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Neighborhood, Physical Activity, and

Health Evidence: socio-physical structure of

neighborhoods may relate to sufficient amounts ofhealth-enhancing physical activity and physicallyactive transportation (ALR and transportation

research) Relevance: Investigating how places are related to

health will require learning to characterize places aswell as we have learned to characterize the biologyand behavior of people (Diez02)

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Theory: Conceptualizing Neighborhood

Community is place-based

Neighborhoodis a spatial, geographically defined constructof place Galster 2001

Places and people, with the common sense limit as the

area one can easily walk over (Morris and Hess 1975) Practice: Residents and policy makers perceive

neighborhoods as meaningful congregations of people with

common interests. Research: Neighborhoods as key spatial units of

intervention, planning, and organization

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Theory: Models of Walkable

Neighborhood 1930-Present

1.Walkableneighborhood surroundedby a super block of arterials

2. Geographic extent: Super block of

approx. mile square3. Neighborhood Center: school, community center and

open space (Clarence Perry1929 and Garden CityMovement)

retail and open space (Congressfor New Urbanism 2000)

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Theory: Measuring Neighborhood 2

Fourscales (Galster 2001)

1.block face, or the area over which children can play withoutsupervision

2.defended neighborhood, smallest area with a corporate

identity contrasted to another area.

3.community of limited liability, district represented by a local

governmental body, with individual social participation

selective and voluntary.

4.the expanded community of limited liability, a sector of the

city

Objective(actual) and subjective (perceived) measures

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Method: DataWalk and Bike Communities Project

A 30-min telephone survey of 608 able-bodied

adults randomly sampled from 84 square miles ofurbanized King County, WA : Socio-demographic,

neighborhood perception, and walking behavior

data

Assessors GIS files with half-million parcels: More

than 200 environmental variables

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Methods-Neighborhood Measurements

Walk and Bike Communities Project

(1) Self-defined attributes of neighborhood from telephone

survey (2) Objective environmental measures: More than 200

environmental variables considered in the models

Within 1km and 3km of respondents home locations

Up to 3km distance to 24 destinations and 11

neighborhood centers hypothesized to beassociated with walking

Airline and Network

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Methods-BivariateWalk and Bike Communities Project

Amounts of walking (sufficiently for health) Walking sufficiently (>150 min/week)

Walking moderately (

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Methods- Multinomial logit models


Odds of:

Walking sufficiently (>150 min/week) Walking moderately (

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Methods-Logistic regression model


Dependent variables, odds of:

perceiving presence of grocery store, park, and school, in theneighborhood.

Independent variables: Corresponding objectively measured environmental variables,

and

Three categories of walking: non walkers, (reference

category), moderate walkers, and sufficient walkers

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THRESHOLDMEASURES

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THRESHOLD MEASURES

IMPLICATIONS FOR

URBAN PLANNING

Resident

Parcel

Density

> 18dua

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THRESHOLD MEASURES IMPLICATIONS FOR URBAN PLANNING

Block Size at Home Location

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Size of Office Complexes in 3km Buffer

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Neighborhood Center

1930s: Schools, Community Centers, and Open Space

Today: Food Environments and Retail

varae

nayses

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Distance to closest indiv idual and groups of destinations (bivariate analyses)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000Restaurant

Grocery store

NC_Grocery

+Restaurant

+Retail

NC_Church+School

NC_Office+Mixed Use

NC_Sports Facility+School

NC_Grocery+Restaurant

Daycare center

Library

Art gallery/museum

Non-Walker Suff icient Walker

y

Distance to Closest [Non-Walker; Sufficient Walker]

Signif icant in the models

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Implications

for Research

Mariner Area

1990 Census

6,300 people3,500 units

590 acres

Red=tract (2)

[4000 residents]

Orange=

Block group (4)

[1000 residents]

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Mean ObjectiveValues of

Distance toClosest

Grocery, Parks,and Schools[feet]

[Non-Walker/Suff-

Walker]

0

1000

2000

3000

Grocery Stores

ParksSchools

Non-walker/Presence Suff-Walker/Presence

Non-walker/Absence Suff-Walker/Absence

PERCEPTION

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Mean/ median objective values of

parcel counts

SUFFICIENT-WALKER

3.9

2.6

6.8

2.51.9

4.6

0.0

1.02.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Grocery

Stores

Parks Schools

Presen ce Ab sen ce

NON-WALKER

3.22.9

5.8

1.4 1.9

4.3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Grocery

Stores

Parks Schools

Presence Absence

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Conclusions: THEORY

Sociologic measures; Behavior (walk no walk), Domain(personal, physical environmental variables), Outcome ofinterest (more walking)

Multiplicity of neighborhood definitions: Sufficient-Walkerversus Non-Walker neighborhood

Multi-level analysis: individual, and environmental(Galsters two first scales)

Scales/levels of neighborhood definition:

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Conclusions: Urban Planning PRACTICE

Center of walkableneighborhood = Grocery,

Restaurants, and daily Retail Thresholds measures of land use type and intensity

are achievable within current practices

Very small distances between land uses related toincreasing the probability of walking for health

smaller than those generally considered byplanners and designers. Scale of land use mix isvery small.

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Conclusions: RESEARCH METHODS Spatial unit: Census units wash out built environment of

walkableneighborhood

Both airline and network distances to destinations are useful tounderstand and interpret perception of neighborhood(Sufficient Walkers seem to know neighborhood based on

networks) Objective measures of environment significantly correlated with

perception measures for attributes of neighborhood

environmental attributes that are significantly associated withwalking

Consistently correlated for Sufficient-Walkers, but not for

Non-Walkers Both significant mainly in

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Conclusions: LIMITATIONS

Generalizability limited to spatial sample frame ofmedium-low residential densities and above and

residential areas in proximity to retail [not low-

density suburban areas, small towns or rural areas

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Thank you

walkable

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