x-ray diffraction by fatma defne kocaayan buket sinem gökhan cesur
TRANSCRIPT
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION
BY
Fatma Defne KocaayanBuket Sinem Gökhan Cesur
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HISTORY OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
1895: Roentgen discovered x-rays 1912: von Laue, Friedrich, and Knipping
passed x-rays through crystal of ZnS and concluded that:
a) Crystals are composed of periodic arrays of atomsb) Crystals cause distinct x-ray diffraction
patterns due to atoms
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1914: Bragg and Lawrence showed that diffraction pattern can be used to determine relative positions of atoms within a single crystal (i.e., molecular structure)
1953 : Rosalind Franklin: collected X-ray diffraction data on Na salt of DNA .Guides Watson and Crick to determine that DNA is a double helix.
HISTORY OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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NOW: Determined atomic structures and in medical applications
HISTORY OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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WHAT İS X-RAY DİFFRACTİON ?
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WHAT İS X-RAY DİFFRACTİON ?
Based on constructive interference of monochoromatic –rays and crystalline sample
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BRAGG’S LAW
Crystals composed of parallel atomic planes
incoming waves undergo reflection separetly from each plane
reflected light creates interference patterns
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BRAGG’S LAW
İncoming angle equals to reflection angle
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BRAGG’S LAW Path lenght must equal integer multiples of
wavelength (BRAGG’S differraction rule) This rule are shown with the Bragg’s
equation
nd sin2
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BRAGG’S LAW
If the bragg’s equation is Not satisfied NO REFLECTION can occur,
If the bragg’s equation is satisfied REFLECTION may occur,
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INSTRUMANTATION
The instrumantation consist of four parts and they are;
Production of x-rays Collimator Monochromators Detector
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PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS X-rays are generated when
high velocity electrons impinge on a metal target which are having high melting point,good thermal conductivity and large atomic number.Such as silver, iron,copper,tungsten.
Approximately 1% of the total energy of the beam is converted into x-rays.
The reminder being dissipated as heat.
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COLLIMATOR
A series of closely spaced parallel metal plates.
The collimator absorbs all the x-rays except the narrow beam that passes between gap.
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MONOCHROMATORS
Absorb the undesireable radiation and allows required wavelength to pass.There is two types of monochromator;
Filter : Using only short wavelength.Zirconium
Crystal : Using variety wavelength.Sodium Chloride, Lithium Floride
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DETECTOR
The x-ray intensities can be measured and recorded either by photographic or counter methods.
Both these thypes of methods depends upon ability of x-rays to ionize matter and differ only in the subsequent fate of electrons produces by ionizing process.
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TYPES OF DETECTOR
Photographic Method In order to record position
and intensity of x-ray beam a plane cylindrical film is used.
Counter Methods Geiger-Muller tube
counter(the most common) Propertional counter Scintillation counter Solid-state semi conducter
detector Semiconductor detector
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HOW DOES IT WORK ?
X-Rays are generated by cathode ray tube,
Filtered to produce monochromatic radiation,
Collimated to concentrate and directed towards the sample,
The interaction of rays with the sample produces constructive interference.
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HOW DOES IT WORK ? Diffraction patterns are recorded on a
photographic film.
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APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DİFFRACTION
Find structure to determine function of proteins
Example : To determine the DNA structure
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Differentiation between crystalline and amorphous materials;
Determination of the structure of crystalline materials (crystal axes, size and shape of the unit cell, positions of the atoms in the unit cell)
APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DİFFRACTION
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Study crystal deformation and stress properties
APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DİFFRACTION
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Measurement of limits of solid solubility, and determination of phase diagrams;
Measurement of strain and small grain size;
APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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Study of rapid biological and chemical processes
In health sector
Example : Qualitative Analysis Of Mineral
Qualitative Analysis Of Kidney Stone
APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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