www.sti-innsbruck.at © copyright 2008 sti innsbruck mobile services – towards semantics web...

www.sti-innsbruck.at © Copyright 2008 STI INNSBRUCK www.sti-innsbruck.at

Mobile Services – Towards SemanticsWeb Service Technologies Lecture

at University of InnsbruckDr Anna V. Zhdanova

ftw. Telecommunications Research Center Vienna

[email protected]

www.sti-innsbruck.at

Outline

• Introduction

• Enabling Mobile Technologies: Network layer, IMS, RFID, Service Platforms

• Why: Support of Convergent Heterogeneous Environments and End-User Empowerment

• How: Enabling User-Driven Semantics

– Mobile Ontology and Knowledge Layer in Service Platforms

– User-Generated Policies

– User-Generated Mobile Microservices

• What: Motivating Scenarios

• Conclusions

219/04/23


Mobile Service - Definition

• “A radiocommunication service between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations.” – traditional, short

• “Radiocommunications services between ships, aircraft, road vehicles, or hand-held terminal stations for use while in motion or between such stations and fixed points on land.” – official, by WTO

• “Any service that can be operated on a mobile device, such as both voice and data services, for example, roaming, SMS and MMS, video streaming, location-based services, etc.” – technically oriented

3


Mobile Services vs. Web Services• Many Web Services and APIs were originally developed

with server to server or server to browser in mind, not mobile applications

• Mobile platforms have their own set of challenges given:– Bandwidth

– Memory and CPU Availability

– Storage Capacity

– Connectivity Options and Issues

– Security

– User Interaction and Display

Web Service

www.sti-innsbruck.at19/04/23 NGMAST 2008

Making Mobile Services Widespread

• If mobile services are to repeat the success of the Web they have to be:

• simple to use,• simple to find,• simple to trust,• simple to create/set up.

• These are the design goals of numerous projects, such as “SMS: Simple Mobile Services”, OPUCE, m:Ciudad.

Mobile services have not (yet) reached the success of Web


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

619/04/23


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

719/04/23


Challenge: Addressing ubiquity and capacity bottlenecks through co-operative networks

10001 10 1000,1

Ou

tdo

or

Stationary

Walk

Vehicle

Ind

oo

r

Stationary/Desktop

Walk

Mobility

WLAN(HiperLAN/2)

LAN

3Gcellular

Bluetooth

2G cellu

lar

Wide Area Network (WAN)- Large coverage- High cost Personal Area Network (PAN)

- Cable replacement- Ad-hoc connectivity- Low cost

Local Area Network (LAN)- Hot Spots/SOHO - High speed- Moderate cost

Broadband Fixed Wireless Access

User Bitrates (Mbps) Source: EC

Networks - Overview


IP based core network

IMT-2000UMTS

WLANcellular

GSM

short rangeconnectivity

WirelinexDSL

otherentities

DABDVB

Return channel:

Download channel

Services and Applications

New air interface

Bluetooth, IR, UWB

Eg Hyperlan

Source: EC

There is a need for interoperation and convergence.

Heterogeneity in Networks


WPAN radio

Today’s Wireless Systems The Future

Low-tier services

IP

802.11 Radio

Ethernet

Mobile ServiceMiddleware

IP

WLAN Services

3G/4GRadio

WLANradio

WPAN/low-tier radio

2.5G/3G Radio

GSM/GPRS

2.5G/3G Services

3G AccessNetwork

PSTN IP

WPAN networklayer (e.g. Bluetooth)

Generic Radio Access Network

Radio-specific vertically integrated systems withcomplex intetworking gateways

Security QoS VPNContentDelivery

B3G Services

Radio Independent modular system architecturefor heterogeneous networks

uniformradio API’s

genericnetwork API

uniform serviceAPI (Internet+)

Unified IP-based mobile network

incl supportfor multihop,mcast, etc,

servicefeaturemodules

Source: EC

Challenge: Convergence of multitude of protocols

Protocol Issues


PSTN

Circuit switched Analog Digital SS7 ISDN

Circuit switched

Analog

Digital

2G (GSM & CDMAANSI-41)

3G WirelessWireless

3G wireless + IP ++

– Standard Services Platform

– Converged Applications & Content

– Access Independence

IPIMS

Internet

– VoIP

– Instant Messaging

– Web Applications

W-CDMA

GPRS/UMTS

Source: Telcordia Technologies

Evolution to IMS – How did we get there? IMS is a state of the art industrial solution for supporting modern mobile services.


IMS Concept What is IMS?

• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a Service Delivery Architecture

• Standardized architecture to provide Internet Protocol (IP)-based mobile and fixed multimedia services

• IMS architecture has evolved over the past few years• Today, IMS could allow operators who own different

types of networks with varying architectures to offer the same services to all of their customers

Source: Telcordia Technologies


Control

Bearer

Called PartyVisited Network

Calling PartyHome Network

Calling Party Visited Network

UE1

P-CSCF

HSS

S-CSCFSIP

SIP

Diameter

UE2

P-CSCF

AS

HSS

S-CSCF SIP IM-SSF

SIP

I-CSCF

Diameter

ENUM

BackbonePacket

NetworkRAN

BackbonePacket

Network RAN

Initiate SIP Invite1

1

Retrieve Subscriber Profile (if needed) 2

2

3

3 Apply Service Logic

Retrieve Address of CLD Party Home Network4

4

Identify Registrar of CLD Party and Forward INVITE5

6

Retrieve Subscriber Profile6

7 Apply Service Logic to access IM-SSF AS

Forward INVITE to CLD Party9

9

SDP Negotiation / Resource Reservation Control10

12

RTP Stream

Ringing / Alerting11

10

Answer / Connect12

11

RTP Stream

13

13 Session Active

7

8 IM-SSF queries a GSM-SCF if inter-working with PLMN needed

Called PartyHome Network

8SCF

5

LIDB/CNAM

Source: Telcordia TechnologiesIMS is protocol oriented and focused mainly on voice services.

IMS Example: CNAM Call Flow


Enabling Infrastructures - Industry OverviewTrends

Ap

p D

evA

pp

Dev

Industry is converging in parallel with technologyIndustry is converging in parallel with technology

Business Process Consulting Business Process Consulting and Application Developmentand Application Development

IT Services and ApplicationsIT Services and Applications

IT InfrastructureIT Infrastructure

Communications ApplicationsCommunications Applications

Communication Services Integration Communication Services Integration and Managementand Management

Secure Application OptimizationSecure Application Optimization

NetworkingNetworking

Legacy Core ServicesLegacy Core Services

SI’s

SI’s

CL

EC

sC

LE

Cs

Carriers

Carriers

OE

Ms

OE

Ms

Source: Verizon, 2007


Telecommunications Landscape Industry Evolution

LD

Vo

ice

LD

Vo

ice

Ce

ntr

ex

Ce

ntr

ex

Lo

ca

l V

oic

eL

oc

al

Vo

ice

80

08

00

CDMACDMA

WiFiWiFi

IPIPTDTDMM

MPLSMPLSIMSIMS

SecuritySecurity

VoicemailVoicemail

StorageStorage

PresencePresence

MessagingMessaging

VoIPVoIPHostingHosting Call CenterCall Center

NetworkNetwork

ServicesServices

Fra

me

Fra

me

AT

MA

TM

TD

MT

DM

DeviceDeviceDesk phone/Desk phone/

TerminalTerminal

LimitedLimited

RegulatedRegulated

DisparateDisparate

NumerousNumerous

Non-regulatedNon-regulated

ConvergedConverged

MobileMobileSIP PhoneSIP Phone

PDAPDAPCPC Limited Limited

Single functionSingle functionNumerous Numerous Multi-functionMulti-function

WirelessWireless WiredWired

StovepipedStovepiped

VerticalVertical

Low ValueLow Value

ModularModular

HorizontalHorizontal

High-valueHigh-value

Source: Verizon, 2007„Layering“ in telecommunications industries


RFID Technology – Introduction• Radio Frequency Identification - means to

efficiently and quickly auto-identify objects, people, etc.

• Real-time tracking of inventory in the supply chain

• RFID tag – tiny computer chip with very small antenna – passive/active

• The chip contain Electronic product code (EPC) – uniquely identify the object

• The antenna transmits EPC to RFID reader – within a certain RF range, without requiring line-of-site

16


RFID Technology - Properties

• Advantages:– rough conditions,– long read ranges,– portable databases,– multiple tag read/write,– tracking items in real-time

• Results:– quick scanning of products in large bulks,– automated supply chain management– significant savings– accuracy of shipment sent and received,– check on product theft, counterfeiting, product recall, ...

17


Mobile RFID technology

• Vision of automatic identification and ubiquitous computing – „Internet of things“– highly connected network– dispersed devices, objects, items can communicate

each other– real-time information about objects, location,

contents, destination, ambient conditions– efficient and easy M2M identification, communication

and decision-making• Handheld portable devices – mobile phones, PDAs –

behaves as RFID readers and tags– conventional RFID closer to common user

18


Smartphone Operating Systems Landscape

iPhone OS (Apple) BlackBerry OS (RIM)Window Mobile

(Microsoft) Android (Google) Symbian (Nokia)

Platform • Closed • Closed • Open • Open • Open

Source Code • Closed • Closed • Closed • Open • Open (in future)

Q2 WW Market Share (Gartner)

• 2.8% (1) • 17.4% • 12.0% • n/a • 57.1%

Smartphone traffic share (AdMob)

• WW: 4%• US: 16%

• WW: 11%• US: 31%

• WW: 13%• US: 29%

• n/a • WW: 64%• US: 2%

Pros • Early momentum• Data hungry early

adopters• Powerful

distribution channel

• Strong reach (particularly in US)

• Manufacturer / carrier agnostic

• Manufacturer / carrier agnostic

• Open source innovation

• Massive global reach

• Open source innovation

Issues • Apple dependant • BB dependent • Distribution

• Distribution • Late to market• Uncertain

consumer demand

• Limited reach in US• Distribution

Application ecosystem

• >3K apps (~20% free)

• More than 1M installs in only a few months

• Fewer free apps• BB Application

Center being developed for Storm

• >18K apps• Skymarket to

launch in 2009

• Android Market announced

• $3.8MM awarded in Developer Challenge

• >10K apps• Claims >90MM

installs over last 2 years

19

Notes: 1. Artificially low given the wait for the 3G iPhone (5.3% market share in Q1)Source: Shasta Ventures, 2008


Types of Mobile Services (Software)

Telstra in confidence20

•Voice or facsimile calls to the 190x number rangeRegulated by: TISSC Self Regulatory Scheme

•SMS and MMS calls to the 19x number range (e.g. competition entries and voting for interactive TV) - Regulated by: Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA)

• Telephone sex services – Regulated by: Part 9A of TCPSSA 1999

Premium Rate Services

•Information and entertainment services & applications

•Example: ringtones, pictures, wallpapers, logos, news, weather, sport, games, finance, directory, horoscopes

•Not regulated

Traditional WAP/SMS/MMS Services•Peer to peer communications

•Not regulated

P2P SMS/MMS

•Chat services (e.g. Fast Flirting, Power Chat), Instant messaging (e.g. MSN, Yahoo!)Regulated by: Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA)

•Location Based Services (Sensis mobile); Push to talkFlagged for regulation in convergent devices review.

Interactive Communications Services

•Music, video, TV services, games, lifestyle, sport, news and info, guide and directories, user generated

•Age restricted services e.g. Planet 3’s “Premier”

•Example: mobisodes, video clips, BigBrother live footage, music videos

•Regulated by:Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA)

Portal/Walled Garden and 3G

•Stored contentSchedule 5 BSA and IIA Code. Flagged in convergent devices review

•Ephemeral/live content – e.g. streaming videoNot Regulated (BigBrother)

Mobile Internet

•Regulated by: Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA) and BSA

Mobile TV


Mob

ile D

ata

Serv

ice

Matu

rity

Infra

stru

ctur

e Fo

cus

A

pplic

atio

ns F

ocus

GPRS

Waves of Applications

GSM

Enhanced Mobile Browsing:•Internet •Intranet/Extranet

Personalized Services:• Instant Messaging/MMS• Infotainment• Location Based Services• m Commerce

SimpleText Messaging (SMS)Internet Browsing (WAP)

UMTS

Mobile Multimedia:• Instant Interactive multimedia• Video Messaging / Streaming• Enriched Personalized Services

UMTS is Perceivedas a continuum from

2.5G -Richer Content

-Better User Experience

Multimedia

UMTS is Perceivedas a continuum from

2.5G -Richer Content

-Better User Experience

Source: Nortel networks


Terminals Diversity

• Open apps to terminals model• Diversity to suit all market segments• New Capabilities• Learn from WAP and GPRS Errors!

Motorola T720Email, EMSWAP, Colour Screen

Panasonic-SGH T100 WAP, Colour Screen, 87 gram

Mitsbishi –MondoMobile phone & PDA, Windows CE applicationsSize 130 x 90 x 23mm Weight 200g

Palm- Treo $ 29916Mb memoryEmail, calendar…

Hiptop16Mb memoryEmail, calendar, camera optional

Value Add comes from Content and ApplicationsTerminals are just the mediator



Trend: Data Applications Market

• Key to successful data offering:– Appropriate Applications to Terminals Pairing– Culture, evolution of past user experiences– Business Model : Content players need to be motivated to

join the value chain (Open APIs, revenue sharing, etc.)– Applications diversity - New service capabilities in order to

enrich the offer: MMS & Location based Services– Aggressive offering critical to take off

Need : Open Systems (e.g. J2ME), Attractive Pricing, Customised & Terminal Variety



Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

2419/04/23


End-User Empowerment in Converging Service Platforms (1)

• Redefining the role of Telco: from access to service provider– Enabling new business models (e.g. «prosumers» vs.

consumers)

• Inter-domain aspects: service provisioning, inter-working

• Make services intelligent and easier to use (assist users)

2519/04/23

Integration with the (Semantic) Web is inevitable for having a

common large information pool

Semantically enabled smart user interfaces


End-User Empowerment in Converging Service Platforms (2)

• Hiding complexity and heterogeneity– Taking benefit of existing variety of services, networks and

devices

• Opening platform capabilities to 3rd parties

• Support multi-vendor, multi-technology middleware platforms

• Provide services timely: accelerate creation & delivery of services– Fast service creation– Reduce time-to-market for new services

2619/04/23

Ontology technology is built to handle heterogeneity and variety

Creation, discovery, composition of enablers and

services is accelerated on the basis of shared ontologies &

semantic techniques


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

2719/04/23


Mobile Ontology Vocabulary

2819/04/23

project

22 organisa-tions

ca. 12M Euro budget


Mobile Ontology Initiative

• The initiative: http://ontology.ist-spice.org

– for the whole SPICE project and beyond, partially standardised by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

• Used ontology languages: RDF/S, OWL2919/04/23


Service Platform ArchitectureSPICE

Exposure LayerExposure Layer

Exposure Layer

3rd Party Service Execution EnvironmentTerminal Platform

Capabilities & Enablers

IMS clientBrowser

Basic OS support

Value added services layerComposite components and orchestration

Knowledge layerBrokers, Mediators, Reasoners

Component service layerSPICE components and component support

Third partycomponents

Various repositories, including profiles, credentials, ACLs,

SLAs


IMS System

Legacy systems

Component service layerSPICE components

Knowledge layerKnowledge sources

Value added services layer

SPICE Service Execution Environment

Exposure LayerExposure Layer

Exposure Layer

3rd Party Service Execution EnvironmentTerminal Platform


IMS clientBrowser

Basic OS support

Value added services layerComposite components and orchestration

Knowledge layerBrokers, Mediators, Reasoners

Component service layerSPICE components and component support

Third partycomponents

Various repositories, including profiles, credentials, ACLs,

SLAs


IMS System

Legacy systems

Component service layerSPICE components

Knowledge layerKnowledge sources

Value added services layer

SPICE Service Execution Environment

3019/04/23

Layering on the service platform layer, includes IMS.


Mobile Ontology – How People Contributed

0102030405060708090

100

participants in specificroles, in %

ontology initiators

sub-ontologyinitiators

independentontologycontributors

ontologycontributorsrequiring assistance

ontology users andminor contributors

19/04/23 31


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

3219/04/23


Example for Policies

33


Motivation: Why Edit Policies?End User Perspective

• Personal data and identity managment

– „Who is watching me?“, e.g., choose to whom you want to reveal your location and presence and to whom not

• Policy awareness, acceptance/rejection

– „What is going on?“, „Why?“, e.g., learn about government, finance, legal, business procedures

Organizational Perspective

• Policy management

– „Define, set, communicate, share policies“, e.g., conditions of selling a service at a WWW marketplace

B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C, P2P

34


Policy Acquisition Tool: Architecture

35


Eshop Policy Modelling Example

“We might receive information about you from other sources and add it to our account information.“

Maria a :Customer.

Eshop a :Eshop.

External_Information_about_Maria a :External_Customer_Information.

Marias_Account_at_Eshop a :Eshop_Customer_Account.

{

Maria :has Marias_Account_at_Eshop.

Eshop :receives External_Information_about_Maria

}

=> {External_Information_about_Maria :is_added_to Marias_Account_at_Eshop}

36


Policy Acquisition Tool (PAT): Starting

37


PAT: Condition Editing

38


PAT: New Sentence Added

39


PAT: Rule Construction is Completed

40


Policy Creation - Evaluation

• 2 case

studies• 10 test

subjects• more than 200 rule modeling solutions produced and checked

for correctness• a human observer at the test-site • questionnaires after the tests


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

4219/04/23


m:Ciudad - Vision

• m:Ciudad, a step forward in Mobile User-generated Content and Services. A service infrastructure for the mobile platform for:

43

Instantaneous, on-the-go service creation and provision. The mobile user as a prosumer: producer, provider and consumer of services and their associated contents.

Fixed-mobile service convergence in a wide sense: one worldwide user-powered content network.

Efficient context utilization. Automatic / manual context-aware content generation and publication.

Discovery, access and mobile-to-mobile communication in a very distributed, volatile platform (such as the mobile one, with the service “not-always-on” paradigm).

m:Ciudad micro-services

Sensor-based(p.e.

TrafficJam) My Likes

(p.e. CoolClub)

Authoring(p.e.

mBlog)

MyPersonal

Data (p.e. MyCollecti

ons)

MyAgents(p.e.

ShoppingAssistant)

MyServices,

MyGames,

etc.

MobileUser-

GeneratedServices


m:Ciudad – Research Challenges

44

Ontology template-based service creation; (inter-user service composition from worldwide available services).

Service deployment; viral service advertising; service sharing; service taxonomy, service usage policies.

Event-based content capturing (context-aware); Local and remote content & context tools; automatic tagging; content taxonomies.

Semantic / fuzzy search; distributed recommendation; user-term driven service/content search. Translation from folksonomy to service ontology.

IMS role; SIM/USIM role; seamless roaming treatment; QoS; Security.

Service execution environments; service business models; service business protection, rich user interfacing.

Business models, privacy, identification, dynamic billing.

ServiceCreation

On-the-move

ServicePublication

Filling Contents & Tagging

Access & Connect

User Experienc

e, incl. trust

Accounting & Billing

Search & DiscoverContents

ServiceDescriptionLanguage


m:Ciudad – Underlying Magic

45

Operating

System

Execution

Environm

ent

Service

s

ServiceCapabilities

CapabilitiesManagement

N E TW O R K

T E RM I

N A L

Servicewarehouse

Knowledgewarehouse

Usermanagement


„What is a microservice?“

• Logic• Metadata• „Meta-metadata“• Content

(Parameters, Instantiation)

• Presentation

„Exposable“ parts

are modelled

semantically

46


Microservices: Architectural Building Blocks

47

mCiudad Framework / Platform

Notification Service

Capabilities

KnowWare

Media storage

Accounting

Service availability tracker

Search engine

Ontology parsing engine

persistant

DB

Recommender / relevance ranking

Rule / Policy controller

Serv lifecycle / State Mgr

Messaging

Service publisher +Metadata creation ServWare

and components

Authentication, (policy-based) access control

Group mgmt

asynchronous push/pull P2P pipe/flow/syndication notification mgmt

access rights/certifcates pre-condition/policy enforcement SDL conformance user # limitation

service state (active/busy/comm) sleep/resume, TTL event log

Authoring/ composition toolkit

Service Search & discovery

Data Flow Mgr

Context & profile manager

GPS

Service Exec Env (Browser ?)

My Service Metropolis (registry ?)

sensors


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

4819/04/23


Policies: Dilbert Example

49


Policies: Eshop Example

50

Marialikes to shop,likes special offers,does not like to disclose her personal data

Ehop managerworks for a Eshop,creates Eshop policies and communicates them to customers,applies Eshop policies for userprofile management

Policy Acquisitio

n Tool

Policy Acquisitio

n Tool

www.sti-innsbruck.at51

Motivation:

Share knowledge about the fluidity of the traffic and presence of mobile radars with friends.

Microservices Scenario: Traffic Jam Killer

www.sti-innsbruck.at52

Motivation: Locate friends, position them and show on a map.

Microservices Scenario: Friends Locator


Scenarios Combined with Current RFID Application Areas

• Transport and logistics– toll management, tracking of goods, …

• Security and access control– tracking people, controlling access to restricted areas

• Supply chain management– item tagging, theft-prevention, product life cycle, …

• Medical and pharmaceutical applications– identification and location of staff and patients, asset tracking,

counterfeit protection for drugs, …• Manufacturing and processing

– streamlining assembly line process, …• Agriculture

– tracking of animals, quality control, …• Public sector, government

– passports, driver’s licenses, library systems, …

53


Outline

• Introduction








• Conclusions

5419/04/23


Conclusions

Thank you for the attention.

Starbucks comes from America (and there are several ones in Vienna!). Many would agree that coffee is better in Austria than in the US. Why wait till somebody else empowers end-users with semantic mobile services in the converging world?

Questions?

55


References (URIs)

• IETF: http://www.ietf.org • IETF RFC: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfcsearch.html

– Link to IETF specifications relevant for IMS• 3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/specs/specs.htm • 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org/Public_ html/specs• m:Ciudad project: http:// www.mciudad-fp7.org • SPICE project: http://www.ist-spice.org • FTW: http://www.ftw.at

56

IETF = Internet Engineering Task ForceRFC = Request for Comments3GPP (and further abbreviations) – see Appendix of the slides


References (Books and Papers)

• Camarillo, G., Garcia-Martin, M.A. “The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem: Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds”, 381 p., John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (2004).

• Villalonga, C., Strohbach, M., Snoeck, N., Sutterer, M., Belaunde, M., Kovacs, E., Zhdanova, A.V., Goix, L.W., Droegehorn, O. "Mobile Ontology: Towards a Standardized Semantic Model for the Mobile Domain". In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Telecom Service Oriented Architectures (TSOA 2007) at the 5th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing, 17 September 2007, Vienna, Austria, Springer (2007).

• Davies, M., Gil, G., Maknavicius, L., Narganes, M., Urdiales, D., Zhdanova, A.V. "m:Ciudad: An Infrastructure for Creation and Sharing of End User Generated Microservices". In Proceedings of the Poster and Demonstration Track at the 1st Future Internet Symposium, 28-30 September 2008, Vienna, Austria (2008).

• Zhdanova, A.V., Zeiss, J., Dantcheva, A., Gabner, R., Bessler, S. “A Semantic Policy Management Environment for End-Users and its Empirical Study”. Networked Knowledge - Networked Media: Integrating Knowledge Management, New Media Technologies and Semantic Systems (Eds.: Schaffert, S., Tochtermann, K., Auer, S., Pellegrini, T.), Springer Verlag (2009).

57


Appendix: IMS White Paper Acronyms

• 3G Third Generation• 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project• 3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2• AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting• AMF Account Management Function• ANI Application-to-Network Interface• ANSI American National Standards Institute• API Application Programming Interface• AS Application Server• ASN Abstract Syntax Notation• ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions• ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode• ATP Acceptance Test Plan• AUC Authentication Center• BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function• BT British Telecom• CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic• CAP CAMEL Application Part• CBF Charging and Billing Function• CCF Charging Collection Function• CDF Charging Data Function• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access



• CDR Charging Data Records• CGF Charging Gateway Function• CLEC Competitive LEC• CN Core Network• COPS Common Open Policy Service• CPE Customer Premises Equipment• CS Circuit-switched• CSCF Call Session Control Function• CTIA Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association• DB Database• DHLR Distributed Home Location Register• DIAMETER AAA or HSS protocol; successor/upgrade of RADIUS• DMS Dual Mode Services• DNS Domain Name System• DSL Digital Subscriber Line• E9-1-1 Emergency Services• ECF Event Charging Function• EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution• EIA Electronics Industry Association• ENUM Telephone Number Mapping• GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node• GPRS General Packet Radio Service• GSA Global Mobile Suppliers Association• GSM Global System for Mobile Communication• HLR Home Location Register• HSS Home Subscriber Server



• HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol• I-CSCF Interrogating Call Session Control Function• IETF Internet Engineering Task Force• IM Instant Messaging• IM-SSF IP Multimedia Services Switching Function• IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem• IMS-MGW IMS Media Gateway Function• IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000• IN Intelligent Networks• IP Internet Protocol• IP-CAN IP Connectivity Access Network• IPDR Internet Protocol Detail Record• IPsec IP Security• IPv4 IP Version 4• IPv6 IP Version 6• ISC IMS Service Control• ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network• ISG Intelligent Services Gateway• ISO International Organization for Standards• ISUP ISDN User Part• IT Information Technology• LAN Local Area Network• LEC Local Exchange Carrier• LNP Local Number Portability• MAP Mobile Application Part• MCS Multimedia Communications Server


• MEGACO Media Gateway Control (protocol)• MGCF Media Gateway Control Function• MGF Media Gateway Function• MGIF Mobile Gaming Interoperability Forum• MGW Media gateway• MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching• MRF Media Resource Function• MRFC Media Resource Function Controller• MRFP Media Resource Function Processor• MSF Multiservice Switching Forum• MSO Multi-Service Operator• MTP Message Transfer Part• NAI Network Access Identifier• NANP North American Numbering Plan• NE Network Element• NGN Next Generation Network• NNI Network Node Interface• OAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning• OCF Online Charging Function• OCS Online Charging System• OMA Open Mobile Alliance• OSA Open Service Access• OSI Open Systems Interconnection• OSS Operations Support System• PC Policy Controller• P-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control Function



• PDA Personal Digital Assistant• PDF Policy Decision Function• PDS Packet Data Subsystem• PDSN Packet Data Service Node• POTS Plain Old Telephone Service• PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network• PLMN Public land Mobile Network• QoS Quality of Service• RAN Radio Access Network• RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service• RF Rating Function• RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol• RTCP RTP Control Protocol• SBC Session Border Controller• SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part• SCF Session Charging Function • SCIM Service Capability Interaction Manager• SCP Service Control Point• S-CSCF Serving Call Session Control Function• S-CSCF Serving CSCF• SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol• SCF Service Control Function• SCP Service Control Point• SCS Service Capability Server• SDO Standards Development Organization• SDP Session Description Protocol



• SGF Signaling Gateway Function• SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node• SGW Signaling Gateway• SIGTRAN Signaling Transport• SIP Session Initiation Protocol• SLA Service Level Agreement• SLF Subscriber Locator Function• SMS Short Message Service• SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol• SOA Service Oriented Architecture• SS7 Signaling System 7• SSL Secure Sockets Layer• SSF Service Switching Function• SSP Service Switching Point• TAS Telephony Application Serer• TBCP Talk Burst Control Protocol • TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part• TCP Transmission Control Protocol• TDM Time Division Multiplexing• TIA Telecommunications Industry Association• TSG-CT TSG Core Network and Terminals (3GPP)• TSG-GERAN TSG GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (3GPP)• TSG-RAN TSG Radio Access Network (3GPP)• TSG-SA TSG Service and System Aspects (3GPP)• UDP User Datagram Protocol



• UE User Equipment• UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System• UNI User-to-Network Interface• URI Universal Resource Identifier• URL Uniform Resource Locator• UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access• UWB Ultra-Wideband• VCC Voice Call Continuity• VoIP Voice over IP• VPN Virtual Private Network• VSP Virtual Service Provider• WCIT World Conference on International Telecommunications• WIN Wireless Intelligent Network• WG Working Group• WiFi 802.11x wireless technology• WiMAX 802.16x wireless technology• WIN Wireless Intelligent Network• WLAN Wireless LAN• WTSC Wireless Technologies and Systems Committee (ATIS)• xDSL Variations of DSL


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