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Motor Learning

Cordula Schall Physiotherapist Senior Bobath Teacher (EBTA) Physiotherapist of German National Team of Paralympic Swimmers

© Cordula Schallwww.praxis-schall.de

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Motor Learning

Definition:“a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for movement” (Schmidt & Lee, 2005, p. 302)

change of behavior and activity

A task is learned when it can be repeated, used with efficiency and transfered to different situations

Mulder 2007


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Motor Learning

Learning of movementto develop ways an strategies of learning to have exit in learning new movements and fix the movements learnt. By this way it´s possible to give way to modifications, variations and and increase of difficulty and to combine parcial movmements. (RIEDER 1991)

Motor LearningConstruction, retention and change of specific basically sensory and motor but also cognitive and emotional structures and functions and their coordination with individual goals, external surrounding and requirement of the task. (MECHLING 1992)


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Motor Learning

Key concept since 1970 Physical education Sport

Neurological rehabilitation since 1980 Stroke Children with developmental coordination disorder

(DCD)


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Motor Learning

Learning

Information

+

Activity

+

Variability

+

Context


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Motor learning

Any kind of learning includes

Cognition Perception Motricity Learnig can´t be purely a motor task

„Motor Learning“ is multimodal (M Jüptner)


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Motor Learning - theories

Different theories: Closed-loop theories (z.B.Adams 1971) = Control

models, control by control processes Open-loop theory = Program models; centrally stored

programs Integration theories (= control + program control;

Schema theories of schemes, eg Schmidt 1975) Dynamic sistems theory And others

Motor learning principles


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Motor Learning - course

Basic Functions (GAGNÉ: Pay attention - Acquisition - Storage - Reproduction).

Reception Processing Review Design and Programming Run and Check


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Motor Learning - phases

learning phases

acquisition phase plateau phase regressive phase ceiling effect


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Motor Learning - principles

Kinds of feedback, important for Motor Learning

1. Systematic self-feedback information

2. Systematic external feedback information

3. Objective additional feedback information Biomechanical feedback proliferation Video feedback proliferation and cinematography


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Motor Learning - principles

Holistic learning: “Principle of reduced teaching aids”

versus

Part learning: “Principle of division into functional sub-units”

The more complex the task, more holistic should be teaching (Dr. P. Wastl)


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1. Create a concept of the movement Demonstrate Explain Video, Film, Series make drawings

2. Preconditions for the execution of movement "open-loop" theories (centrally stored programs) "cloosed loop" theories (control by control processes)

Dr. Peter Wastl (Motor Learning in sports)


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3a own information vestibular kinesthetic tactile acoustically visually

3a perception of motion the coach with video biomechanically

mesasured


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Motor learning - course

4. The perception of motion (in this case only the self-information) transfigures the idea of motion

5. Foreign informations about the execution of movement are reported back and run "calibrate" the motion perception

6.The motion perception (in this case the internal and external information) changes the idea of motion


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Motor Learning

Video: Simone – neurdevelopmental physiotherapy using the big therapy ball as medium (6.30 minutes)


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Motor Learning - Neurorehabilitation

Brain Repair

•The brain is capable of a large degree of self-repair by changing the pattern of synaptic connectivity

•These changes are input, activity and experience dependent

•Recovery processes share common mechanisms with normal learning

J. Liepert


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„Continuous peripheral input from the whole of a given body district is a sine que non for the maintenance of a normal somatotopic cortical organization related to that body part“

Rossini et al., 1994

Task of therapy in case of forced inactivity: assisted movement


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Motor Imagery

The mental performance of a movement together with all the sensory consequences, as if you are really executing the movement. However, without any sign of peripheral activity.

Use for autonoumous hometraining of patients with lack of force and regulation of muscle tone?


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Motor Imagery

•Activates the same structures in the brain as actual movement

•Results in learning

•May lead to maintenance of neural representation during immobilisation

J. Liepert


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Adapted passive-assistive movement

creation of image of movement

subsequent coordination of activity


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Literature

Jill G. Zwicker, Susan R. Harris „A reflection on motor learning theory in pediatric occupational therapy practice“, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy february 2009, Volume 76 number 1

Dettmers C et al.“ Motor imagery in stroke patients or plegic patients with spinal cord or periphera diseases, Acta Neurol Scand. 2012 Oct;126(4):238-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01680.x. Epub 2012 May 16.

De Vries S et al, „Recovery of motor imagery ability in stroke patients“. Rehabil Res. Pract. 2011;2011:283840. doi: 10.1155/2011/283840. Epub 2011 Apr 5.

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