world spacecraft digest by jos heyman 1994 version: 6 ... · the front port on 21 january 1994. it...

WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1994 Version: 6 October 2015 © Copyright Jos Heyman

1994 001A (22957) Name: Soyuz TM-18 Country: Russia Launch date: 8 January 1994 Re-entry: 9 July 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 244 x 335 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts V. Afanasyev (Cmdr.), Y. Usachyov (Fl. Eng) and V. Polyakov (Physician) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Derbent and they were the fifteenth permanent (EO-15) crew of the space station, with Polyakov later becoming a member of the EO-16 and the EO-17 crews. The back-up crew consisted of Y. Malenchenko, T. Musabayev and G. Arzamazov. The principal objective of this mission was research on the adaptation of the human body in microgravity. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 10 January 1994 but was moved to the front port on 21 January 1994. It undocked on 9 July 1994 and returned Afanasyev and Usachyov to Earth. They had remained in space for 182 days, 0 hours, 8 minutes and landed 100 km north of Arkalyk. Polyakov remained on board of the space station to return to Earth on board of Soyuz TM-20 (1994 063A) on 20 March 1995, after a stay in space of 437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes.

1994 002A (22963) Name: Gals-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 January 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2M

Orbit: geostationary at 44°E

Direct broadcasting satellite built by Prikladnoi Mekhaniki NPO as 17F71 and fitted with three transponders operating in the 17/12 GHz band. The satellite also tested the SPT100 plasma thrusters for station keeping. The satellite had a mass of app. 2500 kg.

--- Name: Turksat-1A Country: Turkey Launch date: 24 January 1994 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: failed to orbit Communications satellite as described for 1994 049B. The third stage of the launch vehicle failed and the satellite did not achieve the intended geostationary orbit

at 42°E.

--- Name: Eutelsat 2-5 Int. Agency: Eutelsat Launch date: 24 January 1994 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP Orbit: failed to orbit Communications satellite as described for 1990 079B. The third stage of the launch vehicle failed and the satellite did not achieve the intended geostationary orbit

at 36°E.

1994 003A (22969) Name: Meteor 3-6 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 January 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1198 x 1221 km, inclination: 82.6° Meteorological satellite as described for 1985 100A. The satellite also carried the French Scarab Earth radiation balance instrument and the German Precision Range & Range Rate Experiment (PRARE) which was used for precise orbit determination.

1994 003B (22970) Name: Tubsat-2 Country: Germany Launch date: 25 January 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1185 x 1209 km, inclination: 82.6°

Built by the Technical University of Berlin this satellite, which was dissimilar to Tubsat-1 (1991 050D), was instrumented to test high-precision star trackers and small reaction wheels to test a new concept of attitude control. Tubsat-2 was originally to be launched by STS-55 (1993 027A).

1994 004A (22973) Name: Clementine-1 Country: USA Launch date: 25 January 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan II


The Clementine spacecraft, named after the song ‘Clementine’, was a Strategic Defence Initiative spacecraft to test lightweight sensors and electronics for military uses and civilian applications in a Earth orbit of 169,000 km. It was then modified to perform these tests in a lunar orbit before it became known as the Deep Space Experiment (DPSPE) to use the military equipment to observe the surface of the Moon and was to make a fly-by of near-Earth asteroid 1620 Geographos. The instruments consisted of: 1. very lightweight gallium arsenide solar panels; 2. lightweigth stellar cameras for attitude determination; 3. lightweight laser laser gysroscopes; 4. NH batteries yielding an energy-to-mass ratio twice that of traditional batteries; 5. a solid-state 1.6 Gb data recorder; 6. four CCD imagers operating in the visual band as well as ultraviolet and infrared; and 7. an altimeter to measure its height above the surface with an accuracy of 40 m. On 19 February 1994 the 220 kg spacecraft was placed in a lunar orbit of 425 x 2940 km with an inclination

of 89.7°. On 3 May 1994 it was directed towards a rendez-vous with Geographos, an encounter which was to take place in August 1994. On 7 May 1994, however, the housekeeping computer failed causing the satellite to go into a spin and use the attitude control fuel. It was subsequently moved into an orbit of 60,000 x 290,000 km.

1994 005A (22975) Name: Progress M-21 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 January 1994 Re-entry: 23 March 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 194 x 236 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-21 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 30 January 1994. It undocked on 23 March 1994.

1994 006A (22977) Name: STS-60 Country: USA Launch date: 3 February 1994 Re-entry: 11 February 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


WSF

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts C. Bolden (Cmdr.), K. Reightler (Pilot), F. Chang-Diaz (Payload Cmdr.), J. Davis and R. Sega (Mission Specialists) as well as cosmonaut S. Krikalyov, a Russian Mission Specialist, using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. V. Titov was Krikalyev's back-up. The mission flew the Spacehab-2 facility (FU2) as described for 1993 037A, which carried: 1. the Three Dimensional Microgravity Accelerometer (3DMA)-2 as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 2. the Equipment for Controlled Liquid Phase Sintering Experiment (ECLIPSE) as described for STS-

57 (1993 037A); 3. the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS)-8 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 4. the Space Experiment Facility (SEF) for growing cadmium telluride crystals; 5. the Astroculture (ASC)-3 experiment as described for STS-50 (1992 034A); 6. the Bioserve Pilot Laboratory (BPL)-2 as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 7. the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)-4 as described for STS-50 (1992 034A)

which facilitated a wide variety of biomaterial, life sciences and biotechnology investigations, on this mission supporting 32 separate commercial investigations;

8. the Organic Separation of Polymers (ORSEP) as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 9. the Immunology Mission One (IMMUNE-1) experiment which studied the suppression of immunity in

rodents; 10. the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-15 experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 11. the Penn State Biomodule (PSB) for biological and microgravity studies; and 12. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-4 experiment as described for STS-49 (1988 109B). STS-60 was also to release the Wake Shield Facility (WSF), Bremsat and the Oderacs experiment, the latter two from Getaway canisters as described for STS-3 (1982 022A). Other experiments that were carried were: 1. the Sample Return Experiment (SRE) as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 2. the Auroral Photography Experiment (APE)-B as described for STS-43 (1991 054A); 3. the Spacehab Orbiter Refrigirator/Freezer (SOR/F) to demonstrate a new freezing technique in

microgravity;

4. the Shuttle Plume Impingement Experiment (SPIE)-2, as described for STS-52 (1992 070A); 5. the Containerless Coating Process for Extraterrestrial Structures (CONCOP), also known as CERL-

501, to demonstrate the depositing a coating on surfaces by means of vapors; 6. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-13 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 7. four Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A):

• G071: the Orbiter Ball Bearing Experiment, which studied the production of seamless hollow ball bearings in space;

• G514: the Orbiter Stability Experiment (OSE), to measure the vibration spectrum and the stability of the orbiter;

• G557: the Capillary Pump Loop (CPS) experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A);

• G536: the Pool Boiling Experiment as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 8. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-623: Cabin Air Monitoring;

• DTO-656: Payload and General Purpose Support Computer Single Event Upset Monitoring;

• DTO-664: Cabin Temperature Survey;

• DTO-670: Passive Cycle Isolation System;

• DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device; 9. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DSO-200: Radiobiological Effects;

• DSO-201: Sensory Motor Investigation;

• DSO-202: Metabolic;

• DSO-204: Visual Observations From Space;

• DSO-325: Dried Blood Method for Inflight Storage;

• DSO-326: Window Impact Observations;

• DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light;

• DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion;

• DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight;

• DSO-700-7: Payload Bay Rendezvous Laser Data;

• DSO-901: Documentary Television;

• DSO-902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography; and

• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. The Wake Shield Facility (WSF)-1 was to be released by STS-60 on the second day in orbit and to be retrieved at a later day during the flight. It would have created an atomic oxygen wake, a vacuum in which it would have produced extremely pure materials by growing thin film crystals on an atomic template. In addition the payload carried a series of experiments to further study the space wake. Troubles with positioning sensors prevented WSF from being released but the instruments were still operated and produced near perfect semi-conductors. The satellite was eventually launched as WSF-2 (1995 048C) on STS-69. The Oderacs satellites and Bremsat were released on 9 February 1994. During the flight Krikalyov established contact with the new Soyuz TM-18 (1994 001A) crew on board of the Mir space station. For the benefit of US publicity he made this contact in English, much to the disappointment of the Russian Mir crew who suggested, jokingly, Krikalyov had forgotten his Russian. The STS-60 mission landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 8 days, 7 hours, 9 minutes.

1994 006B (22990) Name: Oderacs-A Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 2 October 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS


Release of six Oderacs satellites

The Orbital Debris Calibration System (Oderacs) experiment consisted of six spheres. The spheres, which failed to deploy on STS-53 (1992 086A), were carried in Getaway canisters as described for STS-3 (1982 022A) on STS-60 (1994 006A) and were released in the morning of 9 February 1994 by means of springs. The objective of these spheres, which were anticipated to re-enter after about three to four months, was to track them by radar and telescopes to understand better the behaviour of orbiting debris. Oderacs-A was a 10 cm stainless steel sphere with a mass of 4 kg satellite.

1994 006C (22991) Name: Oderacs-B Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 4 October 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS

Orbit: 335 x 356 km, inclination: 57.0° Oderacs satellite as described for 1994 006B. Oderacs-B was a 10 cm stainless steel sphere with a mass of 4 kg.

1994 006D (22992) Name: Oderacs-C Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 3 March 1995 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS

Orbit: 338 x 1357 km, inclination: 56.0° Oderacs satellite as described for 1994 006B. Oderacs-C was a 5 cm stainless steel sphere with a mass of 0.5 kg.

1994 006E (22993) Name: Oderacs-D Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 6 February 1995 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS

Orbit: 339 x 1358 km, inclination: 56.0° Oderacs satellite as described for 1994 006B. Oderacs-D was a 5 cm stainless steel sphere with a mass of 0.5 kg.

1994 006F (22994) Name: Oderacs-E Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 3 March 1995 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS

Orbit: 339 x 357 km, inclination: 57.0° Oderacs satellite as described for 1994 006B. Oderacs-E was a 15 cm solid aluminium sphere with a mass of 5 kg.

1994 006G (22995) Name: Oderacs-F Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 24 February 1995 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS

Orbit: 340 x 357 km, inclination: 57.0° Oderacs satellite as described for 1994 006B. Oderacs-F was a 15 cm solid aluminium sphere with a mass of 5 kg.

1994 006H (22998) Name: Bremsat Country: Germany Launch date: 9 February 1994 Re-entry: 12 February 1995 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + GAS


Built by the University of Bremen, the 63 kg satellite was spring released from a Getaway canister as described for STS-3 (1982 022A) carried on STS-60 (1994 006A). It investigated micrometeorites and the atomic oxygen pressure. The satellite was originally to have been released by STS-55 (1993 027A).

1994 007A (22978) Name: Ryusei Country: Japan Launch date: 3 February 1994 Re-entry: 4 February 1994 Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 2


Also known as Orbiting Re-entry Experiment (Orex), the satellite was a disc shaped 870 kg vehicle which demonstrated the thermal insulation material to be used on the Hope spaceplane that was cancelled. Ryusei used temperature and pressure sensors to record data on the severe thermal and environmental conditions encountered during the re-entry into the atmosphere, including the use of ceramic thermal insulation tiles. After one orbit it re-entered over the Pacific Ocean.

1994 007B (22979) Name: Myojo Country: Japan Launch date: 3 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 2


Also known as Vehicle Evaluation Payload (VEP)-1, the satellite measured the performance of the H 2 launch vehicle. With a mass of 2400 kg, of which 1500 kg was dummy propellant, it was placed in a geostationary transfer orbit.

1994 008A (22981) Name: Raduga 1-3 Country: Russia Launch date: 5 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 49°E Military communications satellite as described for 1989 048A.

1994 009A (22988) Name: Milstar 1-1 Country: USA Launch date: 7 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 401A

Orbit: geostationary at 128°W

Series of military communications satellites built by Lockheed and also known as ES-8A. The operational constellation consisted of three satellites in a near geostationary orbit. They were equipped with transponders operating in the 45/21 GHz, to service mobile military terminals, 225/400 MHz and 60 GHz bands, the latter for satellite to satellite communications. Milstar-1 was also known as Development Flight Satellite (DFS)-1 or USA-99. In addition to the normal payload it may have carried a technology experiment as part of the Brilliant Pebbles programme.

1994 010A (22996) Name: SJ-4 Country: China Launch date: 8 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3A


Shi Jian scientific satellite with an estimated mass of 396 kg. The six experiments that were carried included a proton detector, an electron detector, a potential monitor and a single event upset monitor.

1994 010B (23009) Name: KF-1 Country: China Launch date: 8 February 1994 Re-entry: 7 February 2002 Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3A

Orbit: 209 x 36118 km, inclination: 28.5° Kua Fu (KF)-1 was a dummy satellite with a mass of 1342 kg to simulate a DFH 3 communications satellite. Its purpose was to test the launch vehicle's capabilities.

1994 011A (22999) Name: Kosmos-2268 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1412 x 1426 km, inclination: 82.6° Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A.

1994 011B (23000) Name: Kosmos-2269 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 011C (23001) Name: Kosmos-2270 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 011D (23002) Name: Kosmos-2271 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 011E (23003) Name: Kosmos-2272 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 011F (23004) Name: Kosmos-2273 Country: Russia Launch date: 12 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 012A (23010) Name: Raduga-31 Country: Russia Launch date: 18 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 45°E Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A.

1994 013A (23016) Name: Galaxy-1R(#2) Country: USA Launch date: 19 February 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925


Communications satellite as described for 1983 065A.

1994 014A (23019) Name: Koronas I Country: Russia Launch date: 2 March 1994 Re-entry: 4 March 2001 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


The Koronas I ('I' means IZMIRAN, the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation), was a 2160 kg satellite using the NPO Yuzhnoye built Automatic Universal Orbital Station (AUOS)-SM satellite, a development of the AUOS-Z platform as described for 1976 056A but with a sun-pointing attitude control system. The satellite, also known as AUOS-SM-KI, studied the upper atmosphere and the instruments included an X-ray telescope, a coronagraph, a heliometer, a Thomson polarimeter, X-ray and visible photometers as well as a radiowave detector. Some reference source have attached the name Interkosmos-26 to this satellite.

1994 015A (23025) Name: STS-62 Country: USA Launch date: 4 March 1994 Re-entry: 18 March 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


Crewed spaceflight with astronauts J. Casper (Cmdr.), A. Allen (Pilot), M. Ivins, P.Thuot and C. Gemar (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly a range of payloads: 1. the US Microgravity Payload (USMP)-2, consisting of:

• the MEPHISTO experiment as described for STS-52 (1992 070A). On this flight, the experiments specifically included growing crystals of semi-conductor materials, investigating of the properties of xenon during phase transitions, the investigation of the fundamental behaviour of materials as they solidify into structures known as dendrites and monitoring equipment that measured and recorded disturbances in the microgravity environment of the USMP;

• the Advanced Automated Direction Solidification Furnace (AADSF) which studied the solidification of certain materials used in infrared detectors;

• the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) using two 35 mm cameras and videolinks to observe repeated solidification of succinonitrile;

• the Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (CFLSE), also known as Zeno, to study the behaviour of ultra-pure xenon as it reaches its critical point;

• the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS)-9 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 2. the Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OAST)-2 payload, consisting of:

• the Solar Array Module Plasma Interaction Experiment (SAMPIE) as described for STS-41D (1984 093A);

• two Thermal Energy Storage (TES)-1 and -2 experiments to provide data on the behaviour of salts in microgravity;

• the Experimental Investigation of Spacecraft Glow (EISG) to study the glow signature of the orbiter;

• the Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT) as described for STS-39 (1991 031A);

• the Emulsion Chamber Technology (ECT), to test the sensitivity of photographic materials used as cosmic ray detectors;

• the Cryogenic Phase Two (CRYOTP) experiment based on a similar experiment described for STS-53 (1992 086A), which investigated the cooling of the Brilliant Eyes Thermal Storage Unit (BETSU), also known as PL-302;

3. the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV)-6 experiment as described for STS-34 (1989 084A);

4. the Limited Duration Space Environment Candidate Material Exposure (LDCE) payload as described for STS-46 (1992 049A);

5. the Bioreactor Demonstration System (BDS)-1 experiment, part of a programme of four tests of equipment and procedures to assist in the development of the Bioreactor cell culture growing device which tested on this flight the Biotechnology Specimen Temperature Controller (BSTC);

6. the Middeck 'O' Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE) as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 7. the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)-5 as described for STS-50 (1992 034A)

which investigated 15 separate experiments of a commercial nature in the biomedical and agriculture; 8. the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-16 experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 9. the Auroral Photography Experiment (APE)-B as described for STS-43 (1991 054A); 10. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-5 experiment as described for STS-49 (1988 109B); 11. the Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE)-4 payload as described for STS-41 (1990 090A); 12. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-24 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 13. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation;

• DTO-307D: Entry Structural Capability Evaluation;

• DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance;

• DTO-319D: Orbiter/Payload Acceleration and Acoustics Environment Data;

• DTO-413: On-Orbit Power Reactant Storage and Distribution System Cryogenic Hydrogen Boiloff;

• DTO-414: Auxiliary Power Unit Shutdown Test;



• DTO-667: Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer;

• DTO-670: Passive Cycle Isolation System;

• DTO-678: Infrared Thermal Survey of Orbiter Crew Compartment, Spacelab and Spacehab Module;

• DTO-679: Ku band Communications Adapter Demonstration;

• DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance;

• DTO-910: Orbiter Experiments Package-Orbiter Acceleration Research Experiment; 14. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DSO-324: Payload On-Orbit Low Frequency Environment;



• DSO-487: Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers;

• DSO-492: In-Flight Evaluation of a Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer;

• DSO-603: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress;

• DSO-604: Visual-Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation;

• DSO-605: Postural Equilibrium Control During Landing/Egress;

• DSO-608: Effects of Space Flight on Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Exercise;

• DSO-610: In-Flight Assessment of Renal Stone Risk;

• DSO-611: Air Monitoring Instrument Evaluation and Atmosphere Characterization;

• DSO-612: Energy Utilization;

• DSO-614: The Effect of Prolonged Space Flight on Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion;

• DSO-623: In-Flight Lower Body Negative Pressure Unit Test of Countermeasures and End-of-Mission Countermeasure Trial;


• DSO-802: Educational Activities;



• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. In addition the new Dextrous End Effector (DEE) magnetic grappling device attached to the Remote Manipulator System arm was tested. This system is able to use electromagnets to capture a 1500 kg payload enabling significantly simpler handling of satellites. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 13 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes.

1994 016A (23027) Name: Navstar 2A-15 Country: USA Launch date: 10 March 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925

Orbit: 19927 x 20268 km, inclination: 54.9° Navigational satellite as described for 1989 013A. Also known as USA-100, Navstar-36 and SVN-36. The satellite also carried the ACRE or S93-2 experiment as described for 1993 054A.

1994 016B (23028) Name: SEDS-2 Country: USA Launch date: 10 March 1994 Re-entry: 15 March 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925


The Small Expendable Deployable System (SEDS)-2 was a package on board of the second stage of the launch vehicle. It was spring deployed and operated with a 19.7 km long 0.8 mm thick tether line which was released over a period of 2 hours. At the end was the 26 kg SEDS payload. Deployment took place at 312 km altitude.

Observation from Kwajalein of SEDS-2 attached to the upper stage

The tether line broke on 15 March 1994, probably due to space debris or a micrometeoroid, and the sub-satellite re-entered a few orbits later. 12.8 km of the tether line remained attached to the Delta upper stage which re-entered on 8 May 1994.

1994 017A (23030) Name: STEP-0 Country: USA Launch date: 13 March 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110


During the Cold War period there was a concern that both principal US launch sites could have been knocked out and the United States' space capability would have been hampered. To overcome this, it was proposed to develop a launch system which was semi-mobile in that it could be set up within eight days and would launch a satellite which was independent of ground controls. This concept evolved into the Technology for Autonomous Operations Survivability (TAOS) programme which used the Taurus launch vehicle. On this first launch the principal payload was the Space Test Experiment Platform (STEP)-0 satellite, also known as P90-5 and USA-101. The 503 kg satellite carried ten technology experiments, including two navigational systems which allowed the satellite to operate for several weeks without intervention of ground control, advanced radiation hardened processors and laser/radar sensors.

1994 017B (23031) Name: Darpasat Country: USA Launch date: 13 March 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Taurus 1110


A classified satellite which was funded by the Darpa defense research agency and which was also known as USA-102. It is estimated the satellite had a mass of 200 kg and may have carried a GPS receiver as well as instruments to validate advanced technologies.

1994 018A (23033) Name: Kosmos-2274 Country: Russia Launch date: 17 March 1994 Re-entry: 21 May 1994 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 176 x 371 km, inclination: 67.2° Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1994 019A (23035) Name: Progress M-22 Country: Russia Launch date: 22 March 1993 Re-entry: 23 May 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 260 x 335 km, inclination: 51.7° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-22 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 24 March 1994. It undocked on 23 May 1994.

1994 020A (23042) Name: STS-59 Country: USA Launch date: 9 April 1994 Re-entry: 20 April 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


L. Godwin operating SAREX

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts S. Gutierrez (Cmdr.), K. Chilton (Pilot), L. Godwin (Payload Cmdr), J. Apt, M. Clifford and T. Jones (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL)-1, which was fitted on a Spacelab pallet (F006) as described for 1983 116A took radar images of the Earth's surface for Earth sciences studies. The payload consisted of: 1. the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL)-1, comprising:

• the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR)-C, a significantly improved version of the SIR-A and SIR-B carried on, respectively STS-2 (1981 111A), and STS-41G (1984 108A);

• the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR);

• the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) instrument as described for STS-2 (1981 111A);

2. the Consortium for Material Development in Space Complex Autonomous Payload (CONCAP) IV-2 as described for STS-57 (1993 037A);

3. the Space Tissue Loss (STL)-4 and -5 experiment as described for STS-45 (1992 015A), the former was also designated as the National Institutes of Health Collaborative (NIH C)-1 experiment;

4. the Toughened Uni-piece Fibrous Insulation (TUFI) experiment to test new heat absorbing tile material for the orbiter;

5. the Visual Function Tester-IV (VFT-IV)-1, also known as AMD-501, an improved version of the VFT-II as described for STS-51J (1985 092A);

6. a Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-14 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 7. three Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A):

• G203: an experiment to examine the freezing and crystallization process of water in spaceflight;

• G300: an experiment to explore the thermal conductivity measurements on liquids in microgravity;

• G458: an payload to examine whether small fruiting bodies, in this case a slime mould, can be obtained in microgravity;

8. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):


• DTO-305D: Ascent Compartment Venting Evaluation;

• DTO-306D: Descent Compartment Venting Evaluation;




• DTO-521: Orbiter Drag Chute System Test;

• DTO-653: Evaluation of the Mk1 Rowing Machine;


• DTO-663: Acoustical Noise Dosimeter Data;


• DTO-665: Acoustical Noise Sound Level Data;

• DTO-674: Thermo-electric Liquid Cooling System Evaluation;

• DTO-700-8: Global Positioning System Development Flight Test;

• DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; 9. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):


• DSO-483: Back Pain Pattern in Microgravity;



• DSO-488: Measurement of Formaldehyde Using Passive Dosimetry;

• DSO-492: In-flight Evaluation of a Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer;

• DSO-603B: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress;



• DSO-611: Air Monitoring Instrument Evaluation and Atmosphere Characterization;

• DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion;

• DSO-621: In-Flight Use of Florinef to Improve Orthostatic Intolerance Postflight;

• DSO-624: Pre and Postflight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Submaximal Exercise;


• DSO-802: Educational Activities;



• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. After the landing was delayed and diverted, the orbiter touched down at Edwards AFB after a flight of 11 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes.

1994 021A (23043) Name: Kosmos-2276 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: 19114 x 19143 km, inclination: 64.8° Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1994 021B (23044) Name: Kosmos-2277 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 021C (23045) Name: Kosmos-2275 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 022A (23051) Name: GOES-8 Country: USA Launch date: 13 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas I


The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-8 was the first of five next generation meteorological satellites built by Space Systems/Loral using the LS-1300 platform, for the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The 2105 kg three axis stabilised satellites carried: 1. two high-resolution imaging instruments; 2. a 19 channel infrared atmospheric sounder; and 3. a search and rescue (SARSAT) payload. On 3 May 2004 the satellite was placed into a retirement orbit.

1994 023A (23087) Name: Kosmos-2278 Country: Russia Launch date: 23 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 852 x 881 km, inclination: 71.0° Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1994 024A (23092) Name: Kosmos-2279 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 April 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 957 x 1007 km, inclination: 83.0° Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1994 025A (23095) Name: Kosmos-2280 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 April 1994 Re-entry: 10 March 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 186 x 290 km, inclination: 70.4° Neman military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1991 049A.

1994 026A (23097) Name: Advanced Jumpseat-3 Country: USA Launch date: 3 May 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 401A

Orbit: 595 x 38946 km, inclination: 64.0° Military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1989 061B. Also known as USA-112. It is believed that eventually the satellite became part of the Raven programme believed to entail the low cost operation of old satellites. It is believed six satellites were involved but not all have been identified. Possible other satellites in the progtramme were 1995 034A, 1997 068A, 2006 027A and 2008 010A.

1994 027A (23099) Name: Rohini-7 Country: India Launch date: 4 May 1994 Re-entry: 12 July 2001 Launch site: Sriharikota Launch vehicle: ASLV


Also known as Stretched Rohini Satellite (SRS)-C2 or SROSS, the 113 kg Rohini-7 technology satellite carried a gamma ray burst experiment for astronomical observations as well as a retarding potential analyser to investigate the characteristics of the equatorial and low-altitude ionosphere and thermosphere.

1994 028A (23101) Name: MSTI-2 Country: USA Launch date: 9 May 1994 Re-entry: 28 November 1998 Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1


The Miniature Seeker Technology Integration (MSTI)-2 satellite carried a platinum-silicide camera and an indium-antimonide instrument to test the technology for the tracking of fixed targets and ballistic missiles. The satellite had a mass of 117 kg. This was the last use of a Scout launch vehicle.

1994 029A (23105) Name: STEP-2 Country: USA Launch date: 19 May 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Edwards AFB Launch vehicle: Pegasus


The Space Test Experiment Platform (STEP)-2 carried the Signal Identification Experiment (Sidex). The satellite had a mass of 180 kg and was also known as P91-2. The launch vehicle was released from the B-52 carrier aircraft off the Californian coast.

1994 030A (23108) Name: Gorizont-30 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 May 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 142°E Communications satellite as described for 1978 118A. Operated by Rimsat, the satellite was also known as Rimsat-2 whilst Russian sources have referred to the satellite as Gorizont-42. In 1998 the satellite was sold

to Asiasat of Hong Kong and became known as Asiasat G. It was relocated to 122°E but was not used for transmissions.

1994 031A (23114) Name: Progress M-23 Country: Russia Launch date: 22 May 1994 Re-entry: 2 July 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 185 x 299 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. Progress M-23 docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 24 May 1994. The spacecraft undocked on 2 July 1994. The spacecraft carried a Raduga re-entry capsule as described for 1990 085A. It carried samples and was ejected after undocking. It re-entered the same day.

--- Name: --- Country: Russia Launch date: 25 May 1994 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: failed to orbit US-PU military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A and 1993 029A. The upper stages of the launch vehicle failed to separate.

1994 032A (23119) Name: Kosmos-2281 Country: Russia Launch date: 7 June 1994 Re-entry: 29 June 1994 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 192 x 265 km, inclination: 82.6° Zenit 8 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1984 058A. The unusual early re-entry and unusual debris may indicate an operational failure.

1994 033A (23122) Name: Foton-9 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 June 1994 Re-entry: 2 July 1994 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 229 x 385 km, inclination: 62.8° Materials processing satellite as described for 1988 031A. The satellite carried equipment for the production of semi-conductors, glasses and biological active substances in microgravity. as well as the ESA Biopan-1 facility, which supported six experiments, and the French Gezon materials processing package.

1994 034A (23124) Name: Intelsat-702 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 17 June 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Communications satellite as described for 1993 066A. The satellite was later moved to 177°E and 33oE in December 2013.

1994 034B (23125) Name: STRV-1A Country: United Kingdom Launch date: 17 June 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


The Space Technology and Research Vehicle (STRV)-1A was a 50 kg satellite for the Ministry of Defence to expose new materials to the radiation environment. It carried the Cosmic Ray Effects and Dosimeter (CREDO) to conduct cosmic ray experiments.

1994 034C (23126) Name: STRV-1B Country: United Kingdom Launch date: 17 June 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


The Space Technology and Research Vehicle (STRV)-1B was a 53 kg satellite for the Ministry of Defence to test active vibration suppression for cryogenic coolers, fault tolerance technology and advanced solar cells. In addition the satellite carried the Radiation Monitor (RADMON) and the Radiation Environment Monitor (REM) to investigate charged particles.

1994 035A (23132) Name: UHF-3 Country: USA Launch date: 25 June 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas I

Orbit: geostationary at 15°W Military communications satellite as described for 1993 015A. Also known as USA-104.

--- Name: STEP-1 Country: USA Launch date: 27 June 1994 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Pegasus XL Orbit: failed to orbit

The Space Test Experiment Platform (STEP)-1, which was also known as P90-1, carried six instruments to measure the propagation of high-frequency signals over the horizon through ducts in the ionosphere below 250 km, study the plasma instability which is believed to be the main source of high-latitude ionospheric irregularities, to support space based radar systems, over the horizon high-frequency communication systems and measure atmospheric drag. It had a mass of 348 kg. The launch vehicle was released from the L-1011 carrier aircraft off the Californian coast but the launch vehicle self destructed 2 minutes, 53 seconds after release.

1994 036A (23139) Name: Soyuz TM-19 Country: Russia Launch date: 1 July 1994 Re-entry: 4 November 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 190 x 207 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts Y. Malenchenko (Cmdr.) and T. Musabayev (Fl. Eng) using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Their call sign was Agat and they were the sixteenth permanent (EO-16) crew of the space station. The back-up crew consisted of A. Viktorenko and E. Kondakova. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 3 July 1994. On 9 September 1994 they made an EVA of 5 hours, 6 minutes to inspect, amongst others, the docking ports. A further EVA of 6 hours, 1 minute was conducted on 13 September 1994 during which experiment modules were replaced on the Rapana truss. On 2 November 1994 the spacecraft undocked for a period of 35 minutes and moved away to a distance of 160 m, to check the automatic docking system of the space station. The docking system had posed problems on a number of recent missions and, as a precaution, the crew had prepared for the event redocking would not have been possible, in which case they would have returned to Earth. The spacecraft redocked successfully to undock again on 4 November 1994. It landed the same day 79 km north-east of Arkalyk. On the return the crew took Mehrbold along, who had arrived on the space station in Soyuz TM-20 (1994 063A). Malenchenko and Masabayev had been in space for 126 days, 22 hours, 53 minutes.

1994 037A (23145) Name: FSW 2-2 Country: China Launch date: 3 July 1994 Re-entry: 13 September 1994 Launch site: Jiuquan Launch vehicle: CZ 2D

Orbit: 176 x 355 km, inclination: 62.9° Recoverable satellite as described for 1992 051A. The satellite was also known as Jian Bing 1B-2. The payload included remote sensing and microgravity experiments, the latter including plants and animals. The re-entry module was recovered on 18 July 1994.

1994 038A (23168) Name: Kosmos-2282 Country: Russia Launch date: 7 July 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 25°W US-KMO military early warning satellite as described for 1984 031A.

1994 039A (23173) Name: STS-65 Country: USA Launch date: 8 July 1994 Re-entry: 23 July 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Cabana (Cmdr.), J. Halsell (Pilot), R. Hieb (Payload Cmdr.), C. Walz, L. Chiao, D. Thomas (all Mission Specialists) and C. Mukai (Japan) (Payload Specialist) using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. The purpose of the flight was to fly the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML)-2 in a long Spacelab module (LM1) as described for 1983 116A. Investigations, which were conducted inside the Spacelab facility, concentrated on microgravity and life sciences and more than 200 scientists from 15 countries around the world took part whilst the seven astronauts worked in shifts so that every minute in space was fully utilised. The experiments consisted of: 1. the Large Isothermal Furnace (LIF) as described for STS-47 (1992 061A) which was used for the

following experiments:

• gravitational role in liquid phase sintering;

• mixing of a melt of multicomponent compound semiconductor;

• effect of weightlessness on microstructure and strength of ordered TiAl intermetallic alloys; 2. the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility, a German facility also referred to as

Tiegelfreies Elektromagnetisches Prozessieren Unter Schwerelosigkeit (TEMPUS), which used electromagnetic levitation to process metallic samples in a containerless microgravity environment allowing the samples to melt in an ultra-pure environment. The facility was used for the following experiments:

• effects of nucleation by containerless processing in low gravity;

• non-equilibrium solidification of largely undercooled melts;

• alloy undercooling experiments;

• structure and solidification of largely undercooled melts of quasicrystal-forming alloys;

• thermodynamics and glass formation in undercooled liquid alloys;

• metallic glass research in space: thermophysical properties of metallic glasses and undercooled alloys;

• viscosity and surface tension of undercooled melts;

• measurement of the viscosity and surface tension of undercooled melts under microgravity conditions and supporting magnetohydrodynamic calculations;

3. the Free Flow Electrophoresis (FFE) unit as described for STS-47 (1992 061A) and which was used to study:

• the gravitational role in electrophoretic separations of pituitary cells and granules;

• the separation of chromosome DNA of a nematode, C. elegans, by electrophoresis;

• separating the culture solution of animal cells in high concentration under microgravity; 4. the Aquatic Animal Experiment Unit (AAEU), a facility which provided an environment supporting

studies of live fish and small amphibians under microgravity conditions. The experiments included:

• mechanism of vestibular adaptation of fish under microgravity;

• otoconia: early development of a gravity-receptor organ in microgravity;

• fertilization and embryonic development of Japanese newts in space;

• mating behavior of the fish (Medaka) and development of their eggs in space; 5. Applied Research on Separation Methods Using Space Electrophoresis, a French payload also

known as Recherche Appliquee sur les Methodes de Separation en Electrophorese Spatiale (RAMSES) which allowd a better understand of the basic mechanisms that govern electrophoresis and assess gravity's impact on the process. The experiments conducted with this facility were:

• optimization of protein separation;

• electrohydrodynamic sample distortion; 6. the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF)-2 as described for STS-57 (1993 037A); 7. Biorack as described for STS-61A (1985 104A) to study:

• the behaviour and movements of drosophila in microgravity;

• the expansion of baker’s yeast in microgravity;

• the manner in which sea urchin embryos absorb calcium and minerals in microgravity; 8. the Bubble Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU) which contained special optical diagnostics, cameras

and sensors for studying fluid behavior in microgravity. The experiments conducted were:

• bubble migration, coalescence and interaction with melting and solidification fronts;

• thermocapillary migration and interactions of bubbles and drops;

• bubble behavior under low interfacial phenomena in a multilayered fluid system;

• thermocapillary instability in a three-layer system;

• nucleation, bubble growth, interfacial micro-layer, evaporation and condensation kinetics;

• static and dynamic behavior of liquid in corners, edges and containers; 9. the Critical Point Facility (CPF) as described for STS-42 (1992 002A) and which investigated:

• the piston effect;

• the thermal equilibration in a one-component fluid;

• the density equilibration time scale;

• the heat transport and density fluctuations in a critical fluid; 10. the Vibration Isolation Box Experiment System (VIBES) which investigated disturbances caused

by crew movement and experiment equipment operations in space laboratories. It supported two separate experiments:

• influence of g-jitter on natural convection and diffusive transport;

• study on thermally driven flow under microgravity; 11. the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS)-10 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 12. the Quasi-Steady Acceleration Measurement (QSAM)-1 which detected steady, very low-

frequency, residual accelerations to the Spacelab microgravity environment; 13. Biostack (BSK), a facility to determine the impact of high atomic number, high-energy cosmic

radiation particles on life in space; 14. the Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project (EDOMP) a series of investigations to assess the

medical status of the crew members and the environment in which they work.On this missions the investigations were:

• Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) as described for STS-50 (1992 034A);

• Microbial Air Sampler; 15. the Slow Rotating Centrifuge Microscope or Niedergeschwindigkeits-Zentrifugen-Mikroskop

(NIZEMI) which provided a capability to observe both living and non-living matter exposed to low levels of gravity. The experiments were:

• gravisensitivity and geo(gravi)taxis of the slime mold physarum polycephalum;

• graviorientation in Euglena Gracilis;

• influence of accelerations on the spatial orientation of the protozoan loxodes striatus;

• effects of microgravity on Aurelia Ephyra behavior and development;

• gravireaction in chara rhizoids in microgravity;

• gravisensitivity of cress roots;

• lymphocyte movements and interactions;

• convection stability of a planar solidification front; 16. the Real-Time Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD) which measured high-energy cosmic radiation

which entered the Spacelab in orbit; 17. Microgravity Effects on Standardized Cognitive Performance Measures to determine astronauts'

mental ability to perform operational tasks in space through six performance tests called the Performance Assessment Workstation (PAWS);

18. Spinal Changes in Microgravity to investigate the back pain experienced by astronauts and the possibility that it may be related to a lengthening of the spinal column in microgravity;

19. Thermoelectric Incubator (TEI) as described for STS-47 (1992 061A); 20. the Vestibular Function Experiment Unit (VFEU)-2 as described for STS-47 (1992 061A); 21. Cell Culture Kit (CCK) which was used to culture slime mold and plant and animal cells in

microgravity. It was used for:

• gravity and the stability of the differentiated state of plant embryos; and

• differentiation of dictyostelium discoideum in space. The orbiter also carried: 1. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-15 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 2. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-25 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 3. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-6 experiment as described for STS-49 (1988 109B); 4. the Orbiter Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE)-4 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 5. the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST)-2 experiment as described for STS-44 (1991 080A); 6. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-251: Entry Aerodynamic Control Surfaces Test;







• DTO-655: Foot Restraint Evaluation;

• DTO-663: Acoustical Noise Dosimeter Data;

• DTO-665: Acoustical Noise Sound Level Data;

• DTO-667: Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer;

• DTO-674: Thermo-Electric Liquid Cooling System Evaluation;


• DTO-913: Microgravity Measuring Device Evaluation; 7. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DSO-314: Acceleration Data to Support Microgravity Disturbances;



• DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter;


• DSO-491: Characterization of Microbial Transfer Among Crewmembers During Flight;











• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. The IML mission was sponsored by NASA, ESA, the Canadian Space Agency, the French Space Agency CNES, Japan's NASDA and the German DARA space agency. The orbiter landed at the Kennedy Space Centre after a flight of 14 days, 17 hours, 55 minutes.

1994 040A (23175) Name: Panamsat-2 Country: USA Launch date: 8 July 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L


Communications satellite owned by Pan American Satellite and based on the Hughes HS-601 platform. The satellite, which had a mass of 1291 kg, carried 12 transponders in the C band and 12 transponders in the Ku band. On 1 February 2007 the satellite was renamed as Intelsat-2.

1994 040B (23176) Name: BS-3N Country: Japan Launch date: 8 July 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L


Direct broadcasting satellite based on the Martin Marietta AS3000 platform and owned by NHK/Japan Broadcasting Inc. The 575 kg satellite, which was also known as Yuri-3N, carried three transponders in the Ku band.

1994 041A (23179) Name: Nadezhda-4 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 July 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 977 x 1018 km, inclination: 82.9° Civilian navigational satellite as described for 1988 051C. The satellite also carried the Kospas-7 search-and-rescue transponder as described for 1982 066A.

1994 042A (23182) Name: Kosmos-2283 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 July 1994 Re-entry: 29 September 1994 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 179 x 356 km, inclination: 67.1° Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.

1994 043A (23185) Name: Apstar-1 Country: Hong Kong Launch date: 21 July 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3


Communications satellite based on the Hughes HS-376 platform and owned by Asia Pacific Telecommunications Satellite Co. The 557 kg satellite carried 24 transponders operating in the C band. The

satellite was later moved to 138°E. From February 2013 it was used as Zhongxing-5E at 163oE.

1994 044A (23187) Name: Kosmos-2284 Country: Russia Launch date: 29 July 1994 Re-entry: 11 September 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 206 x 296 km, inclination: 70.4° Kometa mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A.

1994 045A (23189) Name: Kosmos-2285 Country: Russia Launch date: 2 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


Kosmos-2285 was an experimental remote sensing satellite also known as Obzor-1. It had a mass of 900 kg. The satellite carried a 4-channel Travers synthetic aperture radar system that operated in the 5.7, 9.2, 23.5, and 65 cm wavelengths. The system observed a swath of 250 km with a resolution of 90 m or a 50 km swath with a resolution of 6 m. The operational system would have consisted of three satellites but no further satellites were launched.

1994 046A (23191) Name: APEX Country: USA Launch date: 3 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Edwards AFB Launch vehicle: Pegasus


The Advanced Photovoltaic and Electronics Experiment (APEX) satellite, also known as P90-6, carried a Photovoltaic Array and Space Power Plus Diagnostics (PASP-Plus) experiment, a Cosmic Ray Upset Experiment (CRUX) and a Ferroelectric memory experiment (FERRO). The satellite had a mass of 261 kg. The launch vehicle was released from the B-52 carrier aircraft off the Californian coast.

1994 047A (23192) Name: Direc TV-2 Country: USA Launch date: 3 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIA


Communications satellite as described for 1993 078A. It was also known as DBS-2. Later it became Nimig-4i and was relocated to 91oW.

1994 048A (23194) Name: Kosmos-2286 Country: Russia Launch date: 5 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 613 x 39400 km, inclination: 62.8° Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1994 049A (23199) Name: Brasilsat B-1 Country: Brazil Launch date: 10 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Communications satellite built by Hughes using the HS-376W platform and owned by Embratel. The 1052 kg satellite carried 28 transponders in the C band as well as a single transponder operating in the X band.

1994 049B (23200) Name: Turksat-1B Country: Turkey Launch date: 10 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44LP


Communications satellite built by Aerospatiale using the Spacebus 2000 platform and owned by the Turkish Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. The 1078 kg satellite carried 16 transponders operating in the Ku band.

1994 050A (23203) Name: Kosmos-2287 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 050B (23204) Name: Kosmos-2289 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 050C (23205) Name: Kosmos-2288 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 051A (23211) Name: Molniya 3-46 Country: Russia Launch date: 23 August 1994 Re-entry: 10 February 2009 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 630 x 39937 km, inclination: 62.9° Communications satellite as described for 1974 092A.

1994 052A (23215) Name: Progress M-24 Country: Russia Launch date: 25 August 1994 Re-entry: 4 October 1994 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 192 x 238 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. The spacecraft carried, amongst other NASA's Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), a Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC), and the Mir Interface to Payload System (MIPS)-1. On 27 August 1994 the first attempt was made to dock the spacecraft with the front port of Mir (1986 017A), followed by a second attempt on 30 August 1994. On 2 September 1994, and only after a manual override by cosmonaut Malenchenko, was docking successful. The spacecraft undocked on 4 October 1994.

1994 053A (23218) Name: Kosmos-2290 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 August 1994 Re-entry: 4 April 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 220 x 315 km, inclination: 64.8° Military reconnaissance satellite based on the Don series as described for 1989 056A. The Yenisey series, also known as Orlets-2, carried up to 22 film return capsules. It is also likely that the satellites’ optics systems allowed them to take images at a higher resolution than that achieved by the satellites of previous generations.

1994 054A (23223) Name: Vortex 2-1 Country: USA Launch date: 27 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 401A Orbit: geostationary at 40.3oW

Military electronic intelligence gathering satellite developed from the RH series, as described 1970 069A and the Chalet series as described for 1978 058A. It is believed the satellites, which have also been referred to as Mercury, are fitted with a deployable antenna with a diameter of 80 m and have a mass of app. 5000 kg. Vortex 2-1, also known as USA-105.

1994 055A (23227) Name: Optus B-3 Country: Australia Launch date: 27 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 2E


Communications satellite as described for 1992 054A. Optus B-3 was moved to 164oE in 2003.

1994 056A (23230) Name: ETS-6 Country: Japan Launch date: 28 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 2


Although in the first instance intended to test the launch performance of the H 2 launch vehicle, the Engineering Test Satellite (ETS)-6, also known as Kiku-6, conducted experiments in intersatellite communications, communications with mobile vehicles and optical communications between the satellite and ground stations. The 3800 kg satellite also carried an ion engine for station keeping. Because of problems with the apogee motor, the satellite failed to reach the intended geostationary orbit of

154°E.

1994 057A (23233) Name: DMSP F-12 Country: USA Launch date: 29 August 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E

Orbit: 839 x 856 km, inclination: 98.9° Military meteorological satellite as described for 1982 118A. Also known as USA-106.

1994 058A (23249) Name: Telstar-402 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1994 Re-entry: 13 November 2004 Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42L

Orbit: 222 x 35715 km, inclination: 6.9° Communications satellite as described for 1993 077A. The satellite was placed in a geostationary transfer orbit when it disintegrated, probably due to a ruptured fuel tank. The intended geostationary position would

have been 89°W. Some reference sources assign the designation, to which the orbital parameters refer, to the third stage of the Ariane launch vehicle.

1994 059A (23251) Name: STS-64 Country: USA Launch date: 9 September 1994 Re-entry: 20 September 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Richards (Cmdr.), B. Hammond (Pilot), S. Helms, M. Lee, J. Linenger and C. Meade (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Discovery as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly the Lidar In Space Technology Experiment (LITE)-1, deploy and retrieve Spartan-201-2 as well as well as to test the SAFER device. LITE-1 was a demonstration of the use of lidar to make atmospheric measurements and was fitted on a Spacelab pallet (F007) as described for 1983 116A. Other experiments included: 1. the Robot Operated Materials Processing System (ROMPS) which used robotics to transport a variety

of semiconductors from storage racks to halogen lamp furnaces for processing; 2. the Trajectory Control Sensor (TCS) to provide relative trajectory data on a target vehicle operating

in close proximity of the Orbiter as well as provide range and range rate data for target vehicles having a reflective surface;

3. the Shuttle Plume Impingement and Flight Experiment (SPIFEX) to study the behaviour and characteristics of the orbiter’s exhaust plume;

4. ten Getaway canisters as described for STS-3 (1982 022A) containing:

• G178: an experiment to take corona measurements of the Earth's upper atmosphere in the ultraviolet;

• G254: four separate experiments to test distillation of two common organic liquids, to investigate convective instabilities in float zone geometries, to study the effects of microgravity on the photosynthetic ability of plant lichen, to observe the formation and behaviour of bubbles in microgravity, as well as several satchels of popcorn kernels and radish seeds which were subjected to tests after the flight;

• G325: to record visually how sound affects dust particles in microgravity;

• G417: three Chinese experiments to study the effects of microgravity on the reproduction of insects, to study contact between oil and water droplets and to conduct a general survey of the surface interaction of solids and liquids;

• G453: two Japanese experiments to investigate the formation of superconducting materials and the boiling phenomenon under microgravity and the absence of convection;

• G454: two separate Japanese experiments to investigate the crystallization and formation of materials under microgravity and in the absence of convection;

• G456: a Japanese electrophoresis experiment to study the separation of cells or biologically active materials;

• G485: an ESA experiment to test the feasibility of depositing different materials in a microgravity and vacuum environment;

• G506: the Orbiter Stability Experiment (OSE) as described for STS-60 (1994 006A);

• G562: three separate Canadian materials sciences experiments to investigate the development of a droplet in a liquid, to study the properties of metal-matrix composites and the melting and mixing of two different substances;

5. the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE)-7 as described for STS-41 (1990 090A); 6. the Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-III-17 as described for STS-26 (1988 091A); 7. the Biological Research In Canisters (BRIC)-2 experiment, a passive payload consisting of aluminium

containers to study the effects of zero-gravity on various biological samples, which on this mission studied the development of plant tissue culture in a microgravity experiment;

8. the Military Applications of Ship Tracks (MAST)-3 experiment as described for STS-44 (1991 080A); 9. the Shuttle Plume Impingement Experiment (SPIE)-3, as described for STS-52 (1992 070A); 10. the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS)-26 experiment as described for STS-51J (1985 092A); 11. the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-16 as described for STS-51F (1985 063A); 12. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-661: Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER);

• DTO-671: EVA Hardware for Future Scheduled EVA Missions;

• DTO-672: EVA Maneuvering Unit Electronic Cuff Checklist;

• DTO-554: Sub-sonic Aerodynamics Verification Experiment;








• DTO-520: Edwards Lakebed Runway Bearing Strength and Rolling Friction;


• DTO-524: Landing Gear Loads and Brake Stability Evaluation;

• DTO-659: Extended Duration Orbiter Treadmill Evaluation;


• DTO-673: Extended Duration Orbiter Ergometer Evaluation;

• DTO-674: Thermo-Electric Liquid Cooling System Evaluation;

• DTO-700-5: Payload Bay Mounted Rendezvous Laser;

• DTO-700-7: Orbiter Data for Real Time Navigation Evaluation;


• DTO-830: Shuttle Plume Impingement Flight Experiment (SPIFEX); 13. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DSO-482: Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances During Extravehicular Activity;



• DSO-489: EVA Dosimetry Evaluation;












• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. The Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) device, tested by astronauts Lee and Meade on 17 September 1994 during a 6 hours, 51 minutes EVA, was designed to stabilise an astronaut who would drift away from the spacecraft and bringing the astronaut back to the spacecraft. Designed with the International Space Station (ISS) in mind, where a large number of astronauts might be involved in construction, the unit was not designed to fly large components from one place to another. The unit operated with 24 nitrogen thrusters and had a maximum speed of 10 km/h. The pack strapped on the astronaut's back and did not contain back-up systems. During the four tests the astronauts conducted, the first familiarised them with the operation of the unit. They then performed some engineering tests within the confines of the orbiter payload bay and then conducted a range of rescue scenarios at the end of the Remote Manipulator Arm, ending with flying around the arm. The Spartan-201-2 satellite (1994 059B) was deployed on 13 September 1994 and retrieved on 15 September 1994. After a flight of 11 days, 22 hours, 10 minutes, the orbited landed at Edwards AFB.

1994 059B (23253) Name: Spartan-201-2 Country: USA Launch date: 13 September 1994 Re-entry: 15 September 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS


Scientific satellite as described for 1993 023B. The objective of this 1288 kg satellite was to study the mechanisms that create the solar wind by measuring the electron and proton temperature and density in the solar corona. The instruments carried were a White Light Coronograph and an ultraviolet coronal spectrograph. The satellite was released from the payload bay of STS-64 (1994 059A) on 13 September 1994 and retrieved again on 15 September 1994. The satellite was the same platform as the one used for 1993 023B.

1994 060A (23267) Name: Kosmos-2291 Country: Russia Launch date: 21 September 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 80°E Potok data relay satellite as described for 1982 044A.

1994 061A (23278) Name: Kosmos-2292 Country: Russia Launch date: 27 September 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 408 x 1973 km, inclination: 82.6° Vektor minor military satellite as described for 1974 044A.

1994 062A (23285) Name: STS-68 Country: USA Launch date: 30 September 1994 Re-entry: 11 October 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


G316

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts M. Baker (Cmdr.), T. Wilcutt (Pilot), T. Jones (Payload Cmdr.), S. Smith, D. Bursch and P. Wisoff (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Endeavour as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL)-2 payload fitted on a Spacelab pallet (F006) as described for 1983 116A and with instrumentation as described for STS-59 (1994 020A), comprising the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR)-C, the X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR) and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS). In addition the mission carried: 1. the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)-7 experiment as described for STS-49 (1988 109B); 2. the Chromosomes Experiment (CHROMEX)-5 as described for STS-29 (1989 021A), bringing the

two previous investigations on root growth and seeds together in a single experiment; 3. the Biological Research Canisters (BRIC)-1 experiment as described for STS-64 (1994 059A) which

on this mission examined how microgravity affects the development of a gypsy moth's diapause cycle, the period of time when the moth is in a dormant state undergoing development, with the purpose of creating sterile moths;

4. the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM)-5 as described for STS-48 (1991 063A);

5. the Military Application of Ship Tracks (MAST)-4 experiment as described for STS-44 (1991 080A); 6. four Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A):

• G316: a biology experiment to study the effects of microgravity on the survival, mating and development of the milkweed bug and a chemistry experiment that used the microgravity environment to improve the growth quality and size of a crystal of rochelle salt;

• G503: a multiple payload consisting of the Microgravity and Cosmic Radiation Effects on Diatoms (MCRED) to test of a concept for a bioregenerative life support system to be used on space station and Lunar/Mars expeditions, the Concrete Curing In Microgravity (ConCIM) experiment to give data about the feasibility of mixing and curing concrete in a microgravity environment, the Root Growth In Space (RGIS) experiment to the early stages of germination of several seed types in microgravity, the Microgravity Corrosion Experiment (COMET) to examine the effects of microgravity on the mutation and growth of pitting in metals;

• G541: a Swedish experiment to study the breakdown of a planar solid/liquid interface during crystal growth;

• two unnumbered GAS containers with 500,000 commemorative stamps in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing. On the top of each of these two containers was a Sample Return Experiment (SRE) to quantify the estra-terrestrial partical and other orbital debris in the payload bay;

7. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-251: Entry Aerodynamic Control Surfaces Test;

• DTO-254: Subsonic Aerodynamics Verification;










• DTO-700-8: Global Positioning System Development Flight Test;

• DTO-805: Crosswind Landing Performance; 8. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DSO-317: Shuttle Humidity Condensate Collection/Evaluation;






• DSO-604: Visual Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation;





• DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Spaceflight;



• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. The launch was aborted on 18 August 1994 a few seconds before the launch, when a malfunction in one of the main engines was detected. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 11 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes.

1994 063A (23288) Name: Soyuz TM-20 Country: Russia Launch date: 3 October 1994 Re-entry: 22 March 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 228 x 305 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts A. Viktorenko (Cmdr.), E. Kondakova (Fl. Eng.) and U Mehrbold (Cosm. Res.) (ESA), using a Soyuz TM spacecraft as described for 1986 035A. Viktorenko and Kondakova were the seventeenth permanent (EO-17) crew of the space station. Their call sign was Vityaz. The spacecraft docked manually with the front port of Mir (1986 017A) on 6 October 1994, after the automatic docking device failed. Mehrbold's mission was dubbed Euromir 94 and included a range of experiments: 1. a study of the adaptation of basic vestibulo-oculomotor mechanism to altered gravity conditions; 2. measurement of the bone mass and structure changes and bone remodelling in space; 3. an investigation of the changes in mechanical properties of human muscle as a result of spaceflight.; 4. a study of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of astronauts; 5. a study of the circadian rhythms and sleep during a 30-day space mission; 6. a study of the effect of changes in central venous pressure on the erythropoietic system under 1-g

and microgravity; 7. a study of the effect of microgravity on the biomechanical and bioenergetic characteristics of human

skeletal muscle; 8. measuring the fluid and electrolyte balance during weightlessness and possibilities of their regulation; 9. measuring fluid shifts into and out of superficial tissues and tissue stability along body axis under

microgravity conditions in man; 10. an investigation of the gastroenteropancreatic peptides during microgravity and possible involvement

in space motion sickness; 11. a study of the immune changes after space flight; 12. a study of the influence of microgravity on osmo and volume regulation in man as well as dynamic

responses to isotonic and hypertonic loads; 13. a study of the influence of spaceflight on energy metabolism and its circadian variation; 14. measuring the magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of human muscles before and after space

flight; 15. non-invasive stress monitoring in space flight by hormone measurements in saliva; 16. the otolith adaptation to different levels of microgravity; 17. a study of posture and movement in microgravity; 18. measuring the radiation health during prolonged space flight; 19. an investigation into the reaction and solidification behaviour of in-situ metal matrix composite

material; 20. the STAMP Experiment to investigate the perception of figure symmetry by the two cerebral

hemispheres; 21. measuring spaceflight related orthostatic intolerance, in particular the role of autonomic nervous

system, water balance, volume regulating hormones, and energy expenditure; and 22. an investigation into spatial orientation and spatial sickness. In addtion Mehrbold took hundreds of photographs of the Earth's surface and conducted a science class from space for 20 Dutch and 25 other European students who had gathered at ESTEC in Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Unfortunately the failure of a furnace on board of Mir, prevented the conduct of five materials sciences experiments. Mehrbold left the space station on 4 November 1994, along with crew of the Soyuz TM-19 (1994 036A) mission. He had remained in space for 30 days, 12 hours, 36 minutes. Viktorenko and Kondakova remained on board of the space station along with Polyakov, who had arrived on 8 January 1994 with Soyuz TM-18 (1994 001A). Kondakova took part in studies which seek to investigate whether long term exposure to space has different effects on women.

On 18 January 1995 the cosmonauts tested the automatic docking system by moving into Soyuz TM-20, undock and separate from the space station to a distance of 160 m before docking again automatically after 26 minutes. On 22 March 1995 Soyuz TM-20 undocked and landed 36 km north east of Arkalyk. The mission had lasted 169 days, 5 hours, 21 minutes for Viktorenko and Kondakova, whilst Polyakov had spend a record breaking 437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes in space.

1994 064A (23305) Name: Intelsat-703 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 6 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIAS


Communications satellite as described for 1993 066A. The satellite was later moved to 57°E. In 1998 the ownership of the satellite was transferred to New Skies Satellites as NSS-703.

1994 065A (23313) Name: Solidaridad-2 Country: Mexico Launch date: 8 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L


Communications satellite as described for 1993 073A. It was later renamed as Satmex-4.

1994 065B (23314) Name: Thaicom-2 Country: Thailand Launch date: 8 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 44L

Orbit: geostationary at 78.5°E

Communications satellite as described for 1993 078B. the satellite was moved to 50.5°E in August 2010 but was taken out of that orbit on 13 November 2010.

1994 066A (23317) Name: Okean-4 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit aunch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 628 x 663 km, inclination: 97.6° Okean O1 oceanographic satellite as described for 1986 055A.

1994 067A (23319) Name: Ekspress-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 13 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2M


Communications satellite built by NPO Prikladnoi Mekhaniki as 11F639 using the MSS-2500-GSO platform and fitted with 10 transponders in the C band and 2 transponders in the Ku band. The satellite had a mass of app. 2500 kg.

1994 068A (23323) Name: IRS P-2 Country: India Launch date: 15 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Sriharikota Launch vehicle: PSLV


Remote sensing satellite as described for 1988 021A. The satellite was also equipped with an X-ray instrument for astronomical observations.

1994 069A (23327) Name: Elektro-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 31 October 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


Meteorological satellite built by VNII Elektromekaniki as article 11F652 and fitted with two sensors operating in the infrared and one sensor operating in the visible band. Other instruments included a Sun ultraviolet radiometer and a low-energy particle spectrometer. In addition the satellite was capable to relay data from small remote environmental stations. The 2580 kg satellite was originally designated as GOMS and was intended to be part of the World Weather Watch system initiated in 1975. Financial and technical problems had delayed the satellite for all those years. The Elektro-1 was never followed up by further satellites and became never an operational system.

1994 070A (23331) Name: Astra-1D Country: Luxembourg Launch date: 1 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42P


Communications satellite as described for 1993 031A. In February 2012 the satellite was moved to 40.5oW and in July 2012 to 23 oE. In June 2014 it was moved to 67.5oW and in August 2015 to 47.3oW.

1994 071A (23333) Name: Wind Country: USA Launch date: 1 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 7925


The Wind satellite, originally known as the Global Geospace Science (GGS), studied the solar wind using a lunar fly-by to attain an orbit between the Earth and the Sun. The payload consisted of several instruments to provide complete plasma, energetic particle and magnetic field data in the interplanetary space upstream of the Earth's bowshock. The instruments were: 1. the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI), to measure magnetic fields; 2. the Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment, to measure electric and magnetic fields; 3. the Solar Wind Imaging Experiment (SWIM), also known as S91-4, which recorded mass, energy and

direction of low-energy ions and electrons; 4. the Energetic Particles experiments which investigated the acceleration, composition and transport

distribution of certain ions; 5. the Transient Gamma Ray Spectrometer to detect high-spectral gamma rays; 6. the Solar Wind/Mass Suprathermal Ion Composition Studies instrument to measure the mass, energy

and direction of certain ions; 7. the 3D Plasma experiment to investigate the distribution and energy of low-energy ions and electrons;

and 8. Konus, a Russian high-time resolution gamma ray detector. The satellite had a mass of 1267 kg.

1994 072A (23336) Name: Kosmos-2293 Country: Russia Launch date: 2 November 1994 Re-entry: 13 May 1996 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 412 x 436 km, inclination: 65.0° US-PU military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A and 1993 029A.

1994 073A (23340) Name: STS-66 Country: USA Launch date: 3 November 1994 Re-entry: 14 November 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS


ATMOS

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts D. McMonagle (Cmdr.), C. Brown (Pilot), E. Ochea (Payload Cmdr.), S. Parazynski, J. Tanner and J. Clervoy (ESA) (all Mission Specialists) using the orbiter Atlantis as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to fly the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS)-3 payload as described for STS-45 (1992 015A) and fitted on a Spacelab pallet (F008) as described for 1983 116A, this time comprising: 1. the Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiment as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); 2. the Solar Spectrum (SOLSPEC) instruments as described for STS-9 (1983 116A); 3. the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV)-7 instrument as described for STS-34 (1989 084A); 4. the Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) as described for STS-45 (1992 015A); 5. the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) as described for STS-9 (1983 116A) as

Acitivity Cavity Radiometer (ACR); 6. the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)-5 experiment as described for STS-9 (1983

116A); and 7. the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) as described for STS-3 (1982 022A). Other experiments carried included: 1. the Experiment of the Sun Complementing the Atlas Payload and Education (Escape)-2 as described

for STS-56 (1993 023A); 2. the National Institutes of Health Rodents (NIH R)-1 experiments which continued the Physiological

and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE) as described for STS-48 (1991 063A) and which investigated:

• the effect of spaceflight on muscles and nerves;

• the effect of weightlessness on vestibular development;

• the role of gravity in the development of optic nerves;

• the effect of spaceflight on the development of the immune responses;

• the choroid plexus, brain and heart development in space;

• the fluid-electroly metabolism;

• the effect of microgravity on placental development;

• the effects of spaceflight on mammalian development;

• the effect of gravity on the attachments of tendons to bone;

• the effect of microgravity on epidermal development in rats;

• the development of sensory receptors in skeletal muscles; 3. the Protein Crystal Growth - Thermal Enclosure System (PCG-TES)-1, a development of the Protein

Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 4. the Protein Crystal Growth - Small Thermal Enclosure System (PCG-STES)-1, a development of the

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 5. the National Institutes of Health Collaborative (NIH C)-2 experiments as described for STS-59 (1994

020A) and which used the Space Tissue Loss (STL) facility as described for STS-45 (1992 015A) to investigate:

• the effect of microgravity on in-vitro cartilage;

• the effect of space travel on skeletal myofibers; 6. Heat Pipe Performance (HPP) as described for STS-52 (1992 070A); 7. the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS)-11 as described for STS-40 (1991 040A); 8. Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):

• DTO-254: Subsonic Aerodynamics Verification;







• DTO-668: Advanced Lower Body Restraint Test;

• DTO-677: Evaluation of Microbial Capture Device in Microgravity;

• DTO-680: On Orbit Fit Check of the Recumbent Seating System on OV-104;

• DTO-683: Interlimb Resistance Device Evaluation;

• DTO-700-2: Laser Range and Range Rate Device;

• DTO-700-7: Orbiter Data for Real Time Navigation Evaluation;


• DTO-834: Notch Filter;

• DTO-835: Mir Approach Demonstration;

• DTO-836: Tools for Rendezvous and Docking; 9. Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A):


• DSO-485: Inter-Mars Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter;


• DSO-493: Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Astronauts;












• DSO-903: Documentary Still Photography. In addition the mission released the Cryogenic IR Spectrometer Telescope for Atmosphere (Crista/SPAS) (1994 073B) payload on 4 November 1994 and recovered it again on 12 November 1994.. The orbiter landed at Edwards AFB after a flight of 10 days, 22 hours, 34 minutes.

1994 073B (23341) Name: Crista/SPAS-1 Country: USA Launch date: 4 November 1994 Re-entry: 12 November 1994 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS


The Cryogenic IR Spectrometer Telescope for Atmosphere (Crista) payload which was fitted on a SPAS platform as described for 1983 059F. The payload consisted of a large 2.9 m telescope with a diameter of 1.3 m to study the middle atmosphere, the region between 10 and 100 km altitude. The telescope was fitted with infrared sensors as well as three separate smaller telescopes which were trained on the Earth limb. In addition the platform carried the Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) which measured the brightness of the Earth dayglow at an altitude of 40 to 150 km and monitor the backscattered sunlight from the atmosphere. This experiment was also known as S90-4 and NRL-501. After having been released from the payload bay STS-66 (1994 073A), it was recovered again on 12 November 1994.

1994 074A (23342) Name: Resurs O-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 4 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 664 x 691 km, inclination: 98.0° Earth resources satellite as described for 1983 075A. This was the first satellite in the series not to carry the name Kosmos. In addition the satellite carried the German Safir-R payload for information relay for environmental data as well as emergency data.

1994 075A (23348) Name: Progress M-25 Country: Russia Launch date: 11 November 1994 Re-entry: 16 February 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 342 x 394 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1989 066A. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of Mir/Kvant-1 (1986 017A) on 13 November 1994. Progress M-25 undocked on 16 February 1995.

1994 076A (23396) Name: Kosmos-2295 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 076B (23397) Name: Kosmos-2296 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 076C (23398) Name: Kosmos-2294 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1994 077A (23404) Name: Kosmos-2297 Country: Russia Launch date: 24 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2

Orbit: 851 x 879 km, inclination: 71.0° Tselina 2 military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1984 106A.

1994 078A (23411) Name: Geo IK-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 29 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1477 x 1524 km, inclination: 73.6° Geodetic satellite as described for 1988 046A.

1994 079A (23413) Name: Orion-1 Country: USA Launch date: 29 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas IIA

Orbit: geostationary at 37.5°W

Communication satellite built by British Aerospace using the Eurostar-2000 platform, and owned by the Orion corporation. The satellite was equipped with 34 transponders in the Ku band and had a mass of 1140 kg. In 1999 the satellite was renamed Telstar-11.

1994 080A (23415) Name: DFH 3-1 Country: China Launch date: 29 November 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3A


Communications satellite built by China Aerospace using the DFH-3 platform and fitted with 24 transponders in the C band. The satellite had a mass 1145 kg. A failure of the attitude control system caused the satellite to be abandoned shortly afterwards.

--- Name: Panamsat-3 Country: USA Launch date: 1 December 1994 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 42P Orbit: failed to orbit Communications satellite as described for 1994 040A. The malfunction of the third stage of the launch vehicle

prevented the satellite from achieving geostationary orbit at 43.5°E.

1994 081A (23420) Name: Molniya 1-88 Country: Russia Launch date: 14 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 462 x 39155 km, inclination: 62.4° Communications satellite as described for 1965 030A.

1994 082A (23426) Name: Luch-1 Country: Russia Launch date: 16 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 95°E Tracking and data relay satellite as described for 1985 102A.

1994 083A (23431) Name: Kosmos-2298 Country: Russia Launch date: 20 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1994 084A (23435) Name: IMEWS-17 Country: USA Launch date: 22 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Titan 402A

Orbit: geostationary at 103°W Military early warning satellite as described for 1989 046A. Also known as USA-107.

1994 085A (23439) Name: Radio-15 Country: Russia Launch date: 26 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Rockot/Briz K


Radio amateur satellite built by a group from Kaluga. The 70 kg satellite was fitted with transponders operating in the 145 MHz and 29 MHz bands. It has been suggested the launch also carried a Naryad anti-satellite system payload that exploded once released.

1994 086A (23441) Name: Kosmos-2299 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 086B (23442) Name: Kosmos-2300 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 086C (23443) Name: Kosmos-2301 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 086D (23444) Name: Kosmos-2302 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 086E (23445) Name: Kosmos-2303 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 086F (23446) Name: Kosmos-2304 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1994 087A (23448) Name: Raduga-32 Country: Russia Launch date: 28 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: geostationary at 70°E Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A.

1994 088A (23453) Name: Kosmos-2305 Country: Russia Launch date: 29 December 1994 Re-entry: 18 December 1995 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 189 x 306 km, inclination: 64.9° Neman military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1991 049A.

1994 089A (23455) Name: NOAA-14 Country: USA Launch date: 30 December 1994 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E


Meteorological satellite as described for 1979 057A. In addition to the AVHRR, SBUV/2, DCLS, SEM and SARSAT-6 instruments the satellite carried: 1. a Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) to make temperature measurements in the upper atmosphere; 2. a High Resolution Infrared Radiations Sounder (HIRS) to detect and measure energy emitted by the

atmosphere and to model vertical temperature profiles up to 40 km altitude; 3. a Microwave Sounding Unit to detect and measure microwave energy from the troposphere to model

a vertical atmospheric profile to an altitude of 20 km; and 4. the Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) instrument, also known as S86-

8, to make simultaneous measurements of the neutral and ion composition during the day and night.

world spacecraft digest by jos heyman 1994 version: 6 ... · the front port on 21 january 1994. it...

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