world war i · the war ends •1917 –usa enters war –replaces russia in triple entente...
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World War IUnit VI: Accelerating Global Change
and Realignments
Causes of the
Great War
Partner Discussion
• What are some of the
causes of World War I?
Name and describe at
least TWO!
Imperial Tensions
• European nations competed for
colonies
Militarism
• Glorification of war and increase in
military spending
• Military leaders were very influential
in European governments
Partner Discussion
• What is the definition of
“Nationalism?” How can
nationalism tear countries
apart? How can nationalism
create countries?
Nationalism• Great pride in one’s country or
aspiring to become one’s own country
–Germany and Italy had only recently
become united, independent countries
• Many countries torn by tensions of
different nationalist groups
–Austria-Hungary, Russian Empire, and
Ottoman Empire
The System of Alliances
• Due to tensions and the balance of
power, European countries created
alliances
–Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy
–Triple Entente: France, Russia and
Great Britain
How do I possibly
REMEMBER all
of that?
• These are the MAIN causes for
World War I
• MAIN
–Militarism
–Alliances
–Imperialism
–Nationalism
War Breaks
Out
Nationalism in the Balkans
Nationalism in the Balkans
• People with diverse religions, ethnic backgrounds, languages
• As Ottoman Empire receded, new nations were born
• Russian and Austria competed for control of new nations
• Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia in 1908 and Serbia resents this
Partner Question
• Why would Serbia resent
Austria-Hungary’s
annexation of Bosnia?
Nationalism in the Balkans
Powder Keg of Europe
The Assassination of the Archduke
The Assassination of the Archduke
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria visited Bosnian capital (Sarajevo) on June 28, 1914
• The Black Hand
• 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip kills the Archduke and his wife (THE SPARK)
The Assassination of the Archduke
Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum
• Germany and the “blank check”
• Austria-Hungary’s serves ultimatum
to Serbia
• Serbia refuses to let Austria-
Hungary’s officials run an
investigation in Serbia
• Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia July 28,1914
The Alliance System Leads to
War
• Russia supported Serbia and Germany
supported Austria-Hungary
• Within one week, almost all of
Europe plunged into war:
–Germany declares war on Russia and
France
–Britain declares war on Germany
Alliances and
Fronts of the
War
What has changed about the alliances????
The Alliances
• Allied Powers — Britain, France,
Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Japan
• Central Powers — Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
The FrontsThe Western Front
• Schlieffen Plan = failure
• Modern weaponry led to
massive casualties
• Trench warfare = hardly any
change in location of the
front lines
• Led to war exhaustion on
the front lines as well as on
the home front
• War ends without the Allies
occupying any part of
Germany
The Eastern Front
• Lack of trenches = changing
location of the front lines
• Russia’s lack of modern
technology = numerous
defeats
• Led to Bolshevik
(Russian)Revolution in 1917
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(1917) signed with
revolutionary government in
Russia—lost one-fourth of
territory
The Western Front
The Eastern Front
Brest-Litvosk Treaty
Group Discussion – Recall
Question
• Name TWO major
differences between the
Western and Eastern
Fronts.
The War Ends
• 1917 – USA enters war – replaces Russia in Triple Entente
• Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire were first Central Powers to be defeated
• War exhaustion and a lack of resources in Austria-Hungary and Germany helped end the war quickly
Modern Weaponry• Machine Gun
• Long-range artillery
• U-Boats
• Airplanes
• Tanks
• Flame throwers
• Poison Gas
Casualties of Modern Weaponry
• Tactics of sending masses of men toward enemy didn’t work against modern weapons (No Man’s Land)
–Britain suffered 57,470 casualties on the first day of the Battle of Somme
–Total losses for WWI exceeded 10 million
The Reality
of Soldiers’
Lives
Patriotic Fervor
• Many Europeans looked forward to war at the start
Attitudes Change• Soldiers changed Europeans’
optimistic fervor through letters about the horrors of war
The Return Home
• No crowds or heroes’ welcome after
the war
• Soldiers were shunned by society
–WHY???
Trench
Warfare
Group Discussion
•What do you think life
was like in the
trenches?
Life in the Trenches
• Charging over the top, crossing no
man’s land to reach enemy trenches
• Boring, terrifying and caused shell
shock
• Horrible living conditions
Effect of the
War on the
Home Front
Mobilizing for Total War
• Civilians back home made huge
sacrifices
• Governments controlled industries,
rationing
• Propaganda and Censorship used
often
Partner Discussion
• How do you think the war
affected women and their
role in society?
New Jobs for Women
• Worked in jobs traditionally held only
by men, who were at the front
• Number in paid employment rose
greatly
• Middle/Upper class women also
worked in paramilitary organizations
to support soldiers at front
Women’s Wages
• Paid less than men for same work
• Industrial and civil work provided
better pay and working hours than
traditional jobs
Women’s Changing Role
• Women discovered the benefits of
financial autonomy and greater
mobility
• Some refused to return to domestic
service
• Women won right to vote throughout
Europe
Effect of the
War on
Colonial
Peoples
Partner Discussion
•How did the war affect
native people in the
European colonies?
Colonial Peoples’ Role
• Fought alongside Europeans in battles
on the Western Front and in their
homelands
• Colonial military units experienced
high casualty rates
Colonial Peoples’ Goal
• For fighting in the war, colonial
peoples expected social and political
equality with Europeans
• Independence movements grew
The Paris
Peace
Conference
Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Group Discussion
• What were the
goals/objectives of each
of the attendees of the
Paris Peace Conference?
What did nations want?
• Britain and France wanted to punish
Germany and its allies
• Britain and Italy wanted parts of
Germany/Ottoman territories
• United States wanted to establish an
international peacekeeping
organization
– League of Nations – Wilson’s 14 Points
Treaty of Versailles with Germany
• France and Britain created a severe
treaty that punished Germany
• Germany had to:
–Return Alsace-Lorraine region to France
–Keep area near France, called Rhineland,
demilitarized
–Pay war reparations of 32 billion dollars
–Agree to war guilt clause
Effects of the Treaty of Versailles
• USA never ratifies the treaty or joins the
League of Nations
• Italy doesn’t get promised territory
• European colonies are not awarded
independence (self-determination)
• Japan gets German colonies in the Pacific
Ocean
• Britain and France gain mandate territories
in the Middle East
The New Europe
• Treaties similar to Germany’s signed
with other Central Powers
• Many countries experienced a change
in their borders
• Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany
and Russia lost territory
• Many new countries were created
The New Europe