world organisation for animal health. 2 the oie and international trade tomoko ishibashi...
TRANSCRIPT
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World Organisation for Animal Health
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The OIE and international trade
Tomoko IshibashiInternational Trade Department
OIE
WTO/SPS National Workshop Taipei March 2005
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Role and structure of the OIE
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The OIE
World Organisation for Animal Health an intergovernmental organisation
operating expenses are paid by member country contributions
founded in 1924 – predates the UN 167 Member Countries headquarters in Paris Five regional representations (Tokyo,
Buenos Aires, Beyrouth, Bamako, Sofia)
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The OIE’s objectives• ensure transparency in global animal health
situation
• collect, analyse and disseminate scientific veterinary information on control methods of animal diseases
• contribute expertise and encourage coordinated approach to disease outbreaks
• improve veterinary services
• within its WTO mandate, safeguard world trade through animal health standards
• animal welfare and animal production food safety
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INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEEAdministrative Commission
Specialist Commissions Terrestrial Code, Aquatic Code,
Biological Standards,Scientific
Specialist Commissions Terrestrial Code, Aquatic Code,
Biological Standards,Scientific
Regional CommissionsAfrica, Americas, Europe, Asia- Far
East and Oceania, Middle East
Regional CommissionsAfrica, Americas, Europe, Asia- Far
East and Oceania, Middle East
Central BureauCentral Bureau
Director General
Regional ActivitiesDepartment
Regional ActivitiesDepartment
Administrativeand FinancialDepartment
Administrativeand FinancialDepartment
Animal HealthInformationDepartment
Animal HealthInformationDepartment
PublicationsDepartment
PublicationsDepartment
Scientific andTechnical
Department
Scientific andTechnical
Department
CollaboratingCentres
ReferenceLaboratories
CollaboratingCentres
ReferenceLaboratories
Ad hoc Groups
Working Groups
Ad hoc Groups
Working Groups
Regional RepresentationsRegional Representations
International TradeDepartment
International TradeDepartment
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OIE expertise
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Working with relevant experts
OIE does not work only with vets.
For BSE and other zoonoses, key is close cooperation with other experts, eg from WHO
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OIE Reference Laboratories
157 Reference Laboratories in 30 countries cover 80 diseases and topics
centres of expertise and standardisation to other laboratories and to OIE store and distribute reagents develop / validate new diagnostic tests coordinate scientific / technical studies provide scientific and technical training prepare and distribute proficiency tests
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Taiwan’s experts
Reference laboratory for White spot disease Dr Grace Lo
Department & Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University
Ad hoc Group on new chapters for crustacean diseases for the Aquatic Code and Manual Dr Grace Lo
Ad hoc Group on humane killing of animals for disease controle purposes Dr De-shien Jong National Taiwan University
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International trade context
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OIE’s WTO mandate
WTO SPS Agreement recognises OIE as a reference organisation for international standards (3 sisters) for food safety - the Codex Alimentarius
Commission for animal health and zoonoses - the OIE for plant health - the International Plant
Protection Convention (IPPC)
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Why standards necessary
international public good enhance safety of international trade
fewer disease outbreaks encourage harmonisation of national
legislation and control measures fewer unjustified restrictions on trade
promote fairer trade benefits to developing countries especially
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OIE trade standards
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OIE Codes
recommend health measures to be used by veterinary authorities or other competent authorities
to establish health regulations for the safe importation of animals and animal products
while avoiding unjustified trade restrictions
now expanding into animal welfare and food safety
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Principles in the Codes
WTO obligations complied with
scientific basis for recommendations assessment of risk factors evaluation of veterinary services zoning and compartmentalisation epidemiological surveillance
credible health certification
importing country assumed to be free of disease or with a control programme
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Approach in the Code
generic (horizontal) chapters general definitions obligations and ethics in international trade import risk analysis methodology monitoring and surveillance systems quality and evaluation of veterinary services import/export procedures
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Approach in the Code
specific chapters on OIE listed diseases, eg FMD BSE AI
within each chapter, articles on description of pathogen / disease determining status of a country or zone ‘safe’ commodities irrespective of status (if
possible) recommendations for ‘unsafe’ commodities
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Approach in the Code
Appendices collection and processing of semen collection and processing of embryos/ova inactivation of pathogens and vectors transport of animals diseases surveillance systems
Model veterinary certificates for live animals products of animal origin
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Zoning, regionalisation and compartmentalisation
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History of ZRC standard
Appeared as Chapter on “Zoning and Regionalisation” when Section of “Import Risk Analysis” was introduced in 1993
Current standard since 2000 MCs’ need for clear understanding of concepts
of zone and compartment WTO’s request to present concrete steps to
apply zoning and compartmentalisation Extended revision prepared by TAHSC for
adoption in May 2005
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Why need zone/compartment?
Proposed new text clarifies the need “Given the difficulty of establishing and maintaining a disease free status for an entire country, especially for diseases the entry of which is difficult to control through measures at national boundaries, there may be benefits to Member Countries in establishing and maintaining a subpop with a different animal health status within national boundaries….”
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OIE definitions in Ch.1.1.1
Zone/Region a clearly defined part of a country containing
an animal subpopulation with a distinct health status with respect to a specific disease…
Compartment one or more establishments (premises in
which animals are kept) under a common biosecurity management system containing an animal subpopulation with a distinct health status …
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zoning/compartmentalisation in Ch. 1.3.5
‘zoning’ and ‘regionalisation’ have the same meaning proposed new text uses ‘zoning’
zoning applies to an animal sub-population defined on a geographical basis
compartmentalisation applies to an animal sub-population defined by management systems related to biosecurity
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zoning/compartmentalisation in Ch. 1.3.5
Proposed new text clarifies the purposes zoning and compartmentalisation are
procedures implemented by a country to define sub-populations of different animal health status within its territory for the purpose of disease control or international trade
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application of the concepts
the extent of a zone is established on the basis of natural, artificial or legal boundaries
the requirements for a compartment are established on the basis of management practices relating to biosecurity
by the Veterinary Administration
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FREE ZONE
FREE ZONE
BUFFERZONE
railway
major road
river
types of zones
BUFFER
ZONE
INFECTED ZONE
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BREEDINGFLOCK
BREEDINGFLOCK
FEEDSUPPLY
GROWINGFLOCK
SLAUGHTERHOUSE
GROWINGFLOCK
Equipment
Birds
Equipm
ent
Birds
Equipment
Equ
ipm
ent
Fee
dEquipment
Compartment
Equipment
Birds
Feed
Feed
Equipment
Birds
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application of the concepts
there are Code recommendations for zones and compartments for diseases for which the concepts are appropriate
the recommendations depend on epidemiology of the disease environmental factors appropriate and applicable biosecurity
measures necessary surveillance
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epidemiology
how does the disease spread ? by live animals / humans ? by meat / eggs / semen ? by farm or veterinary equipment ? by wind ? by biting insects ?
what species does it affect ? clinical signs ?
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environmental factors
temperature / humidity natural barriers
ocean / major river mountain range
artificial barriers state / county boundary road / rail system
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biosecurity measures
management regulations re biosecurity dedicated equipment staff showering in-and-out animals housed vs free range imposed movement controls
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surveillance
necessary surveillance for presence / absence of pathogen prevalence of disease seasonal factors eg biting insects strains of virus eg FMD intermediate hosts eg tick-borne diseases
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application of the concepts
a Veterinary Administration must document the measures taken to identify the animal sub-population recognise its distinct health status maintain its distinct health status
dossier will be as detailed as situation requires
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animal sub-population
dairy cattle herds in 4 adjacent counties bison and buffalo in Alberta wild pig population in a forest in Germany poultry flocks managed by Tysons Inc
as a unit wild waterfowl in a water catchment area
during the breeding season beef cattle over 3 years of age in the UK
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health status
infected free with vaccination free without vaccination seasonally free unknown
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application of the concepts
if an exporting country wants to define a zone or compartment within its territory for an OIE-listed disease, it needs to implement the recommendations stipulated in the Code for setting up and maintaining such a zone or compartment or equivalent measures
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application of the concepts
an importing country should recognise the existence of this zone or compartment, subject to the application of the appropriate recommendations in the Code with regard to the importation, or transit
through its territory, of commodities from that zone or compartment
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uses
in disease control / eradication campaign progressive zoning/compartmentalisation
allows stepwise approach allows concentration of resources where
greatest chance of success in trade zone
to gain / maintain market access for certain commodities
where whole country freedom not possible / practicable
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Summary of proposed modification
Clarifies the uses/benefits
Suggests sequence of steps to be taken in defining a zone/compartment Importance of accurate animal health
information Negotiation between exporting country and
importing country indispensable
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OIE AI Chapter
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History of OIE AI standard Appeared as Fowl Plague in the first edition 1968
simple Chapter- using mostly NCD standard
Current standard since 1997 significant outbreaks since late 1990s MCs’ demand to update, WHO’s request to
address AI’s potential as a zoonoses AHG meetings since 2002 to draft new Chapter
• 2004 GS placed new text as “under study” as MCs concerned at trade implications of notifying LPNAI
• Further consideration by AHG and TAHSC towards adoption in May 2005
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New proposed AI Chapter
Incubation period: 21 days
NAI is defined as an infection of poultry caused either by any influenza A virus of the H5 or H7 subtypes or by any AI virus with an IVPI greater than 1.2 or as an alternative causing at least 75% mortality in 4 to 8 week old chickens when injected intravenously.
NAI can be divided into HPNAI and LPNAI
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HPNAI and LPNAI
HPNAI viruses have an IVPI in 6 weeks old chickens greater than 1.2 or as an alternative, cause at least 75% mortality in 4 to 8 weeks old chickens infected intravenously. H5 and H7 not qualifying under these conditions should be sequenced to determine the presence of multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule
LPNAI are all influenza A viruses of H5 and H7 subtype that are not HPNAI.
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Definition of « Poultry »
Poultry is defined as ‘all birds reared or kept in captivity for the production of meat or eggs for consumption, for the production of other commercial products, for restocking supplies of game or for breeding these categories of birds
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Definition of « infection »
HPNAI or LPNAI virus has been isolated and identified as such
viral antigen or viral RNA specific to HPNAI or LPNAI has been identified
antibodies to H5 or H7 subtype of NAI virus that are not a consequence of vaccination have been detected in poultry
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Definition of «NAI free establishment»
Poultry show no evidence of NAI infection based on proposed surveillance appendix random testing of birds to show absence of
NAIV infection using OIE approved tests frequency of testing based on risk of infection
and at a maximum interval of 21 days Introduced to enable safe trade of
commodities that may transmit LPNAI, from country, zone or compartment not known free from LPNAI hatching eggs, poultry semen, day-old poultry
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Determination of the NAI status of a country/zone/compartment
outcome of a risk assessment identifying all potential factors for NAI occurrence and their historic perspective
NAI is a notifiable disease in the whole country
appropriate surveillance is in place for demonstration of infection in the absence of clinical signs (see proposed OIE guidelines)
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NAI free country, zone or compartment
NAI infection has not been present for the past 12 months
In case of recovery of status, if a stamping out policy for HPNAI is applied the recovery period shall be 3 months after the killing of the last infected poultry followed by disinfection+ proof of surveillance during the 3 months
In case of LPNAI, slaughter for human consumption (conditions apply) is also allowed followed by disinfection and surveillance during the 3 months
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HPNAI free country or zone or compartment
HPNAI infection has not been present for the past 12 months. LPNAI status may be unknown, but any NAI detected must be proved NOT to be HPNAI.
Recovery of status regained 3 months after stamping out followed by disinfection and surveillance during the 3 months.
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Recommendations depending on commodity groups
Live Poultry (other than day-old) should come from NAI free country, zone or
compartment (CZC) Day-old poultry, hatching eggs, semen
should come from NAI free CZC / NAI free establishment in HPNAI free CZC
Eggs for human consumption, fresh meat should come from NAI free CZC / establishment with no
evidence of NAI in the past 21 days in HPNAI free CZC Others (egg products, meat products, feathers etc.)
If not coming from above mentioned commodity with higher status, should be processed to ensure the destruction of NAI virus
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Live poultry (other than day-old) from NAI free status
international veterinary certificate attesting that the poultry: showed no clinical signs of NAI on the day of
shipment
kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment for at least 21 days (surveillance carried out in establishment within the past 21 days)
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Live birds other than poultry regardless of NAI status
international veterinary certificate attesting that the birds: showed no clinical signs of NAI on the day of
shipment
isolated since hatching or past 21 days with no indicative clinical sign during that period
tested negative for infection with NAI virus for poultry 7 to 14 days prior to shipment
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Day-old poultry from NAI free status
Kept in free country/zone/compartment since hatch
Derived from parent flocks kept in NAI free country/zone/compartment for 21 days prior to and at time of egg collection
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Day-old poultry from HPNAI free status
HPNAI free country/zone/compartment
Parent flocks in NAI free establishments for 21 days prior to and at time of egg collection
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Eggs for human consumption
From NAI free status country/zone/compartment are free from NAI
From HPNAI free status, country/zone/compartment (CZC) are free
from HPNAI from establishments with no evidence of NAI
in the past 21 days
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Fresh meat From CZC with NAI free status
kept in CZC free from NAI since hatched/for the past 21 days
slaughtered in an approved abattoir and subjected to ante- and post-mortem inspections for NAI with favourable results
From CZC with HPNAI free status kept in establishments with no evidence of NAI in
the past 21 days slaughtered in an approved abattoir and subjected
to ante- and post-mortem inspections for NAI with favourable results
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Meat products of poultry
Regardless of health status Derived from fresh meat that satisfies
requirements for fresh meat (NAI free or HPNAI free CZC),
OR processed to ensure destruction of virus and
necessary precautions have been taken to avoid contact of the commodity with any source of NAI virus
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OIE BSE Chapter
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History of OIE BSE standard
Disease first reported in 1986 in UK OIE first work in 1988 via meeting of world
renowned scientists added to disease list / required notification in
1990 Discussed by MCs in General Sessions
and Standard for BSE adopted in 1992 Standard updated as often as necessary
due to rapidly developing scientific information
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Current BSE Chapter 5-category system
Free Provisionally free Minimal risk Moderate risk High risk
Based on risk assessment, surveillance, number of cases (imported/indigenous), feed ban,etc
even for High risk category, fresh meat can be traded under certain conditions
absolute ban only for MBM
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Current safe commodities When authorising import or transit of the
following commodities, Veterinary Administrations should not require any BSE related conditions, regardless of the BSE status of the exporting country:
milk and milk products; semen and in vivo derived cattle embryos; hides and skins (excl. from head) ; gelatin and collagen prepared exclusively from
hides and skins (excl. from head); protein-free tallow (max of insoluble impurities of 0.15% in weight)
and derivatives; dicalcium phosphate (with no trace of protein and fat);
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Proposals for addition of list
due to luck of evidence of transmission
deboned skeletal muscle meat (excluding mechanically separated meat)
blood and blood by-products
Due to luck of evidence of transmission
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For other Commodities
When authorising import or transit of other commodities listed in this chapter, Veterinary Administrations should require the conditions prescribed in this Chapter relevant to the BSE risk status of the cattle population of the exporting country and zone....
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New approach
Current 5-category system causes problems due to complexity of chapter - MCs wanted simpler approach
ad hoc group discussed simplification while retaining chapter’s scientific base
simplified 3-category system is proposed for adoption in May 2005
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Factors for assessing the BSE risk
Factors relating to the introduction of TSE agent into a cattle population
presence/absence of animal TSE agents meat-and-bone meal from the indigenous ruminant imported meat-and-bone meal imported live animals imported animal feed and feed ingredients imported products of ruminant origin for human imported products of ruminant origin for cattle
Surveillance / epidemiological investigations should be taken into account
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Factors for assessing the BSE risk
Factors relating to the exposure of the BSE agent to cattle…: recycling and amplification of the BSE agent
through consumption by cattle of MBM use of ruminant carcasses etc, rendering
process and method of animal feed manufacture
feeding or not of ruminants with MBM from ruminants, incl. measures to prevent cross-contamination
level of surveillance for BSE and the results
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Proposed 3-category system
1. Negligible BSE risk without commodity-specific risk mitigation measures
2. Negligible BSE risk with commodity-specific risk mitigation measures
3. Undetermined BSE risk
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3 category approach
Risk based, not prevalence based based on assessment of risk factors and
whether appropriate measures have been taken to address them
finding one case does not necessarily change trade measures
allow MCs to concentrate on commodity-specific risk mitigating measures
takes into account of efforts on farmer awareness and effectiveness of feed ban
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1. Negligible risk without measures
1) risk assessment conducted and appropriate generic measures taken for the relevant period of time
2) Type B surveillance is in place
Either3) No BSE case / any BSE case are imported
a) criteria are compiled with at least for 7 years andb) meat-and-bone meal or greaves from ruminants
not been fed to ruminants for at least 8 yearsOR4) Last indigenous case was more than 7 years ago
same as 3) plus all cases and progeny are destroyed.
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2. Negligible risk with measures
1) risk assessment conducted and appropriate generic measures taken for the relevant time
2) Type A surveillance is in place
Either3) No BSE case / any BSE case are imported
a) criteria are compiled with, but not for 7 years or b) meat-and-bone meal or greaves from ruminants not been fed to ruminants, but not for 8 years
OR4) Indigenous case has been reported
same as 3) plus all cases and progeny are destroyed.
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3. Undetermined BSE risk
cannot be demonstrated that it meets the requirements of another category.
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Current SRMs
1) From cattle of any age originating from a country with a moderate or a high BSE risk, the following commodities should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilisers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals… :
tonsils and intestine, and protein products derived thereof.
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Current SRMs
2) From cattle originating from a country with a moderate or a high BSE risk, that were at the time of slaughter over 12 months of age, the following commodities should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilisers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals…:
brains, eyes, spinal cord, skull and vertebral column and protein products derived thereof.
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Current SRMs
3) From cattle, originating from a country with a minimal BSE risk, that were at the time of slaughter over 30 months of age, the following commodities should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilisers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals….:
brains, eyes and spinal cord, skull, vertebral column and derived protein products.
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Proposal for SRMs
1) From cattle of any age originating from a country defined in the 2nd or 3rd category, the following commodities should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilisers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals…:
tonsils and distal ileum, and protein products derived thereof.
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Proposals for SRMs
(Cont.)2) From cattle over 30 months of age
originating from a country defined in the 2nd and 3rd category, the following commodities should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilisers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals…. :
brains, eyes, spinal cord, skull, vertebral column and derived protein products.
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BSE surveillance
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History of BSE surveillance
Appendix for BSE surveillance / monitoring system adopted in 1998
Appendix updated in 2001,2002 and 2003 due to rapidly developing scientific information recommended minimum number of annual
investigations (table1) unchanged concept of gradient of importance of samples
from different subpopulations New text based on accumulated EU experience
and statistical examination is proposed for adoption
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Current surveillance appendix
Goals for surveillance to determine whether BSE is present or not if present, to monitor the epizootic for aiding
control measures Subpopulations for surveillance
In the order of decreasing likelihood1 cattle displaying signs consistent with BSE2 cattle displaying signs not necessarily
indicative of BSE3 cattle subject to normal slaughter
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Proposed surveillance “goals”
Depending on BSE risk category, surveillance may have one or more goals: detecting BSE to a pre-determined design
prevalence monitoring the evolution of BSE monitoring the effectiveness of a feed ban and/or
other risk mitigation measures supporting a claimed BSE status gaining or regaining a higher BSE status
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Proposed surveillance “role”
BSE status cannot be determined only on the basis of a surveillance programme but should be determined in accordance with all the factors listed in Article 2.3.13.2.
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Proposed surveillance subpopulations
Clarifies recommended sampling sub-pops over 30 months displaying clinical signs
consistent with BSE over 30 months non-ambulatory / sent for
emergency slaughter over 30 months found dead on farm, during
transport or at an abattoir over 36 months at routine slaughter
First sub-pop should be focused on, but at least 3 sub-pops should be sampled.
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Proposed surveillance scheme
Selects the “points target”, depends on adult cattle population depends on design prevalence
chosen (maximum possible prevalence) 1 / 1,000,000 or 1 / 100,000, either with 95%
confidence
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Proposed surveillance scheme
Different “Point Value” allocated depending on the sampled subpopulation Urging greater sampling from riskier sub-pops
Surveillance points remain valid for 7 years until reaching the target point
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Proposed gradient point values(extract from Table 2)
Routine slaughter
Fallen stock
Casualty slaughter
Clinical suspect
Age > 2 years and < 4 years (young adult)
0.1 0.2 0.4 260
Age > 4 years and < 7 years (middle adult)
0.2 0.9 1.6 750
Age > 7 years and < 9 years (older adult)
0.1 0.4 0.7 450
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Proposed surveillance scheme
Two types of surveillance, depending on the result of risk assessment If all risk factors negligible, less surveillance
burden Details of “maintenance surveillance” need
further investigation Scientists believe that not all cattle need to
be examined to give useful results
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Perspective on vCJD
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Perspective on vCJD
In the past, many models predicted likely pathways of vCJD epidemic
However, now it appears to be minor compared to other public health concerns
Article published by the Royal Society makes a “best estimate" of 70 future deaths on top of 150 to date
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Current activities of Terrestrial Animal Health Standard Commission
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OIE international standards
OIE develops and publishes health standards for trade in animals and animal products and biological standards
through elected Specialist Commissions of 4-6 members each
adopted by OIE Member Countries during General Session each May by consensus no other pathway
OIE standards help in controlling animal diseases and zoonoses world wide
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OIE Specialist Commissions Terrestrial Animal Health Standards
Commission Biological Standards Commission Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases Aquatic Animal Health Standards
Commission
using working groups and ad hoc groups for specialist tasks eg animal welfare, BSE, epidemiology, avian influenza, TB
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Updating OIE standards
issue / problem identified by Delegate, OIE Commission, industry, scientist, individual new scientific information eg from research or
disease outbreak new disease - emerging new approaches eg vaccination
addressed by appropriate Commission as new or revised standard using appropriate expert advice on disease or
procedure
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Updating OIE standards
proposal circulated for comment by Member Countries, experts, organisations Commission may revise proposal on basis of
comments received discussed by Delegates at General
Session may be discussed only and returned for
further work may be adopted as OIE international standard
opportunity for all to be involved in standards development
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UpdatingUpdatingOIE OIE
standardsstandards
PROBLEMPROBLEM
SpecialistCommissions
ReviewReview
Advice of experts or other Advice of experts or other Specialist CommissionsSpecialist Commissions
Draft textDraft text
COMMITTEE
DELEGATESDELEGATES
AdoptionAdoption
COMMITTEE,COMMITTEE,COMMISSIONS,COMMISSIONS,
DELEGATESDELEGATES
12
OIE INTERNATIONALOIE INTERNATIONALSTANDARDSTANDARD
Comments
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Proposals for adoption in May 2005
Revised texts General definitions (Ch.1.1.1.) Zoning and compartmentalisation (Ch.1.3.5.) General Guidelines for Animal Health
Surveillance (App. 3.8.1.) Criteria for listing diseases (Chapter 2.1.1.) Foot and mouth disease (Ch. 2.2.10.) and its
Surveillance Appendix (App. 3.8.7.) Bluetongue (Ch.2.2.13.) Bovine tuberculosis (Ch. 2.3.3.)
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Proposals for adoption in May 2005
Revised texts (cont.) TSE agents inactivation procedure (App.
3.6.3.) Classical Swine Fever (Ch. 2.6.7.) Avian Influenza (Ch. 2.7.12.) Categorisation of diseases by IETS (App.
3.3.5) Bovine and small ruminants semen (Ch.
3.3.1) Rift Valley fever (CH.2.2.14.) Antimicrobial resistance (section 3.9.)
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Proposals for adoption in May 2005
New text BSE (Ch.2.3.13.) BSE Surveillance Appendix (App.3.8.4.) Classical swine fever Surveillance Appendix Avian Influenza Surveillance Appendix 4 guidelines for Animal Welfare
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Mid-term tasks Work not for adoption in May, but needing
feedback from MCs includes; Carcass disposal Animal production food safety
Works towards developing/revising codes are; Animal identification and traceability Paratuberculosis Chapters on dourine and surra Small hive beetle of honey bees Rinderpest / Peste des petits ruminants African horse sickness
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OIE dispute settlement process
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Dispute settlement
if requested by parties, OIE may act as ‘mediator’ to help resolve differences on a particular technical issue technical-based process, rather than legal voluntary outcomes not binding, unless agreed at start
OIE experts discuss issues and make recommendations
can be alternative to WTO process or precursor to it
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World organisation for animal healthWorld organisation for animal health
12 rue de Prony75017 Paris, France
Tel: 33 (0)1 44 15 18 88 Fax: 33 (0)1 42 67 09 87
Email: [email protected]://www.oie.int
Thank you for your attention