World Housing Encyclopedia Report

Country: Kyrgyzstan

Housing Type: Load-bearing wall buildings protected with the "sliding belt" baseisolation system

Contributors:Jacob EisenbergSvetlana UranovaMarat AbdibalievUlugbek T. Begaliev

Primary Reviewer:Svetlana Brzev

Created on: 6/5/2002Last Modified: 7/2/2003

This encyclopedia contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionalsaround the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those

of the various participants, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake EngineeringResearch Institute, the International Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Engineering Information

Foundation, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. or the participants' organizations.

Table of Contents

General Information............................................................................................1Architectural Features........................................................................................ 3Socio-Economic Issues...................................................................................... 4Structural Features............................................................................................. 6Evaluation of Seismic Performance and Seismic Vulnerability.......................... 10Earthquake Damage Patterns............................................................................ 12Building Materials and Construction Process..................................................... 13Construction Economics.....................................................................................15Insurance............................................................................................................16Seismic Strengthening Technologies................................................................. 17References......................................................................................................... 18Contributors........................................................................................................ 19Figures................................................................................................................20

1 General Information

1.1 CountryKyrgyzstan

1.3 Housing TypeLoad-bearing wall buildings protected with the "sliding belt" base isolation system

1.4 SummarySliding belt is a base isolation system developed for seismic protection of buildings by reducingand limiting the level of seismic forces. The sliding belt system is installed at the base of thebuilding, between the foundation and the superstructure. The foundation is usually made ofcast-in-situ concrete and the superstructure is typically a load-bearing wall structure, either9-story large concrete panel system or 3-story brick masonry construction. Once the earthquakebase shear force exceeds the level of friction force developed in the sliding belt, the building(superstructure) starts to slide relative to the foundation. It is expected that the lateral loadtransferred to the superstructure is approximately equal to the frictional force that triggers thesliding of the structure. The sliding belt consists of the following elements: a) sliding supports,including the 2 mm thick stainless steel plates attached to the foundation and 4 mm Teflon(PTFE) plates attached to the superstructure, b) reinforced rubber restraints for horizontaldisplacements (horizontal stop) and c) restraints for vertical displacements (uplift). A typical largepanel building with plan dimensions 39.6m x10.8 m has 63 sliding supports and 70 horizontal andvertical restraints. The sliding belt scheme was developed in CNIISK Kucherenko (Moscow)around 1975. The first design application in Kyrgyzstan was made in 1982. To date the systemhas been applied on over 30 buildings in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. All these buildings are residentialbuildings and are presently occupied. Base isolated buildings of this type have not been exposedto the effects of damaging earthquakes as yet.

1.5 Typical Period of Practice for Buildings of This Construction TypeHow long has thisconstruction been practiced< 25 years X< 50 years< 75 years< 100 years< 200 years> 200 years

Is this construction still being practiced? Yes NoX

1.6 Region(s) Where UsedThere are about 30 base isolated buildings in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan). In 1982, two 3-story brick masonrywall buildings were built in the area with high seismicity (9-10 per MSK scale). A residential block(microdistrict) of 9-story concrete large panel buildings protected with seismic isolation belt was built inthe period 1983-1990. Several 9-story large panel concrete buildings were built in the center of Bishkek.One of the buildings is also equipped with a dynamic damper. Some buildings with seismic isolation beltwere built in Kazakhstan and Russia (Kamchatka).

1.7 Urban vs. Rural ConstructionWhere is this construction commonly found?In urban areas XIn rural areasIn suburban areas

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Both in rural and urban areas

FIGURE 1B: Typical Building

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2 Architectural Features

2.1 OpeningsWall openings are same as in typical large panel buildings. Usually, for a 3.6m long panel, a window sizeis 1.82 m (width) X 1.53 m (height); for 2.7 m long panel - window size is 1.24 m (width) X 1.53 m (height).The size of a door is 0.9 m (width) X 2 m (height). The size of a balcony door (together with window) iseither 2.25 m or 1.66 m (width) or and 1.9 m (height). Overall window and door areas make up to 20% ofthe overall wall area. There are 16 windows for a building with 10.8m x 25.2m plan dimensions.

2.2 SitingYes No

Is this type of construction typically found on flat terrain? XIs this type of construction typically found on sloped terrain? (hilly areas) XIs it typical for buildings of this type to have common walls with adjacentbuildings?

X

The typical separation distance between buildings is 10 meters

2.3 Building ConfigurationTypical shape of a building plan of this housing type is rectangular.

2.4 Building FunctionWhat is the main function for buildings of this type?Single family houseMultiple housing units XMixed use (commercial ground floor, residential above)Other (explain below)

2.5 Means of EscapeThere is one stair in one building unit (with average plan dimensions 10.8 m X 12.6 m).

2.6 Modification of BuildingsTypical patterns of modification include the perforation of walls with door openings and the creation ofdoor opening instead of the window.

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3 Socio-Economic Issues

3.1 Patterns of OccupancyIn general, in a building of this type there are 3 - 4 housing units per building unit ("Block-Section"). Onefamily occupies one housing unit. Depending on the size of the building (number of stories), 32 to 64families occupy one building.

3.2 Number of Housing Units in a Building60 units in each building.

Additional Comments: Typical range from 32 - 64

3.3 Average Number of Inhabitants in a BuildingHow many inhabitants reside in a typical building of thisconstruction type?

During the day / businesshours

During the evening / night

< 55 to 1010-20> 20 X XOther

3.4 Number of Bathrooms or Latrines per Housing UnitNumber of Bathrooms: 1Number of Latrines: 0

3.5 Economic Level of InhabitantsEconomic Status House Price/Annual Income

(Ratio)Very poor /Poor X /Middle Class X /Rich /

Additional Comments: 50% poor, 50% middle class

3.6 Typical Sources of FinancingWhat is the typical source of financing for buildings of this type?Owner Financed XPersonal Savings XInformal Network: friends and relativesSmall lending institutions/microfinance institutionsCommercial banks / mortagesInvestment poolsCombination (explain)Government-owned housing XOther

Additional Comments: Until 1990 (the breakdown of the Soviet Union), the financing for buildings of thistype had been provided by the Government. At the present time, all new and existing apartment buildingsare privately owned.

3.7 Ownership

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Type of Ownership/OccupancyRent XOwn outright XOwn with Debt (mortgage or other)Units owned individually (condominium) XOwned by group or poolLong-term leaseOther

Additional Comments: These buildings were constructed at the time of the former Soviet Union and theconstruction was sponsored by the Government. However, at the present time all apartments are ownedby the residents.

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4 Structural Features

4.1 Lateral Load-Resisting SystemLateral load-resisting system includes the superstructure (e.g. large reinforced concrete panelconstruction or brick masonry construction) and the foundation. The sliding belt is installed at the base ofthe building, between the foundation and the superstructure. The sliding belt consists of the followingelements: a) sliding supports, including the stainless steel plates attached to the foundation and theTeflon (PTFE) plates attached to the superstructure, b) reinforced rubber restraints for horizontaldisplacements (horizontal stop), and c) restraints for vertical displacements (uplift). The steel plates are 2mm thick; the plate width is approximately equal to the foundation width, and the length depends on thesize of the Teflon plate located at the center (usually projects by 150 mm on each side). The dimensionsof Teflon plates are usually 400 mm x 400 mm for 9-story buildings and 200 mm x 200 mm for 5-storybuildings; typical plate thickness is 4 to 6 mm. Horizontal stops consist of rigidreinforced structure with steel plates and a rubber damper. Vertical stops consist of steel anchor bolts. Atypical large panel building (plan dimensions 39.6m x10.8 m) is equipped with 63 sliding supports and 70horizontal and vertical restraints. A gap between rubber damper and sliding support for a 9-story buildingis usually 50 mm; this means that the horizontal stops will be activated once the building has moved by 50mm in the horizontal direction. The recommended #seismic gap" ranges from 100 to 120 mm. In buildingsconstructed in Bishkek 300 mm gap was provided. No special provisions were made for flexible watersupply and electrical facilities in the buildings protected with this system.Once the earthquake base shear force exceeds the level of frictional force developed in the sliding belt(approximately equal to 10% of the building weight), the building (superstructure) starts to slide relative tothe foundation. The design recommendations state that the frictional coefficient value for Teflon-steelsliding is 0.1 (unless a different value is obtained by the tests). However, it should be noted that once thesliding is initiated, building continues to vibrate and restraints get activated as well. The analysis is basedon rather complex formulas based of research studies that have been modified for the design practice.Simplified design calculations are not commonly used in the design of this construction type;comprehensive analysis is deemed required. Seismic design of the superstructure is performed based onthe results of the dynamic analysis. The level of seismic forces (seismic demand) is reduced as comparedto the conventional buildings by up to 50%.The sliding belt scheme was developed by CNIISK Kucherenko in Moscow around 1975; other institutesin the former Soviet Union also contributed to the development. Late L. S. Kilimnik was the leader in thedevelopment of the seismic belt system. The first design applications of seismic belt scheme were madein Bishkek in 1982. Two types of tests, static tests under horizontal loads and dynamic tests of full-scalebuildings using the vibration equipment were conducted in 1980. The design recommendations for baseisolated buildings of this type were developed based on the results of these tests.

4.2 Gravity Load-Bearing StructureGravity load-bearing structure is a conventional building construction, either large panel construction orbrick masonry construction. Majority of base isolated buildings of this type are large panel concretebuildings with monolithic joints (seria 105). This construction type was described in detail in anothercontribution from Kyrgyzstan (by S. Uranova and U. Begaliev). Brick masonry buildings are 3-story highand are equipped with the reinforced concrete members and steel mesh, typical for brick masonryconstruction in the former Soviet Union. It should be noted, however, that the construction of conventional3-story high brick masonry construction was otherwise not permitted in high seismic zones (intensity 9 to10 on the MSK scale)

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4.3 Type of Structural SystemMaterial Type of

Load-BearingStructure

# Subtypes

Masonry Stone masonrywalls

1 Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or withoutmortar (usually with timber roof)

2 Massive stone masonry (in lime or cement mortar)Earthen walls 3 Mud walls

4 Mud walls with horizontal wood elements5 Adobe block or brick walls6 Rammed earth/Pise construction

Unreinforced brickmasonry walls

7 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud or lime mortar8 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud or lime mortar with

vertical posts9 Unreinforced brick masonry in cement or lime mortar

(various floor/roof systems)X

Confined masonry 10 Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tiecolumns and beams

Concrete blockmasonry walls

11 Unreinforced in lime or cement mortar (various floor/roofsystems)

12 Reinforced in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)13 Large concrete block walls with concrete floors and roofs

Concrete Moment resistingframe

14 Designed for gravity loads only (predating seismic codes i.e.no seismic features)

15 Designed with seismic features (various ages)16 Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls17 Flat slab structure18 Precast frame structure19 Frame with concrete shear walls-dual system20 Precast prestressed frame with shear walls

Shear wall structure 21 Walls cast in-situ22 Precast wall panel structure X

Steel Moment resistingframe

23 With brick masonry partitions24 With cast in-situ concrete walls25 With lightweight partitions

Braced frame 26 Concentric27 Eccentric

Timber Load-bearingtimber frame

28 Thatch29 Post and beam frame30 Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (wattle and daub)31 Wooden frame (with or without infill)32 Stud wall frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing33 Wooden panel or log construction

Various Seismic protectionsystems

34 Building protected with base isolation devices or seismicdampers

X

Other 35

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4.4 Type of FoundationType Description

Shallow Foundation Wall or column embedded in soil, without footingRubble stone (fieldstone) isolated footingRubble stone (fieldstone) strip footingReinforced concrete isolated footingReinforced concrete strip footing XMat foundationNo foundation

Deep Foundation Reinforced concrete bearing pilesReinforced concrete skin friction pilesSteel bearing pilesWood pilesSteel skin friction pilesCast in place concrete piersCaissons

Other

Additional Comments: Foundation include seismoisolation sliding belt

4.5 Type of Floor/Roof SystemMaterial Description of floor/roof system Floor Roof

Masonry VaultedComposite masonry and concrete joist

StructuralConcrete

Solid slabs (cast in place or precast)Cast in place waffle slabsCast in place flat slabsPrecast joist systemPrecast hollow core slabsPrecast beams with concrete toppingPost-tensioned slabs

Steel Composite steel deck with concrete slabTimber Rammed earth with ballast and concrete or plaster finishing

Wood planks or beams with ballast and concrete or plaster finishingThatched roof supported on wood purlinsWood single roofWood planks or beams that support clay tilesWood planks or beams that support slate, metal asbestos-cement or plasticcorrugated sheets or tilesWood plank, plywood or manufactured wood panels on joists supported bybeams or walls

StructuralConcrete

Precast solid slab panels X X

4.6 Typical Plan DimensionsLength: 50.4 - 50.4 metersWidth: 50.4 - 50.4 meters

4.7 Typical Number of Stories9

4.8 Typical Story Height3 meters

4.9 Typical Span2.7 meters

Additional Comments: For cross walls: 3.6 m or 2.7 m. For longitudinal walls: 5.4 m

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4.10 Typical Wall Density14% - 14%Total wall area/plan area is about 0.14. Wall density in two principal directions is not equal; in one of thedirections wall density is less by 20 to 30% as compared to the other direction.

4.11 General Applicability of Answers to Questions in Section 4This contribution describes approximately 30 design applications of sliding belt isolation system inprefabricated large panel concrete construction and brick masonry construction.

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5 Evaluation of Seismic Performance and Seismic Vulnerability

5.1 Structural and Architectural Features: Seismic ResistanceStructural/ArchitecturalFeature

Statement True False N/A

Lateral load path The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force effects fromany horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial forces form thebuilding to the foundation.

X

Buildingconfiguration

The building is regular with regards to both the plan and the elevation. X

Roof construction The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected that the roofstructure will maintain its integrity, i.e.. shape and form, during anearthquake of intensity expected in this area.

X

Floor construction The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is expected that thefloor structure(s) will maintain its integrity, during an earthquake of intensityexpected in this area.

X

Foundationperformance

There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g. settlement)that would affect the integrity or performance of the structure in anearthquake.

X

Wall and framestructures-redundancy

The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction is greaterthan or equal to 2.

X

Wall proportions Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is: 1) Lessthan 25 (concrete walls); 2)Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls); 3)Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls).

X

Foundation- wallconnection

Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to thefoundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the foundation.

X

Wall-roofconnections

Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at eachdiaphragm level with metal anchors or straps.

X

Wall openings The total width of door and window openings in a wall is: 1) for brickmasonry construction in cement mortar: less than 1/2 of the distancebetween the adjacent cross walls; 2) for adobe masonry, stone masonryand brick masonry in mud mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between theadjacent cross walls; 3) for precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 ofthe length of a perimeter wall.

X

Quality of buildingmaterials

Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per requirementsof national codes and standards (an estimate).

X

Quality ofworkmanship

Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of few typical buildings)is considered to be good (per local construction standards).

X

Maintenance Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are no visiblesigns of deterioration of building elements (concrete, steel, timber).

X

Other

5.2 Seismic FeaturesStructural Element Seismic Deficiency Earthquake-Resilient Features Earthquake Damage PatternsWall Application to large panel construction -

Panel joints; quality of construction,especially welding of reinforcing barsfrom the adjacent panels and filling thegaps between the panels with concreteis not satisfactory in some cases

Due to a large number and uniformdistribution of panel joints existing inone building, deficient construction ofsome joints does not have a majorimpact on the overall seismic resistancein the building as a whole.

Damage of bearing structures of upperfloors less then in similar buildingswithout Seismic protection system

Roof and floors Application to large panel construction-Panel joints; quality ofconstruction,especially welding ofreinforcing bars from the adjacentpanels and filling the gaps between thepanels with concrete is not satisfactoryin some cases.

Due to a large number and uniformdistribution of panel joints existing inone building, deficient construction ofsome joints does not have a majorimpact on the overall seismic resistancein the building as a whole.

Seismic Belt Quality and precision in the constructionof the sliding belt system

The sliding belt is efficient in reducingthe level of seismic forces in thebuilding

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5.3 Seismic Vulnerability RatingVulnerability

High (Very PoorSeismicPerformance)

Medium Low (ExcellentSeismicPerformace)

A B C D E FSeismic

Vulnerability Class< 0 >

0 - probable value< - lower bound> - upper bound

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6 Earthquake Damage Patterns

6.1 Past Earthquakes Reported To Affect This ConstructionYear Earthquake Epicenter Richter magnitude(M) Maximum Intensity (Indicate

Scale e.g. MMI, MSK)

Additional Comments: This building type was tested by the special vibration equipment on loads equal todesign seismic loads.

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7 Building Materials and Construction Process

7.1 Description of Building MaterialsStructural Element Building Material Characteristic Strength Mix Proportions/ Dimensions CommentsWalls Reinforced

concreteConcrete: 30-35 MPa ( cubecompressive strength) Steel:390 MPa (steel yield strength)

Foundations Reinforcedconcrete

Concrete: 10-15 MPa (cubecompressive strength) Steel:295 MPa (Steel yieldstrength)

Roof and floors Reinforcedconcrete

Concrete: 30-35 MPa (cubecompressive strength) Steel:390 MPa (Steel yieldstrength)

7.2 Does the builder typically live in this construction type, or is it more typicallybuilt by developers or for speculation?Anyone can live in buildings of this construction type.

7.3 Construction ProcessConstruction is performed by builders. Designs are developed in the design institutes. Specializedconstruction companies make precast concrete elements and perform casting of concrete in-situ. Precastelements are fabricated at the plants. In case of precast foundation and superstructure construction, steeland Teflon plates are installed at the plant. Horizontal restraints (rubber dampers) and vertical restraintsare installed at the site. The main construction equipment is the same as in the case of conventionalconcrete construction and it includes crane, welding equipment and concrete mixers.

7.4 Design/Construction ExpertiseThe expertise required for the design and construction of this type is available. Building designs wereprepared by design institutes. The academic background of the designers is the same as for conventionalconstruction. It is not required to have designers with high academic degrees e.g. M.Sc. and Ph.D. on theteam. Construction of base isolated buildings and the approval of the designs were controlled by researchinstitutes (State Experts) like any other new construction performed in accordance with the Building Coderequirements.

7.5 Building Codes and StandardsYes No

Is this construction type addressed by codes/standards? X

Title of the code or standard: SNiP II-7-81. Building in Seismic Regions.Design codeYear the first code/standard addressing this type of construction issued: 1981National building code, material codes and seismic codes/standards: SNiP II-7-81. Building in SeismicRegions. Design code. CNIISK. Recommendations for Design of Buildings with Seismic Isolation Belt andDynamic Vibration Dampers, Moscow, 1984.When was the most recent code/standard addressing this construction type issued? 1981

7.6 Role of Engineers and ArchitectsDesign of buildings of this construction type was done completely by engineers and architects.Researchers also participated in the development of design documentation. Engineers played a leadingrole in each stage of construction.

7.7 Building Permits and Development Control Rules

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Yes NoBuilding permits are required XInformal construction XConstruction authorized per development control rules X

7.8 Phasing of ConstructionYes No

Construction takes place over time (incrementally) XBuilding originally designed for its final constructed size X

7.9 Building MaintenanceWho typically maintains buildings of this type?Builder XOwner(s) XRenter(s) XNo oneOther

7.10 Process for Building Code EnforcementBuilding permit will be given if the design documents have been approved by the State Experts. StateExperts check the compliance of design documents with the pertinent Building Codes. According to thebuilding bylaws, building cannot be used without the formal approval by a special committee. Thecommittee gives the approval if design documents are complete and the construction has been carriedout in compliance with the Building Codes.

7.11 Typical Problems Associated with this Type of ConstructionInstallation/construction of sliding belt is a rather complex technological problem as compared to theconventional construction.

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8 Construction Economics

8.1 Unit Construction Cost (estimate)For load-bearing structure only (including the seismic belt) the cost is about 230 US$/m². For a similarprefabricated concrete panel building (seria 105) without a seismic belt the construction cost would be50-200 US$/m². Therefore, the increase in unit cost due to the installation of seismic belt is in the rangefrom 15 to 50 %.

8.2 Labor Requirements (estimate)It would take from 8 to10 months for a team of 15 workers to construct a load-bearing structure.

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9 Insurance

9.1 Insurance IssuesYes No

Earthquake insurance for this construction type is typically available XInsurance premium discounts or higher coverages are available for seismicallystrengthened buildings or new buildings built to incorporate seismically resistantfeatures

X

9.2 If earthquake insurance is available, what does this insurance typicallycover/cost?

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10 Seismic Strengthening Technologies

10.1 Description of Seismic Strengthening ProvisionsType of intervention Structural Deficiency Description of seismic strengthening provision used

10.2 Has seismic strengthening described in the above table been performed indesign practice, and if so, to what extent?No. Buildings of this type are already strengthened by means of seismic belt.

10.3 Was the work done as a mitigation effort on an undamaged building, or asrepair following earthquake damage?N/A

10.4 Was the construction inspected in the same manner as new construction?N/A

10.5 Who performed the construction: a contractor, or owner/user? Was anarchitect or engineer involved?N/A

10.6 What has been the performance of retrofitted buildings of this type insubsequent earthquakes?N/A

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11 ReferencesCNIISK. Recommendations for Design of Buildings with Seismic Isolation Belt and Dynamic VibrationDampers, Moscow, 1984 (in Russian)

King, Stephanie, Vitaly Khalturin and Brian E. Tucker. Seismic Hazard and Buildings Vulnerability inPost-Soviet Central Asia Republics. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop onEarthquake Risk Management Strategies for Post-Soviet Central Asian Republics, Almaty, Kazakhstan,Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1999.

Uranova, S.K., and Imanbekov, S.T. Building and Construction Design in Seismic Regions-Handbook.Kyrgyz NIIP Stroitelstva, Building Ministry Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic, 1996 (in Russian).

Eisenberg, J. et al. Seismoisolation in Russia and former USSR Countries: Recent Developments.Proceedings of the International Post-SMiRt Conference Seminar, Cheju, Korea, Korea EarthquakeEngineering Research Center, Seoul, Korea, 1999,Vol.1, p. 99-115.

Eisenberg, J. et al. Applications of Seismic Isolation in the USSR. Proceedings of the Tenth WorldConference on Earthquake Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol.4, 1992, p. 2039-2044.

Eisenberg, J. and Bealiev, V.S. Operating Experience in Designing and Construction of the System ofSpecial Seismic Isolation of Buildings and Constructions in the former Russia. Proceedings of theEleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Pergamon, Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford,England, 1996, Disc 1, Paper No. 263.

Experimental Buildings with Seismic Protection in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (in Russian)

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12 ContributorsName Jacob Eisenberg Svetlana Uranova Marat Abdibaliev Ulugbek T. BegalievTitle Pr., Chairman Engineer Dr.,Chairman Head of DepartmentAffiliation Russian National

Committee forEarthquakeEngineering

Kyrgyzpromproekt KNIIPC

Address 4 BerezhkovskyEmbankment Art 110

107-1222 HarwoodStreet

Chuy 219-2 Vost PromZoneCholponatisky 2

City Moscow Vancouver, BC Bishkek BishkekZipcode 121059 V6E 152 720000 720571Country Russian Federation Canada Kyrgyzstan KyrgyzstanPhone 007-095-945-36-28 604-696-0563 996-3312-215446 996-3312-237564Fax 007-095-174-70-64 996-3312-215446Email seismo@online.ru uransv@yahoo.com prom@intranet.kg utbegaliev@yahoo.comWebpage

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13 Figures

FIGURE 1A: Typical Building

FIGURE 2: Key Load-Bearing Elements

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FIGURE 3: Typical Floor Plan

FIGURE 3A: Ground Floor Plan Showing Locations of Base Isolation Devices

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FIGURE 4: Critical Structural Details - Base Isolation Devices

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