wst graphical web_v2
DESCRIPTION
Presentation from The Graphical Web, Winchester, 2014TRANSCRIPT
Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
March 2014
VISUALISING HEALTH RESEARCH
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF CHANGE / PROCESS OUTCOMES
SPIRITUALITYCHANGE IN PERSONAL / SOCIAL IDENTITY
SOCIAL CONTACT
BEING AWAY FROM STRESSORSRESTORATION / RECUPERATION
ACHIEVEMENT / CONTRIBUTION
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
SELF-CONFIDENCE
ENJOYMENT/PLEASUREGOING INTO NATUREPHYSICAL ACTIVITY
WELLBEING AND THE ENVIRONMENT:POSSIBLE LINKS BETWEEN CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AND HEALTH
ENVIRONMENTAL MODERATORS
ACTIVITY MODERATORS
MECHANISM MODERATORS
PERSONAL MEDIATORS
CHANGE IN SOCIAL / GROUP
COHESION
TYPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
ENJOYMENT
ACHIEVEMENT(S)
DEVELOPMENTOF SOCIAL
CAPITAL
ACTIVITY TYPE /INTENSITY
TYPE
DEGREE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
QUIETNESS
FEATURES
CONTEXT(AWAY / NEAR)
TYPE OFENGAGEMENT
OTHERPARTICIPANTS
TYPE OF PROGRAMME (AIMS, OBJECTIVES, ETC.)
ENGAGEMENTROUTE(S)
EXPECTATIONS
FULFILMENT
MOTIVATIONS
PERSONALIDENTIFICATION
PERCEPTIONSOF SELF
SOCIALIDENTITY
PHYSICALABILITY
EXPECTATIONS
MENTALHEALTH
SOCIALFUNCTION
PHYSICALHEALTH
QUALITYOF LIFE
OTHERACTIVITIES
Seeing is BelievingRandomised, controlled study
Measuring impact of visualisation on knowledge and risk perception
Quota sample, using online market research panel (926 participants)
Working Group II Report impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability !Chapter 8 Human Health
FLOODS AND STORMSGL
OBAL
TRE
NDS
FLOO
D CA
USES
HEAL
TH IM
PACT
S
CLIMATE CHANGE
STORMS
DEATH & INJURY
CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH
ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoondischarge into rivers
People affected
Flooding depth
2°c
30cm
18%
5%
4.8%
30–90cm
4°c
100cm
33%
10%
57%
90–180cm
If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.
CASE STUDY 2: USAStudies in industrialised countries indicate that densely populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.
INFECTIOUSDISEASES
TOXIC CON-TAMINATION
MENTALHEALTH
RAINFALL EVAPORATIONSEA LEVEL SURFACERUN-OFF
LOCALTOPOGRAPHY
URBANISATION
190019502005
FUTU
RE C
HANG
ES
FLOODS
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes. This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, cyclones and extreme weather events.
Coastal regions are more vulnerable to flooding as sea levels rise.
Extreme rainfall can overwhelm rivers and lakes, causing them to flood.
Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms.
Global warming and changes in land use (like urbanisation) affect how much water is carried in the air.
Urbanisation can affect how much excess water can be absorbed into the ground.
Sometimes, the shape of the land can make areas vulnerable to flooding.
The number of people living in cities is growing, particularly in low income countries.
= 100m people in towns or cities
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This informationgraphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.
LATIN AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA
BAY OF BENGAL(particularly atrisk from stormsurges)
VULNERABLE PEOPLE
Those living in Low lying places(especially thosewith high density)
One-quarter of the world’s population resides within 100 km distance and 100 m elevation of the coastline.
In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Such as children, theinfirm, or those livingin sub-standard housing.
Poorer communities
Those with limitedability to escape
VULNERABLE PLACES
THE NORTHSEA COAST
SEYCHELLES
THE GULFCOAST
THE NILEDELTA
GULF OFGUINEA
Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries.
Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women.
VENEZUELA
MOZAMBIQUE
CHINA
1999
2000/2001
2003
30,000 DEAD
1,813 DEAD
130m AFFECTED
Particularly inplaces withpoor sanitation:
From storage orfrom chemicalsalready in theenvironment:
Insufficientlyinvestigated,but may include:
Diarrhoealdiseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever
Oil
Pesticides
Heavy metals
Hazardouswaste
Post-traumaticstress
Behaviouraldisorders inchildren
Anxiety?
Depression?
LIKELY EFFECTS
2.5–4m belowsea level by 2100
NEW ORLEANS (USA)
1.5–3m belowsea level now
This would mean that a storm surge from a Category 3 hurricane (estimated at 3 to 4 m without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above areas that were heavily populated in 2004.
Mid-range estimate of 48 cm sea level rise by 2100 plussubsidence
FLOODS AND STORMSGL
OBAL
TRE
NDS
FLOO
D CA
USES
HEAL
TH IM
PACT
S
CLIMATE CHANGE
STORMS
DEATH & INJURY
CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH
ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoondischarge into rivers
People affected
Flooding depth
2°c
30cm
18%
5%
4.8%
30–90cm
4°c
100cm
33%
10%
57%
90–180cm
If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.
CASE STUDY 2: USAStudies in industrialised countries indicate that densely populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.
INFECTIOUSDISEASES
TOXIC CON-TAMINATION
MENTALHEALTH
RAINFALL EVAPORATIONSEA LEVEL SURFACERUN-OFF
LOCALTOPOGRAPHY
URBANISATION
190019502005
FUTU
RE C
HANG
ES
FLOODS
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes. This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, cyclones and extreme weather events.
Coastal regions are more vulnerable to flooding as sea levels rise.
Extreme rainfall can overwhelm rivers and lakes, causing them to flood.
Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms.
Global warming and changes in land use (like urbanisation) affect how much water is carried in the air.
Urbanisation can affect how much excess water can be absorbed into the ground.
Sometimes, the shape of the land can make areas vulnerable to flooding.
The number of people living in cities is growing, particularly in low income countries.
= 100m people in towns or cities
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This informationgraphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.
LATIN AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA
BAY OF BENGAL(particularly atrisk from stormsurges)
VULNERABLE PEOPLE
Those living in Low lying places(especially thosewith high density)
One-quarter of the world’s population resides within 100 km distance and 100 m elevation of the coastline.
In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Such as children, theinfirm, or those livingin sub-standard housing.
Poorer communities
Those with limitedability to escape
VULNERABLE PLACES
THE NORTHSEA COAST
SEYCHELLES
THE GULFCOAST
THE NILEDELTA
GULF OFGUINEA
Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries.
Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women.
VENEZUELA
MOZAMBIQUE
CHINA
1999
2000/2001
2003
30,000 DEAD
1,813 DEAD
130m AFFECTED
Particularly inplaces withpoor sanitation:
From storage orfrom chemicalsalready in theenvironment:
Insufficientlyinvestigated,but may include:
Diarrhoealdiseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever
Oil
Pesticides
Heavy metals
Hazardouswaste
Post-traumaticstress
Behaviouraldisorders inchildren
Anxiety?
Depression?
LIKELY EFFECTS
2.5–4m belowsea level by 2100
NEW ORLEANS (USA)
1.5–3m belowsea level now
This would mean that a storm surge from a Category 3 hurricane (estimated at 3 to 4 m without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above areas that were heavily populated in 2004.
Mid-range estimate of 48 cm sea level rise by 2100 plussubsidence
GLOB
AL T
REND
SFL
OOD
CAUS
ESHE
ALTH
IMPA
CTS
STORMS
DEATH & INJURY INFECTIOUSDISEASES
TOXIC CON-TAMINATION
RAINFALL EVAPORATIONSEA LEVEL SURFACERUN-OFF
190019502005
FLOODS
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, cyclones and extreme weather events.
Coastal regions are more vulnerable to flooding as sea levels rise.
Extreme rainfall can overwhelm rivers and lakes, causing them to flood.
Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms.
Global warming and changes in land use (like urbanisation) affect how much water is carried in the air.
Urbanisation can affect how much excess water can be absorbed into the ground.
LATIN AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA
BAY OF BENGAL(particularly atrisk from stormsurges)
VULNERABLE PEOPLE
Those living in Low lying places(especially thosewith high density)
One-quarter of the world’s population resides within 100 km distance and 100 m elevation of the coastline.
In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Such as children, theinfirm, or those livingin sub-standard housing.
Poorer communities
Those with limitedability to escape
VULNERABLE PLACES
THE NORTHSEA COAST
SEYCHELLES
THE GULFCOAST
THE NILEDELTA
GULF OFGUINEA
Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries.
VENEZUELA
MOZAMBIQUE
CHINA
1999
2000/2001
2003
30,000 DEAD
1,813 DEAD
130m AFFECTED
Particularly inplaces withpoor sanitation:
From storage orfrom chemicalsalready in theenvironment:Diarrhoeal
diseases
Cholera
Oil
Pesticides
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
6
5
3
4
RISK GROUP 1:STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP 2:AIR QUALITY
dmean
approval
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
6 mins
3 mins
RISK GROUP 1:STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP 2:AIR QUALITY
mean viewtime (log10)
a b
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
80%
70%
60%
RISK GROUP 1:STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP 2:AIR QUALITY
d
meanknowledge
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
28
21
14
RISK GROUP 1:STORMS & FLOODS
RISK GROUP 2:AIR QUALITY
cmean risk
perception
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
meanknowledge
(baseline)
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
(time 2)
meanknowledge
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
meanrisk perception
(baseline)
KEY MEAN& 95% CI
ANOVASIGNIFICANT
(P < 0.05)
ANOVA NOTSIGNIFICANT
(P > 0.05)
CONTROLCONDITION
TEXTCONDITION
GRAPHICCONDITION
meanrisk perception
(time 2)
control graphictext
Mean knowledge
80%
70%
60%
50%
Error Bars: 95% CI
18-2
728
-37
38-4
748
-57
58-6
768
-77
18-2
728
-37
38-4
748
-57
58-6
768
-77
18-2
728
-37
38-4
748
-57
58-6
768
-77Age
group:
Conclusions
- This type of box / arrow diagram can be used to communicate information on climate change health impacts in less time and more effectively than using text, for this audience.
- The technique might be used to effectively present other non-linear narratives.
- Non-linear information graphics like this could be particularly useful for younger audiences
- The study suggests that understanding the mechanisms for climate change health impacts could increase risk awareness.
Limitations
-Questions asked only test limited knowledge.
-Captive audience - doesn’t investigate whether information graphics also attract attention.
-Higher drop-out in experimental conditions.
– More in high socio-economic status groups than national average
– Only surveys internet users
Software:
Presentation software Illustrator InDesign !
Premiere Flash !
Processing / D3 PhP / HTML5 Other programming languages
Stills {Motion}
Interactive {
Stahl- Timmins, W.; Pitt, M. & Peters, J.
2010.
Graphical presentation of data for health policy decisions: An exploratory online decision task experiment to measure effectiveness.
Information Design Journal 18:3.
Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
blog.willstahl.com
Twitter: @will_s_t
www.thebmj.com