wright, s.g. and skevington, j.h

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Zootaxa 3683 (1): 051–064 www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3683.1.3http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:29EF71C1-017C-414A-AF10-B5F332D90EE8

Revision of the subgenus Episyrphus (Episyrphus) Matsumura (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Australia

SUSAN G. WRIGHT1 & JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON2

1Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia2Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada

Abstract

Three species of Episyrphus (Episyrphus) Matsumura, 1917 are here recorded in Australia: E. (E.) viridaureus (Wiede-mann, 1824) and two new species E. (E.) oliviae Wright sp. nov. and E. (E.) glaber Wright sp. nov. A key to Australian Episyrphus (Episyrphus) species is provided, important taxonomic characters are illustrated and distributions of the three species are mapped. The distribution of E. (E.) viridaureus is extended to include Australia. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data are provided from some Episyrphus species to test morphological species concepts.

Key words: new species, hover flies, phenotypic plasticity

Introduction

The genus Episyrphus was first described by Matsumura in 1917 (Matsumura and Adachi 1917a) howeverEpisyrphus was treated as a synonym of Syrphus by most authors until the works of Goffe (1944), Dušek, J. and Láska, P. (1967), Hippa (1968) and Vockeroth (1969). The genus, including its two subgenera Episyrphus and Asiobaccha Violovitch, 1976 (Thompson and Vockeroth 1989), and the closely related Meliscaeva Frey, 1946 are separated from all other genera of Syrphini by having black, sclerotized “dots” or setal bases along the wing margin and a tuft of pile on the anterior part of the anepisternum (Vockeroth, 1969). Episyrphus can be distinguished from Meliscaeva by the presence of a tuft of pile under the spiracle on the metepimeron. The subgenus Asiobaccha can be distinguished from Episyrphus s.s. by having a petiolate abdomen. The possession of double black bands on tergites three and four can be used to distinguish Episyrphus from other syrphine genera in Europe (Stubbs & Falk 1983) and can also be applied in part to the Australian and Asian faunas.

The subgenus Episyrphus (Episyrphus) currently contains twenty described species distributed in the Palaearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical regions (Vockeroth 1969; Knutson et al. 1975; Peck 1988; Thompson and Vockeroth 1989). The subgenus does not occur in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Vockeroth 1969; Vockeroth and Thompson 1981; Wirth et al. 1983). While there are seven African species, most occur in the Oriental and Australasian regions. The genus has been revised in the Afrotropical region with Vockeroth (1973a), Ghorpade (1981) and Kassebeer (2000) all describing new species. An additional species has been recently described from China, E. perscitus He and Chu (1992).

The taxonomy of Episyrphus (Episyrphus) is complicated by a high degree of intra-specific colour variation that has led to considerable confusion in the delimitation of species, in particular Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus (De Geer, 1776). Episyrphus (E.) balteatus, the most widespread species, is distributed over most of the Palaearctic region. Authors vary considerably in their descriptions of the sternal colour patterns and scutellar pilosity of E. (E.) balteatus (Matsumura and Adachi 1917b, Curran 1930, Hippa 1968, Vockeroth 1973a, Ghorpade 1981, Kumar et al. 1987). Kapoor et al. (1985) found six separate colour variants within “E. (E.) balteatus” in India and as the terminalia did not differ, they considered the six groups belong to a single species. However, male terminalia do not vary substantially at the species level in the Syrphini (Vockeroth 1969; Thompson pers. comm.) and it is possible that a species complex may exist rather than a single variable species (Curran 1928; Thompson pers. comm.).

Accepted by Z.-Q. Zhang: 6 Jun. 2013; published: 2 Jul. 2013 51

Dušek & Láska (1974) studied environmentally induced phenotypic variation within syrphines by investigating the effect of temperature during development on adult colour patterns. At lower temperatures, adults of the four species they studied, Metasyrphus corollae (Fabricius), M. luniger (Meigen), Episyrphus (E.) balteatusand Sphaerophoria scripta Linnaeus, had darker legs, antennae and pile on the scutellum and wider dark bands on the abdomen.

Abdominal colour variation in Australian Episyrphus (Episyrphus) consists of variation in width of bands on tergites one to five and the absence or presence and varying shape of sternal markings. Sternal markings may consist of spots, dashes or a complete, transverse band. The colour of frontal and scutellar pile also varies.

In this study, rearing experiments were conducted with specimens of the most common species of Australian Episyrphus (Episyrphus) to determine the range of colour variation within the species and to establish the most reliable, invariable taxonomic characters. Experiments to determine the effect of pupal temperature on colour patterns and vestiture were carried out. Museum specimens were then examined to determine if the variation observed could be correlated with season collected or sex.

Three species of Episyrphus (Episyrphus) have previously been recorded in Australia. Although the most recent edition of the Catalogue of the Diptera of Australasia and Oceania, (Thompson and Vockeroth 1989) lists only two species— E. (E.) nectarinus Wiedemann, 1830) and E. alternans (Macquart, 1842). Knutson et al. (1975) also recorded E. (E.) balteatus from Australia. All three species are based on types from outside Australia, E. (E.) nectarinus from China, E. (E.) alternans from 'Cote de Coromandel' [=India] and E. (E.) balteatus from Europe. We have not examined types of these species but have been in communication with F.C. Thompson who has examined them and Australian specimens. Thompson suggests that E. (E.) nectarinus and E. (E.) alternans are synonyms of E. (E.) viridaureus. Curran (1928 and 1930) listed E. (E.) alternans as a synonym of E. (E.) viridaureus although this seems to have been ignored in later literature. The identity of E. (E.) alternans is ambiguous because the only remaining syntype is extensively damaged (MNHN), however the original description of E. (E.) alternans does not exclude the possibility of E. (E.) alternans being synonymous with E. (E.)viridaureus. Similarly the original description of E. (E.) nectarinus is consistent with it being a dark form of E. (E.) viridaureus. Based on Thompson’s advice we regard the common Australian species as Episyrphus (E.) viridaureus that was described from Indonesia and predates the two other names. The recording of E. (E.) nectarinus and E. (E.) alternans from Australia maybe associated with misidentifications or result from the synonomy suggested by Thompson. As E. (E.) nectarinus and E. (E.) alternans are based on extralimital material and we have not examined these types, we consider the status of these names beyond the scope of this study.

In addition to the common Australian species here treated as E. (E.) viridaureus, two new species, E. (E.)glaber and E. (E) oliviae, are described below.

Materials and methods

Male and female genitalia were prepared by macerating the terminalia in 10% KOH at room temperature overnight. Genitalia were then dissected in distilled water and placed in glycerol. Preparations were examined on a slide and then stored in glycerol in a genitalia vial attached to the pin beneath the specimen. Genitalia showed little variation between species and have not been included in descriptions. The male genitalia of the three species are all very similar to that of E. (E.) balteatus. Nomenclature follows McAlpine (1981).

Label data of holotype and syntype specimens are quoted in detail, with line breaks indicated by slashes. Label data of paratypes and additional specimens are generally given in a standardised form. The following abbreviations are used: AM, Australian Museum, Sydney; ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; CNC, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes; GDC, Mr G. Daniels Collection, Brisbane; MNHN, Museum Natural D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; QM, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; NHM, Natural History Musem, London; QDPI, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Collection, Brisbane; UQIC, University of Queensland Insect Collection, now held in Queensland Museum, Brisbane; ZMUC, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

To determine the effect of temperature on variation within Episyrphus (E.) viridaureus the senior author captured wild, gravid females in the field at Samsonvale Cemetery, southeast Queensland (27°16'S, 152°52'E) and placed them in individual containers. Aphids were placed in each container to facilitate oviposition (Chandler 1968a, b, c). Eggs were allowed to hatch and within 24 hrs larvae were moved to individual containers to avoid cannibalism.

WRIGHT & SKEVINGTON52 · Zootaxa 3683 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press

Larvae were reared at 20°C and fed until satiated. Larvae were reared to an early pupal stage and randomly assigned to constant temperature cabinets at 15° (n = 24), 20° (n = 21) and 25°C (n = 26) with ambient relative humidity. Offspring from each of eight females were distributed evenly among treatments. Adults emerging from puparia were killed 24 hrs after emergence to ensure full development of colour patterns. The thickness of the anterior and posterior bands on the abdominal tergites, sternal markings, the proportion of the scutellum covered with black pile, distribution of the microtrichia on the alula, antennal colour and the lunule markings were then examined.

DNA extraction, COI amplification and sequencing followed the methods outlined in Locke and Skevington (2013). Data are available from a public BOLD dataset at http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_SearchTerms?query=DS-EPISYR (dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-EPISYR) and are also available via GenBank (Table 1).

Results

Taxonomy

Episyrphus Matsumura

Episyrphus Matsumura in Matsumura and Adachi 1917a: 134 (key); 1917b: 16 (generic desc.). Shiraki 1930: 362; Goffe 1944: 135–138; Hull 1949: 294; Fluke 1950: 139, 145; Dusek and Laska 1967: 363; Hippa 1968: 79–82; Vockeroth 1969: 124–125; Vockeroth 1973a: 599; Vockeroth 1973b: 1075; Ghorpade 1981: 89–94; Thompson and Vockeroth 1989: 143.

Type species: Episyrphus (Episyrphus) falliciosus Matsumura in Matsumura and Adachi 1917a: pl. VI, figs 13, 24, by monotypy.

Diagnosis. Eye bare. Anterior portion of anepisternum usually extensively pilose. Upper and lower katepisternal pile patches broadly separate thoughout. Metepisternum with distinct elongate tuft of pile below spiracle. Metasternum pilose. Posterior margin of wing with a series of black sclerotised setal bases or “dots”. Abdomen unmargined. Abdominal tergite colour markings varied, usually with double black bands on tergites 2–4. Tergites 3 and usually 4 often with anterior and posterior bands. Sternites yellow, in some species with black or brown markings. Surstylus nearly flat, broad basally, tapering evenly to a blunt or subacute apex. Superior lobe short, apex broadly rounded and produced slightly ventrad to form a short, stout, acute, tooth-like process. Aedeagal base a small, simple, shallow ring. Distal portion of aedeagus short, slender, subcylindrical, slightly enlarged apically; extreme apex membranous and without spicules. (For a more complete generic description see Vockeroth, 1969).

Key to adults of Australian species of Episyrphus (Episyrphus)

1. Alula entirely microtrichose (Fig. 1), tergite 4 usually with black, anterior band, if absent then black, posterior band very nar-row, much less than half length of tergite (Figs 3, 4, 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

- Alula with bare patch basally (Fig. 2), tergite 4 always lacking black, anterior band, black posterior band greater than half length of tergite (Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. (E.) glaber sp. nov.

2. Sternites yellow, with at least sternite 2 with black or brown bands, dashes or spots, if sternal markings absent or faint then two dark spots on lunule above antennal bases (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. (E.) viridaureus Wiedemann

- Sternites entirely yellow, lacking black or brown markings; lunule yellow without dark spots above antennal bases (Fig. 7) and antennae yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. (E.) oliviae sp. nov.

FIGURES 1–2. Episyrphus (Episyrphus), alula. 1. E. viridaureus, completely covered with microtrichia. 2. E. glaber sp. nov., bare basally. (Scale line =1mm).

Zootaxa 3683 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 53REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN EPISYRPHUS

http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_SearchTerms?query=DS-EPISYR

http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_SearchTerms?query=DS-EPISYR

Episyrphus (Episyrphus) glaber Wright sp. nov.(Figs 2, 5, 10)

Types. Holotype ♀; \Mt Glorious, Qld\ 27°19’49”S 152°45’35”E\ 1–14.iv.1996 700m\ A. Hiller G. & A. Daniels\ malaise, ground level\ (T189524) QM.

Paratypes: Queensland. 1♀, Hugh Nelson Range, 21km S of Atherton, 13.iii–iv.1984, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, Benarkin, 3km ENE, 28.iii.–10.iv.2010, Monteith, wet sclerophyll Malaise, (T189543; QM 19626) CNC; 1♀, Bunya Mt, 8.xii.1925, (T189534) UQIC; 3♀, Bunya Mt NP behind rices cabins, 14.i.1998, C. Lambkin, 6m Malaise across track, (T189529–31) UQIC; 2♀, Bunya Mt NP behind rices cabins, 16–17.i.1998, C. Lambkin, 6m Malaise across track, (T189527–8) UQIC; 2♀, Mt Glorious, 1–14.iv.1996, A. Hiller, G. & A. Daniels, 700m Malaise ground level, (T189525-6) UQIC; 1♀, Mt Glorious, 25.iv.1930, (T189533) UQIC; 2♀, Mt Glorious, Dec.1976, Z. Boucek, Malaise trap, QDPI; 6♀, 1♂, Mt Glorious (Hiller), Feb.1982, iii.1982, QDPI; 2♀, Mt Glorious (Hiller property), 12.xii.1998–28.i.1999, N. Power, Malaise, (T189545–6) QM; 7♀, Enoggera Reservoir, 15.iii–18.v.2000, 27.i.–15.iii.2000, 21.xii.1999–27.i.2000, C.J Burwell, S.G. Evans, Malaise, 100m, (T189535–541) QM; 4♀, Brisbane, 6.iii.1960, 26.iii.1960, 14.x.1961, 20.iv.1963, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Cunninghams Gap via Aratula, 26.xii.1997, C.J. Burwell, (T189542) QM; 2♀, Lamington NP, IBISCA 700c, 23.i.–3.ii.2009, 20.ii.–5.iii.2009, G. Monteith, F. Turco, Malaise, RF, (T189544; CNCD201248) QM, CNC.

New South Wales. 1♀, Legume, 8.iv.1925, ANIC; 1♂, Broken Head, S of Byron Bay, 5.vi.1985, G. Daniels & M.A. Schneider, (T189532) UQIC; 1♀, Hat Hill, Blackheath, 22.xi.1975, G. Daniels, GDC; 1♀, Bondi, 20.vi.1931, ANIC; 1♀, National Park, 2.iv.1925, 12.iv.1925, Mackerras, waterfall, Gundamain, ANIC; 1♀, Royal Nat. Pk, 14.iii.1970, G. Daniels, GDC; 1♀, Otford, 24.xi.1962, D.K. McAlpine, AM.

Other Material Examined. Queensland. 1♀, Peawaddy Gorge, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk, 26.ii.1996, C.J. Burwell, S. Evans, QM; 2♀, Mt Glorious, 15.ii.1964, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Mt Nebo, Boombana, 20.iii.1960, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 6.iii.1960, 26.iii.1960, 14.x.1961, 20.iv.1963, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Cleveland, 6.v.1953, UQIC. New South Wales. 1♀, Warrumbungles National Park, 17.xii.1995, M.E. Irwin, QM; 1♀, National Park, 2.iv.1925, 12.iv.1925, Mackerras, waterfall, Gundamain, ANIC; 1♀, Wallanga Lake, Bermagui, 24–27.ii.1974, Z. Liepa, ANIC; 1♂, Waterfall, 34.1331°S, 150.9937°E, 19.iv.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176146, CNC; 1♂, Ashfield, Sydney, 33.8886°S, 151.1242°E, E. Cheah, CNCD176145, CNC.

Diagnosis. Lunule usually with two dark spots above antennal bases; antennae orange-yellow with apicodorsal section of postpedicel brown; scutellum dull yellow with brown, translucent, preapical band. Alula with bare area basally. Mesonotum black, with distinct stripes of green or greyish pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally. Tergite three with transverse, anterior, black band; tergite four lacking anterior band; transverse, posterior, black band greater than half length of tergite and extending to posteromedial margin. Tergite five yellow with black triangle narrowing anteriorly. Sternites two and usually three with black or brown, transverse bands, dashes or spots.

Description. Length. 10–12 mm.Female. Head. Face with yellow integument, yellow pollen and yellow pile. Tubercle below antennae yellow

and without pollen. Frons with black integument and yellow pollen, except for a median strip extending to ocellar triangle, absent or faint in some specimens. Ocellar triangle integument black with brown pollen. Lunule yellow and shining with two dark spots above insertion of antennae in most specimens plus a dark patch above. Postpedicel oval, apicodorsal third brown, rest yellow/brown.

Thorax. Mesonotum black, with green or grayish, subshining pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally, with faint stripes of pollen. Scutellum dull yellow with brown, translucent, preapical band; pile colour variable; scutellar fringe long and yellow in two irregular rows. Alula with basal third bare (Fig. 2). Trochanters dark brown; fore and mid legs yellow with yellow pile and setae; hind legs with basal half of femur yellow with yellow pile, remainder of leg yellow brown; tibia with dark pile, tarsi with black setae dorsally and yellow setae ventrally.

Abdomen. (Fig. 5) Tergite two black with two pairs of triangular, broadly divided yellow spots, one anterior and one positioned medially. Tergite three yellow with narrow, black, anterior, arcuate band, and with a black, broad, posterior band which is produced slightly forward medially. Tergite four yellow with a broad, black, posterior band extending over half the tergite; no anterior band present. Tergite five yellow with a black triangle meeting anteromedial margin leaving two yellow spots on anterolateral margins. Venter yellow, some or all sternites with black or brown, transverse bands, dashes or spots.

There is little difference between the sexes in this species.


Distribution. (Fig. 10) Episyrphus (Episyrphus) glaber sp. nov. is distributed along the east coast of Australia from the Atherton Tableland in northern Queensland to New South Wales.

Comments. Episyrphus (Episyrphus) glaber sp. nov. is a distinctive species because of the combination of a bare alula and distinctive abdominal patterns. It is genetically distinct (6% different) from all other Episyrphusspecies sequenced (Fig. 13).

FIGURES 3–6. Episyrphus (Episyrphus), dorsal view. 3. dark form of E. viridaureus. 4. light form of E. viridaureus (resulting offspring of the same female from variation experiments). 5. E. glaber sp. nov. 6. E. oliviae sp. nov.

Episyrphus (Episyrphus) oliviae Wright sp. nov.(Figs 1, 6, 7)

Queensland. Holotype ♂, Mt Glorious, S.E.Qld\ (Hiller)\ Feb.1982\ Malaise trap\ (T189547) QM; Paratypes: 1♀, Paluma Range, 22.iv.1984, S.J. Johnson, (T189548; CNCD201249) CNC; 1♀, Mt Glorious (Hiller), Feb.1982, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, Mt Glorious, 15.ii.1964, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 1.ii.1960, C.F. Ashby, ANIC.

Diagnosis. Lunule entirely yellow, without dark spots above the antennal bases; antennae entirely yellow. Alula entirely microtrichose. Scutellum dull yellow. Mesonotum dark, shining green gold, without greenish or greyish pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally. Tergites three and four mostly yellow with transverse, anterior black band interrupted medially; transverse, posterior black band present on both tergite three and four, extending to posterior margin on both tergites. Tergite five with triangular, black mark narrowing anteriorly. Sternites entirely yellow without black or brown markings.

Description. Length. 9–11 mm.Head. Face with yellow integument, yellow pollen and yellow pile. Tubercle below antennae yellow and

without pollen. Frons with black integument and yellow pollen, except for a median strip extending to ocellar triangle, absent or faint in some specimens. Ocellar triangle with black integument and brown pollen. Lunule yellow and shining, lacking dark spots above antennal bases (Fig. 8). Antennae entirely yellow, setae yellow.

Thorax. Mesonotum dark, shining green gold, without greenish or greyish pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally. Scutellum dull yellow. Alula entirely microtrichose (Fig. 1). Trochanters yellow, fore and mid legs yellow


with yellow pile and setae; hind legs yellow on basal half of femur with yellow pile, remainder of leg dark yellow; tibia with brown setae and pile; tarsi with yellow setae dorsally and brown setae ventrally.

Abdomen. (Fig. 6) Tergite 2 with broad yellow band, broadly divided by black medial band which extends laterally and narrows posteriorly. Tergites 3 and 4 mostly yellow with transverse, anterior black band interrupted medially; transverse, posterior black band present on both tergite 3 and 4, extending to posterior margin on both tergites. Tergite 5 with triangular black mark narrowing anteriorly. Venter yellow, none of the sternites with black or brown transverse bands, dashes or spots.

There is little difference between the sexes in this species.Distribution. (Fig. 11) Episyrphus (Episyrphus) oliviae is only known from five specimens from three

localities: Paluma Range in northern Queensland, and Mt Glorious and Brisbane from southeastern Queensland. Comments. These specimens differ from northern European specimens of E. (E.) balteatus by having entirely

yellow antennae, lacking spots above the antennae on the lunule and lacking sternal marks. These characters are those that were independent of temperature in E. (E.) viridaureus. The affect of temperature on these specimens has not been determined as no live females were collected during this study. An additional specimen from Townsville was found that closely resembles the above description but it has wider transverse, anterior bands. The Townsville specimen may be a darker form of the same species but this group may not be affected by temperature in the same way as E. (E.) viridaureus. The species is named for the senior author’s daughter, Olivia, as every little girl should have a species named after her.

Sequence data could not be obtained for E. oliviae despite considerable effort.

FIGURES 7–8. Episyrphus (Episyrphus), face, frontal view. 7. E. (E.) near balteatus. 8. E. (E.) viridaureus. (Scale line = 1mm).

Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus (Wiedemann)(Figs 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12)

Syrphus viridaureus Wiedemann, 1824: 35; de Meijere 1908: 299; Curran 1928: 217; 1930: 314, 316. Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus (Wiedemann), Vockeroth 1969: 125; Thompson and Vockeroth 1989: 43.

Types. Syntype; 1♂; Batavia/ Aug. 1815/ (ZMUC) (not examined).Other material: Queensland 2♀, 1♂, Gordon Ck Area, Claudie River, 23–24.vi.1982, 2–4.vii.1982, M.A.

Schneider & G. Daniels, UQIC; 2♀, Claudie River, Mt Lamond, 4.vi.1966, D.K. McAlpine, AM; 1♂, mid Claudie River, Iron Range, 29.viii.1974, G. Daniels, GDC; 1♂, Iron Range, 2–9.vi.1971, E.F. Riek, ANIC; 1♀, Iron Range Cape York Penninsula, 13–20.v.1975, K.J. Houston, at light, QDPI; 2♀, 1♂, 3km ENE of Mt Tozer, 28.vi–4.vii.1986, D.H. Colless, swept from u'growth, ANIC; 2♀, 1♂, 7km NNW Coen, 16.iv.1989, G. & A. Daniels, GDC; 1♂, Mt Webb Nat. Pk, 1.x.1980, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 2♀, 1♂, W base of Mt Hartley, 11.vi.1996, C.J.


Burwell, rainforest, QM; 1♀, 1♂, Moses Ck, 4 km NE of Mt Finnigan, 15.x.1980, D.H. Colless, at light, ANIC; 1♂, Lakeland Downs, 15.iii.1872, RHA, ex aphids on maize, QDPI; 3♀, 1♂, Mossman Gorge, 23–24.iv.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♀, 1♂, Mt Perseverance, W of Mossman, 6.i.1985, G. & A. Daniels, GDC; 1♀, Kingfisher Lodge, Julatten, 22–24.xi.1998, C. Burwell, QM; 1♀, Kingfisher Park, 1km N Julatten, 1.v.1998, C.M. Rodriguez, QM; 1♂, Kingfisher Park, 1km N Julatten, 25.iv.1997, C.J. Burwell, QM; 1♂, Kingfisher Park, 1km N Julatten, 16.6°S, 145.35°E, 30.v.1997, J.&A. Skevington, CNC; 1♀, Laceys Ck St. For. nr Mission Beach, 12.i.1985, G. & A. Daniels , GDC; 2♀, 4♂, Big Mitchell Ck, Mareeba-Molloy Rd, 4.v.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♂, Junction of Goldmine and Davies Cks, Kuranda-Mareeba Rd , 3-May-67, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♂, Kuranda, Sep.1925, ANIC; 1♀, Kuranda, 20.viii.1951, A.H. Wetherly, ANIC; 1♀, Kuranda, 29.vi.1980, B.K. Cantrell, QDPI; 1♀, Kuranda, F.P. Dodd, ANIC; 1♀, 1♂, Kuranda near Cairns, 3.vi.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176393, CNCD176395, CNC; 2♀, Hann Tableland radar Station, 26–27.xi.1998, C.J. Burwell, OF, QM; 1♂, Cairns, 18.xi.1934, UQIC; 3♀, 1♂, Hills Ck, Rd to Yarrabah, 27.iv.1998, C. Burwell, C.M. Rodriguez, QM; 2♀, Whitfield Range Forest Reserve, Cairns, 19.iv.1967, D.H. Colless ANIC; 4♀, Clohesy River, 26 miles from Cairns, 16.9113°S, 145.5677°E, 3.vi.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176400, CNCD176404–6, CNC; 1♂, Cascades, 27.xii.1964, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♂, nr Granite Gorge, 12 km SW Mareeba, 12.v.1989, G. & A. Daniels, GDC; 2♀, 13 km up Davies Ck Rd via Mareeba, 11.xi–2.xii.1984, Story & Halfpapp, QDPI; 1♂, Davies Ck, 19 km E by S of Mareeba, 20.xi.1981, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 2♀, 1♂, 4km up Black Mtn Rd via Kuranda, 24.viii.–14.ix.1982, 14.ix.–12.x.1982, 4–24.viii.1982, Malaise trap , QDPI; 1♂, Kuranda Range State Forest, Black Mt Rd, 20.iv.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 2♀, Mt Haig, 21 km ENE of Atherton, 18.xi.1981, D.H. Colless, Malaise trap, ANIC; 1♂, Tinaroo Ck Rd, Mareeba, 1.vii.1990, B.K. Cantrell, rainforest, QDPI; 1♀, 2nd Mulgrave R. X-ing Goldsborough Rd, 2.iv.1976, I.D. Galloway, edge RF, QDPI; 1♀, Mulgrave R. Vly, 12km SSW of Gordonvale, 16.xi.1981, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♀, Mulgrave R. 4mi W of Gordonvale, 2.i.1967, D.K. McAlpine, AM; 2♀ 3♂, Kairi, 2.v.1955, K.R. Norris, ANIC; 1♀, Kairi, 1.ix.1960, G.W.S., QDPI; 1♀, Tolga Scrub, 18.ii.1984, I.D. Galloway, QDPI; 1♀, Lake Barrine, 25.ix.1937, A.J. Turner, QM; 1♀, Upper Mulgrave R. 8m. Goldsborough Rd, 9.v.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 2♀, Yungaburra St. For., 29.iv.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 2♀, Wongabel S.F., 6 km S Atherton, 10.ii.–13.iii.1984, 9.i.–10.ii.1984, Storey & Brown, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, 1♂, The Boulders, Babinda Ck, 22.viii.1956, UQIC; 1♀, Malanda, 10.iv.1944, K.R. Norris, ANIC; 3♀, 3♂, Malanda Falls, 17.3553°S, 145.5863°E, 4.vi.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176382–3, CNCD176385, CNCD176401–3, CNC; 1♂, 7–14 km W of Herberton via Watsonville, 1.v.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♂, The Crater nr Herberton, 4.i.1967, D.K. McAlpine and G. Holloway, AM; 1♀, Evelyn (The Crater), 6.iii.1960, W.A.S., QDPI; 1♀, Garradunga nr Innisfail, 15.vi.1995, G. & A. Daniels, 50m, GDC; 1♂, Garradunga nr Innisfail, 6.vii.1996, S. Evans, UQIC; 1♂, Palmerston National Park, 40 miles West of Innisfail, 29.xi.1964, G.B. Monteith, CNCD176171, CNC; 8♀, 1♂, Stone Ck via Garradunga, 6.vi.1996, C.J. Burwell, rainforest, QM; 2♀, Millaa Millaa Falls, Atherton T/land, 15.vii.1971, Z. Liepa, ANIC; 1♂, Millaa Millaa, F.H. Taylor, ANIC; 1♀, 10km ENE of Ravenshoe, 13.xi.1981, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1♀, Charmillan Ck, 1.xii.1997, C.J. Burwell, QM; 3♀, 6♂, Rocky Ck, 8km W of Tully, 5.vi.1996, C.J. Burwell, QM; 2♀, Dunk Is, 25.viii.1927, Aug.1927, UQIC, QDPI, ; 1♀, Dunk Is., viii.1927, H. Hacker, QM; 1♀, Hinchinbrook Island, Little Ramsey Bay, 18–19.iv.1999, S.G. Evans, rainforest, 5m, QM; 1♀, 10 ml N Ingham, 23 Apr. 1955, K.R. Norris, ANIC; 1♂, Ingham, 21.viii.1959, I.W. Barlow, UQIC; 1♂, Gt Palm Island, May-25, G.H. Hardy, AM; 1♀, Birthday Ck, 6km WNW of Paluma, 25.ix.1980, D.H. Colless, at light, ANIC; 1♀, Little Crystal Ck, Mt Spec, 29.v.1971, E.F. Riek, ANIC; 1♀, Bluewater State Forest, NW Townsville, 14.i.1995, G. & A. Daniels, 580m, GDC; 1♀, Townsville, 15.iii.1968, P. Ferrar, light trap, ANIC; 1♀, Townsville, F.H. Taylor, ANIC; 3♀, 1♂, Townsville, 2.vi.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176387, CNCD176396–8, CNC; 1♀, Ayr, 7.iv.1956, G. Saunders, UQIC; 1♀, Toomba site 1 , 13–14.ii.2007, C.J. Burwell, S.G. Wright, 390m, hand net, rainforest, QM; 1♀, 2♂, Mandalay Pt GBR, 21.viii.1980, De Beer, UQIC; 2♂, Eungella NP, 80km NW Mackay, 16–19.x.1979, HE & MA Evans & A. Hook Coll., UQIC; 1♀, Eungella via Mackay, 1929, F.H. Taylor, 2300', ANIC; 7♀, 8♂, Eungella National Park , Broken River Picnic Ground, 21.2833°S, 148.7000°E, 24.v.1997, J.&A. Skevington, CNC; 2♀, 4♂, Glenella nr Mackay, 13.v.1959, T.G. Campbell, ANIC; 1♀, Blue Mt, 0.6km SE, 3–4.x.1999, Cook, Burwell, Evans, rainforest, QM; 1♀, Byfield, 29.xii.1964, I.F.B. Common, ANIC; 1♀, Byfield S.F., N of Yepoon, 1–3.xii.1979, M.A. Schneider & G. Daniels, UQIC; 1♂, Olsen's Cave, 13 mls N of Rockhampton, 25.iii.1950, I.F.B. Common, ANIC; 1♂, Great Keppel Island (East Sector), 16.xi.1981, J. McLean, AM; 1♂, Mt Archer near Rockhampton, 31.xii.1975, G. Daniels, GDC; 1♀, 1♂, Fairy Bower, Rockhampton, 14.ix.1954, I.F.B. Common, ANIC; 1♀, Albinia NP, ANP1M), 17.xi–15.xii.2010, B. Spooner, Melaleuca in grassland, Malaise, 226m, QM; 1♂, base, Mt Scoria, 6km Thangool, 10.ii.1991, G. & A.


Daniels, GDC; 1♀, Toweran, 33 mls S of Miramvale, 18.iv.1955, K.R. Norris, ANIC; 1♀, 1♂, Smith's Crossing, Kolan River W of Bundaberg, 20.ii.1972, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♂, 2ml N Bundaberg, 26.vi.1971, H. Frauca, ANIC; 13♀, 4♂, Bundaberg, iii.1971, vii.1971, viii–ix.1971, iv.1971, v.1971, vi.1971, 15–30.ii.1972, iii.1973, 3.vi.1973, 25.v.1973, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♀, Bundaberg, 20.viii.1960, J.K. Conner, UQIC; 5♀, 4♂, Baldwin Swamp Bundaberg, 16.xi.1971, vii.1972, x.1972, 11.x.1972, 2–3.xi.1977, H. Frauca, ANIC; 3♂, Bingera nr Bundaberg, Jul.1971, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♀, Bingera SW of Bundaberg, 10.vi.1973, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♀, Electra State Forest, 25km S of Bundaberg, 24.ix.1976, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♂, Goodwood S of Bundaberg, 15.iv.1973, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♂, One Tree Hill, 1km E, 26.ix.1999, S. Evans, 180m, QM; 1♀, Eidsvold, 4.iv.1924, Bancroft, ANIC; 1♀, 1♂, Taroom District, Boggomoss 12/1, 14.xi.1996, C.J. Burwell, S.G. Evans, QM; 1♂, Taroom District, Boggomoss 19, 11.xi.1996, C.J. Burwell, S.G. Evans, QM; 1♀, Taroom District, Boggomoss 21, 11.xi.1996, C.J. Burwell, S.G. Evans, QM; 1♀, Mt Woowoonga, SW of Bundaberg, Jun.1971, H. Frauca, ANIC; 2♂, Biggenden, 11.viii.1971, H. Frauca, ANIC; 2♀, 1♂, Bin Bin Ra., W of Biggenden, 14.i.1975, H. Frauca, ANIC; 3♂, Bluff Ra. via Biggenden, 26.iv.1975, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♂, Mt Hastings Ck,15 km S of Biggenden, 6.xi.1976, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♀, 1♂ Rockpool Gorge, W Bluff Range, Biggenden, 4.v.1972, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1♂, nr Teddington Weir, S of Maryborough, 5.ix.1987, G. & A. Daniels, GDC; 1♂, nr Teddington Weir, S of Maryborough, 25.ix.1994, G. & A. Daniels & C.J. Burwell, GDC; 13♀, 5♂, Miva, 9–10.ix.1995, 15–16.x.1996, S. Evans, H. Nahrung, UQIC; 1♀, 1♂, 2 km W Rainbow Beach, 24.ix.1994, G. & A. Daniels & C.J. Burwell, rainforest, GDC; 2♀, Noosa, 4.x.1969, J.K. Guyomar, ANIC; 1♂, Maroochy Agric. Station, 26.x.1970, W. Mitchell, ANIC; 1♀, Maroochy Hort. Res Station, Nambour, 15–26.iv.1985, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, Montville, Deane, UQIC; 1♀, 2km NE Sunday Ck Environmental Study Centre, Jimna SF, 17.iii.1996, C.J. Burwell, 780m, QM; 1♀, 1♂, Sunday Ck Environmental Study Centre, Jimna SF, 15–17.iii.1996, C.J. Burwell, 650m, QM; 1♀, Sippy Farm via Eudlo, 10.xii.1987, J. King, on lychee, UQIC; 2♀, 3.5km NW Beerwah, 20.ix.1997, S. Evans, QM; 1♀, Peachester, 21.iii.1974, E.C. Dahms, QM; 1♂, Beerwah, 2.xi.1979, W. Mitchell, ANIC; 1♂, Beerwah, 28.ix.–29.x.1986, B.K. Cantrell, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, 1♂, Burpengary, 23.v.1966, N. Gardener, UQIC; 1♂, Dayboro, 26.vi.1996, S. Winterton, ex Malaise, UQIC; 1♀, Dayboro, 0.5km S, 18–19.ix.1999, S. Evans, QM; 12♀, 5♂, Samsonvale Cemetery, 8.5 km SSE Dayboro, 25.viii.1995, 9.vi.1996, 3.x.1996, 10.viii.1997, 24.v.1998, S. Evans, QM, UQIC; 1♂, Samsonvale Cemetery, 8.5 km SSE Dayboro, 13.iv.1996, C.J. Burwell, QM; 1♂, Samsonvale Cemetery, 8.5 km SSE Dayboro, 12.viii.1998, C.M. Rodriguez, QM; 19♀, 7♂, Samsonvale Cemetery, 8.5 km SSE Dayboro, 23.vii.1996, S. Evans, various dates for pupation and emergence, ex Ageratum houstoninum, UQIC; 3♀, Mt Glorious, ii.1982, iii.1982, Hiller, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♂, Mt Glorious, 6.xi.1965, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 2♀, Mt Glorious, Hiller, Malaise trap , QDPI; 1♂, Boondall Wetlands, site 1, 5.iv.2006, S. Wright, 5–10m, 13422, Melaleuca woodland, QM; 1♀, Brisbane Forest Pk, 30.iii.1996, C. Lambkin, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane Forest Pk, 6.xi.1995, S. Evans, UQIC; 1♀, 1♂, Brisbane Forest Park, 14.viii.1998, J.&A. Skevington, Malaise trap, JSS25776, CNC; 1♀, Samford, 2.xi.1960, R. Hendricksen, UQIC; 1♀, 4♂, Samford, 9.viii.1959, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 2♀, 1♂, Brisbane River nr Wyvenhoe, 25.iv.1953, I.M. Mackerras, ANIC; 1♀, Mt Nebo, 28.xii.1959, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♂, Boombana, 8.ii.1960, ANIC; 1♂, Cylinder Beach, Pt Lookout, Stradbroke Island, 17.iv.1955, trees bordering beach, ANIC; 1♂, Windsor, Brisbane, 8.iii.1997, C.J. Burwell, QM; 1♂, Bulimba, 10.x.1958, S. Barker, UQIC; 1♀, Kipper Creek, Brisbane, 21.v.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176388, CNC; 2♀, 1♂, Brisbane, 13.iv.1912, 20.iv.1915, 23.v.1916, H. Hacker, QM, QDPI; 1♀, Brisbane, ix.1926, I.M. Mackerras, ANIC; 6♂, Brisbane, 20.xii.1927, 1.iv.1929, J. Mann, UQIC; 3♀, 10♂, Brisbane, 30.vii.1939, 30.iv.1940, 12.v.1940, 1.ii.1960, 29.ii.1960, 2.i.1961, 12.x.1963, 4.i.1966, 20.ii.1966, 25.vii.1967, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♂, Brisbane, 3.iv.1946, F. Kleinschmidt, UQIC; 1♂, Brisbane, 14.iv.1956, Kirkpatrick, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 2.v.1959, A. Cameron, UQIC; 1♂, Brisbane, 16.iv.1960, L.A. Powell, UQIC; 1♂, Brisbane, 24.v.1960, R.J. Smith, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 14.ix.1960, G.D. Smith, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 2.x.1960, N.A. Nhon, UQIC; 1♂, Brisbane, 7.v.1961, R. Ferraris, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 17.viii.1961, I. DeLacy, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 1.x.1961, W. Burrows, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 22.vi.1963, B. Ross, UQIC; 1♀, Brisbane, 10.vii.1964, D.F. O'Sullivan, UQIC; 2♀, 1♂, Brisbane, May-77, K.J. Houston, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, Brisbane, xi.1978, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, 1♂, Brisbane, 26.vi.1985, 13.x.1986, B.K. Cantrell, QDPI; 1♀, Brisbane, H. Hacker, QM; 1♂, Brisbane, 7.ix.1964, G.B. Monteith, CNCD667, CNC; 1♂, Toowong, 28.ix.1997, S. Evans, ex Sonchus oleraceus, QM; 3♀, Toowong, 20.v.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176394, CNCD176407–8, CNC; 2♂, Chapel Hill, 30.viii.1995, S. Evans, UQIC; 1♀, Brookfield, 21.ix.1958, R. Metcalf, UQIC; 1♂, Brookfield, 25.viii.1959, D.E. Hibbard, UQIC; 1♀, 1♂, Brookfield, 27.5101°S, 152.9165°E, 27.v.1968, 19.x.1964, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176381, CNCD176172, CNC; 1♀, 1♂, Upper Brookfield, 27.v.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176384, CNCD176389–91, CNC;


1♀, 1♂, University of Qld, St Lucia, 18.viii.1995, S. Evans, ex Sonchus oleraceus, UQIC; 3♀, Brisbane, CSIRO Longpocket site, ix.1977, viii.1978, Malaise trap , QDPI; 3♀, DPI Indooroopilly site, 24–31.xii.1982, 1–10.i.1983, 14–21.ii.1983, Malaise trap, QDPI ; 1♀, Indooroopilly, Sep-96, P. Labrie, UQIC; 2♀, Indooroopilly Brisbane, Jun.1978, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, N. Stradbroke, 28.ii.1982, M.A. Schneider, UQIC; 1♂, Sherwood, iii.1920, G.R. Bass, UQIC; 1♀, Redlands, Hillier Ck nr South St, 21.xi.–1.xii.2008, QM party, Malaise, scribbly gum/open forest, QM; 1♀, Redlands, Hillier Ck nr Weippin Rd, 19.i.2009, QM party, Malaise, heath/scribbly gum forest, QM; 1♂, Ugly Gully nr Mt Crosby, 26.vi.1985, Z. Liepa , ANIC; 1♀, Mt Crosby, 31.x.1964, G.B. Monteith, CNCD176173, CNC; 1♀, Oxley, 4.vi.1974, ex pupa on grass, QDPI; 1♂, The Blunder, 30.ix.1968, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 1♀, Gatton, 24–30.iii.1981, Malaise trap, QDPI; 1♀, Lawes, Jan.1964, J.E. Dunwoody, UQIC; 1♀, Sunnybank, 1.iv.1950, E.F. Riek, ANIC; 1♂, Goodna, May-28, G.H. Hardy, AM; 1♀, 2♂, Rosewood, 19.v.1955, K.R. Norris, ANIC; 5♀, 7♂, Shailer Park, 2.viii.1996, S. Evans, various dates for pupation and emergence, ex Ageratum houstoninum, UQIC; 1♀, Shailer Park, 4.viii.1996, S. Evans, em. 17.viii.1996, ex Ageratum houstoninum, UQIC; 1♀, 16 km N of Boonah, 23.v.1987, C.J. Burwell, GDC; 1♀, North Tamborine, 2.ii.1983, D.K. McAlpine, K.C. Khoo, AM; 3♀, Mt Tamborine, 1927, W.H. Davidson, QM; 2♀, Mt Tamborine, 16.ii.1960, F.A. Perkins, UQIC; 2♀, 1♂, Mt Tamborine, 15.iv.1964, 6.ii.1965, C.F. Ashby, ANIC; 3♀, 2♂, Mt Tamborine, Oct.1977, Sankowsky, QDPI; 1♂, Mt Tamborine, 3.iii.1984, I.D. Galloway, sweeping in and near rainforest, QDPI; 1♀, Coomera River, Lam. Nat. Pk, 28.v.1966, Z. Liepa, 1200', ANIC; 2♂, Lamington NP, IBISCA 700c, 3–19.ii.2009, F. Turco, Malaise, QM; 1♀, Lamington NP, IBISCA 900 OF, 3–19.ii.2009, F. Turco, Malaise, QM; 1♀, Lam. Nat. Pk., 17.v.1959, J.C. Dean, UQIC; 2♀, 1♂, Mt Warning nr Murwillumbah, 25.xii.1975, G. Daniels, GDC.

New South Wales: 1♀, Brunswick Heads, 9.ii.1962, D.E. Havenstein, ANIC; 1♀, Broadwater NP, 6.ix.1981, G. Daniels, GDC; 1♂, Lord Howe Island, Middle Beach, 20.iv.1979, T. Kingston, AM; 1♂, Kincumber SW Terrigal, 8.xii.1976, Z. Liepa, ANIC; 1♀, Northmead, 17.iii.1976, M. & V. Gregg, AM; 1♀, Willoughby nr Sydney, 15.iii.1981, D.K. McAlpine, AM; 1♂, Worona R., Engadine, xii.1985, G.A. Holloway, AM; 1♀, north Cronulla, nr Sydney, 31.iii.1972, D.K. McAlpine, sand dunes, AM; 1♀, Church Point, Ku-Ring-Gai Chase, 33.6333°S, 151.2833°E, 18.iv.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176392, CNC; 1♀, French’s Forest, 33.7500°S, 151.2262°E, 21.iv.1968, J.W. Boyes, CNCD176399, CNC. Northern Territory: 1♂, Daly River Misson, 29.vi.1974, J.F. Hutchinson (ANIC).

New Caledonia: 1♀, Foret Nord, site 2, 2 Dec 2004, Burwell & Wright (QM).Diagnosis. Lunule with two dark spots above antennal bases; antenna orange-yellow with apicodorsal section

of postpedicel brown. Alula entirely microtrichose. Scutellum dull yellow. Mesonotum black, with greenish or greyish subshining pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally, with narrow submedian and broader, darker and more shining sublateral stripes. Tergite three and four usually with transverse, anterior, black band; if absent (in very pale specimens) posterior, black band on tergite four very narrow, much less than half length of tergite and not extending to posteromedial margin. Tergite five mostly yellow, without black markings in very pale specimens; with black, anteromedial rectangle and a pair of posterolateral, black spots in darker specimens; and with rectangle and spots joined in very dark specimens. Sternites yellow with black or brown transverse bands, dashes or spots.

Redescription. Length. 7.5–10.2 mm.Male: Head. Face with yellow integument, yellow pollen and yellow pile. Tubercle below antennae yellow and

without pollen. Frons with black integument and yellow pollen, except for a median strip extending to ocellar triangle, absent or faint in some specimens. Ocellar triangle with black integument and brown pollen. Lunule orange and shining, with two dark spots above antennal bases (Fig. 7). Antennae orange-yellow with apicodorsal section of postpedicel brown.

Thorax. Mesonotum black, with greenish or greyish subshining pollen on disc and yellow pollen laterally, with narrow submedian and broader, darker and more shining sublateral stripes. Scutellum dull yellow. Alula entirely microtrichose (Fig. 1). Trochanters black basally, yellow apically. Fore and midleg yellow with yellow pile and setae; hind leg dark yellow with yellow pile on basal half of femur, in some specimens with a ventromedial brown patch; black setae on dorsal surface of femur, tibia and tarsus; ventral surface of femur, tibia and tarsus with yellow setae.

Abdomen. (Fig. 3–4) Tergite 2 usually with broad yellow band, divided medially by a black band sometimes extending laterally, occasionally meeting black, posterior band. Tergites 3 and 4 mostly yellow with black, transverse, anterior band which may be much reduced or even absent, and with a very narrow to broad, black, transverse, posterior band which is often produced slightly forward anteromedially. Tergite 5 yellow with a


rectangular patch of black extending medially from anterior margin, sometimes joining two laterally posterior black maculae in darker specimens. Venter yellow; sternites two and three usually with transverse, black or brown band, dashes or spots.

FIGURES 9–11. Distribution maps of Episyrphus (Episyrphus): 9. E. (E.) viridaureus. 10. E. (E.) glaber sp. nov. 11. E. oliviaesp. nov.


FIGURE 12. Adult male E. (E.) viridaureus, live (© Queensland Museum, Jeff Wright).

Female. Same as male except sternal markings tend to be separated and more frequently spots or dashes rather than complete bands.

Distribution. Malaysia, Indonesia (Java) and New Caledonia (Thompson and Vockeroth 1989). If E. (E.) alternans and E. (E.) nectarinus are conspecific with E. (E.) viridaureus the species extends as far west as India and north to China and Japan (Thompson and Vockeroth 1989). The distribution of E. (E.) viridaureus is here extended to include Australia. In Australia E. (E.) viridaureus is found along the east coast from Iron Range in northern Queensland to just south of Sydney (Fig. 9). A single specimen has been taken from the Northern Territory. A specimen from New Caledonia was examined and confirmed as E. (E.) viridaureus.

Biology. Episyrphus (E.) viridaureus can be found thriving in disturbed or suburban environments. Females frequently oviposit on Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (blue billygoat weed) (Asteraceae) and Sonchus oleraceus L. (milkthistle) (Asteraceae). The larvae commonly feed on colonies of Brachybaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) (leaf curl plum aphid) and Hypermyzus lactucae (Linneaus) (sowthistle aphid) feeding on those plants respectively,Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (brown citrus aphid) on Citrus limon (L.) (Rutaceae), Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (oleander aphid) on Asclepias curassavica L. (redhead cotton bush) (Apocynaceae) and Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linnaeus (hibiscus) (Malvaceae).

Comments. This species is by far the most frequently collected Australian species and exhibits much more variation than the other two. Specimens reared at differing temperatures showed that temperature has a significant effect on the adult colouration. The extent of black markings on the abdominal tergites and the extent of the black pile on the scutellum were significantly affected by temperature. Both anterior and posterior bands were thinner at 25° than at 15°. The marks on tergite 5 can completely disappear, the anterior cross pattern on tergite 2 becomes a faint thin line or two faint dashes and tergite 1 becomes completely yellow at the higher temperature (see Fig. 3 and 4).

The following characters are independent of temperature in E. (E.) viridaureus: antennal colour, lunule markings, extent of microtrichia on the alula, presence of sternal markings and the 'theme' of abdominal patterns (Figs 3–4). There was also a significant difference in the proportion of black scutellar pile between male and female, irrespective of temperature. None of the specimens reared lacked sternal markings as males have complete transverse bands on sternite two, while most females have lateral maculae.


Sequence data obtained for five specimens of E. viridaureus collected at two locations showed no genetic variation (Fig. 13).

FIGURE 13. Neighbour joining tree of Episyrphus specimens.

Episyrphus viridaureus JSS26022, Australia, Queensland





Episyrphus sp 3 JSS26021, Vietnam

Episyrphus sp. 2 JSS25724, West Papua

Episyrphus sp. 1 CNCD106266, Japan

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD162940, Russia

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD105561, Hungary

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD106343, Malaysia

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD106344, Malaysia

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD162842, United Kingdom

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD105560, Israel

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD106265, Japan

Episyrphus balteatus CNCD1254, Sweden

Episyrphus balteatus JSS26020, Serbia

Episyrphus trisectus CNCD105397, Uganda




Episyrphus glaber CNCD201248, Australia, Queensland

Episyrphus glaber QM19626, Australia, Queensland0.5 %


Acknowledgements

This work forms part of an honours degree undertaken by the senior author at the University of Queensland. The senior author wishes to thank her supervisor Dr David Yeates for his advice, support and patience. We thank Dr F.C. Thompson for his identifications, suggestions and for comments on drafts, Dr Christine Lambkin, Dr Federica Turco, Jeff Wright and Geoff Thompson for help with illustrations, photographs and maps, Dr Chris Burwell and Dr Owen Seeman for suggestions with drafts, Dr Helen Nahrung and her family for access to their property and help with field work and the following curators for the loan of specimens: Dr Margaret Schneider and Greg Daniels (UQIC), Dr Peter Cranston (ANIC), Dr Marlene Elson-Harris (DPI), Dr Ken Walker (MV) and Dr Dan Bickel (AM). Dr Menno Reemer and Michelle Locke provided useful comments on the manuscript.

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wright, s.g. and skevington, j.h

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