X References

X References

General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

Almsi, Attila, UP MS Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Kuzma, Monika, UP MS Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Perjsi, Pl, UP MS Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

technical editor: Zsuzsanna, Erdsn Moravecz, Bencze, Zsolt

General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

rta Almsi, Attila, Kuzma, Monika, s Perjsi, Pl

technical editor: Zsuzsanna, Erdsn Moravecz, Bencze, Zsolt

Publication date 2014

Szerzi jog 2014 Pcsi Tudomnyegyetem

Copyright 2014, Attila Almsi, Mnika Kuzma, Pl Perjsi

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Tartalom

Preface 0

1. I Chemical nomenclature 0

1. I.1 Classification of matter 0

2. I.2 Elements 0

3. I.3 Compounds 0

4. I.4 Naming compounds 0

4.1. I.4.1 Naming ions 0

4.1.1. I.4.1.1 Naming cations 0

4.1.2. I.4.1.2 Naming anions 0

4.2. I.4.2 Naming acids 0

4.3. I.4.3 Naming functional derivatives of acids 0

4.4. I.4.4 Naming bases 0

4.5. I.4.5 Coordination compounds 0

4.5.1. I.4.5.1 Naming ligands 0

4.5.2. I.4.5.2 Naming complex compounds 0

4.6. I.4.6 Addition compounds 0

4.6.1. I.4.6.1 Formula of addition compounds 0

4.6.2. I.4.6.2 Naming addition compounds 0

4.7. I.4.7 Practice problems 0

2. II Writing chemical equations 0

1. II.1 Qualitative relationships 0

2. II.2 Quantitative relationships 0

3. II.3 Writing redox reactions 0

4. II.4 Practice problems 0

3. III Basic laboratory procedures and methods 0

1. III.1 Basic guidelines for working with hazardous materials 0

1.1. III.1.1 Laboratory safety 0

1.1.1. III.1.1.1 Preparation in advance 0

1.1.2. III.1.1.2 Laboratory rules 0

1.1.3. III.1.1.3 Handling chemicals and glassware 0

1.2. III.1.2 Accident protection, fire protection and first aid 0

1.2.1. III.1.2.1 Accident and fire protection 0

1.2.2. III.1.2.2 Firs aid 0

2. III.2 Units of measurements 0

3. III.3 Labware 0

3.1. III.3.1 Laboratory devices 0

3.1.1. III.3.1.1 Laboratory glassware 0

3.2. III.3.2 Cleaning of laboratory glassware and porcelain ware 0

4. III.4 Basic laboratory procedures 0

4.1. III.4.1 Weighing 0

4.1.1. III.4.1.1 Limit of detection of different types of balances 0

4.1.2. III.4.1.2 Rules to be followed when using analytical balance 0

4.1.3. III.4.1.3 Experimental task: Determination of mass of objects. Weighing of solid compounds on laboratory and analytical balances. 0

4.2. III.4.2 Measurement of volume 0

4.2.1. III.4.2.1 Volumetric glassware 0

4.2.2. III.4.2.2 Process of pipetting 0

4.2.3. III.4.2.3 Use of the burette 0

4.2.4. III.4.2.4 Calibration of a volumetric flask and a pipette 0

4.3. III.4.3 Measurement of density 0

4.3.1. III.4.3.1 Experimental task: Determination of density of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride solutions of unknown concentrations 0

4.4. III.4.4 Measurement of temperature 0

4.5. III.4.5 Warming and boiling 0

4.6. III.4.6 Melting point determination 0

4.6.1. III.4.6.1 Experimental task: Melting point determination of a known (urea) and an unknown compound 0

4.7. III.4.7 Boiling point determination 0

4.8. III.4.8 Dissolution 0

4.8.1. III.4.8.1 Calculation examples for making of solutions 0

4.8.2. III.4.8.2 Experimental task: Preparation of solutions of different concentrations 0

4.9. III.4.9 Formation of precipitates 0

4.9.1. III.4.9.1 Experimental task 0

5. III.5 Basic laboratory separation techniques 0

5.1. III.5.1 Filtration, decantation, sedimentation 0

5.1.1. III.5.1.1 Experimental task: Separation of components of a powder mixture containing calcium carbonate and sodium chloride 0

5.2. III.5.2 Drying 0

5.3. III.5.3 Crystallization and recrystallization 0

5.3.1. III.5.3.1 Calculation examples for recrystallization 0

5.3.2. III.5.3.2 Experimental task: Purification of benzoic acid with alkaline precipitation and recrystallization 0

5.3.3. III.5.3.3 Purification of contaminated alum with recrystallization 0

5.4. III.5.4 Distillation, sublimation 0

5.4.1. III.5.4.1 Experimental task: Fractional distillation of a methanol-water mixture 0

5.5. III.5.5 Evaporation 0

5.6. III.5.6 Freeze-drying (lyophilisation) 0

4. IV Gas Laws 0

1. IV.1 The gas state 0

1.1. IV.1.1 The combined gas law 0

1.2. IV.1.2 Avogadros law 0

1.3. IV.1.3 The general gas law 0

1.4. IV.1.4 Daltons law 0

2. IV.2 Calculations 0

5. V Concentrations, dilution and mixing solutions 0

1. V.1 Calculations 0

6. VI Reaction kinetics 0

1. VI.1 Demonstration: Landolt experiment 0

2. VI.2 Experimental task: Investigation of temperature- and pH- dependence of the rate of hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 0

3. VI.3 Calculations 0

7. VII Chemical equilibrium 0

1. VII.1 Law of mass action 0

2. VII.2 The Le Chatelier principle 0

3. VII.3 Equilibriums in electrolytes 0

3.1. VII.3.1 Acids and bases 0

3.1.1. VII.3.1.1 Acid-base theory of Arrhenius 0

3.1.2. VII.3.1.2 Acid-base theory of Brnsted and Lowry 0

3.1.3. VII.3.1.3 Acid-base theory of Lewis 0

3.1.4. VII.3.1.4 Self-ionisation of water, the pH 0

3.1.5. VII.3.1.5 Equilibrium of the acidic dissociation, the pKa 0

3.1.6. VII.3.1.6 Equilibrium of the basic dissociation, the pKb 0

3.2. VII.3.2 Salts 0

3.3. VII.3.3 Common ion effect 0

3.4. VII.3.4 Buffer solutions 0

3.5. VII.3.5 Theory and practice of the acid-base titrations 0

3.5.1. VII.3.5.1 Titration curve 0

3.5.2. VII.3.5.2 Acid-base indicators 0

4. VII.4 Practical task 0

4.1. VII.4.1 Experimental task 0

4.1.1. VII.4.1.1 Acid-base equilibriums 0

4.1.2. VII.4.1.2 Amphoteric equilibrium 0

4.1.3. VII.4.1.3 Hydrolysis of salts 0

4.1.4. VII.4.1.4 Heterogeneous equilibrium 0

4.1.5. VII.4.1.5 Titration 0

4.2. VII.4.2 Calculations 0

4.2.1. VII.4.2.1 Dissociation of electrolytes 0

4.2.2. VII.4.2.2 Hydrogen ion concentration 0

4.2.3. VII.4.2.3 Hydrolysis 0

4.2.4. VII.4.2.4 Calculations on solubility 0

4.2.5. VII.4.2.5 Buffers 0

4.2.6. VII.4.2.6 Acid-base titrations 0

8. VIII Complexes 0

1. VIII.1 Demonstration: Formation of complex salts 0

2. VIII.2 Experimental task 0

2.1. VIII.2.1 Preparation of tetraammincopper(II) sulphate ([Cu(NH3)4](SO4)2. H2O) complex 0

3. VIII.3 Calculations 0

9. IX Electrochemistry 0

1. IX.1 Electrochemical cells 0

2. IX.2 Electrochemical pH measurement 0

3. IX.3 Electrolysis 0

4. IX.4 Demonstration: Determination of pH by direct potentiometry 0

5. IX.5 Calculations 0

10. X References 0

General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

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General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

General and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Calculations

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Preface

Knowledge of students on Chemistry at the beginning of their graduate studies is rather different. Most of the students do not have proper laboratory expertise. This educational experience prompted the faculty of the institute to compile an educational material that can help students to make themselves familiar with the most important laboratory utensils and perform some basic laboratory processes that are essential for their further studies. The experiments and demonstrations described in the material are preceded by a short introduction of the given topic. This part of the booklet, however, is not intended to give as a detailed description as it is demonstrated by the lectures of the subject. The educational material involves 130 calculation problems that also help a better understanding of the particular topics.

The experiments in this text are designed for a first-year general chemistry course. Selection of the topics somehow reflects that the editors are involved in education of general chemistry for first year Pharmacy students. This course serves as a basis for education of other Chemistry-based subjects among which Pharmaceutical Chemistry is the most important of the Pharmacy curriculum. The educational goal of this integrated subject is introduction to molecular features and structural activity relationships of selected groups of