape Fear Valley. A hitherto unpublished tract, R.M. Blaine and P. Spalding (eds). Some uccount of the design of the trustees for establishing colonys in America by James Edward Oglethorpe (Georgia U.P.. $25) reveals that hierarchy and feudalism were central to his vision of the ideal Georgia society.

The Backcountry Work of high quality continues to appear. A major milestone that shows how far historians have come in exploring the significance of the frontier in early America, A. Taylor, Liberty men and great proprietors: the revolutionary settlement on the Maine frontier, 1760-1820 (North Carolina U.P.. $35. pbk $14.95) concludes that major ideological differences lay at the heart of the conflict between Maine settlers and proprietors. Combining narrative with analysis, R.N. Klein, Unification of a stave state: the rise of the planter class in the South Carolina backcountry. 1760-1808 (ibid., $34.95) traces the emergence of a cohesive ruling elite as cooperation superseded sectional rivalry during the revolutionary era. Marking the importance of the subject, one journal devoted an entire issue to the southern frontier. A timely review article, A.H. Tillson Jr., 'The southern backcountry: a survey of current research' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biography. 98) detects four themes in recent work. W.R. Hofstra, 'Land, ethnicity, and community at the Opequon settlement, Virginia, 1730-1800' (ibid.) suggests that this group of Scotch-Irish colonists were not restless backwoods strivers after individual freedom and material betterment, while T. McCleskey, 'Rich land, poor prospects: real estate and the formation of a social elite in Augusta county, Virginia, 1738-1770 (ibid.) reveals that opportunities were far more restricted than previously thought. K.W. Keller, 'From the Rhineland to the Virginia frontier: flax production as a commercial enterprise' (ibid.) suggests that, far from typifying traditional folk culture, this cottage industry had dynamic, proto-capitalist roots.

Indian History The year's outstanding book here was I.K. Steele, Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the 'massacre' (OUP. f25). Practising military history as a variety of cultural anthropology, Steele shows how the killings at the fort during the Seven Years War resulted from a lethal combination of French success at exploiting Indian alliances against the British and their betrayal of the expectations they had

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raised. On early Virginia, F. McCarthy, ‘The influence of “legal habit” on English- Indian relations in Jarnestown. 16061612’ (Continuity and Change, 5 ) concentrates on tensions over food and land, while J.F. Fausz. ‘An “abundance of blood shed on both sides”: England’s first Indian war, 1609-1614’ (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biography. 98) looks at a neglected conflict that served as an important primer for subsequent Indian wars in British America. On New England, C.G. Calloway, The western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: war, migrution, and the survival of an Indian people (Oklahoma U.P., U7.95) shows how one tribe adapted to various incursions whilst remaining an identifiable cultural group. Drawing upon new sources, R . Bourne, The red king’s rebellion: racial politics in New England, 1675- 1678 (N.Y.: Atheneum, $22.95) challenges conventional interpretations of King Philip’s War. H.W. Van Lonhuyzen, ‘A reappraisal of the praying Indians: acculturation, conversion. and identity at Natick, Massachusetts’ (New England Q., 63) suggests that neither party gained precisely what it desired from contact. J.D. Lehman. ‘The end of the Iroquois mystique: the Oneida land cession treaties of the 1780s’ (Wni. & Mary Q . . 47) argues that Indian disenchantment with white factionalism contributed towards a revival of native traditions.

Women’s History The decoding of rare and revealing documents dominate the literature. L.T. Ulrich, A midwife’s tale: the life of Martha Ballard, bused on her diary, 1785-1812 (N.Y.: Knopf. $24.95) provides a remarkable range of insights into a midwife’s activities and highlights womens’ rich community lives. Offering an intimate account of family violence, A. Taves, Religion and domestic violence in early New Englmd: the memoirs of Abigail Abbot Railey (Indiana U.P., 1989, $29.95, pbk $10.95) shows the inextricability of religious and domestic patriarchy in the world view of devout evangelical women. Concentrating on another important source, J.A.L. Lemay (ed.), Robert Bolling woos Anne Miller: love and courtship in colonial Virginia. 1760 (Virginia U.P., f21.50) evinces a society undergoing a transition from patriarchal authoritarianism to childrens’ autonomy. M.J. Becker, ‘Hannah Freeman: an eighteenth-century Lenape living and working among colonial farmers’ (Penn. Magazine of Hisr. and Biography, 114) analyses the unique autobiography of a Native American woman.

Black History Interest in this field was on the wane in 1990. However, G.B. Nash, Race and revolution (Madison: Madison House Inc., $27.95, pbk $14.95) is an insightful study of the revolutionary generation’s inadequate efforts to right the apparent contradiction of slavery, while J.E. Chaplin, ‘Slavery and the principle of humanity: a modern idea in the early lower South’ ( J . SOC. Hist.. 24) reveals the tentativeness of humanitarian thought. In a similar vein; D.S. Bogen. ‘The Maryland context of Dred Scott: the decline in the legal status of Maryland free blacks, 1776-1810 (Amer. 1. Legal Hist., 34) examines how racial legislation stripped free blacks of many of the rights they had previously possessed. B. Wood, “‘White society” and the “informal” slave economies of lowcountry Georgia, c.1763-1830’ (Slavery and Abolilion, 11) discusses planter complicity in the growth of slave economic activity.

The American Revolution Pride of place goes to D.B. Davis, Revolutions: refkctiom on American equality and foreign liberations (Harvard U.P., $19.95). This is a sophisticated, though brief, discourse on how a republic that was once revolutionary has dealt with a world that remains so. Other books concentrate on the Revolution’s intellectual origins. A succinct synthesis of recent scholarship, R.E. Shalhope, The roots of democracy: American thought and culture, 1760-1800 (Boston: Twayne, f17.95) implies that the debate between the advocates of liberal and republican traditions is overdrawn. However, 1. Kramnick, Republicanism and

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bourgeois radicalism: political ideology in late eighteenth-century England and America (Cornell U.P., $42.50, pbk S14.95) sees the transformation from republicanism to liberalism as the key to the emergence of modernity. Polemical and often confusing, S.M. Dworetz. The unvarnished doctrine: L a k e , liberalism, and the American Revolu/ion (Duke U.P., U3.75) presents a political scientist’s argument in defence of Lockean liberalism as the essence of revolutionary thought. C.D. Matson and P.S. Onuf, A union of interests: political and economic thought in revolutionury America (Kansas U.P., f22.95) reaffirms economic interest as the prime motivating force in the nation-building of the 1770s and 1780s. From a legal historian’s perspective. J.P. Reid, The concept of representation in the age of the American Revolution (Chicago U.P., f25.50) argues that the central question for eighteenth-century commentators was whether the representative system was constitutional. E. Sandoz, Political sermons of the American founding era, 1730- 1805 (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, $38, pbk $12) lends credence to the notion that evangelical clergy played a significant role in the struggle for liberty.

Another reprinted dissertation, D.M. Arnold, A republican revolution: ideology and politics in Pennsylvania, 1776-1790 (N.Y.: Garland, 1989, $60) examines the two contending parties that developed during the controversy over the 1776 state constitution. H.J. Henderson, ‘Taxation and political culture: Massachusetts and Virginia, 1760-1800’ (Wm. & Mary Q., 47) reveals an important distinction between Virginian libertarianism and Massachusetts communalism. W.C. Kashatus 111, Conflict of convictions: a reappraisal of Quaker involvement in the American Revolution (University Press of America, $40.25, pbk $20.75) postulates that Quaker patriots believed that they were yielding to guidance from the Inner Light, while B. Chaplin. ‘Written rights: Puritan and Quaker procedural guarantees’ (Penn. Magazine of Hist. and Biography, 114) argues that the Bill of Rights owed little to seventeenth-century Puritan or Quaker codes.

P.H. Smith (ed.), Letters of delegates to Congress, 174-1789. Volume 17: March I-Augurt31,1781 (Library of Congress, $34) covers the critical months prior to the siege of Yorktown, while D.R. Chestnutt and C.J. Taylor (eds), The papers of Henry Lawens. Volume Xll: November I , 1777-March 15. 1778 (South Carolina U .P., $49.95) reveals the Congressional President’s deep concern about the problems the war generated. B.S. Schlenther, Charles Thomson: a patriot’s pursuit (Delaware U.P., $45) argues that Thomson, like other revolutionary Whigs, was motivated by a quest for status. A disappointing monograph, D.A. McCants. Patrick Henry, the orator (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, $39.95) offers little fresh insight into the power of Henry’s rhetoric. The first scholarly biography of a very able colonial official, P.D. Nelson. William Tryon and thesource of empire: a life in British imperial service (North Carolina U.P., $24.95) shows how he loyally served the crown whilst simultaneously forging tenuous links with the provincial elite. M. Freiberg, Prelude to purgatory: Thomas Hutchinson in provincial Massachusetts, 1760-1770 (N.Y.: Garland, $59) describes a man moved by intense loyalty to the empire and a traditional vision of human relations, while S.L. Skemp, William Franklin: son of a patriot, servant of a king (OUP, f22.50) shows how the imperial crisis tore one family apart.

On the Revolutionary War, M.M. Mintz, The generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates (Yale U.P., $24.95) is a competent study of the two rivals, while D. R. Lennon, “‘The graveyard of American commanders”: the Continental army’s southern department, 1776-1778’ (North Carolina H . R., 67) examines the constraints under which the Continental command in the South operated during its formative years. W.S. Randell, Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor (N.Y.: Morrow, $27.95) is a biography of the famous turncoat intended for nonspecialists. B.E. Burgoyne (ed.), A Hessian diary of the American Revolution by Johann Conrad Dohla (Oklahoma U.P., f26.95) will chiefly interest military and

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ethnic historians, while M.C. Lynn (ed.), An eyewitness account of the American Revolution and New England life: the journal of J.F. Wasrnus, German company surgeon, 17’761783 (Westport. Cann.: Greenwood. $45) offers detailed observations of societal customs in the northern states. W.J. Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary war, 1775-1781 (Chapel Hill: Algonquin. $24.95) examines ten major engagements in a conventional fashion, while D. Syrett, The royal navy in American waters, 1775-1783 (Brookfield, VT: Scolar Press, 1989, €28.50) concentrates on the problems that the British confronted at sea during the Revolutionary War. S . Conway, “‘The great mischief complain’d of’: reflections on the misconduct of British soldiers in the revolutionary war’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 47) puts part of the blame on middle- and lower-rank officers. Concentrating on the experiencs of Henry Clinton, R. Kaplan, “‘The hidden war”: British intelligence operations during the American Revolution’ (ibid.) shows how the British belatedly overcame obstacles to effective intelligence gathering.

On Loyalism, K. Mason, ‘Localism, evangelicanism, and loyalism: the sources of discontent in the revolutionary Chesapeake’ ( J . ofSouthern Hisf.. 56) looks at the experience of rank and file Tories and the influences on their behaviour, while C.W. Troxler, “‘The great man of the settlement”: North Carolina’s John Legett at Country Harbour, Nova Scotia. 1783-1812’ (North Carolina H . R . , 67) examines the largest community of exiled southern Loyalists in North America through the eyes of one of its leaders.

Two articles concentrate on the Revolution’s social ramifications. S.C. Bullock, ‘The revolutionary transformation of American freemasonry, 1752-1792’ (Wm. & Mary Q . , 47) explains why many Americans saw the fraternity as the archetype of the republican society they were attempting to build. Meanwhile, D. Jaffee, ‘The village enlightenment in New England, 1760-1820’ (ibid.) shows how a small group involved in the print trade challenged the hegemony of the established custodians of rural culture.

(ii) Canada

George Sheppard

During the summer of 19YO Canadians were treated to a shocking reminder about the fragile state of their ‘peaceable kingdom.’ On August 20, television sets across the nation flashed images of Mohawk warriors confronting Canadian soldiers at Oka, Quebec. More was involved here than a minor dispute over the extension of a golf course. Because of the Oka Crisis, native land claims, racism, and minority rights became topics of everyday conversations. Not surprisingly, several historical works in 1990 were devoted to this subject. For example, Sarah Carter, Lost harvests: Prairie Indian Reserve farmers and government policy (McGill-Queen’s U.P.) argues that many natives in nineteenth-century Canada actually wished to become agriculturalists. But their efforts were doomed because of the government’s racist ‘peasant fanning policy.’ The same region is discussed in Howard and Tamara Palmer, Alberta: A new history (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers) which is the first synthesis published on that province since 1972. It is particularly useful because the work covers the period from the arrival of the first people right up to 1990 and deals with socio-economic and ethno-cultural developments during that time. British Columbia: A History of the Province (Vancouver and Toronto: Douglas McIntyre) also offers appraisals of how native lifestyles have changed


since contact. The work would have been more valuable had George Woodcock provided references and continued his narrative beyond the 1972 ‘electoral hiccup’ which placed the NDP in power.

Minority rights were also the concern of a collaborative effort by Patricia Roy. J.L. Granatstein. Masako lino, and Hiroko Takamura in Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese during the Second World War (Toronto U.P.). The book says wartime internment and inland relocation of Canadians of Japanese origin were the product of ignorance and public fears. But at least one scholar has expressed grave misgivings about the rather favourable interpretation accorded these racist policies. How Canadians have responded to other minority groups is the subject of William Janzen, Limits on liberty: the experience of Mennonite, Hutterire, and Doukhobor communities in Canada (ibid.). All three groups enjoy communal lifestyles apart from mainstream society and each has requested special arrangements with governments that have responded in ‘ambivalent and limited’ ways. An understanding of why racism was so widespread in Canada, especially in western provinces, can be found in Angus McLaren; Our own master race: Eugenia in Canada, 1885-1945 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart). This is a well- researched and entertaining explanation of a movement that was popular among Canadians of all political stripes until Nazi Germany made racism less fashionable.

More recent Occurrences were the subject of Andrew Cohen, A deal undone: The making and breaking of the Meech Lake Accord (Vancouver and Toronto: Douglas & Mclntyre). Cohen discusses the secrecy surrounding the negotiations and concludes that it was ‘constitution-making by stealth.’ The failure of the Accord certainly pleased former Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau. who opposed it from the start. Along with Thomas Axworthy, Trudeau edited a series of articles dealing with his own time in government. Towardr 4 j U t society: The Trudeau years (Markham: Viking) is an uneven collection of essays on the period 1968-1984. Two of the best articles were written by historians Fernand Ouellet and Ramsay Cook - on the Quiet Revolution and on battles with Rene Levesque - but others are less impressive. We learn from Axworthy, for instance, that Pierre Trudeau thought nuclear weapons were dangerous.

Far more controversial issues are covered in Spy wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost (Toronto: Key Porter). J.L. Granatstein and David Stafford piece together several unrelated espionage stones and claim that France deliberately tried to destabilize Canada during the 1960s. The same charges are made in Granatstein’s Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian foreign policy (Toronto U.P.) which he co-authored with Robert Bothwell. They also convincingly argue that Trudeau never developed a consistent foreign policy because he was preoccupied with Quebec. Another fascinating review of the life and political affairs of the former prime minister is Trudeau and our times (Toronto: McCIelland and Stewart) by Christina McCaII and Stephen Clarkson. This biography focuses on his last five years in power, but the authors also speculate on the psychological impact of Trudeau’s upbringing and especially on the premature death of his father. According to McCall and Clarkson, this self-proclaimed ‘citizen of the world’ was really an ‘eternal youth’ who never matured.

Psychological theories are also employed by Mary Beacock Fryer in her account of the first Canadian woman to practise medicine in Canada. Emily Stowe: Doctor and suflragirt (Toronto: Dundurn) proposes that young Emily Jennings learned to defy intimidation by watching her uncle successfully prove he had not taken part in the 1837 rebellions. The life of another influential Canadian woman is the subject of Terry Crowley, Agnes MacPhail and the politics of equality (Toronto: James Lorimer and Company). A rebel from birth, MacPhail was a feminist from a rural background who was first elected to parliament in 1921. While she began her political career as a Progressive, MacPhail was involved in the creation of the CCF

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and resented all gender limitations. The same sort of attitude is present in the lead character of Donald Akenson. At face value: The life and times of Eliza McCormacklJohn White (McGill-Queen’s U.P.). The book purports to tell the tale of John White, who Akenson claims was actually a woman, but the author admits it is a work of ‘speculative history.’ One critic has suggested that it would not be a proper gift for a feminist but it might be suitable for a ‘maiden aunt.’ Be warned though, the relation should be fairly open-minded - on page 90 the main character has her first lesbian affair, two pages later she is nearly sodomized, and within another dozen pages has become a prostitute in Toronto. Laurier Lapierre, 1759: The battle for Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart) is comprised of similar materials. A former host of an investigative television show, Lapierre has retold the story of the Conquest by ‘reading between the lines’ when evidence for particular events was lacking. But the book fails to please even as a work of historical fiction. At the very least, Lapierre should cease conducting ‘interviews’ with historical figures.

Much better examples of both popular and academic history surfaced in 1990. The Great Depression (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart) by Pierre Berton is a well-written synthesis of most of the important scholarly works on this topic; and it is a devastating attack on the governments of the time. Donald MacKay, Night fromfamine: The coming of the Irish to Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart) is a better work than its misleading title suggests. Although most Irish in Canada never fled from famine, MacKay has focused on the experiences of Roman Catholic arrivals and his work is a generally accurate study of the topic. Of greater weight is Irish emigration and Canadian settlement: Patterns, links and letters (Toronto U.P.) by Cecil Houston and W.J. Smyth. Like their earlier historical geography of the Orange Order, this work is a solidly researched account that examines the motives behind the movement to British North America. It traces the chain migrations that developed between Ireland and Canada and offers an overview, as well as specific examples, of the variety of experiences within this heterogenous community. The story of one of those arrivals, and the transformation of Canadian retailing in the nineteenth century, is documented by Joy L. Santink in Timothy Eaton and the rbe of his deparlment store (Toronto U.P.). Santink convincingly argues that Eaton prospered because of innovative techniques, particularly his use of business administration principles, and because he targeted the emerging class of urban wage earners as his main clients. One of those workers, who happened to sell ties at the Toronto Eaton’s store before he moved to the wilds of northern Ontario, is the subject of Donald B. Smith, From the land of shadows: The making of Grey Owl (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books). This is a sympathetic portrayal of one of the greatest imposters of the twentieth century and i t shows how Archie Belaney’s early life in England gave way to the ‘fantasy world’ of Grey Owl in the 1930s.

The same period is discussed in Paul Axelrod, Making a middle class: Student life in English Canada during the thirties (McGill-Queen’s U.P.). This examination of university life in the Depression reveals that most students were from privileged, but not affluent, backgrounds and it argues that most viewed their education as a way of remaining members of the middle class. In a similar vein, R.D. Gidney and W.P.J. Millar, Inventing secondary education: The rise of the high school in nineteenth century Ontario (ibid.) trace the development of high schools as entry points for middle class professions. The work also concludes that local school districts successfully resisted Egerton Ryerson’s attempts to impose gender and curriculum reforms. Another book dealing with that era is Courtship, love and marriage in nineteenth-century Englkh Canada (ibid.). Peter Ward argues that love was behind most matches and his book offers fascinating insights into dating, gift- giving, and the ‘marriage market’ in British North America. Finally, Joy Parr, The


gender of breadwinners: Women, men and change.in two industrial towns 1880- 1950 (Toronto U.P.) is an examination of Paris and Hanover in Ontario. The former site was a ‘woman’s town’ where knitting mills employed hundreds of females, while Hanover was a far more traditional male-dominated industrial centre. Parr shows how gender roles were influenced by work, and how individuals in each community developed self-images based on their jobs. This is social history at its best and the work was named overall winner of the Canadian Historical Association’s book prize.

Another fine study is Dennis Gruending, Promises to keep: A political biography of Allan Blackeney (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books) which shows that from 1971 until 1982, Saskatchewan’s premier - the ‘ultimate civil servant’ - led a thrifty and effective government. A similarly sympathetic portrayal of a political leader can be found in Roger Graham, Old Man Ontario: Leslie M . Frost (Toronto U.P.). A small-town lawyer who entered politics after winning a coin toss, Frost was premier when southern Ontario became the most urbanized and industrialized region in Canada. The process of urbanization, and the concept of metropolitanism, are the focus of Careless at work: Selected Canadian historical studies (Toronto: Dundurn Press) by J.M.S. Careless. It is convenient to have a collection of these important articles, originally published between the 1940s and the 1980s. in one package. Another witness to that period, and much more, was Eugene Forsey. His autobiography, A rife on the fringe: The memoirs of Eugene Forsey (Toronto: OUP) is a very entertaining account of his exceptional career as a professor, senator, and political commentator. The work also provides plenty of information on everyday life, from streetcars to sports, in twentieth-century Canada.

Domestic and foreign relations in the first half of this century were the topics of a number of studies in 1990. David Laycock, Populism and democratic thought in the Canadian prairies, 1910-1945 (Toronto U.P.) deals with the idea of redistributing powers among social classes that was behind the CCF. UFA, Progressive, and Social Credit movements. John Hilliker examines foreign relations from the semi- colonial period after Confederation to Norman Robertson’s reign as undersecretary in Canada’s Department of External Affairs, vol. 1: The early years, 1909-1946 (McGill-Queen’s U.P.). Dealing with a slightly earlier period, Roberto Perin has studied the struggle between Gallican and ultramontane factions in Rome in Canada: The Vatican and Canadian affairs in the late Victorian age (Toronto U.P.). Although his work shows the church was not monolithic, he reveals, as many Protestants at the time feared, that decisions made in Rome had a significant impact on Canadian affairs.

The story of some of the men who fought in World War I1 can be found in Battle exhaustion: Soldiers and psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (McGill- Queen’s U.P.). Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew reveal that the army was primarily interested in returning men to action and the sympathy accorded soldiers was related to manpower shortages. Individuals who enlisted in the American army a generation later are the subject of Fred Gaffen. Unknown warriors: Canadians and the Vietnam War (Toronto: Dundurn Press). Through the use of oral history, Gaffen explains why these men enlisted and he discusses the problems they have had back in Canada. Tony German. The sea is at our gates: The history of the Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart) shows how the decline of the Canadian navy really began in the 1960s when its members became the ‘best-paid, best-fed, and worst-equipped’ force in the western world.

The importance of maritime affairs to Canadian history is evident in The Sinking of the Princess Sophia: Taking the North down with .her (Toronto: OUP). Ken h a t e s and Bill Morrison tell the sad story of the loss of a Canadian Pacific steamship in 1918 which claimed 353 lives. They argue this was an ‘almost lethal blow’ to the far northwest since the ship carried a large proportion of the Yukon’s

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non-native population. The collapse of a whole way of life is also the subject of Eric Sager and Gerald Panting, Maritime Capital: The shipping industry in Atlantic Canada (McGill-Queen's U.P.). This work has a wealth of information in the form of tables and maps and the authors explain why the age of 'wooden ships and iron men' did not lead to continued dominance in shipbuilding. Sager and Panting show that money made during Atlantic Canada's sailing era was reinvested into rails, steel, and textiles which were tariff-protected industries. Jean-Francois Britre, La pPche franpise en Amirique du Nord au XVIIIe siecle (Saint Laurent: Editions Fides) is a collection of essays dealing with an earlier period in maritime history. He examines the links between Breton and Norman fisheries and their ports in the New World and suggests this industry was of more interest to imperial planners than was New France. Another work involving staples exploitation is Arthur J. Ray, The Canadian fur trade in the indurtrial age (Toronto U.P.) which shows that, contrary to most assumptions, the fur trade remained a profitable business well into the twentieth century. The decline of the Hudson's Bay Company was related to inappropriate policies and inflexible administrative structures, not lack of furs.

Researchers interested in Canadian culture will be pleased with the number of recent works devoted to that subject. Maria Tippet, Making Culture: English Canadian institutions and the arts before the Mussey Commission (Toronto U.P.) observes that a flourishing arts community existed long before the creation of the Canada Council in the 1950s. Government involvement at that time led to higher standards, and meant that talented individuals could earn a living at home, but the base for the arts community already existed in towns and cities across the land. One aspect of government involvement in culture is dealt with in Negotiating /he part: The making of Canada's national historic parks and sites (McGill-Queen's U.P.) by C.J. Taylor. This work shows that the movement for historic conservation and preservation has gone through several stages, from the placing of plaques in the early 1920s to the era of the 'big projects' like Louisbourg in the 1960s. According to Taylor, the sites selected, and those ignored, say much about Canadian society and politics. Richard Collins, Culture, cornmunicutions. and natjonal identity: The care of Canadian television (Toronto U.P.) argues that national sovereignty relies much less on Canadian content than is usually supposed. As a 'European society marooned on the North American continent,' Canada has survived more than half a century with the spill-over of U S . broadcasting and Collins notes that people everywhere watch American television for entertainment and relaxation but tune in their own sports, news, and information programmes. Much the same argument is made by Paul Rutherford in When television was young: Primetime Canada 1952-1967 (ibid.). This was the age of black and white programming and, contrary to predictions made by commentators like Marshall McLuhan, Rutherford says it did not lead to revolutionary changes in society. He notes that the expected impact never materialized because of state controls and the reliance on conventional programming. A more favourable impression of McLuhan can be found in Graeme Patterson, Hirtory and Communications: Harold Innis. Marshall McLuhan: The interpretation of history (ibid.). In a series of essays, the author argues that Innis' 'leaping insights' on communications were the natural outgrowth of his earlier interest in the fur trade. Except for a few disciples, such as McLuhan, Innis' later works were ignored by a public which could not stomach his writing style. Although Patterson claims his 'overall objective is clarity,' it is likely that readers who were troubled by Empire and Communications will find Patterson's work ("He did . . . from a diachronic perspective but synchronically . . .") equally difficult.

Finally, 1990 marked the appearance of the Historical atlas of Canada III : Addressing the twentieth century (Toronto U.P.). Edited by Donald Kerr and Deryck Holdsworth, the book is divided into five parts and discusses 66 major topics, from primary production on the prairies to the national broadcasting


system. The wealth of maps, charts, and statistical information found there can be complemented by the Chronicle of Canada (Montreal: Chronicle Publications/ Rainbow Books), edited by Elizabeth Abbott. The hundreds of newspaper-style articles in this massive volume cover Canadian history from 4.6 billion B.C., when the earth cooled, to December 1989. when Audrey McLaughlin won the leadership of the New Democratic Party. One suspects that these two works will be mined for years - both by students seeking essay topics and by lecturers eager to enliven their presentations.

(iii) The United States of America

John Kentleton

Sources Pride of place must go to Kathryn Allamong Jacob and Bruce A. Ragsdale (eds), Biographical directory of the United States Congress, I774-1989: The Continental Congress, September 5. 1774, to October ZI, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First through One Hundredth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to Janitary 3, 1989. inclitsive (Washington D.C.: G.P.O., $82.00). This bicentennial edition did actually appear in 1989 but inevitably too late to be noticed across the Atlantic in last year's survey. This, the fifteenth edition, is the first revision in almost twenty years of what is a magnificent compendium of information. at once instructive and absorbing. Barbara B. Oberg (ed.). The papers of Benjamin Franklin Vol. 28, November I, 1778 through February 28, I779 (Yale U.P., f50) continues a major work of scholarship. Dorothy Twohig (ed.). The papers of George Washington, Presidential series Vol. 3, June-September I789 (Virginia U.P., f36.50) covers the early months of the new administration and the creation of the great departments of the federal government. One of Washington's major concerns was the selection of personnel to staff them; he did not want for office-seekers; there is, manifestly, a continuity in American history. For the work of the greatest of his colleagues see: Charles T. Cullen (ed.). The papers of Thomas Jefferson Vol. 23, I January-31 May 1972 and John Catanzariti (ed.), Vol. 24, I June-31 December 1792 (Princeton U.P.. each $52.50) which concerns that critical period when Jefferson was secretary of state. For the private man James A. Bear Jr and Lucia C. Stanton (eds), Jeflerson's memorandum books: Accounts, with legal records and miscellany, 1767-1826, two vols. Second series (Princeton U.P., $150) give the most detailed coverage of his day-to-day life. J.C.A. Stagg. Thomas A. Mason, and Jeanne K. Sisson (eds), The papers of James Madison Vol. 16,27April 1795-27 March I797 (Virginia U.P.. U8.50) completes this illustrious trio of Virginians. These years saw the party battle between Federalists and Republicans intensify and Madison served for his fourth and final term as a member of the House of Representatives.

Robert H. Ferrell (ed.), Monterrey Is Ours! The Mexicun War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847 (Kentucky U.P., $29.00) come from the letters the future Civil War general wrote to his young wife. Excellently edited, they give a good insight into the nature of the American army, the conditions of the war and the reactions of a young officer to it. The correspondence was private and the letters are at times remarkably sexually explicit. If named after heroes, Napoleon Jackson 'Tecumseh Dana was clearly human. Roy P. Basler and Christian 0. Basler (eds). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln: Second supplement, 1838-1865 (Rutgers U.P., $40.00) is an addendum to the earlier supplement in 1974 of any

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Lincolnia that has surfaced subsequent to the nine volumes of Collected Works published almost forty years ago. As always the charm of Lincoln's humanity breaks through the most trivial pieces. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), The selected letters of Charles Sumner Vol. 1 . 1830-1859; Vol. 2, 1859-1874 (Northeastern U.P., $130.00) selects some 900 of the most important and representative letters of the 26,000 or so the Massachusetts Senator wrote in a long career. Most here cited are public letters, many to well-known figures. They afford a good insight into Sumner, not necessarily to his advantage. Victoria Post Ranney (ed.), The papers of Frederick Law Olmsted Vol. V: The California frontier, 1863-1865 (Johns Hopkins U.P., $48.50) covers three great themes: the latter stages of the Civil War, westward expansion and the relationship between immigration and urbanization. The career of the great socialist leader can be studied in J. Robert Constantine (ed.). Letters of Eugene V . Debs Vol. I , 1874-1912; Vol. 11, 1913-1919; Vol. 111, 1919-1926 (Illinois U.P., $120 the set). For a grand overview of American affairs, on the principle that outside observers are often the most perceptive, mention must be made of Kenneth Bourne (ed.), British documents on foreign affairs; Reports and papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, series C Part I North America 1837-1914. 15 Vols; D.K. Adams (ed.), Part I1 North America 1919-1939,25 Vols (University Publications of America, $1,310 and $2,180 or $3.315 both parts). The Part I volumes are now available, as are the first six of Part I1 with the remainder promised from now to 1993. They are a veritable treasure trove of information both for domestic and foreign policy.

General Sometimes, with the passage of time, an academic book itself becomes academicized. An example is Richard E. Neustadt. Presidential power and the modern presidents: The politics of leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan (N.Y.: Free Press, $22.95). Essentially the fifth edition of the book that caused such a flutter in 1960 when the office of the Presidency still inspired hope, it also contains five essays written since 1968 in the light of subsequent experience. Perhaps it really has been downhill all the way since FDR, ironic when one thinks that such an exemplar would have been the last President to take academic advice on how he should exercise his office. There is a moral here for political scientists and, indeed, publishers. Power is a fickle enough commodity at the best of times, as attested by Richard Norton Smith and Timothy Walch (eds), Farewell to the chief: Former Presidents in American public life (Worland, Wy: High Plains, $22.50, pbk $9.50). The proceedings of a two-day conference at the Hoover Library, named appropriately after the President who kept the title and little else longer than any other former Chief Executive, it is clear that if spared the humiliation of a removal van on the morrow of the election ex-Presidents, like old soldiers, largely fade away. But then, as Churchill once observed, democracy is not a polite employer, and perhaps American public life is the better for it. No one, even a President, is indispensable. That the system works might be adduced from Paul A. Varg, America, from client state to world power: Six major transitions in United States foreign relations (Oklahoma U.P., $24.95) a history of American foreign policy since the early days of the Republic to superpower status. This topic is explored from another angle in David Brion Davis, Revolutions: Reflections on American equality and foreign liberations (Harvard U.P., $19.95) which discusses with style and sophistication how a nation conceived in revolution deals with a world that still is. Charles Stuart Kennedy, The American consul: A hktory of the United States Consular Service, 1776-1914 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, $39.95) explores a neglected field, suggesting that until World War I his subject was actually larger and more important than the more prestigious Foreign Service, a mistake shared by both contemporary American administrations and subsequent historians.

No one could underestimate the importance of the subject matter of Mark A. Noll

I 70 ANNUAL BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE 76

(ed.), Religion and American politics: From the colonial period 10 the 1980s (OUP, €27.50) a stimulating collection of essays of high quality. The book is organized into three sections: religion and politics before the Civil War; a comparison of mainstream American religion with similar experiences at home and abroad; and the story since 1900. Its major emphasis is Protestant. Perhaps indirectly, muscular Christianity is reflected in John Duffj. The Sanitarians: A history of American public health (Illinois U.P., $32.50), an excellent, indeed magisterial synthesis. Healthy bodies are hopefully the outcome of Harold Seymour, Baseball: The people’s game (OUP, €24) which does indeed live up to its title. A definitive compendium, it moves away from the major and minor leagues explored in the author’s Baseball: The early years (1960) and Baseball: The golden age (1971) (ibid., now in pbk f9.95 and f 10.95 respectively) to examine the game’s impact at its most popular, indeed amateur level in all walks of society. The author remains refreshingly sceptical about its supposed character-forming qualities. But then baseball isn’t cricket, which as Steven A. Riess, ‘The new sport history’ (R. in Amer. H k t . , 18) reminds us in passing, was actually the first American team sport, as he surveys the great strides made in recent years in this area of inquiry. Sport may be a way of passing the time but even that concept is not without difficulties in a nation as large as the United States, the subject of Michael O’Malley. Keeping watch: A history of American time (N.Y.: Viking, $19.95) which charts the transition from naturally measured time based on the sun to the imposition of standard time zones and thus the inevitable diminution of local autonomy and the imposition of a mechanistic frame of reference. Other changes in society are noted by John F. Kasson. Rudeness and civiliq: Manners in nineteenth century urban America (N.Y.: Hill and Wang, $22.95) and Kenneth Cmiel. Democratic eloquence: The fight over popular speech in nineteenth-century America (N.Y.: Morrow, $24.95). The former may be a story of progress; the latter is one of both loss and gain.

Carl Abbott, ‘Dimensions of regional change in Washington, D.C.’ (Amer. H. R., 95) examines the changing nature of the nation’s capital as indicative of the broader dynamics of regional change. Whilst it may be in President Kennedy’s quip a city of ‘southern efficiency and northern charm’, the author concludes that: ‘Southemess in Washington survived the changes of the later nineteenth century largely intact and adapted to the further changes of the middle twentieth century. The city is substantially more northern now than in 1865, but it is also southern in new as well as old ways.’ Samuel Walker, In defense of American liberties: A history ofthe ACLU (OUP, $24.95) goes beyond its immediate subject to provide a history of civil liberties, though as the author shows its fundamental purpose has been not so much the protection of individual rights as the reform of society. Yet it is true to its principles to the extent that it alienates its friends; defending, for example, the civil liberties of members of the Ku Klux Klan or opposing restrictions on child pornography. Perhaps American society with its tendency, as de Tocqueville noted, to follow the tyranny of popular opinion needs the ACLU, just as for all its faults the ACLU deserves this excellent history of its achievements. The distinguished historian Richard Nelson Current, Phi Beta Kappa: The first rwo hundred years (ibid., f24) records the most prestigious of American fraternities, an essential ingredient of undergraduate life that always remains something of a mystery to outsiders. Originally commissioned by the society, the author’s scholarly integrity led him to raise issues that caused his sponsorship to be withdrawn; the book can, therefore, be recommended with confidence. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: the embattled wilderness (Nebraska U.P., f23.70) is a celebration of one of the loveliest of the National Parks, but written more on the struggle between those who saw it as a place of human entertainment and those who supported biological and ecological priorities. Fred Matthews, ‘The attack on “historicism”: Allan Bloom’s

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indictment of contemporary American historical scholarship' (Amer. H. R . , 95) is a review article of 'The closing of the American mind', one of the most disturbing books of the past decade. As Matthews argues, 'Historians have a major stake in the appraisal of Bloom's work, since it directly challenges the assumptions (often unconscious) with which we interpret our data.'

From Washington to Jackson Jon Butler, Awash in a sea offaith: Christianizing the American people (Harvard U.P., f 19.95) is a provocative book that argues that the Christianizing of America was more a nineteenth-century phenomenon, that the Great Awakening is an exaggeration and that traditional African religion was eliminated by colonial anglicanism. One need not accept all the author's arguments to appreciate the book's vitality. Robert E. Shalhope. The roots of democracy: American thought and culture, 1760-1800 (Boston: Twayne, $24.95 pbk, $10.95) is a good summary of the forces that shaped American political culture in the late eighteenth century, eschewing the notion that there was necessarily a wide divide between classical republicans and liberals, a view shared by Cathy D. Matson and Peter S. Onuf. A union of interests: Political and economic thought in revolutionary America (Kansas U.P., $25.00). Edward Millican, One united people: The Federdist papers and the national idea (Kentucky U.P., $29.00) is an important work that stresses the nationalism of the authors of the Federalist papers. To them the Constitution was a compromise; ideally they would have preferred a stronger centralized government. Opposition to this is explored in Saul Comell, 'Aristocracy assailed: The ideology of backcountry Anti-Federalism' (J . Amer. Hist., 76). which argues that the Anti-Federalists were not united by a single, homogeneous political creed, nor can they be judged only by their leaders. The populist sentiment that inspired much of the opposition to the Constitution was to remain a potent force in American politics. How the legislative section of the Constitution was enshrined in practice is the subject of Wilfrid J. Ritz, Rewriting the history of theJudiciary Act of 1789: Exposing myths, challenging premises. and using new evidence (Oklahoma U.P., $27.95) which notwithstanding its apparently specialized focus. is both readable and interesting. Richard A. Brisbin Jr, 'John Marshall and the nature of law in the early Republic' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 98) offers an interpretation of Marshall's conception of law from the vantage point of political thought. He suggests that the great Chief Justice was a man functioning in two intellectual worlds and his opinions as a whole thus contain some irreconcilable differences and tensions.

Robert Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of liberty: The statecraft of ThomasJefferson (OUP, f19.50) is a valuable analysis of his foreign policy albeit a critical one. Even those more favourably disposed to Jefferson should take note of its arguments, for his legacy in American foreign policy, the authors argue, is an enduring one. Harold Hellenbrand, The unfinished revolution: Education and politics in the thought of ThomasJefferson (Delaware U.P., $32.50) is essentially a chronological discussion of Jefferson's educational theory and practice from his own schooling and undergraduate days at William and Mary, to his educational policies when in power, culminating in the establishment of the University of Virginia. Steven E. Siry, De Witt C h o n and the American political economy: Sectionalism, politics, and republican ideology, 1787-1828 (N.Y .: Lang, $53.95) endeavours a rehabilitation of a shadowy politician who perhaps because of faults in his own character, never seems to have received the revaluation that his position in the politics of the early Republic might seem to deserve. Christopher Clark, The roots of rural capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 is a sophisticated, if selective, discussion of the transformation of a rural farming society. James R. Rohrer, 'The origins of the temperance movement: a reinterpretation' (J. Amer. Studs., 24) suggests that this was both earlier and more broadly based than


generally thought. Robert Allen Rutland, The presidency of James Madison (Kansas U.P., $25.00) continues the American Presidency Series by attempting a revaluation of a man often regarded as a genuine statesman but a poor President. Whilst Madison’s presidency deserves sympathetic treatment and must be judged by the pressures of the period, one might argue that the author makes the best case possible whilst adducing evidence that could be used differently. The War of 1812 is hard to explain away. Nonetheless, it is a significant addition to a valuable series. Harry L. Watson. Liberty and power: The politics of Jacksonian America (N.Y.: Hill and Wang. $25.00) is a valuable synthesis of recent scholarship. Alwyn Barr, Texans in revolt: The battle for Sun Antonio, 1835 (Texas U.P., $18.95) offers a brief narrative of a colourful episode that has often been neglected.

The Civil War Era and Reconstruction William H. Freehling, The Road to disunion Vol. I , Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (OUP, $30.00), the first of two volumes, has as its ultimate focus the events of 1861. Concentrated on the South it seeks to explore how frustrated secessionists finally prevailed and traces the story back to the earliest years of the Republic. Prodigious research underwrites a sophisticated argument as all the major crises in the story are examined. Douglas L. Wilson, ‘Abraham Lincoln, Ann Rutledge, and the evidence of Herndon’s informants’ (Civil War His t . , 36) reexamines an old story, first given a public airing in the year after Lincoln’s death and then incorporated in book form almost a quarter of a century later. Was Herndon merely mischief-making and getting at poor Mrs Lincoln? The author looks at how subsequent historians have treated the story of Lincoln’s early romance and suggests that the story deserves to be taken seriously: ‘The restoration of his love affair with Ann Rutledge to Lincoln’s biography must be regarded as a positive gain for all who seek to understand the man and the circumstances that brought him forth.’ Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A nation on the brink (OUP, $29.95) is a masterly work, narrative history at its best, which suggests that if nothing is quite inevitable in life, after 1857 the odds were stacked heavily against a peaceful resolution of the issues that divided North and South. Lloyd E. Ambrosius (ed.), A crisis of republicanism: American politics in the Civil War era (Nebraska U.P., $23.50) is a very good collection of essays not especially related to the ostensible title. S.G.F. Spackman, ‘Lincoln’s shadows: Public issues and private meanings during Civil War and Reconstruction’ ( J . Amer. Studs., 24) is a useful review essay of some of the major contributions to our understanding of this period that have been published recently.

Frances H . Kennedy (ed.). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, $29.95, pbk.Sl6.95) is an excellent survey of some 65 Civil War battlefields and campaigns comprising essays written by an assortment of historians, some of considerable distinction, together with non-academics such as a couple of U.S. Senators and the Director of the C.I.A. No mere coffee-table guide, it has in fact been hailed as the outstanding contribution to the subject, indeed an essential purchase. William M. Fowler Jr, Under twoflags: The American navy in the Civil War (Norton, f 15.95) is a readable account of the naval side of the war. On a more specialized note there have been several interesting studies. Christopher Phillips, Damned Yankee: The life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Missouri U.P.. $26.00) is a valuable critical biography of an unpleasant soldier whose public reputation was redeemed only by his death. Wallace J. Schutz and Walter N. Trenerry. Abandoned by Lincoln: A military biography of General John Pope (Illinois U.P., $32.50) is an attempt to rehabilitate the loser of the Second Battle of Bull Run who himself was not slow to blame others. Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain (N. Carolina U.P., $29.95) is a closely detailed study of another of Pope’s losses. Peter Cozens. No better place to die: The Battle of Stones River (Illinois U.P., $24.95) is a thorough account of an important battle. Murfreesboro,

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to give it its other name, came in the nick of time for the North; if not strictly a victory it occasioned a Confederate retreat; and this book lives up to the importance of the engagement. Brooks D. Simpson. 'The doom of slavery: Ulysses S. Grant, war aims, and emancipation, 1861-1863' (Civil War H i s f . , 36) examines how Grant came slowly to the realization that to save the Union, one would have to transform the Union. William L. Richter, 'The papers of U.S. Grant: A review essay' (ibid.) surveys those volumes (6 to 15) running from September 1, 1862 to December 31, 1865. Gary W. Gallagher, 'The Army of Northern Virginia in May 1864: A crisis of high command' (ibid.) examines how a tired Lee failed to find really adequate subordinates just as Grant appeared on the scene. That the Confederates could still pull something out of the hat is the subject of William B. Feis, 'A Union military intelligence failure: Jubal Early's raid, June 12-July 14, 1864' (ibid.). Perhaps, though the South's best hope was McClellan, though Stephen W. Spears, 'McClellan and the Peace Plank of 1864: A reappraisal' (ibid.) argues that the latter's willingness to compromise has been overstated. That a bloody Civil War lived up to its reputation to the bitter end may be surmised from Warren Wilkinson. Mother, may you never see the sights I have seen: The F i f p Seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers in the Army of the Potomac, 1864-1865 (N.Y.: Harper, $30.00). Though recruited only in the autumn and winter of 1863-4, this particular regiment - a motley collection - saw service at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg and thus sustained one of the highest rates of casualties. The book is a day-to-day account of the war's last terrible year as seen by this set of soldiers and as such is a model regimental history, one of the very best.

Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (Syracuse U.P., $34.95) is essentially political history focusing on the elite, but New York's importance justifies this attention; Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their significance for American society and politics in the age of the Civil War (OUP, f24) lives up to its title by examining the riots of 1863 within the context of the city's social tensions. J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering wartime: A social history of Philadelphia during the Civil War (CUP, f30) is a first rate study which moves away from generalizations to examine the actual impact of war on one particular northern city, and suggests that it was able to absorb the changes war wrought more smoothly than might be imagined. More generally, Earl M. Maltz, Civil Rights, the Conrfitution and Congress, 1863-I869 (Kansas U.P., $25.00) sets out to discover what changes in the law congressmen intended to make in the debates surrounding the enactments of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The discussion is of contemporary as well as historical significance given the notion of 'original intent'. Michael L. Lanza, Agrarianism and Reconstruction polifics: The Southern Homestead Act (Louisiana State U.P., $22.50) is a narrow, in-depth study of an important piece of legislation in the history of Reconstruction. Finally, in a particularly bloody period of American history, Thomas F. Curran, 'Resist not evil: The ideological roots of Civil War pacifism' (Civil War Hist., 36) is a refreshing contrast, from one of the most enjoyable. specialized journals that can be read with profit by the amateur, the professional or the interested general reader. Modestly priced, attractively presented, clearly edited, i t compares favourably with duller, weightier tomes.

Slavery and the Old South Donald A. De Bats, 'An uncertain arena: The Georgia House of Representatives, 1808-1861' ( I . South. Hisf., 56) traces the decline of an institution which became weaker just when the problems it faced became more acute. Although this is not an explanation for secession, it provides a context for it. James Marten, Texas divided: Loyalry and dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856-1874 (Kentucky U.P., $25.00) is a solid contribution suggesting that Texans were


ambivalent in their attitudes to the Confederacy; perhaps not surprisingly having voluntarily joined the Union in the 1840s. many were loyal to it in the 1860s. ‘The trumpet unblown: The Old Dominion in the Civil War’ (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 98) devotes a whole issue to this subject. Michael Wayne, ‘An Old South morality play: Reconsidering the social underpinnings of the pro-slavery ideology’ (I. Amer. Hist., 77) examines the relationship between increasing democratization and enfranchisement in the South and unwillingness to accept criticism of slavery: the paradox that ‘the debate over slavery effectively came to an end . . . when the power to determine the course of events seemingly passed into the hands of the non-slaveholders.’ James Oakes, Slavery and freedom: An interpretation of the Old South (N.Y.: Knopf, $22.95) is a sophisticated, interpretive, synthesis examining the relationship between slavery and liberal capitalism. Alan Watson, Slave law in the Americas (Georgia U.P., $25.00) traces the differing legal traditions that affected the institution of slavery and its consequences. Roger L. Ransom, Conflict and compromise: The political economy of slavery, emancipation, and the American Civil War (CUP, DO, pbk €10.95) is an excellent synthesis; the author argues that not only did slavery cause the Civil War but by crippling the Southern war effort decisively effected its outcome. Kenneth S. Greenberg, ‘The nose, the lie and the duel in the antebellum South’ (Amer.H.R., 95) discusses a bizarre aspect of the southern code of honour and this provides a curious insight into the nature of its society. Joan E. Cashin, ‘The structure of antebellum planter families: The ties that bound us was strong’ (J. South. Hist., 56) argues that instead of the nuclear family as often portrayed, planter families formed part of a much wider relationship. David F. Allmendinger Jr, Ruffin: Family and reform in the Old South (OUP, f28) is an examination of one of the leading secessionists; an odd figure in many ways, who may be taken as symptomatic of the antebellum south perhaps even in his self-delusion. Clyde N. Wilson, Carolina cavalier: The life and mind of James Johnston Pettigrew (Georgia U.P., $35.00) sees the young Confederate general as the embodiment of Southern culture; certainly he was a romantic figure if not necessarily a representative one.

David L. Lightner, ‘The interstate slave trade in antislavery politics’ (Civil War Hist., 36) considers why the slave trade ceased to be so important an issue in American politics, when it appeared to offer a constitutional opening for an assault on slavery, but that it, too, played its part in determining the South’s response to Lincoln’s victory in 1860. Loren Schweninger, ‘John Carruthers Stanly and the anomaly of black slaveholding’ (N. Carolina H .R . , 56) is a useful corrective to those who see slavery as only a crime inflicted by whites upon blacks. Gaines M. Foster, ‘Guilt over slavery: A historiographical analysis’ (J. South. Hist., 56) is a useful survey of different historians’ analyses of the issue whilst James L. Huston, ‘The experiential basis of the Northern antislavery impulse’ (ibid.) argues that historians have tended to overlook the effect that direct experience of slavery had on the abolitionists. Among the latter, Douglas B.A. Ansdell. ‘William Lloyd Garrison’s ambivalent approach to labour reform’ (J. Amer. Studs., 24) contributes a ‘Note’ on Garrison’s distinction between chattel slavery and wage slavery, a link often made by other reformers; Hugh Davis, Joshua Leavitt: Evangelical abolitionist (Louisiana State U.P., $35.00) is the first biography of another leading figure in the movement; Lawrence B. Goodheart, Abolitionist, actuary, atheist: Elizur Wright and the reform impulse (Kent State U.P., $27.50) fills another gap in the literature of reform; and Len Gougeon, Virtues hero: Emerson, antislavery, and reform (Georgia U.P., $45.00) traces the development of his thought and the moral dilemmas it posed, until he wholeheartedly embraced the cause of abolitionism. Finally, continuing her previous annual practice, C.S. Monholland, ‘Southern history in periodicals 1989: A selected bibliography’ (J. South. Hisr., 56) performs a valuable task.

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The Frontier and the West Michael Allen, Western rivermen, 1763-1861: Ohio and the Mississippi boatmen and the myth of the Alligator Horse (Louisiana State U.P.. $25.00) is an absorbing, first rate account of the Ratboatmen. James P. Ronda, Astoria and empire (Nebraska U.P., $25.00) takes a colourful episode but goes beyond the romance and the tragedy to set it within the context of American expansion into the Pacific Northwest. The result is, at times, an exciting work seeing John Jacob Astor’s venture as part of an imperial conflict. Timothy R. Mahoney, River towns in the Great West: The structure ofprovincial urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870 (CUP, f30) employs a multi-disciplinary approach to examine the distinctive urban-economic system which developed along the upper reaches of the Mississippi river between St. Louis, Missouri and Galena, Illinois; and argues that to understand change in antebellum America, it is necessary to study a region rather than a locality or the nation. Anne Farrar Hyde, An American vision: Far Western landrcape and national culture. 1820-1920 (New York U.P., $29.95) is an examination of changing American attitudes to the lands west of the one hundredth meridian. For about two thirds of the one hundred years here covered, Americans tried to understand the West in the light of European experiences and analogies; only towards the latter part of the nineteenth century did they accept the West at face value on its own terms. The book, if at times repetitive, is about perception and how that in itself was a reflection of a more confident nationalism. Cheryl J. Foote, Women of the New Mexico frontier 1846-1912 (Colorado U.P., $19.95) is a contribution both to frontier and to women’s history, based on a collection of essays relating to individuals or groups, army and missionary wives who lived in the newly acquired territory in the days before statehood. Whilst the evidence is selective, that is the inevitable consequence of the early stages of colonization before more permanent structures are established. James P. Delgado, To California by sea: A maritime history of the California Gold Rush ( S . Carolina U.P.. $24.95) describes how over half the immigrants to California in the years 1849 to 1851 reached their destination. The book is thorough and wide-ranging. Richard Hogan, Class and community in frontier Colorado (Kansas U.P., $29.95) focuses on the two decades when Colorado was transformed from empty frontier to a colourful boom state. The American regional encyclopedia series (Oxford: Facts on File) contains extensive articles on each region and places them in their historical and contemporary context; the two relevant volumes that appeared in 1990 are The Central West and The Far West (f40 each). Finally, one might mention the decision to reissue in the American Heritage Library, the famous trilogy by Bernard De Voto, The year of decision 1846; Across rhe wide Missouri; The course of empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, pbk $9.95 each). See also Louis P. Masur, ‘Bernard De Voto and the making of The Year of Decision: 1846’ (R. in Amer. Hist., 18) which evaluates this classic of American historical writing.

Gilded Age to Jazz Age Don H. Doyle, New men, new cities, New Soulh: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (N. Carolina U.P.. $39.95, pbk $12.95) concentrates on the elites of each city to examine their development from the antebellum period until the twentieth century. The two coastal cities, so prominent before the Civil War, lapsed after it because their leaders were unwilling to innovate to meet the needs of the times. Atlanta and Nashville, by contrast, were led by businessmen who saw the potential of railroads for city growth and prospered accordingly. Joseph G. Dawson 111, The late 19th century U.S. Army 1865-1898: A research guide (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, $45.00) is a useful aid for those who wish to study the American army in that period when it lapsed back to peacetime status after the Civil War. Frederick F. Travis, George Kennan and the American-Russian relationship, 1865-1924 (Ohio U.P., $39.95) is a thorough


study of the first American expert on Russia. Mike Sewell. 'Political rhetoric and policy-making: James G. Blaine and Britain' ( J . Amer. Stuak., 24) examines the 'Plumed Knight's' alleged Anglophobia and suggests that in practice he was far more pragmatic in his dealings with Britain and a lot less prejudiced than the traditional version would have it.

Andre Millard, Edison and the business of innovation (Johns Hopkins U.P., $38.50) surveys the relationship between business and technology which elucidates Edison's successes and failures as he moved from 'machine shop' culture to industrial capitalism; whilst Peter J. Ling, America a d the automobile: Technology, reform and social change 1893-1923 (Manchester U.P., f29.95) considers the role of the motor car in the increasing centralization of American society in the Progressive era. Jules R. Benjamin. The United States and the origins of the Cuban Revolution: An empire of liberty in an age of national liberation (Princeton U.P., S29.95) is a well-written account of American-Cuban relations from the overthrow of Spanish rule to Fidel Castro. American involvement with Cuba is also expounded by Ivan Musicant, The banana wars: A history of United Slates military intervention in Lotin America from the Spanish-American War to the invasion of Panama (Macmillan, S24.95), a readable account of a succession of military episodes but set in their historical and political context. More searching is Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbeun: The Panama Canal, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Latin American context (Louisiana State U.P., S42.75). an extremely thorough defence of Theodore Roosevelt's policies which were moderate and limited, albeit vitiated by a confrontational style. It is a good advocacy of the policies of the President who has often been thought to have left a bitter legacy.

John Milton Cooper Jr. Pivotal decades: The United States, 1900-1920 (Norton, f 14.95) is an excellent survey. The readable, clearly-presented text is supported by small photographs and illustrations; one of the most harrowing is of casualties of the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 191 1. A fine historian has been ably supported by his publishers; the book deserves every success. Morton Keller. Regulating a new economy: Public policy and economic change in America, 1900- 1933 (Harvard U.P., $27.50) is an important contribution which succeeds by exploring how state and local legislation. court cases, judicial decisions, injunctions and other events so often blunted Progressive era legislation and reform. Chapter by chapter, he examines how the regulating of trusts, utilities, cities, etc. could be circumscribed and thwarted; in place of a unifying theory, there was a chaotic mixture of precedent and practice. One is reminded that America is indeed a Union and how important are lawyers. Symptomatic of the attitudes against which Progressives battled is Paul Kens, Judicial power and reform politics: The anatomy of Lochner v New York (Kansas U.P.. S29.95) which studies a landmark case and sets it within its constitutional context. Clyde W. Barrow, Universities and the capitalist state: Corporate liberalism and the reconstruction of American higher education, 1894-1928 (Wisconsin U.P., $39.50, pbk $17.25) will be read with interest, not to say trepidation by all those witnessing the advent of businessmen and their culture (sic) in the management of British universities in the so-called interests of efficiency and economic accountability. Better perhaps that the businessmen should come from without than that academics should sell ou t to their values from within.

Alfred W. Crosby, America's forgotten pandemic: The influenza of 1918 (CUP, f9.95) is a narrative account that reminds us that troubles or the Four Horsemen never come singly. Charles W. Eagles, Democracy delayed: Congressional reapporfionment and urban-rural conflict in the 1920's (Georgia U.P., $25.00) describes how after the census of 1920. for the first time since the census began in 1790, the House of Representatives was not reapportioned; the gerrymandering that went on (for, in effect that was what it was) at both national and state level in

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the rural interest was not to be discarded for another 40 years. which makes generalizations about American popular po!itics all the more suspect. William H. Harbaugh, Lawyers' lawyer: The life of John W. Davis (Virginia U.P., pbk f15.95) is an excellent account of the life of the man who benefitted from the urban-rural conflict; an exhausted. deadlocked Democratic convention in 1924 turned to him as a compromise presidential candidate on the one hundred and third ballot. The nomination was a poisoned chalice. Joseph Frazier Wall, Alfred 1. du Pont: The man and his family (OUP, €22.50) traces the stormy life of the great industrialist. Another aspect of the same family is covered in Robert F. Burk, The corporate state and the broker slate: The Du Ponts and American national politics 1925-1940 (Harvard U.P., $35.00) an excellent contribution delineating their political objectives and subsequent opposition to the New Deal and FDR.

The era of FDR Robert Garson and Christopher J . Bailey, The uncertain power: A political history of the United States since 1929 (Manchester U.P., €22.50, pbk €6.95) is a perhaps too brief narrative survey whose usefulness, in consequence, is limited. Fiona Venn, Franklin D. Roosevelt (Cardinal, pbk f4.99) is a well-written contribution to the Makers of the Twentieth Century series, Thomas K. McCraw, 'Berle and Means' ( R . in Amer. Hist.. 18) reevaluates the significance of The modern corporation and private property. first published in 1932. Roger Biles, 'The urban South in the Great Depression' (1. Soiith. Hist., 56) examines the six largest southern cities in 1930: New Orleans, Houston, Atlanta. Dallas, Birmingham and Memphis. The 1949s with the coming of World War I1 and thereafter, not the 1930s appears to be the crucial decade of change; the impact of the New Deal was limited and certainly not, as has been contended, 'revolutionary'. Nancy L. Grant, 7'VA and Black Americans: Planning for the status quo (Temple U.P., $34.95) is further evidence of how, for all their good intentions, New Deal bureaucrats bowed to Southern traditions; official principle and actual practice were by no means identical. Walter L. Buenger, 'Between community and corporation: The southern roots of Jesse H. Jones and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation' ( J . South. Hist.. 56) argues that his Southern experiences of community life and its values limited his support for the New Deal whose centralized bureaucracy threatened them; a similar attitude can be detected in other influential southern politicians. Another New Deal figure is discussed in Roger J. Sandilands, The life and political economy of Lauchlin Currie: New Dealer, Presidential adviser, and development economist (Duke U.P., $57.50). Michael L. Kurtz and Morgan D. Peoples, Earl K . Long: Thesaga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana politics (Louisiana State U.P., $24.95) is the first scholarly biography of Huey's brother whose career did not reach its bizarre end until 1960. Perhaps he owed his start to Huey but, lacking the national ambitions of his brother, he was i n many ways a far better Governor, deservedly popular with Louisiana's poor. Once again one is reminded of the 'banana republic' aspect of this most individualistic of American states; a political tradition seen only recently in its 1990 gubernatorial election. The authors set Long within his context and evaluate him fairly.

'A round table: The living and reliving of World War 11' ( J . Amer. Hist., 77) is a slightly self-indulgent but interesting collection of memories of practising historians. For example, Bradford Perkins notes how hearing of the dropping of the Atomic bomb, 'filled us all with a sense of relief as well as satisfaction - I do not believe that any American politician could have withstood the protest if he had blocked it: use'. Pete Daniel, 'Going among strangers: Southern reactions to World War 11' (ibid.) examines how World War I1 in effect ended a chapter in southern history; slowly, but surely, southerners would move from rural folk to urban dwellers. Michael Slackman, Target: Pearl Harbor (Hawaii U.P., $19.95) is a useful, readable, up to date account. Hilary Conroy and Harry Wray, Pearl Harbor reexamined: Prologue


to the PacGc War (Hawaii U.P., $22.00) is a collection of essays. Randall Bennett Woods, A changing of the guard: Anglo American relations, 1941-1946 (N. Carolina U.P.. $42.50) is an excellent account of the substitution of American for British financial world leadership. Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The origins of the United Nations and the search for postwar security (N. Carolina U.P., $39.95) examines the precursor to the United Nations, arguing that genuine collective security was possible but was dissipated by nationalism. On a lighter note, James Lincoln Collier, Benny Goodman and the swing era (OUP, f 15) is a fair-minded account of a period when jazz, or at least jau-based music, was central to American culture.

Postwar America John Edward Wilz, Democracy challenged: The United States since World War I1 (Harper, pbk f 17.95) is an interestingly written textbook which brings the story up to the first year of the Bush presidency. Robert H. Ferrell, 'Truman's place in history' (R. in Amer. Hist . , 18) is a survey of recent literature by one of Truman's biographers. Robert A. Caro, The years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of ascent (Bodley Head, DO) continues his ultra-critical biography; this, the second of four projected volumes, takes the story up to LBJ's election to the Senate in 1948. The prodigious research is vitiated by the author's dislike of his subject, though admittedly there was much to dislike, and it is right that his unscrupulousness should be put on record. Roger Morris, Richard Milhous Nixon: The rise of an Americanpolitician (N.Y.: Holt, $29.95) is the first of a projected trilogy. Based on wide-research, including many oral interviews, it largely confirms the generally received view of Nixon. That Nixon was able and hard-working is not to be doubted, but in this volume, which takes the story up to 1952, one sees the ambition and ruthlessness. The sad fact is that Nixon seemed so well-adjusted to the sordid demands of American politics, a reflection on both. Herbert Parmet, Richard Nixon and his America (Boston: Little, Brown, $24.95) tries to eschew strict biography to use Nixon as a reflection of postwar America. William B. Pickett, Homer E. Capehart: A senator's life, 1897-1979 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, $27.95) is a biography of a three-term Senator who was apparently more flexible than the accepted image of a right-wing red-baiter. One wonders, however, whether his career added greatly to the reputation of the Senate. Richard M. Fried, Nightmare in red: The MacCarthy era in perspective (OUP, f17.50) places McCarthyism in its historical context. R. Alton Lee, Eirenhower and Landrum-Grifin: A study in labor-management politics (Kentucky U.P., $21.00) is a useful contribution to the Eisenhower presidency; much credit must go to his staff who, notwithstanding the Republican reverses of 1958, were able to get a tough labour bill through Congress the following year. A reminder that life is not all politics is Jane S. Smith, Patenting the sun: Polio and the Salk vaccine (N.Y.: Morrow, $22.95). an exciting, dramatic and disturbing story. Equally a reminder that politics in America touches everything is Francis Duncan, Rickover and the nuclear navy: The discipline of rechnology (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, $28.95), a series of connected essays on the father of America's nuclear navy.

It has been a good year for students of the civil rights movement. Robert Weisbrot, Freedom bound: A history of AmericaS civil rights movement (Norton, €25.95) is an excellent account which covers the whole story in one volume. Adam Fairclough, 'Martin Luther King Jr.' (The Historian, 26) is a skilful mini-portrait. Richard Lentz, Symbolr, the news magazines, and Martin Luther King (Louisiana State U.P., f28.45) is a thorough and systematic study of how the press viewed King; one can learn a lot about their accuracy, or otherwise. Hugh Davis Grcham, The civil rights era: Origins and development of national policy, 1960-1972 (OUP, 524) is a massive survey devoted to the centre. The author sees two distinct stages;

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firstly the inclusive phase which achieved the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which recognized its inherent justice; then the phase of positive discrimination which, in its attempt to nullify past injustices, involved far greater controversy and non-acceptance. James E. Findlay, ‘Religion and politics in the Sixties: The churches and the Civil Rights Act of 1964’ ( J . Amer. Hist . , 77) examines their powerful role in the Act’s passage. James C. Cobb, ‘Somebody done nailed us on the cross: Federal farm and welfare policy and the civil rights movement in the Mississippi Delta’ (ibid.) shows how aid channelled through the white power elite inevitably diminished its social impact. Adam Fairclough, ‘Historians and the civil rights movement’ ( J . Amer. Studr., 24) is a state of the art essay.

Laura Kalman, Abe Fortar (Yale U.P., f25) is a full biography of the New Deal liberal who went on to the Supreme Court but whose ties to Lyndon Johnson and his greed proved to be his undoing. Michael Foley, ‘From mighty oaks to little acorns: the problems of the presidential timber business’ (J . Amer. Studr., 24) is a state of the art essay on the Presidential selection process. Stanley 1. Kutler, The wars of Watergate: The last crisis of Richard Nixon (N.Y.: Knopf, $24.95) is the best account of an episode the author sees as central to the Nixon Presidency and symptomatic of it. Any attempt at rehabilitation must be left to Richard Nixon. In the arena: A memoir of victory. defeat and renewal (Simon and Schuster, f 16.95), an unabashed attempt at self-justification. Carl Albert, Little giant: The life and times of Speaker Carl Albert (Oklahoma U.P., $24.95) is an enjoyable memoir of 30 years in Congress. Charles de Benedetti with Charles Chatfield, An America1 ordeal: The anti-war movement of the Vietnam era (Syracuse U.P.. $49.50, pbk $16.95) is likely to become the standard treatment setting the movement into its historical context beginning after the Korean War. David Mervin. Ronald Reagan and the American presidency (Longman, f 16.50, pbk f8.99) is an admirer; not all would agree. Joseph Hogan (ed.), The Reagan years: The record in presidential leadership (Manchester U.P., f29.95) is a good collection of essays. Patrick B. McGuigan and Dawn M. Weyrich, Ninth Justice: Thejight for Bork (Washington D.C.: Free Congress Research and Education Foundation, $21.95) is a conservative account of how their standard bearer was defeated; they argue that Robert Bork would have made an able justice. Lawrence A. Cremin, Popular education and its discontents (N.Y.: Harper, $17.95) is a wide-ranging discussion of American educational policy since World War I1 by the author of a monumental trilogy on its history. Steve Bruce, Pray 7V: Televangelism in America (Routledge, f35. pbk f10.99) is a well-written account of a phenomenon, the political power of which has been exaggerated but appears to be highly successful at extracting money from its audiences.

Modern foreign policy ‘A round table: Explaining the history of American foreign relations’ ( J . Amer. Hist., 77) looks at the subject thematically - e.g. Ideology, Gender, Corporatism, Bureaucratic Politics, etc - and is aimed at non-specialists. Edward Pessen, ‘Appraising American cold war policy by its means of implementa- tion’ (R. in Amer. Hist . , 18), writing as a relative newcomer to the field, seeks to answer a question not often asked: what light is thrown on American foreign policy since World War 11, if one focuses on the means the nation’s leaders have relied on to implement it? He concludes that cold war policy is better understood by this approach than by the rhetoric used to justify it. Gordon H. Chang. Friends and enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford U.P., $25.00) is an important contribution which suggests that American policymakers were by no means as ideologically rigid as they have been painted and were quite pragmatic in their private attitudes, whatever the public appearance to the contrary. In this respect Nixon’s dramatic visit to China in 1972 was not the

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reversal of 20 years of foreign policy but the slow maturation of it . David Callahan, Dangerous capabilities: Puul Nitze arid the cold war (N.Y.: Harper, $24.95) is a valuable study of an important figure whose career spanned the Cold War in its entirety. Richard Whelan. Drawing the line: The Korean War 1950-1953 (Faber, f20) is an attractively presented, well-written narrative account aimed at the general reader. Rosemary Foot, A substitute for victory: The politics of peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks (Cornell U.P., $32.50) is a thorough study. Syngman Rhee was even more of a nuisance than he is usually credited; America's allies and the Chinese were keener to end the fighting than the U.S. itself; and the threat of nuclear weapons, even if it reached the Chinese, was less instrumental in securing an agreement than has been previously thought. Peter G. Boyle (ed.). The Churchill-Eisenhower correspondence, 1953-1955 (N. Carolina U.P., $24.95) is a valuable collection of some 190 letters between the two leaders; the ageing Churchill seeking to hoard a diminishing influence and make a grand exit after a p o s t s t a h summit; a cold warrior Eisenhower, apparently exhibiting a Dullesian view of the world, personally warm to Churchill but not over-sensitive to Britain's declining power and not to be cajoled into premature talks with the Russians. Richard H. Immerman (ed.). John Foster Dulles and the diplomacy of the cold war (Princeton U.P.. $29.95) is a series of essays; Dulles emerges as a more complex, thoughtful figure than is usually believed. Dean Rusk, As I saw it (Nortoflaurus, $29.95) is a collection of delayed memoirs in which Rusk recounts to his son his long career, primarily focusing on the state department, which culminated in his eight year tenure as secretary of state. Rusk has been consistently undervalued and this polished book helps right the record.

Timothy P. Maga, John F. Kennedy and the New Pacific Community. 1961-63 (N.Y.: St. Martin's, $35.00) examines Kennedy's Asian-Pacific policy, a far broader subject than concentration on Vietnam. Other regional studies include Ruth Leacock, Requiem for revolution: The Uriited States and Brazil, 1961-1969 (Kent State U.P.. $26.50); Joseph S. Tulchin. Argentina and the United S/ates: A conflicted relationship (Boston: Twayne. $24.95, pbk $9.95). a good, broad, general survey; and H.W. Brands, India and the United Slates: The cold peace (ibid.. $25.95, pbk $10.95). another solid addition to the Twayne series examining American foreign relations since 1945.

Patrick J. Hearden (ed.), Vietnam: Four American perspectives (Purdue U.P., $17.50, pbk $9.95) consists of four lectures, two by scholars, two by participants, George McGovern and William Westmoreland. Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, Thesuicide of an elite: American internationalists and Vietnam (Stanford U.P., $35.00) examines the intellectual basis of the major tragedy of recent American foreign policy. One might question the notion of suicide but this was very nearly the case with Rick Atkinson, The long grey line: West Point clars of 1966 (Collins, f15.95) whose chance of being killed in Vietnam was 1 in 20. of being wounded 1 in 6. The book is an insight into the transformation of the American military; even of this elite one third dropped out by the war's end. Casper Weinberger. Fighting for peace: Seven critical years at the Pentagon (Joseph, f 18.99) is a combative set of memoirs which suggests that the author might have been more aptly termed Secretary of Offence. Michael Pugh and Phil Williams (eds), Superpower politics: Change in the United States and the Soviet Union (Manchester U.P., f29.95, pbk f5.95) is a collection of essays on recent developments. 'America and the World 1989/90' (Foreign Affairs. 69) includes such authors as Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, 'Beyond the cold war'; Michael Howard, 'The springtime of Nations'; and McGeorge Bundy, 'From cold war to trusting peace', whilst 'America and the world 1990/91' (ibid., 70) comprises a whole issue of this prestigious journal. Finally, on a more popular level, Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher (Bodley Head, f14.99) charts the unique relationship of the 198Os, a timely transatlantic

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chemistry of ideas and personalities. Arguably it was the departure of Reagan from the scene that spelt the end for Thatcher; the 'special relationship' is now moribund and Britain's future lies with Europe. Perhaps this right-wing alliance was an abberation but historically it was a factor of the decade that cannot be discounted.

Immigration and Ethnics Frederick C. Luebke, Germans in the New World: Essays in the history of immigrution (Illinois U.P.. $24.95) is a collection of essays on different aspects of German immigration. Richard B. Stott. Workers in the metropolis: Class. ethnicity, and youth in antebellum New York City (Cornell U.P., $34.95) is a study of the social experience of immigrant workers at their port of entry. 'The Irish in America' (J. Amer. Ethnic Hist. , 10) is the subject of a special issue, now published quarterly. Stephen Fox, The unknown internment: An oral history of the relocation of Italian Americans during World War I1 (Boston: Twayne, $24.95) examines a lesser-known injustice that in the end proved impracticable. W. Jeffrey Bolster. 'To feel like a man: Black seamen in the northern states, 1800-1860 (J. Amer. Hist., 76) examines one of the few economic avenues of escape for African-Americans in the antebellum period; sadly even this closed up as the years wore on. less sailors than stewards or cooks. Loren Schweninger, Black property owners in the South, 1790-1915 (Illinois U.P., $50.00) discusses a neglected phenomenon with great thoroughness. See also Loren Schweninger, 'Prosperous Blacks in the South, 1790-1880' (Anier. H. R., 95). William B. Gatewood, Aristocrats of color: The Black elite, 1880-1920 (Indiana U.P., $39.95) is a n excellent treatment of a small group. Catherine Silk and John Silk, Racism and anti-racism in American popular culture: Portrayals of African Americans infiction andfilnt (Manchester U.P., f27.50) is a good survey from the Civil War to the present day. 'The emerging African-American environment' (J. Black Studs., 21) is the subject of an entire issue, although the quality of articles like 'Sexual games in Black male/female relationships' do little to enhance its academic standing. Benjamin Rivlin, Ralph Bunche: The man and his times (N.Y.: Holmes and Meier. $36.50) is a collection of essays on the first black recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and distinguished Afro-American. Wendell H. Oswalt, Bashful no longer: An Alaskan Eskimo ethnohistory, 1778-1988 (Oklahoma U.P.. $21.95) is the most complete account of any native Alaskans and describes how they have managed to retain some identity against increasing western influences. Another such study of a native people's attempt to preserve their culture is Joseph B. Herring, The enduring Indians of Kansas: A century and a lialfof acculturation (Kansas U.P.. $25.00). Philip Weeks, Farewell, my nation: The American Indian and the United States, 1820-1890 (Arlington Heights, N.J.: Harlan Davidson. pbk $9.95) is a general synthesis. David J. Murray, 'Through Native Eyes' ( J . Amer. Studs., 24) is a review essay of recent writing on the Indians.

Women Claudia Goldin, Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American women (OUP, $29.95) is an informed, if specialized work on womens' role in the labour force. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A midwife's tale: The life of Martha Ballard, based on her diary, 1785-1812 (N.Y.: Knopf. $24.95) is an absorbing account of womens' lives in Maine in the early years of the Republic. Terri L. Premo, Winter friends: Growing old in the New Republic, 1785-1835 (Illinois U.P., $24.95) is based on the experiences of urban WASP middle and upper-class women of New England and Pennsylvania in their twilight years. Carl Sferrazza Anthony, First ladies: The saga of the presidents' wives and their power 1789-1961 (N.Y.: Morrow, $29.95) is a general survey which suggests they were not infrequently the power behind the throne; the material is interesting even if the argument is questionable. Mary P. Ryan, Women in public: Between banners and ballots, 1825-1880 (Johns Hopkins U.P., f15.50) is a series of essays on aspects of


womens' public role. Michael McGerr. 'Political style and womens' power, 1830-1930' (/. Amer. Hist., 77) examines how women took to politics. Drew Gilpin Faust. 'Altars of sacrifice: Confederate women and the narratives of war' (ibid., 76) tackles a powerful and enduring legend to suggest that the South lost the Civil War because in the end its women no longer believed in it. Or did they merely see the writing on the wall sooner and the uselessness of further sacrifice? Elaine S . Abelson. When ladies go a-thieving: Middle class shoplifters in the Victorian department slore (OUP, f24) is a prize-winning study. Does history repeat itself? Stephen H. Nowood. Labor's flaming youth: Telephone operators and worker militancy, 1878-1923 (Illinois U.P.. S32.50) is an excellent study of a women's trade union, whilst Lisa M. Fine, The souls of the skyscraper: Female clerical workers in Chicago. 1870-1930 (Temple U.P.. $34.95) looks at their office counterparts. Janet L. Coryell. Neither heroine nor fool: Anna Ella Carroll of Maryland (Kent State U.P.. $22.0) is a biography of a self-publicist on the fringes of politics who tried to move beyond the constraints of her era. Finally, Elna C. Green 'Those opposed: The antisuffragists in North Carolina, 1900-1920' (N. Carolina H.R.. 67) links anti-suffragism with white supremacy and disenfranchisement of blacks. It makes bizarre reading to recall the nonsense talked about women having the vote - not all of it by men. Do old habits of thinking die hard? The same state was one of a small minority that hesitated over the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment until in the end the time ran out. The debate is superbly analysed in Donald G. Matthews and Jane Sherron de Hart, Sex, gender and the politics of ERA: A stale and the nation (OUP, $24.95). To suggest that opponents were troglodytes, however. is far too simplistic. Both sides recognized the inequalities that existed between the sexes; but as the authors convincingly show, opponents did not wish to be compelled to compete with men on men's terms. Firmly embedded within a cultural context that believed in timeless gender roles, for the opposition the ERA debate was often a manifest non-meeting of minds. 'Why can't a woman be like a man?' Professor Higgins. at least, would have voted for ERA.

(iv) Latin America and the Caribbean

Joseph Smith

General The high scholarly standards set by the previous five volumes of the Cambridge History of Latin America are maintained in L. Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 7: Latin America since 1930, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (CUP, no). For use as a reader in survey courses, teachers might consider the new edition of L. Hanke (ed.), People and issues in Lorin American history (Markus Weiner, f 16). Instructive overviews of developments in contemporary Latin America society are A. Gilbert, Latin America (Routledge, pbk 16.99) and D. Lehman, Democracy and development in Latin America (Polity P., f29.50). Political changes are similarly surveyed in R. Munck, Latin America: transition to democracy (Zed, pbk f8.95) and the expensively priced hardback edition of P. and S . Calvert, Latin America in the twentieth century (Macmillan, fa). The ideas of a prominent Latin American scholar are contained in T. Di Tella, Latin American politicr: a theoretical framework (Texas U.P., pbk f8).

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Economic and Social Students of the economic history of the colonial period will welcome the broad range of specialist articles presented in L.L. Johnson and E. Tandeter (eds). Essays on the price history of eighteenth-century Latin America (New Mexico U.P., f40, pbk f14.50). P. Gootenberg, ‘Carneros y chuno: price levels in nineteenth century Peru’ (Hispanic Amer. Hist. R . , 70) is an impressive attempt to put some numbers to the claims made by economic historians. Further information on Peru is provided by A. Berry, ‘International trade, government, and income distribution in Peru since 1870’ (Latin Amer. Research R. , 25). A.J. Bauer, ‘Industry and the missing bourgeoisie: consumption and development in Chile, 1850-1950’ (Hispanic Amer. Hist. R . , 70) is a valuable discussion of historical views on Chile’s economic ‘failure’ and argues that direct comparison with European experience is not appropriate.

M.C. Eakin, A British enterprise in Brazil: the St. John d’el Rey Mining Company and the Morro Velho Gold Mine, 1830-1960 (Duke U.P., f42.75) is a competent example of business history. The advantages and, more graphically, the disadvantages of contact between Latin America and the British banking world are illustrated in F.G. Dawson, The first Latin American debt crisis: the City of London and the 1822-25 Loan Bubble (Yale U.P., f19.95) and M. de P. Abreu, ‘Brazil as a creditor: sterling balances, 1940-1952’ (Econ. Hist. R . , 43). The latter gives the salutary warning that there was little virtue in being a creditor country with an accumulation of sterling balances. For a detailed analysis of the travails of the national economies of postwar South America see C. Anglade and C. Fortin (eds). The stare and capital accumulation in Latin America: Volume 2, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Macmillan, f52.50). The recent attempts to integrate the economies of the southern cone nations are discussed in L. Manzetti, ‘Argentine-Brazilian economic integration: an early appraisal’ (Latin Amer. Research R . , 25) and the conclusion is that early optimism has been replaced by frustration.

Some of the problems of economic development in colonial Mexico are highlighted in E.G.K. Melville, ‘Environmental and social change in the Valle del Mezquital. Mexico, 1521-1600’ (Comp. Studr. SOC. & Hist., 32) which exposes how overgrazing by sheep caused considerable environmental damage. S. Lipsett- Rivera, ‘Puebla’s eighteenth-century agrarian decline: a new perspective’ (Hispanic Amer. Hist. R . , 70) identifies the decrease of available water supplies as the crucial factor in Puebla’s decline. The diverse nature of Mexican society is examined in J.C. Garavaglia and J.C. Gross, ‘Mexican elites of a provincial town: the landowners of Tepeaca (1700-1870)’ (ibid.) and F.J. Schryer, Ethnicity and class conflict in rural Mexico (Princeton U.P., $40).

P.D. Curtin, The rise and fall of the plantation complex (CUP, f27.50, pbk f9.95) is not a comprehensive study but a collection of essays on the slave trade and the establishment of sugar plantations in the Americas. More detailed case studies are D.W. Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, /830-1848 (Johns Hopkins, U.P., f33.50) and L.W. Bergad, Cuban rirralsociety in the nineteenth century: the social and economic history of monoculture in Matanzas (Princeton U.P., $65). An interesting insight into. the life of slaves in Cuba is W. Luis, Literary bondage: slavery in Cuban narrative (Texas U.P.. $40). R.M. Levine, ‘Faces of Brazilian slavery: the Cartes de Visite of Christian0 Junior’ (Americas, 47) contains 20 photographs from the 1860s which vividly illustrate the lack of Brazilian concern over the morality of slavery as an institution. The persistence and consequences of racial prejudice not only in Brazil but also in Cuba, Mexico and Argentina are sensibly discussed in R. Graham (ed.), The idea of race in Latiti America, 1870-1910 (Texas U.P., $15.95).

The life of women during the colonial period is explored in A.C. Metcalf, ‘Women and means: women and family property in colonial Brazil’ (1. SOC. Hist.,


24) and A. Zulawski. 'Social differentiation, gender and ethnicity: urban Indian women in colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725' (Latin Amer. Research R. . 25). More than two centuries later women are still fighting for a political role. That they are slowly succeeding is the theme of E. Jelin (ed.). Women and social change in Latin America (Zed.. pbk f9.95) and H. Collinson (ed.), Women and revolution in Nicaragua (ibid., pbk f7.95).

L.L. Johnson (ed.). The problem of order in changing societies: essays on crime and policing in Argentina and Uruguay, 1750-1940 (New Mexico, U.P.. pbk $15.95) is a most interesting study of attempts at social control. G.M. Joseph, 'On the trail of Latin American bandits: a reexamination of peasant resistance' (Latin Amer. Research R . , 25) competently surveys the historical debate on the most celebrated product of the rural violence that has been endemic in many parts of Latin America. T.P. Wickham-Crowley. 'Terror and guerilla warfare in Latin America, 1956-1970' (Comp. Studr. SOC. & Hist., 32) shows that both governments and guerillas have adopted the indiscriminate use of terror against the very people they claim to be protecting.

Two interesting works which are not easy to categorize, but should be mentioned, are J. King, Magical Reek: a history of cinema in Latin America (Latin American Bureau, pbk f10.95) and R.W. Slatta. Cowboys of the Americas (Yale U.P., f19.95).

International Relations The relationship between the United States and the individual countries of Latin America is the subject of an important new series prepared under the editorship of Lester Langley and published by the University of Georgia Press. Three excellent volumes appeared in 1990. L.D. Langley, America and the Americas: the United States and the western hemisphere (Georgia U.P., f27.95. pbk f13.95) presents a thoughtful introductory overview, L.A. Perez. Cuba and the United States: Ties of singulur intimacy (ibid.) is a masterly survey and is the best book written so far on this particular historical relationship. W.F. Sater. Chile and the United States: Empires in conflict (ibid.) is sound and informative. From another publisher there is a briefer study which is less concerned with history than with contemporary relations: H. MuAoz and C. Portales. Elusive friendship: a survey of U.S.-Chilean relations (Lynne Rienner. f 17.95).

J.J. Johnson, A hemisphere apart: the foundations of United States policy toward Latin America (Johns Hopkins U.P.. $32.50) deals competently with the old- fashioned subject of inter-American diplomatic relations during the first half of the 19th century. but is disappointing in offering little that is new on this subject. A similar impression is gained from the voluminous R.H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt 's Caribbean: the Panama Canal, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Latin American context (Louisiana U.P.. f42.75). Shorter and more interpretive is D.F. Healy, Drive to hegemony: United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917 (Wisconsin U.P., 1989, f25.95). The theme of aggressive American imperialism also holds sway in M.L. Krenn, U.S. policy toward economic nationalism in Latin America, 1917-1929 (Scholarly Resources, $35) and J.R. Benjamin, The United States and the origins of the Cuban revolution (Princeton U.P.. $29.95). Krenn does, however, highlight the relatively ignored period of the 1920s. Despite his title, Benjamin goes fully into the historical background of USlCuban relations and provides an excellent complement to Perez. The United States and Cuba (see above). On an even broader scale is F. Niess. A hemisphere to itself: a history of US-Latin American relations (Zed, f32.95. pbk f9.95). Despite its overt hostility to US Latin American policy this is a compact volume containing useful information on inter-American relations.

The controversial role played by the United States government in the 1954 coup is explored in F.W. Marks 111, 'The CIA and Castillo Armas in Guatemala, 1954:

185 THE AMERICAS

new clues to an old puzzle' (Diplomatic Hist., 14) and a spirited commentary to the article by S.G. Rabe (;bid.). On more recent events W.M. Leogrande, 'From Reagan to Bush: the transition in US policy towards Latin America' ( J . Latin Amer. Studs., 22) is an example of high-class journalism which explains why the Bush administration has lost interest in the Central American region. For the study of US/Latin American relations since the 1960s it is worth mentioning the appearance in paperback of the excellent essays collected in J.D. Martz (ed.), United States policy in Latin America: a qunrter century of crisis and challenge, 1961-1986 (Nebraska U.P., pbk f11.35).

The role of other powers is neglected but not completely ignored. The curious attitude towards Lat in America of the Soviet Union during the Brezhnev era (1964-82) is discussed in 1. Prizzel. Latin America through Sovier eyes (CUP, f32.50). An effort to place the Falklands conflict in a wider historical perspective and especially to give more attention to Argentine views is the theme of L. Freedman and V. Gamba-Stonehouse, Signals of war: the Anglo-Argentine conflict of 1982 (Faber. f20) and R.O. Moro. The history of the South Atlantic conflict: the warfor the Malvinas (Praeger, f42.95). M.M. Morris (ed.), Great power relations in Argenfina, Chile and Antarctica (Macmillan, f35) offers a promising title, but provides a disappointing collection of essays.

Colonial and Independence When it appears in paperback form M.A. Burkholder and L.L. Johnson, Colonial Latin America (OUP, f27.50) will prove to k very useful for teaching purposes. V. Fraser. The architecture of conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1535-1635 (CUP, f35) highlights an interesting aspect of Spanish imperial domination. S. Poole, 'The last years of Archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras, 1586-1591' (Americas, 47) uses new documentary material to illustrate Moya's influential role as advisor to Philip I1 on affairs of the Indies. A more general article which will have value for students and teachers is J.E. Rodriguez 0.. 'Two revolutions: France 1789 and Mexico 1810 (ibid., 47).

National (a) Argentina There are some interesting pieces on Buenos Aires. M.D. Szuchman, 'Childhood education and politics in nineteenth century Argentina: the case of Buenos Aires' (Hispanic Amer. Hist. R., 70) provides an interesting survey of education from 1810 to 1860. J. Rosselli. 'The opera business and the Italian immigrant community in Latin America. 1820- 1930: the example of Buenos Aires' ( P . and Pi.. 127) deals with an unusual, if not entertaining subject. H. Sabato. Agrarian capitalism and the world market: Bitenos Aires in the patoral age, 1840-1890 (New Mexico U.P.. $50) writes clearly and informatively on the rise of the wool industry. On developments in the twentieth century, the significance of the rise of Peron for the political ambitions of Argentine trade unions is argued by J. Horowitz, Argentine unions, [he state and rhe rise of Peron, 1930-1945 (California U.P., $16.95). The same author's 'Industrialists and the rise of Peron, 1943-1946: some implications for the conceptualization of Populism' (Americas, 47) suggests that Peron's stresi on the unions deterred industrialists from joining his political coalition. The already substantial literature on the economic plight of modern Argentina is increased by two more able studies: P.H. Lewis, The crisis of Argentine capitalism (N. Carolina U.P.. f30) and E. Conesa. The Argentine economy: policy reform for development (U.P. of America, f22.50).

(b) Brazil In his typical fashion J. Hemming, 'How Brazil acquired Roraima' (Hispanic Amer. Hist. R . , 70) tells the story how the territory of the Brazilian state created as recently as 1988 was originally acquired by the Portuguese as a result of 'a combination of luck and enterprise.' The constant pressure of miners and settlers in the Amazon region and the resulting exploitation of the environment is illustrated in D. Cleary. Anatomy ofrhe Amazon gold rush (Macmillan. f35) and

1% ANNUAL BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE 76

A. Cowell. The decade of destruction (Hodder & Stoughton, pbk f14.99) which is a companion volume to the ITV series.

The study of the working of the Brazilian political system is considerably advanced by R. Graham, Patronage and politics in nineteenth century Brazil (Stanford U.P., $39.50) and M.A. Font, Coffee, contention, and change in the making of modern Brazil (Blackwell. f35) which concentrates on the Old Republic. T.A. Diacon, 'Peasants, prophets, and the power of a millenarian vision in twentiethcentury Brazil' (Comp. Studs. SOC. & Hist., 32) ably analyses the Contestado rebellion of 1916-18. The battle for political influence at the local level in Bahia and Pernambuco is examined in detail by R.H. Chilcote, Power and ruling classes in northeart Brazil: Juazeiro and Petrolina in transition (CUP, fa).

F.L.T. Vinhosa. 0 Brarile a primeiraguerra mundiul (Rio de Janeiro: I.H.G.B.) is a prize-winning study of Brazil's diplomacy towards the first world war. The role of the military in modern Brazilian politics is outlined in W.A. Bacchus, Mission in mufti: Brazil's military regimes, 1914-1985 (Greenwood, f34.95). S. Maram, 'Juscelino Kubitschek and the politics of exuberance, 1956-1961' (Luso-Brazilian R . , 27) recaptures some of the excitement associated with Juscelino's presidency. The desire of the United States to influence and direct Brazil's development is discussed in L. A. Moniz Bandeira, Braril- Estados Unidos: a rivalidade emergenre, 1955-1988 (Rio: Civilizacio Brasileira. 1989). R. Leacock, Requiem for revolution: the United States and Brazil, 1961-1969 (Kent State U.P.. f26.50) argues that the US government openly identified with the repressive military regime which came to power in 1964. Her thesis receives a critical rejoinder from the former American ambassador to Brazil, Lincoln Gordon, in his 'US-Brazilian Reprise' ( J . Interumer, Studr., 32).

(c) Other South American Countries J. Pearce. Colombia: inside the labyrinth (Latin American Bureau, f 18.9, pbk f8.99) is a readable survey. N. Hanvich Vallenilla. 'Venezuelan positivism and modernity' (Hispanic Amer. H k t . R., 70) provides an informative discussion of a late nineteenth century movement more usually linked to Brazil. 0. Ciccarelli. 'Fascism and politics in Peru during the Benavides regime, 1933-39: the Italian perspective' (ibid.) lives up to its title. Bolivian economic developments are examined in M.E. Contreras, 'Debt, taxes, and war: the political economy of Bolivia, c. 1920-1935' (J . Latin Amer. Studs., 22) and J. Hillman, 'Bolivia and British tin policy, 1939-1945' (i6id.). C.R. Miranda, The Stroessner era: authoritarian rule in Paraguay (Westview, f22.50) is a competent account of the dictatorial regime which ruled Paraguay from 1954 to 1989.

(d) Mexico L. Arnold, Bureaucracy and bureaucrats in Mexico City, 1742-1835 (Arizona U.P., f22.45) explains how politicians replaced bureaucrats as the new political elite of independent Mexico. T.E. Anna, The Mexican empire of Iturbide (Nebraska U.P., €37.50) fills a major gap for teachers and students. The evolution of Mexican liberalism is expertly discussed in M. Chowning, 'The management of church wealth in Michoacan, Mexico, 1810-1856: economic motivations and political implications' (J . Latin Amer. Studr., 22) and C.A. Hale, The transformation of liberalism in late nineteenth-century Mexico (Princeton U.P., f26.50). S. Miller, 'Mexican junkers and capitalist haciendas, 1810-1910: the arable estate and the transition to capitalism between the Insurgency and the Revolution' ( I . Latin Amer. Studr., 22) continues the trend of looking more closely at developments in the 19th century. M.E. Diaz, 'The satiric penny press for workers in Mexico, 1 9 W 1910: a case study in the politicisation of popular culture' (ibid.) shows how the widespread diffusion of the p e n n y press made workers aware of the ideas of political liberalism. D.J. Slawson, 'The National Catholic Welfare Conference and

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the church-state conflict in Mexico, 1925-29' (Americas, 47) highlights the little- known role of the American priest. the Rev. John J. Burke, in bringing about reconciliation between church and state during the late-1920s. J. Foweraker and A.L. Craig (eds), Popular movements and political change in Mexico (Lynne Rienner, pbk f11.95) shows how popular movements have affected contemporary politics in Mexico at both the national and local level.

(e) Central America The elitism and repressive nature of Central American political history is portrayed in S.Z. Stone, The heritage of the conquistadors: ruling classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas (Nebraska U.P., $35) and L.D. Langley. Central America (Chapman & Hall. pbk f11.50). M. Chen Daley, 'The Watermelon Riot: cultural encounters in Panama City, April 15. 1856' (Hispanic Amer. Hisf. R . , 70) tells the story in considerable detail of a celebrated anti-American riot. P. Gleijeises. 'The death of Francisco Arana: a turning point in the Guatemalan Revolution' (J. Latin Amer. Studs., 22) doesn't quite live up to its sub-title, but argues persuasively with reference to copious sources that Arana's fall was a case of overweening political ambition.

( f ) The Caribbean Useful teaching aids are the revised and extended edition of F.W. Knight (ed.), The Caribbean: the genesis ofafrugmented nationalism (OUP, pbk f10.95) and 1. Ferguson, Fur from paradise: an introduction to Caribbean development (Latin American Bureau, pbk f4.99). On the Cuban Revolution see R. Gillespie (ed.). Cuba after thirty years: rectification and the revolution (Cass, f18) and T. Medin, Cuba: the shaping of revolutionary consciousness (Lynne Rienner, f23.95). J. Ferguson, Grenada: revolution in reverse (Latin American Bureau, pbk f4.99) contends that the consequences of the 1983 American intervention have been damaging for the island and its people. E. Psntojas-Garcia, Development strategies as ideology: Puerto Rico's export-led inustrialization experience (Lynne Rienner. f24.50) takes a more positive approach and puts forward Puerto Rico as a model of economic development in the Caribbean. However, a sobering assessment of the difficulties facing the nations of the Caribbean is forthcoming from M. Manley, The poverty ofnations: imperialism and itnderdevelopment in the twentieth century (Pluto P., f19.50). The politics of Jamaica during the 1970s and 1980s are illuminated in D.E. Levi, Michael Manley (Andre Deutsch, f17.95) and C.J. Edie, Democracy by default: dependency and clientism in Jamaica (Lynne Rienner. f21.50). Finally, the first four decades of UWI are sympathetically described in P. Sherlock and R. Nettleford, The University of the West Indies (Macmillan, f20, pbk f6).

xii the americas (i) north america to c1783

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