Write down the formulae for:• Silver chloride

• Sodium hydroxide

• Ammonium nitrate

• Copper carbonate

• Magnesium hydroxide

• Potassium sulfate

Write down the formulae for:• Aluminium hydroxide

• Copper hydrogen carbonate

• Zinc bicaronate

• Sodium sulfate

• Potassium carbonate

• Ammonium chloride

Write down the formulae for:1. Sodium nitrate2. Zinc sulfate3. Lithium carbonate4. Sodium phosphate5. Copper hydroxide6. Calcium nitrate7. Aluminium Oxide

Copy and fill in the blanksWhen an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a ________. When an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes an _______.

When a cation combines with an anion, they become an ______ _________.

Some ionic compounds are “_______”, which means they dissolve in water.

Two ionic solutions, potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate are mixed together. 1. Name the four ions that are present in

the mixture.2. Would precipitate form?3. Give the name of the precipitate.4. Write down the formula of the

precipitate.5. Give the names of the spectator ions.

Precipitation ReactionSome ionic compounds are soluble (dissolves in water) whereas some are insoluble (does not dissolve in water).

Insoluble ionic compounds can form when two solutions of soluble compounds are mixed. The cation from one solution and the anion from the other solution can react to form precipitate, an insoluble solid.

Solubility• Soluble – dissolves in water (the

ionic bond between the cation and the anion breaks)

• Insoluble – does not dissolve (the ionic bond does not break)

Soluble or insoluble?• Silver chloride

• Sodium hydroxide

• Ammonium nitrate

• Copper carbonate

• Magnesium hydroxide

Soluble or insoluble?• Copper Chloride

• Copper Hydroxide

• Magnesium Hydroxide

• Magnesium Sulfate

• Zinc Sulfate

• Aluminium Sulfate

- Soluble

- Insoluble

- Insoluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

What about these…?• Sodium Chloride

• Sodium Iodide

• Sodium Hydroxide

• Sodium Nitrate

• Sodium Carbonate

• Sodium Sulfate

- Soluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

- Soluble

What about these…?• Sodium Chloride

• Sodium Iodide

• Sodium Hydroxide

• Sodium Nitrate

• Sodium Carbonate

• Sodium Sulfate

Every ionic compound that contains Sodium ion is soluble

Solubility Rules• Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium ions are ALL

SOLUBLE• Nitrate ion is ALWAYS SOLUBLE• Chloride ion is always SOLUBLE, EXCEPT silver chloride

and lead chloride• Sulfate ion is always SOLUBLE EXCEPT lead sulfate,

calcium sulfate and barium sulfate• Carbonate ion is always INSOLUBLE, EXCEPT those of

Group 1 and ammonium• Hydroxide ion is always INSOLUBLE, EXCEPT those of

Group 1

Solubility Rules (for experts)• All Group 1 compounds are soluble e.g. Na2CO3, KOH

• All nitrate, NO3- compounds are soluble e.g. Cu(NO3)2

• Most sulfates are soluble e.g. FeSO4

• Most halides are soluble e.g. FeCl3, CuBr2

• Insoluble sulfates are CaSO4 , BaSO4, PbSO4

• Insoluble halides are those of Ag+, Pb2+ e.g. AgCl, AgI• All carbonates , CO3

2-, are insoluble e.g. BaCO3 EXCEPT those of Group 1

• All oxides, hydroxides are insoluble e.g. CuO, Al(OH)3 EXCEPT those of Group 1

Precipitation Reaction

CationsCameron = Barium ion (Ba2+)

Tom = Sodium ion (Na+)

AnionsMary = Chloride ion (Cl-)

Alice = Carbonate ion (CO32-)

Barium Chloride = soluble The bond between Cameron and Mary is WEAK.

Sodium Carbonate = solubleThe bond between Tom and Alice is WEAK.

Sodium Chloride = solubleThe bond between Tom and Mary is WEAK.

Barium Carbonate = InsolubleThe bond between Cameron and Alice is

STRONG.

Let’s say that we have these two couples (ionic compounds).• Tom & Alice (sodium carbonate)• Cameron & Mary (barium chloride)

Question:If we dump these couples into a swimming pool… what would happen to them?

Barium Carbonate = Insoluble Cameron and Alice forms ionic bond and

become insoluble “Precipitate”.

Sodium Chloride = solubleTom and Mary just chill out and

spectate. They become “Spectator Ions”.

When you mix two ionic solutions, you get TWO cations and TWO anions in the solution. (four ‘separate’ ions in total)

If you can find an “insoluble” match between any of these four ions, you have precipitate.The ions that do not form precipitate are spectator ions.

Worksheet – predict the formation of precipitate

Investigation

Aim: to observe the formation of precipitates by mixing solutions of various ions

Precipitation Reaction - EXAMPLES1. Is copper sulfate soluble or insoluble?

2. Is sodium hydroxide soluble or insoluble?

3. What would happen if the two are mixed together?

Copper Sulfate + Sodium Hydroxide

Practical – Mystery Solution “X”Aim: To find out which ionic compound has been dissolved in the unknown solution