World History IMr. Pawlowski2010 - 2011

• 476 CE:• Odoacer deposes Romulus

Augustus• 510 CE:• Clovis est. the Frankish

Kingdom• 534 CE:• Justinian Codifies Roman

Law• 732 CE:• Battle of Tours

• 800 CE (Christmas Day):• Charlemagne is crowned

‘Emperor of the Romans’• 843 CE:• Treat of Verdun

• 962 CE:• Otto the Great crowned

emperor

‘medium aveum’: Latin: ‘Middle Ages’▪ English source for

‘medieval’

‘Dark Ages’: light-versus-dark

imagery▪ light: Rome▪ dark: Barbarian

Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire: disrupts trade population shift abandonment of cities fragmentation of Europe decline of learning merging of Latin and Germanic vernacular

Germanic Kingdoms: (Italia) Italy: Ostrogoths (Hispania) Spain: Visigoths▪ kept government & infrastructure of Rome

(Britannia) Britain: Angles & Saxons (Gaul) France: Franks & Burgundians

ROMANCE LANGUAGES GERMANIC LANGUAGES

‘Emperor of the Romans’ (Imperator Romanorum): 800 CE – crowned by Pope Leo III

▪ Charlemagne quelled a revolt in Rome Capital: Aachen

‘New Rome’ Territorial Gains:

Spanish March, Lombardy, Saxony, Papal States & Bavaria▪ empire united through road construction

‘Carolingian Renaissance’: revival of Latin learning

▪ standardized Latin (medieval Latin)▪ created Carolingian miniscule

encourages education & literacy▪ schools & scriptoria

constructs monasteries Government:

‘missi dominici’:▪ ‘envoys of the lord’

links political authority to the Church

Weak successors : Louis the Pious

‘Carolingian Civil War’: Treaty of Verdun (843

CE):▪ Lothair▪ Louis the German▪ Charles the Bald

‘Barbarian’ Invasions: Muslims, Magyars &

Vikings (Scandanavians) Feudalism emerges:

Lack of central authority & effective rulers

Otto I (912 – 973 CE): ‘King of the Germans’ (936 – 973 CE):▪ succeeded Henry the Fowler

‘Holy Roman Emperor’ (962 – 973 CE):▪ anointed by Pope John XII

Investiture Controversy: lay investiture:▪ ceremony where kings/nobles appoint church officials

banned by Pope Gregory VII (1075 CE)▪ Henry IV called for the election of a new pope

▪ excommunicated and deposed as king ‘Walk to Canossa’:▪ Henry IV begged for forgiveness for three days in the snow

Concordat of Worms (1122 CE): Church held sole power to appoint bishops▪ emperor had veto power

Fredrick I Barbarossa (1122 – 1190 CE): 1st to call the territory the ‘Holy Roman Empire’▪ Germany splintered into fragmented feudal states

Angles, Saxons & Jutes: Location: Northern Germany & Denmark

▪ settled: England Muslims:

Location: North Arica & Spain▪ Caliphate of Cordoba ▪ Umayyad, Abbasid & Fatimid Dynasties

Invade: Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Southern Italy & France Vikings:

Location: Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden & Norway) Invasions:

▪ Danes: northern Gaul & England▪ Swedes: central and eastern Europe (Russia)▪ Norwegians: England, Scotland, Ireland, Greenland & Iceland

▪ Eric the Red & Leif Ericson Ended upon the conversion of many tribes to Christianity

Magyars: Location: modern-day Hungary

▪ foothills of the Carpathian Mountains Did not settle conquered territory

▪ enslaved conquered peoples Invasions: Italy, Germany & France

Effect: pushed Europe towards a feudal system▪ offered protection based upon mutual obligations

disrupts sea trade & trade between the Franks & Italy

Invasions broke down central authority people began to look towards local

rulers for protection Mutual Obligation (Feudal Contract):

Lord:▪ grants land (fief)▪ offers defense▪ possesses many vassals

Vassal:▪ receives land▪ supplies troops▪ pledges loyalty▪ Act of Homage or Oath of Fealty

▪ pays tax wasteful and inefficient method of

rule conflicting allegiances

Code of Chivalry: idealized qualities of knighthood▪ bravery▪ courtesy▪ honor▪ gallantry▪ loyalty

Three Masters: King/Lord God chosen Lady

Tournaments: mock battles that combined recreation and

combat training

Design: place of protection place of retreat in the

event of an attack

Reinforced Feudal System: offensive weapons built to

control surrounding lands▪ evolved into residence for the

King or Lord

Types: Motte and Bailey Rectangular Keep Shell Keep Concentric Castle

economic ties between lord of the manor and the peasants peasants could not afford own

land and sought protection

Typical Manor: lord’s house

▪ fortified palisade, castle, etc. pastures for livestock fields for crops forested areas village/town

self-sufficient manors increase the food & crop productions heavier plow three-field system

types of peasants: Slaves:▪ could be bought or sold

Serfs:▪ bound to the land▪ could not leave without permission▪ no political rights

▪ capable of accumulating personal wealth Freeman (Yeoman):▪ owned small parts of the land

rigid class structure: against the law to dress out of your social class

obligations: provided labor or portion of crop output▪ owed a ‘tithe’ to the church:▪ one-tenth of income

▪ paid tax to use mill, bakery, wine-press and to hunt

Church takes a central role in society after the fall of Rome unifying force aided poor▪ ‘social service’

Church authority increases as secular authority declines▪ serves social, political and religious needs of the people

clergy is organized into different ranks

• Pope Gregory I (540 – 604 CE):• broadened authority of the Papacy• ‘churchly kingdom’ • Christians become subject to ‘canon law’

• Claims of Authority:• Territorial:• Italy to England• Spain to Western Germany• Papal States

• Theological:• all clergy (bishops, priests, etc.)• Byzantine Church

• Secular Power:• Negotiated treaties• Repaired roads• Raised armies

• Spiritual Power:• constructs monasteries• stronger ties to the Church

• reenergizes missionary work• established the ‘medieval papacy’

Emperors/Kings granted favors to the Church Land Tax exemption Immunity Positions/Titles Laws against other religions

Church provided aid to emperors/kings: Endorsement▪ secured rule

Educated administrators

Monasteries: religious communities of monks

▪ withdrawal from secular life▪ focus on prayer and study

Monk:▪ dedicated to God and the Church

▪ ‘servants of God’

St. Benedict (480 – 547 CE): Established strict/practical set of rules for monastic life

Benedictine Rules:• life of poverty• study, do labor, and obey the abbot

• abbot: head of the monastery.• pray often, work hard, talk as little as possible, and give up all of

their private property to the Monastery.• live in communities where they could perform more good

• compared to isolation of previous monks

balance of work and study turned Monasteries into centers of learning preserve Greco-Roman culture

Nuns: women dedicated to the Church and

its spiritual mission Convents:

female equivalent to a monastery▪ Head: Abbess

offered opportunities: education community involvement

Scholastica: adapted Bendictan Rules for convent

life▪ sister of St. Benedict

Attempt to convert new groups to the Christian faith: Converts:▪ Germanic tribes▪ Celtic tribes▪ Slavs▪ Vikings

Missionaries Spread: Latin Alphabet Christianity