iii

Brief Contents

INature and Scope of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 1

1 Meaning and Scope 2

2 Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives 28

3 Health and Physical Activity in Our

Society 65

IIFoundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 103

4 Historical Foundations 104

5 Motor Behavior 144

6 Biomechanical Foundations 179

7 Exercise Physiology and Fitness 212

8 Sociological Foundations 257

9 Sport and Exercise Psychology 291

10 Physical Education Pedagogy 325

IIICareers and Professional Considerations 361

11 Career and Professional Development 362

12 Teaching and Coaching Careers 399

13 Fitness- and Health-Related Careers 435

14 Sport Careers 463

IVIssues, Challenges, and the Future 487

15 Issues, Challenges, and Future Trends 488

P A R T

P A R T

P A R T

P A R T

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iv

Contents

Preface x

INature and Scope of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 1

C H A P T E R 1

Meaning and Scope 2

Contemporary Physical Education, Exercise

Science, and Sport Programs 4

Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport Defi ned 7

Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 11

Allied Fields 19

Health 19Recreation and Leisure 19Dance 20

Growing as a Professional in Physical

Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 21

Reading Research 22Staying Up-to-Date with Technology 22

Summary 25

Discussion Questions 25

Self-Assessment Activities 26

References 26

C H A P T E R 2

Philosophy, Goals, and Objectives 28

Philosophy 29

What Is Philosophy? 29Branches of Philosophy 30Major Philosophies 31Modern Educational Philosophy 34The Mind-Body Relationship 35Philosophy of Sport and Physical

Activity 36Your Professional Philosophy 37Goals and Objectives Defi ned 40

Goals of Physical Education, Exercise

Science, and Sport 41

Historical Development 42Contemporary Goals and Objectives 42

Learning in the Three Domains 43

Taxonomies 45Cognitive Domain 45Affective Domain 49Psychomotor Domain 52

Assessment of Learning 56

Assessment Defi ned 57Purposes of Assessment 57The Role of Technology in Assessment 59

Summary 62

Discussion Questions 62

P A R T

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Contents v

Self-Assessment Activities 63

References 63

C H A P T E R 3

Health and Physical Activity in Our Society 65

Changing Demographics 65

Implications of Changing Demographics 69

Wellness Movement 71

Wellness and Health 72Epidemiologic Shift 72Chronic Disease in the United States 73Health Goals of the Nation 74Implications of the Wellness

Movement 81Fitness and Physical Activity

Movement 83

Fitness and Physical Activity of Children and Youth 84

Fitness and Physical Activity of Adults 90Implications of the Fitness and

Physical Activity Movement 94

Summary 98

Discussion Questions 99

Self-Assessment Activities 99

References 99

IIFoundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport 103

C H A P T E R 4

Historical Foundations 104

Sport History 105

Defi nition and Scope 105Historical Development 106Areas of Study 107

Ancient Greece and Rome 107

P A R T

Early Modern European Programs 108

Germany 109Sweden 110Denmark 111Great Britain 111

Physical Education and Sport in the

United States 112

Colonial Period (1607–1783) 112National Period (1784–1861) 114Civil War Period through 1900 115Early Twentieth Century 120World War I (1916–1919) 122Golden Twenties (1920–1929) 122Depression Years (1930–1939) 124Mid-Twentieth Century (1940–1970) 126

Signifi cant Recent Developments

(1970–Present) 128

The Discipline 129Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion 130School Physical Education 130Physical Fitness and Participation in

Physical Activity 131The Growth of Sports 132Girls and Women in Sports 133Programs for Individuals with

Disabilities 135Olympics 139

Summary 141

Discussion Questions 141

Self-Assessment Activities 142

References 142

C H A P T E R 5

Motor Behavior 144

Motor Behavior 144

Motor Learning and Motor

Control 146

Defi nition and Scope 146Historical Development 147Areas of Study 147Motor Learning Models 148

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Contentsvi

Performance Characteristics and Skill Learning 151

Stages of Learning 152Factors Infl uencing Learning 154Motor Learning Concepts 157

Motor Development 163

Defi nition and Scope 163Historical Development 164Areas of Study 165Phases of Motor Development 165Selected Fundamental Motor Skills 168Development of Fundamental Motor

Skills 172

Summary 176

Discussion Questions 177

Self-Assessment Activities 177

References 177

C H A P T E R 6

Biomechanical Foundations 179

Kinesiology and Biomechanics 180

Defi nition and Scope 181Historical Development 182Reasons for Studying Biomechanics 184Major Areas of Study 188

Selected Biomechanical Terms Related to

Human Motion 189

Mechanical Principles and Concepts Related

to Movement 192

Stability 192Motion 193Leverage 195Force 196

Biomechanical Analysis 199

Instruments and Techniques 199Analysis 203The Future 207

Summary 209

Discussion Questions 209

Self-Assessment Activities 210

References 210

C H A P T E R 7

Exercise Physiology and Fitness 212

Exercise Physiology: An Overview 213

Defi nition 213Historical Development 213Areas of Study 215Physical Fitness 216Physical Activity, Physical Fitness,

and Health 218Fitness Development 221

Energy Production for Physical Activity 221

Principles of Fitness Training 222FITT Formula 225

Health Fitness Components 226

Cardiorespiratory Endurance 227Body Composition 231Muscular Strength and

Endurance 236Flexibility 240

Designing an Exercise Program 243

Special Considerations for Fitness 244

Environmental Conditions and Fitness 245

Nutrition and Fitness 245Ergogenic Aids 248

Summary 254

Discussion Questions 254

Self-Assessment Activities 254

References 255

C H A P T E R 8

Sociological Foundations 257

Sociology of Sport 258

Defi nition and Scope 259Historical Development 260Areas of Study 261

Sport: A Defi nition 261

Sport Activities 261Conditions 262Participation Motives 262

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Contents vii

Sport in Educational Institutions 263

Interscholastic Sport 264Intercollegiate Sport 267

Girls and Women in Sport 273

Minorities in Sport 277

Sport for Children and Youth 281

Violence in Sport 284

Performance-Enhancing Substances

in Sport 285

Summary 287

Discussion Questions 288

Self-Assessment Activities 288

References 288

C H A P T E R 9

Sport and Exercise Psychology 291

Sport and Exercise Psychology 292

Defi nition and Scope 292Historical Development 292Areas of Study 294

Psychological Benefi ts of Physical

Activity 296

Benefi ts 296Mechanism of Effect 297

Motivation 298

Exercise Adherence 300

Understanding Behavior Change 300Promoting Adherence 304

Personality 305

Nature of Personality 305Personality and Sport 306

Anxiety and Arousal 308

Nature of Anxiety and Arousal 308Anxiety, Arousal, and Performance 308

Goal Setting 310

Types of Goals 311How Goal Setting Works 311Principles of Effective Goal Setting 312

Enhancing Performance through

Self-Talk 314

Nature of Self-Talk 314Types of Self-Talk 315

Application of Self-Talk 315Modifying Self-Talk 316

Mental Imagery to Enhance Performance 317

Nature of Imagery 318Uses of Imagery 319

Intervention Strategies 321

Summary 322

Discussion Questions 322

Self-Assessment Activities 323

References 323

C H A P T E R 1 0

Physical Education Pedagogy 325

Physical Education Pedagogy:

An Overview 326

Defi nition and Scope 326Historical Development 327Areas of Study 328

Standards-Based Education 329

Curriculum Development 330

Curriculum Models 333

Skill Themes 334Personal and Social Responsibility 334Teaching Games for Understanding/

Tactical Games Model 337Sport Education 337Fitness Education 339Adventure Education 340Outdoor Education 341Cultural Studies 341

Assessment and Accountability 342

Types of Assessment 342Characteristics of Effective Teaching 345

Student Perspectives 349

Differences and Diversity in Physical

Education 349

(Dis)ability 351Gender 352Body Issues 353Race, Class, and Sexuality 354

Implications for Exercise Scientists and Sport

Leaders 356

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Contentsviii

Summary 356

Discussion Questions 357

Self-Assessment Activities 357

References 358

IIICareers and Professional Considerations 361

C H A P T E R 1 1

Career and Professional Development 362

Careers in Physical Education, Exercise

Science, and Sport 363

Choosing a Career 364Maximizing Professional

Preparation 369Attaining a Professional Position 378

Leadership and Professionalism 383

Leadership 384Professionalism 387

Professional Organizations in Physical

Education, Exercise Science, and

Sport 391

Why Belong to a Professional Organization? 392

Professional Organizations 393Society of Health and Physical Educators

(SHAPE America) 395

Summary 396

Discussion Questions 396

Self-Assessment Activities 397

References 397

C H A P T E R 1 2

Teaching and Coaching Careers 399

The Teaching Profession 400

Choosing a Teaching Career 400Benefi ts and Drawbacks Associated

with Teaching 401

P A R T

Competencies for Beginning Teachers 403

Quality Physical Education 404

Conducting Quality Programs 404Teaching Responsibilities 407

Teaching Careers 408

Teaching in the School Setting 408Teaching in Nonschool Settings 415

Teaching Certifi cation 419

Coaching Careers 419

Choosing a Coaching Career 420Benefi ts and Drawbacks of Coaching 420Teaching and Coaching 422Coaching Responsibilities 423Securing a Coaching Position 424Certifi cation of Coaches 424

Burnout 427

Increasing Your Professional Marketability 428

Summary 432

Discussion Questions 432

Self-Assessment Activities 432

References 433

C H A P T E R 1 3

Fitness- and Health-Related Careers 435

Fitness- and Exercise-Related Careers 436

Worksite Wellness Programs 438Commercial and Community Fitness

Programs 442Personal Trainers 444Strength and Conditioning

Professionals 444Rehabilitation Programs 445Career Preparation 446

Health-Related Careers 450

Athletic Training 450Health and Weight Management

Clubs and Spas 453Therapy-Related Careers 454

Dance Therapy 454Therapeutic Recreation 455Kinesiotherapy 455

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Contents ix

Physical Therapy 456Chiropractic Care 456

Increasing Your Professional Marketability 458

Summary 460

Discussion Questions 460

Self-Assessment Activities 460

References 461

C H A P T E R 1 4

Sport Careers 463

Sport Management 465

Careers in Sport Management 467

Athletic Administration 467Collegiate Recreation 469Corporate Recreation 470Sport Facilities Management 470Sport Retailing 471Career Opportunities in Professional

Organizations 473Sport Tourism 473

Careers in Sport Media 474

Sport Broadcasting 474Sportswriting and Journalism 475Sport Photography 476Sports Information 477Web Development/Social Media 478

Performance and Other Sport Careers 478

Dance 478Professional Athletics 479Offi ciating 480Sport Law and Agency 481Entrepreneurship 481

Increasing Your Professional

Marketability 483

Summary 484

Discussion Questions 484

Self-Assessment Activities 484

References 485

IVIssues, Challenges, and the Future 487

C H A P T E R 1 5

Issues, Challenges, and Future Trends 488

Issues in Physical Education, Exercise

Science, and Sport Today 489

Leadership in Physical Activity 489Leadership in Youth Sport 491The Gap between Research and

Practice 492Challenges 493

High-Quality, Daily Physical Education 493

Advocacy 494Achievement of National Health

Goals 498Lifespan Involvement for

All People 499Societal Trends and Current

Developments 502

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Movement 503

Education 504Technology 506Changing Demographics 506

Preparing for the Future 507

The Future 508

Summary 512

Discussion Questions 512

Self-Assessment Activities 512

References 513

P H O T O C R E D I T S C-1

I N D E X I-1

P A R T

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