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Document of

The World Bank

Report No. T-6933-BIH

TECHNICAL ANNEX

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

EMERGENCY LANDMINES CLEARANCE PROJECT

JULY 9, 1996

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TECHNICAL ANNEX

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

Unit of Currency: Bosnia and Herzegovina Dinar (BHD)

BHD 100.00 = US$ 0.67 (as of June 14, 1996)US$1.00 = BHD 148.8 (as of June 14, 1996)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BH - Bosnia and HerzegovinaEU - European UnionEOD - Explosive Ordnance DisposalFBH - Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaICRC - International Committee of the Red CrossIDA - International Development AssociationIFOR - Implementation Force (NATO)MAC - Mine Action CenterMCPG - Mine Clearance Policy Group (under JCC/OHR)MPRA Mine Protection and Removal Agency (national level)MSPE - Ministry of Spacial Planning and Environment (FBH)OHR - Office of the High RepresentativePIU - Project Implementation UnitRS - Republika SrpskaUN - United NationsUNPF - United Nations Protection ForceUNHCR - United Nations High Commission for RefugeesUSG - United States GovernmentUXO - Unexploded ordnance

FISCAL YEAR

January I to December 31

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY



TECHNIICAL ANNEX

Table of Contents

A. Background ..................................................................... 1IThe extent of landmine contamination ..................................................................... 1ICurrent mine-clearing activity ..................................... 1-.IExisting institutions and landmine-clearing capacity ...................................... 2Consequences for reconstruction and recovery ...................................... 2

B. Strategy to Clear Landmines ....................................... 3Reconstruction and the landmine program ..................................... 3Coordinated international response ..................................... 4

C. First Year Program .................................... 5Program objectives ..................................... 5Program description ..................................... 5Setting up institutional structure ..................................... 6Protecting vulnerable population groups ..................................... 7Increasing local mine-clearing capacity ..................................... 8Priority mine clearing ..................................... 9Program costs and financing .................................... 10

D. Project Implementation ..................................... 11Institutional arrangements ..................................... 11Agreements reached .................................... 12Procurement, accounts, and reporting .................................... 14

E. Appendices

1. Notes on Mine Clearing Techniques and Technology2 Institutional Structure for Mine Clearance3. Implementation Schedule4. Lessons from Mine Clearance Programs5. Draft Terms of Reference for a Pilot Project6 Preliminary Mineclearing Program for Major Infrastructure7. Procurement Arrangements8. Draft Terms of Reference for Quality Assurance9. Estimated Program Cost and Financing Plan10. Technical Specifications for Mineclearing.11. Responsibilities for Setting Priorities and Project Implementation

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of theirofficial duties. Its contents mnay not otherwise be disclosed wUhout World Bank authorization.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAEMERGENCY LANDMINES CLEARANCE PROJECT

TECHNICAL ANNEX

A: BACKGROUND

The extent of landmine contamination

1. Landmine contamination is a problem for all aspects of reconstruction and communitydevelopment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mines have been used by all sides during more thanthree years of violent conflict, and are, in general, likely to be found in a band of contaminationabout 5 km wide along former confrontation lines. Estimates of the number of landmines rangefrom 1.5 million to 3 million. Nearly all of the mines are of ex-Yugoslavian origin, and manyare made mostly of plastic, making them difficult to detect and likely to remain dangerous for aslong as a century. The region is also littered with unused bulk ammunition, much of which isnow in very poor condition. All areas that were considered strategically significant are potentialsites for mines, including roads and mountain trails, roads, bridges, railways, forests, villages,and agricultural land. Mines have been used to deny access to facilities of all kinds, and tohinder the reconstruction of roads and bridges, and the restoration of power supplies, water, gasand railways. Many of the existing minefield maps and records are unreliable, many minefieldshave not been mapped, and some areas have been mined and re-mined by both sides, in patternswhich make subsequent detection difficult. Furthermore, mines move with soil erosion andmines laid near rivers will eventually float in the water; thus mines laid near rivers willeventually be washed downstream into previously uncontaminated areas. Clearing all the mineswill take years, probably decades, and will be very costly.

2. UNHCR carried out a general needs assessment survey in June 1994 in 41 communitiesin nine regions of Central Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bihac (covering about 20,000 people inabout 5,000 households). Results of the survey show landmine incidents in 36 of thecommunities, the highest in Zenica. More than 12% of households were affected in GornjiVakuf, Vares and Zenica; and agricultural production was affected in 17 of the 41 communities.Access to land in these areas is estimated to have been reduced by 20 to 50% because of mines.

Current mine clearing activity.

3. Under the Dayton Agreement, the ex-combatants are required to clear their ownminefields from the Zone of Separation (ZOS) or other areas from which their forces arewithdrawn, and to carry out minefield marking. However, complete clearance within the ZOScannot be accomplished within the Dayton time framework. Priority is being given tomineclearing in support of infrastructure reconstruction needs, but the exercise is unlikely tocover all the priority sites. Until very recently (March, 1996), all areas cleared under theagreement were cleared to military, rather than civilian ('humanitarian'), standards and willrequire verification (see Appendix 1 -- Notes on Mine Clearing Techniques and Technology).Despite the efforts to date, the majority of mines remain, and a major clearance effort is nowrequired. Some mines remain even in the areas that have been cleared to a military level, andthese areas will need verification to bring them to a civilian safety level.

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Existing institutions and landmine-clearing capacity

4. While the need for mine-clearing is urgent, and precedes the need for infrastructurereconstruction, the institutional arrangements for dealing with this new problem are not yet fullyestablished. The Ministry of Spacial Planning and Environment was designated as the ministryresponsible for civilian mine-clearing in the Federation, and a mine-clearing agency has beenestablished for this purpose in RS. A Mine Protection and Removal Agency (MPRA) hasrecently been established at the state level; initial staff have established a working relationshipwith the Mine Action Center (MAC, which was established under UN auspices -- paras. 13-15).'Together they should serve as a focus for all mine-related activity in Bosnia until the means andthe timing of a complete transition to Bosnian ownership have been worked out.

5. The landmine contamination problem will require a long-term clearance effort involvinga large number of mine-clearers, possibly over 2,500. Bosnian UXO disposal experts have beenresponding to emergency calls throughout the war and the police continue to respond to suchcalls. There are also soldiers who have military mine-clearing experience. There are, however,very few commercial companies which have all the requirements (technical, managerial, andimplementation skills, and capital) that allow them to respond to the need for civilian mine-clearing. (i.e. de-mining to humanitarian standards). Moreover, although the needs are large,resources to turn this need into effective demand are lacking.

Consequences for reconstruction and recovery.

6. In all the areas where there have been hostilities, particularly where there has not beencontinual presence of civilians, there is a risk of accidents and deaths from mines, unexplodedordnance, and booby traps. Booby traps are particularly likely to be found in areas where therehas been a transfer of territorial control between ex-combatants, and is of substantial concern inSarajevo itself. In the absence of comprehensive mine awareness, minefield marking, and mine-clearing, landmine incidents are likely to increase as freedom of movement increases. Thereturn of displaced people and refugees, which is anticipated to gather momentum in the spring,lends added urgency to the problem. The UNHCR's planning figure for assistance during 1996includes about 870,000 people returning to, or relocating within, Bosnia and Herzegovina duringthe year.

7. Landmine contamination around major infrastructure facilities is already causing delaysin reconstruction. Landmines are suspected in several stretches of power transmission lines, gaslines, on railway lines, along the edges of roads, on and around bridges and facilities such aspower stations, etc. Landmines and booby traps are also suspected in some of the areas of thedistrict heating network in Sarajevo. Access to these and other sites for survey and design workis constrained in many cases because of the known or suspected presence of minefields.

I A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the Federation has also recently been established. This would belocated physically within the MPRA.

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B. STRATEGY TO CLEAR LANDMINES

Reconstruction and the Landmine Program

8. As part of a coordinated effort of the Government and the international community, theBank assisted in preparing a reconstruction program (in energy, water and waste management,transport, telecommunications, agriculture, industry, education, health, housing, and clearing oflandmines) totaling about US$5 billion equivalent over the next three to four years. Clearinglandmines and unexploded ordnance is an integral part of this international effort, and is roughlyestimated to cost about $200 million over the whole period. The reconstruction program waspresented at donors' conferences, starting in Brussels in December, 1995.

9. In January 1996, the Ministry of Spacial Planning and the Environment prepared a draftoutline of a long term program - "Program of Land Mine Clearing, Protection against Mines andOther Unexploded Ordnance Remaining after the War on the Territory of Bosnia andHerzegovina". The program's objectives are the efficient reduction of the risks and of thesuffering caused by landmines and restoration of normal living and working conditions in Bosniaand Herzegovina. Recognizing the long-term nature of the problem, the program recognized theneed for a heavy reliance on effective protection methods (mine-awareness education, andmarking of some of the mine-fields for future clearance in the near to medium term. Some of theguiding principles agreed with the Government were that the program would be under civiliancontrol, and that it would take an integrated view of the needs over the whole territory of Bosniaand Herzegovina: if the problem is addressed in a piece-meal fashion, duplication or gaps inmine-clearing may occur, resulting in extra costs -- or worse still, unnecessary casualties in thecivilian population. The program therefore requires cooperation between entities.

10. It is also understood by all concerned that a program to clear landmines therefore has tobe closely coordinated with the overall reconstruction and economic recovery program andefforts to reintegrate displaced people. It also has to be carried out according to agreedprocedures for establishing priorities. The importance of making maximum use of existingBosnian resources both within the institutions responsible for mine-related activities, and interms of mine-clearing capacity, has been stressed by the Bosnian authorities; however, there is arecognition of the need for some initial international financial and technical assistance.

11. There is general agreement that, although some core public capacity would be needed torespond to urgent calls, most of the demining would be carried out under competitive contractingby trained mine clearers in private companies. The widespread nature of the landmine problemshould provide some opportunity for small scale enterprises, and should generate employmentwhich may be particularly suitable for demobilized soldiers. All these guiding principles for thelandmine program were discussed and agreed at an early stage with both entities.

12. The main elements of the program for clearing landmines have been outlined and agreedwith the responsible ministry or agency in each entity during project preparation; i.e., with theMinistry of Spacial Planning and Environment (MSPE) in the Federation, and the mine-clearingagency in RS. The agreed program elements include: establishing the institutions needed toaddress all aspects of the landmine problem (a central unit and regional offices); carrying outmine awareness and training programs, mine surveys and minefield marking; mine clearance and

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disposal; mine management training; and safety monitoring and quality assurance. Theprogram's objectives are the efficient protection against mines and restoration of normal livingand working conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Recognizing the long-term nature of theproblem, there will be a heavy reliance on effective protection methods (mine-awarenesseducation -- "learning to live with landmines") in the near to medium term.

Coordinated international response

13. The international community has expressed a great deal of interest in assisting Bosnia andHerzegovina to address the landmine problem. In view of the current political situation, theurgency of the problem, and the number of different agencies and entities involved, it wasagreed at a meeting in mid-February, called by the Office of the High Representative, that agroup should be established under the auspices of the OHR. This group, the Mine ClearancePolicy Group (MCPG) is now part of a temporary structure for launching and implementing amine-clearing program, and would facilitate the coordination of international assistance, andfoster inter-entity coordination. The Mine Action Center (MAC), under the auspices of theUN, and working together with the Government, serves as the focal point for all mine-relatedactivity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This structure of the MCPG and the MAC has been inplace for several months and has the support of the international community. However, thestructure is temporary, and its functions should be placed entirely within the Government's ownstructure at the earliest feasible time.

14. The MCPG includes representatives of the Government (State, Federation, and RepublikaSrpska), and of several international organizations, including the United Nations, the EuropeanUnion, the World Bank, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and IFOR. Someinternational NGOs also attend meetings as observers. The MCPG meetings concentrate oncoordination between international agencies and government, on inter-entity determination ofpriorities, coordination, and arbitration. The MCPG is a forum for discussion and facilitation: itis not a permanent institution, and will meet only until the objective of assisting thetransformation to a Government-owned structure is complete.

15. The MAC has recently been established in the Sarajevo area to advise the Government.Its functions will be to manage the mine information system, coordinate the mine awarenessprograms, mine survey and minefield marking, training, and mine-clearing activities; andestablish and monitor safety and quality assurance standards. Initially, international advisers areplaying a key role in establishing the MAC and its functions, but as the means and timing of thetransition into a Bosnian Government structure are worked out, the international advisers' rolewill diminish. A Mine Protection and Removal Agency (MPRA) has recently been established atthe State level, initial staff have already established a working relationship with the MAC.

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C: FIRST YEAR PROGRAM

16. The Mine Action Program. The program is a long-term one, with some componentslasting for years, possibly decades. The components of the agreed program include:

a) The establishment of the institutions needed to address all aspects of the landmineproblem (a central unit and regional offices);

b) The establishment of a mine contamination data base;

c) Programs to protect vulnerable populations, such as mine awareness, mine survey andminefield marking;

d) Specialist mine clearing in support of the high priority infrastructure rehabilitationprojects in the overall reconstruction program;

e) Capacity building, i.e., training and other assistance to expand the Bosnian mine-clearing capacity;

f) Additional mine-clearing in support of community priorities (local infrastructure andfacilities); and

g) Establishing of a capacity to monitor spending, contractor progress, and safetystandards, and carry out Quality Assurance (QA).

Program Objectives

17. The objectives of the program are to protect vulnerable groups until mines in theircommunities can be cleared, and to clear mines in support of priority reconstruction, economicrecovery, and the restoration of essential public services.

Program Description

18. In order to achieve these objectives, all elements of the program need to be established,and a multi-track approach is indicated. Four areas of activity need to be tackled simultaneously:(i) setting up the necessary institutions and functions to sustain the program; (ii) protectingvulnerable groups; (iii) increasing local landmine-clearing capacity; and (iv) carrying out urgentmine-clearing.

19. The overall landmine clearing program's first year priority activities are:-

a) Institutional development: Setting up the institutional structure and getting it fullyoperational will include establishing the mine information management system, andestablishing the capacity to coordinate all mine-related activities, supervise mine-clearing, oversee operating and safety standards, and carry out quality assurance(QA).

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b) Mine awareness: National mine awareness programs have been in place for sometime, and are assisted by UN agencies and NGOs who specialize in this area. Amajor new effort is now needed, targeting specific vulnerable groups. Programs willbe coordinated through the MPRA/MAC.

c) Increasing Local Mine-Clearing Capacity: A training program is being designed.It would accommodate common training, safety, and operating standards which canbe set and monitored by the Government. However, there will be a need to trainstudents from both entities, and discussion is under way as to how best to handle thisrequirement. Existing training capacity would be used to the extent feasible, butwould be augmented by additional equipment and by technical assistance in the formof instructors.

d) Urgent mine clearing: As necessary as the institutional arrangements and mineawareness programns are, they do not remove landmines. Mine clearing needs to becarried out as soon as possible in support of urgent reconstruction and recoverypriorities. Within the first year, some of these contracts will be carried out by

2international companies, but these should be limited . The procedures fordetermining priorities are established; and much of the mine-clearing in support ofmajor infrastructure has already been identified. Reconstruction of local networks andother community priorities (hospitals, schools, housing, etc.) is an equally importantpart of the overall reconstruction and recovery of Bosnia, and a reasonable balanceneeds to be struck between the two.

The program elements are discussed in more detail below.

(a) Setting up the institutional structure

20. The MAC headquarters in Sarajevo, working in cooperation with MPRA, will be themain contact point for all other mine-related agencies as well as the focal point for all mine-related activity. It should have an appropriate size to perform the task in a cost effective manner,relying heavily on the regional offices. The organizational structure is shown in Appendix 2.MAC will, on behalf of Government: manage the mine information system; coordinate mineawareness programs, as well as mine survey, minefield marking, and mine-clearing activities;and establish and monitor safety and quality assurance standards. The operations would beheavily dependent on several regional offices for information on locations and data on landminesand unexploded ordnance. An important part of MAC's work will be assisting the Governmentthrough advice on contracting and supervision of contracts.

21. The UN has initiated the recruitment of 11 staff (5 international and 6 local). The firstUN- supported MAC staff (chief demining adviser) arrived in Sarajevo in early March, 1996.The USG indicates that it now has committed funding of about $8.5 million for additional

2 Mine clearing in support of the first few months of the reconstruction program in the roads and bridges, railways,power, gas, and district heating sectors is being handled through expedited contracting procedures, and is notfinanced under this project.

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support to the MAC. The total staff in headquarters and three initial regional offices is plannedto number 109, of which 16 would be internationally recruited; the other 93 would be Bosnian.The US support will also cover office furniture and equipment, vehicles, and supplies. Theinterim MAC is now located in temporary headquarters, and is quickly becoming functional. Apermanent MAC headquarters building is to be provided by Government, and a suitable locationis being sought in the Sarajevo area. It is likely, however, that because of the condition of manyof the buildings, the cost of refurbishing would need to be provided by the internationalcommunity. IFOR has indicated an interest in assisting. The specialist expatriate MAC staffwould be replaced by qualified Bosnian staff as quickly as is practicable. The costs of theBosnian staff over the first year are included in the program.

22. Establishing the mine information data base will be an early activity of the MAC.Information on the locations of mined areas is needed for planning and setting priorities for mineclearance and mine awareness activities, and for the mine clearance itself. A mine data base wasoriginally set up under UNPROFOR at the Mine Action Center in Zagreb, subsequentlysupplemented with the information from the mine maps from the ex-combatants, using the UNhardware and software, by the Engineer Branch of NATO (IFOR) as mine information becameavailable under the Dayton Agreement. This data base, together with the hardware and software,should be transferred to Bosnian control as soon as possible, to be held in the MAC -- the centerfor all mine information in Bosnia. The data will be available to all users, and will becontinuously upgraded as new information becomes available from the survey and clearanceprograms, and other sources such civil defense, police, and medical authorities. Computers forthe PC-based mine information management system are being provided with USG funding; thesoftware to be installed will include MAPINFO, in order to be compatible with the existing database, and with the system in Croatia. The initial mine information data base is planned to beinstalled in May, 1996 (Timing for the various program components is shown in Appendix 3-Implementation Schedule).

23. Not all the maps and records obtained from the ex-combatant armies are accurate, and theinformation is not comprehensive. There are likely to be many mined areas not recorded ormapped. Some survey work will therefore be necessary prior to defining each mine-clearing taskor contract to confirm the extent of certain mined areas. The MAC would coordinate this surveyactivity in conjunction with its mine-clearing and mine information functions; and the mineinformation data base would be updated with the results of each survey and mine-clearingoperation.

(b) Protecting vulnerable population groups

24. People living in mined areas, and refugees and internally displaced people, cannot waituntil all mines have been removed. It is widely recognized in Bosnia and Herzegovina thatlandmine clearing is a long-term program, and that it is necessary to "leam to live withlandmines". The Government, together with a number of international organizations and NGOs,has been carrying out mine awareness programs for some time, and the population is, in general,''mine aware". A new initiative is now needed to ensure that as freedom of movement increases,and population reintegration programs get under way, the messages are tailored specifically forthe most vulnerable groups, e.g., children, returning families, etc. The programs should befocussed both in areas where refugees and displaced people are currently located, but also in the

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places to which they will eventually return. It is essential that these campaigns are consistent inapproach and content, and all programs should be coordinated through the MAC, whose mineawareness officer is already in place. It is important to know whether existing programs areeffective in reaching their targeted population groups; evaluation of existing programs should becarried out as quickly and efficiently as possible, in order to facilitate design of new initiatives;and assess the particular needs of vulnerable groups. All new programs should be followed by anevaluation to make sure they are effective. The Government, in consultation with the MAC, willbe designing and implementing these initiatives over the next few months.

(c) Increasing Local Mine-Clearing Capacity.

25. Experience in other countries has shown that some degree of specialist training is neededbefore humanitarian mine clearance teams can be fielded, despite the existing training inexplosive ordnance removal and the experience gained during the conflict. In addition to themine-clearing itself, this would include training for team leaders and supervisors, surveyspecialists, mine awareness instructors, dog handlers, and operational and logistic managementstaff. Although this is an urgent activity, it is essential that the training program be well-designed and linked to a structure which will effectively deploy trained mine clearers after theirtraining course, in order to avoid some of the costly errors that have been made in other countries(Appendix 4 -- Lessons from Mine Clearance Projects). Where large numbers of trained mine-clearers cannot be employed, many opt for other jobs, and their skills (and sometimes also theirequipment) is lost. The student output has to match the demand for mine-clearing. Mine-clearing demand will depend on how effectively priorities can be identified and agreed (para.28), and on the availability of international funding.

26. There is general agreement that, although some core public capacity would be needed torespond to urgent calls, most of the demining would be carried out under competitive contractingby trained mine clearers, organized in companies. Expanding the Bosnian mine clearing capacitywill therefore require some training in managing mine-clearing teams and companies, as well astraining of an initial core in the specialist skills of humanitarian de-mining. It is estimated that atleast 2,000 mine clearers will be needed in the first three years alone, together with about 75managerial and administrative staff. The final size of the Bosnian mine-clearing capacity will bedetermined on financial rather than operational factors. Since the entities have expressedwillingness to train and work together, a central training organization, allowing greaterGovernment control of standards, would be the most cost-effective solution. However, facilitiesin both entities may be more acceptable initially. Small scale local level training will also becarried out in two or three locations, at a pilot level, and experience from these (e.g., inincorporating the necessary medical support and business management skills into the trainingprogram, and in setting up local companies) will be valuable for the design of the larger program(see Appendix 5 for terms of reference for a local pilot program). No funding is committed yetfor the training program, although the EU is considering a proposal to fund, inter alia, someinitial school facilities and training and equipping of 200 de-miners.

27. Next steps: It is urgent to move forwards quickly because of the lead-time needed to getthe training facilities operational, and the constraints imposed by the weather -- mine-clearing isdangerous under snowy or icy conditions. The potential site(s) needs to be investigated, and if,acceptable, needs to be refurbished as necessary; planning for the training program can proceed

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in parallel. Concepts for a training program are being discussed with the Government and theMAC. Entity governments will identify potential instructors to be trained in humanitarian mineclearing methodology; and suggest ways to inform potential students about the opportunities formine clearance and management. The potential for assisting the development of new Bosnianmine-clearing companies through provision of credit, and general management training, etc. (newbusiness services) through other World Bank projects is being investigated. Most importantly,the finding needs to be confirmed. The training plan should be presented to the donorcommunity for possible finding of training facilities and equipment, instructors, operating costs,and some support for trainees.

(d) Priority mine clearing

28. Some mine-clearing is needed prior to most, if not all, of the infrastructure repair orrehabilitation works to be carried out within the first year of the overall reconstruction program.MSPE has, in coordination with the various sector ministries and agencies, outlined acoordinated program of such priority needs for major infrastructure in the Federation (Appendix6). This program will be an important input in setting overall priorities for the country. Thestatus of coordination of local priorities within RS needs to be reviewed. It is expected that localpriorities, determined at the local level, will be coordinated at the entity level. Until a national-level agency is fully functional, the MCPG would coordinate the inter-entity aspects of mine-clearance priority setting and coordination, relying on the Ministry of Spacial Planning and theEnvironment, and the RS mine clearing agency, for intra-entity priorities. Programs in othercountries have shown a tendency of major infrastructure to receive a large proportion of the totalmine-clearing attention, effort, and resources, at the expense of these local priorities. A reasonablebalance needs to be struck between the two. It is important to ensure that the balance is maintainedbeyond the first-year program. Local priorities can be more complex in terms of organization andimplementation. Given the long-term nature of the mine pollution problem, it is essential thatcommunity-level mine action programs be considered a key aspect of the de-mining program, andbe included in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the program.

29. The most urgent of the mine-clearing in support of priority infrastructure reconstruction isbeing financed under the Emergency District Heating, Gas, and Transport ReconstructionProjects. The Government is anxious to keep external contracting to a minimum. Mine clearingworks will be grouped in relatively small packages, and are expected to be suitable for the newlyemerging Bosnian mine-clearing capacity. The status of the initial planned landmine-relatedcontracts is shown in Appendix 7. Quality assurance will need to be carried out for all the mine-clearing contracts. Initially this will need to be done by contract. Draft TORs for a QA contractare shown in Appendix 8.

30. Mine clearance within communities will be in response to local priorities. This couldentail clearing houses and community areas in support of the return or resettlement of displacedpeople. In these situations, the clearing of booby traps and unexploded ordnance is likely to be asimportant as the clearing of landmines. A pilot project of this nature, involving some de-miningtraining in Tuzla and clearing of housing in priority areas, starting with Gradacac, has beenproposed by Norwegian Peoples' Aid. In some cases, the priority may be demining of localinfrastructure facilities. MSPE is preparing a proposal for a pilot project of this nature in the

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town of Olovo,3 which also involves training of local de-miners, for funding under the Dutchgrant.

31. There may be other clearance needs, e.g. emergency clearance in support of returningrefugees and displaced people, clearance of hospitals, schools, etc., that may require smallemergency clearance teams that are able to address immediate tasks in a quick and flexiblemanner. These teams could work from the regional offices to be established under the MAC, andcould be provided by a contractor or an NGO. The provision should include the necessaryequipment and medical support. The US is considering supporting these teams together with itssupport to the MAC and the first three regional offices.

Program Costs and Financing

32. Details of the estimated program costs and the financing plan are shown in Appendix 9.The total program cost is about $67 million equivalent. The IDA Credit would provide about11% of the total requirement on IDA terms. The rest would come from contributions in kind,cofmancing and/or parallel financing from donors. In addition to funds made available by theNetherlands Government for financing project preparation and pilot projects and the resourcescommitted for mine awareness, firm commitments for the landmine-clearing program so far havebeen made by the UN,4 the EU, Italy, Sweden, the US, and Norwegian Peoples' Aid. Severalother donors, including Belgium, Canada, and Denmark, have indicated amounts or expressedinterest. Funds already committed or indicated amount to more than $50 million. Additionaldonor funding is being sought. It is envisaged that the highest demand on funds would takeplace in the first two years. Support during this period would provide a good foundation for theGovernment's long-term mine-clearing program, which may have to continue for some timethereafter.

33. The IDA funds would mostly be used to finance mine-clearing contracts; however,should there be a shortage of funds for other key items, project design will allow IDA financingof these critical items. These would be a small proportion of the total, and would be limited, byand large, to technical assistance, running costs and key equipment.

34. The MAC is being supported through the UN, with funding from several donors,particularly the United States. Several international and local staff are already in place. TheMAC is now functional, but with a minimum staff. It is expected that all key positions will bestaffed and three regional offices will be functional by the end of the summer. MACheadquarters is now in a temporary location, and a permanent location will eventually beprovided by the Government. During the first year, MAC headquarters and regional office staffwill be strengthened to the extent possible, but committed funding will support only a veryminimum institutional structure for one year, and is not sufficient to fully equip the three

3A pilot housing project, also to be funded under the Dutch grant, is proposed for Olovo. Olovo may be typical ofmany towns in Bosnia, in that it has to tackle the problems of damaged housing at the same time as the lack ofemployment (the local industries either suffered loss and/or damage, and/or have no utility supplies). In the case ofOlovo, housing repair and clearing minefields around power lines are identified as high priorities

4Japan is contributing through the United Nations, as is Denmark; the EU may also contribute $2.2 million of atotal $16.8 million through the UN.

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regional offices (e.g., with mine-protected vehicles) and to expand the number of regionaloffices. Additional funding is needed in order to attain the optimum number and staffing ofregional offices.

35. Mine awareness is already supported to some extent by the various agencies involved,including, for example, ICRC, and UNICEF, as well as the Bosnian Government. Additionalresources, technical and financial, are needed. Funding for the training program is not yet fullycommitted, although there has been some interest expressed by two potential funding sources.Some project preparation, institutional development and capacity building cost will be supportedby an IDA Project Preparation Facility in the amount of US$0.75 million. The Government ofItaly has committed about $4 million for landmine clearing in designated priority towns.Additional funding is needed for mine clearing, in support of reconstruction of both majorinfrastructure and local priorities. Several donors, including Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and theEU, have not yet made a final determination as to which part of the landmine clearing programthey would support.

36. The program components to be supported by the World Bank take into account thepotential contributions, in terms of financial or technical support, of the internationalorganizations, donor countries, and NGOs. The Bank's emphasis would be on providingassistance for the fourth component -- urgent mine-clearing, in support of reconstruction andrecovery priorities (major infrastructure and local priorities), including financing mine clearingcontracts. However, project design will remain flexible to include funding for essentialcomponents, should other financing sources not materialize in a timely manner. In particular, thetraining program requires assured support. Likewise, some technical assistance for specialistsupport to the Government would also need to be included. By providing financing for mine-clearing contracts and, if necessary, for the institutional and training components, the projectwould ensure the core technical and managerial skills needed over the first year. This would,however, mean that fewer resources may be available for landmine clearing. The speed ofimplementation of the mine clearing component will depend on the presence of these core skills,as well as on the resources available.

37. Flow of Funds. The State would be the borrower for the IDA funds, and would make thefunds available to the Federation and to the Srpska Republic for implementation within theentities. Subsidiary lending and implementation arrangements would be agreed between theState and the Federation, and between the State and RS.

D. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Institutional Arrangements

38. The newly established MPRA would work with the responsible agencies within theFederation and the RS to implement the project. Detailed arrangements were agreed atnegotiations, and in a follow-up letter (Appendix 11); these arrangements will be outlined in thesubsidiary financing and implementation agreements between the state (BH) and the Federation,and between BH and RS. Entity priorities for mine-clearing will be determined within theentities; these would be collated by the MAC/MPRA, and any problems in inter-entity

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coordination would be resolved by the MCPG. The entity agencies (the MSPE in the Federation,and the mine-clearing agency in RS) are already collaborating with the MAC on determiningmine-clearing tasks in accordance with the priorities. Government institutions responsible formine-clearing would receive some technical assistance as required to help them carry out theirmanagerial responsibilities, but have agreed during negotiations to rely heavily on the MAC forthe technical aspects of the mine-clearing program; i.e., for mine information, for coordinatingmine-clearance, mine awareness, and training programs, for setting standards, and forsupervising mine-clearing contracts on behalf of the Government, including carrying out QualityAssurance.

39. The initial three regional offices are expected to be operational by July. The mineinformation data base within is expected to be installed and operational soon. The first contractsfor mine-clearing are expected to begin in August. Contracting and payments would remain acentral responsibility5 ; the regional offices, however, would be responsible for supervision assoon as the offices are functional. The MAC, together with the MPRA, would also begin tocoordinate the survey activity that would be carried out in conjunction with the mine-clearing.The mine information data base would be updated with the results of each survey and mine-clearing operation. Mine clearing would be carried out according to standards set by the UnitedNations.

Agreements Reached

40. During negotiations, agreement was reached on the following:

- Subsidiary financing agreements: Funds for carrying out the project within the twoentities would be made available by the state according to subsidiary financingagreements

* between BH (the Borrower) and the Federation; and between BH and RS. Projectimplementation agreements would also be entered into between BH and FBH andbetween BH and RS.

* Implementation responsibilities: details are outlined in the Technical Annex(Appendix I 1) and are included in the Minutes of Negotiations.

* Arrangements for institutional capacity: it was agreed that implementing agencieswould work closely with the UN-sponsored Mine Action Center, whose functionsinclude advising the Governnent on setting of standards, contracting and supervisionof contracts, including quality assurance (QA) of the work done.

* Mid-term Review: It was agreed that the Federation and the Republika Srpskawould each prepare a report on progress, outlining achievements to date andremaining measures to ensure efficient implementation of the remainder of theproject, by about June 30, 1997.

5 Except for very small contracts (under $10,000) which would be handled by the regional offices.

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* Safety standards and destruction of mines. It was agreed that all mine clearanceactivities would be carried out, and all mines cleared under the project would bepromptly destroyed, in accordance with safety standards and guidelines of the UnitedNations.

* Laying down of new mines. The Credit Agreement specifies that if, in the soleopinion of the Association, the development activity for which the mine-clearing hasbeen carried out is jeopardized by the laying of new landmines, the right of theBorrower to make withdrawals from the Credit Account may be suspended.

* Conditions of Effectiveness and Disbursement: The signing of the subsidiaryfinancing agreement between BH and FBH is a condition of effectiveness for theCredit. The arrangements for project implementation in RS are likely to takeadditional time, however. In order not to unduly delay project effectiveness,therefore, signing of the subsidiary financing agreement between BH and RS beforeDecember 31, 1996 has been made a condition of disbursement for the RS component(part B) of the project.

41. High priority mine-clearing already under preparation: Preparatory work has beendone on contracts (financed under the Bank's transport and energy projects) to remove landminesin several high priority infrastructure sites -- i.e., in roads and railways, power transmission andgas. The known or suspected presence of mines in these sites is, in many cases, restricting accessto engineers to carry out design work for reconstruction. These contracts correspond to the needsin the first few months of the overall reconstruction program (Appendix 6 for the Government'spreliminary program6). Although these contracts are financed under other projects, the work isbeing coordinated through the MPRA/MAC, as it needs to be done in a systematic institutionalmanner.

42. The technical specifications for the remaining mine-clearing work would be based onthose already worked out for the first contract (Appendix 10). The remaining work would becarried out according to the priorities determined by the Bosnians, through the MCPG; i.e.:

* electricity transmission and distribution;. roads;. railroads;. gas.

The second priority will be given to:

* housing* water supply

social facilities (schools, health institutions, cultural institutions)* communal activities

agriculture* forestry.

6 Priorities for mine-clearing are currently being worked out in greater detail.

-14-

However, much of the urgency in terms of the 'second priority' list will depend on the needsrelated to reintegration of displaced people and refugees; and on funding. For example, somedonors are likely to specify housing as a first priority for their funds. Any proposal for mine-clearing using IDA administered funds will only be considered if it is in accord with proposedBank guidelines concerning financing landmine clearance -- i.e., landmines need to be cleared tomake available land or infrastructure required for a development activity agreed with theGovernment of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Procurement, Accounts, and Reporting

A. Procurement

43. Because of the urgent nature of the project, the works, services and goods to be procuredwith IDA funding would follow the expedited procedures developed for emergency projects inBosnia and Herzegovina. With the exception of the Italian contribution to the Trust Fund to beadministered by the Bank, the participation of donors and other international institutions is likelyto be on a parallel basis, and will be according to their own procurement arrangements. Theprocedures for procurement for the IDA financed items are as follows:

44. For mine-clearing works procurement will be as follows:

* National Competitive Bidding (NCB); procedures acceptable to IDA will be usedfor contracts not to exceed US$ 1 million up to an aggregate amount of US$ 4.5million.

* Direct Contracting (DC); procedures will be used for minor mine clearing works insupport of reconstruction of certain key facilities up to an aggregate amount of US$1.5 million. The use of DC would be reserved for works which are on the critical pathof urgent reconstruction or recovery projects.

45. Substantial procurement of goods is not anticipated under the IDA credit. However,where the procurement of equipment is deemed necessary by IDA for the implementation of thelandmine program, it will be procured as follows:

* International Shopping (IS) will be used for procuring project equipment andmaterials estimated to cost more than US$ 200,000 equivalent, but US$ 1,000,000equivalent or less per contract.

* National Shopping (NS) will be used for contracts for goods available in Bosnia andHerzegovina up to an estimated cost of US$ 200,000 per contract, with at least threequotations.

46. Consulting Services: consultancy services contracts, including training, totaling US$ 0.5million, will be procured through short listing procedures. Any sole sourcing for consultantservices identified during project implementation will be subject to the Bank's prior approval.

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47. All contracts for works and goods procured through direct contracting, as well as the firsttwo contract's procured through NCB, IS, and NS, and all contracts over US$ 500,000, will besubject to IDA's prior review procedure. All consulting contracts in excess of US$ 100,000 forfirms and US$ 50,000 for individuals would also be subject to IDA's prior review. It is intendedthat most of the prior review process would be carried out by the resident mission. All contractsnot subject to prior review would be subject to post review.

48. Institutional arrangements for procurement: The MPRA, with support of the MAC,will be responsible for the technical aspects of procurement. A contracting and implementationadviser has been recruited, with financing under the Dutch Trust Fund for project preparation.The adviser will assist the MPRA/MAC in the first few months, including training of Bosnianstaff in project implementation. A procurement seminar was held in June, 1996, and wasattended by the appropriate staff of the MPRA, MAC, and PIU.

B. Disbursement, Accounts, and Audit.

49. The US$7.5 million equivalent would be disbursed against project components asfollows:

Table I Disbursement Categories($ millions)

Categories IDA-financed % of expendituresamount

1. Works (mine-clearing contracts)(for national infrastructure and 5.00 100

local facilities)2. Goods

(vehicles, mine-clearing equipment, 0.17 100 foreignsupplies, etc.) 100 ex-factory

supplies, etc.) 85 local

3. Technical Assistance(Advisory services, 0.18 100

trainers and training supportconsultants for pilot projects andQuality Assurance)

4. Staff support and running costs(Incremental Operating Expenditure) 0.17 100

5. Refunding of Project Preparation Advance amounts due pursuant to(including $0.375m for goods; $0.055 for 0.75 section 2.02 C of the

incremental operation expenditure; and $0.32m Credit Agreementfor consultant services and training)

6. Unallocated 1.23

TOTAL 7.50

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50. Special Account. To facilitate timely disbursement, special accounts would beestablished in commercial banks acceptable to the World Bank. The authorized allocations ofthe special accounts would be limited to US$ 0.525 million for Part A of the Project and US$0.225 million for Part B of the Project, representing about four months of the Bank's share ofestimated expenditures. Replenishment applications should be submitted at least every threemonths, and must include reconciled bank statements as well as other appropriate documents.

51. Statements of Expenditure (SOEs). Disbursements would be made against Statementsof Expenditure for contracts for goods and works up to US$ 500,000 equivalent; (b) allincremental operating costs and commercial services; (c) for consulting firms up to US$ 100,000equivalent; and (d) for individual consultants up to US$50,000 equivalent. All related SOEdocumentation would be retained by the implementing agency, and made available forsubsequent examination by independent auditors and Bank supervision missions. For allcontracts above these limits, full documentation would be required. The project completion datewould be June 30, 1998, and the closing date would be December 31, 1998.

52. Accounts. Accounts of the expenditures made under the IDA credit, and with donorresources deposited in the Bank's trust fund for use in this project, would be kept by the StateMinistry of Finance. The project accounts at the State MOF would consist of a record ofwithdrawals on the IDA Credit. Responsibility for consolidation within each entity will beginwith project implementation. Such accounts shall be maintained in accordance with sound andinternationally recognized accounting principles and practices satisfactory to IDA.

53. Audits. An auditor's opinion and report on these statements that is satisfactory to theBank will be provided within four months of the close of the fiscal year. The auditor's reportwill include a statement on the adequacy or otherwise of the accounting system and internalcontrols, the reliability of statements of expenditures as a basis for loan disbursements, specialaccount audit and compliance with financial covenants. The foregoing project accounting,financial reporting, and auditing arrangements should provide adequate and timely information toIDA for supervision of the project. These arrangements were agreed during negotiations.

C. Monitoring and Supervision

54. Reporting. The MPRA will report on progress of the overall mine-clearing programwithin a format, and with a frequency, to be determined by consultation involving the MCPG,MAC, and implementing agencies in the entities. The reporting will cover progress oninstitutional development, mine awareness, training, and mine-clearing. Progress reports wouldbe available to co-financiers. Arrangements for progress reports and project completion reportswere agreed with the borrower during negotiations.

55. Supervision Plan. Bank supervision will be very frequent at first, as the Bank is anintegral part of the international community's assistance, both advisory and technical, to thenewly established structure for mine-clearing. In particular, the Bank's technical consultant willtravel relatively frequently, on short visits to Sarajevo (e.g., about every 2 months in the first sixmonths), and will be available for frequent consultation by telephone and fax. After the first sixmonths, a mission would evaluate project progress and review supervision needs accordingly.

Appendix 1page I of 4

Notes on Mine Clearance Techniques and Technology

I. Mine-clearing capacity

There are several sources from which mine clearers can be drawn. These each haveadvantages and disadvantages:

* Military teams: Local military teams have been conducting mine clearance since theconflict, but their utility is often problematic because donors and reconstructionprogram managers have little control over military clearance priorities and standards.Donors and aid organizations in general are reluctant to fund military organizations.Military teams are, in general, experienced in laying mines or in breaching minefields(para. 3), but do not have experience in clearing mines to a high standard (tohumanitarian or civilian standards), and this has caused accidents. Nor do they haveany incentive to clear mines to a high standard without receiving additional pay.Difficulties in monitoring military operations is also a consideration.

- Police and civil defense: these have an important and continuing role in respondingto emergency calls for assistance, especially in situations involving an isolated mineor unexploded bomb. Civil defense teams have usually operated on a volunteer basisthrough the war, and typically need to return to their normal employment after thewar.

- Commercial mine-clearing companies: commercial mine clearing organizations aretypically formed in response to the large-scale need for mine-clearing as a result ofprotracted hostilities. Several such companies exist internationally, with experiencedeveloped in Angola and/or Cambodia, for example, but they vary in experience andcompetence.

* Explosive ordnance disposal teams: In Bosnia, some local commercial EODcompanies were still carrying out disposal activities from time to time on WWIIordnance, but large-scale mine clearance requires a different organizational approachfrom EOD, for which additional training is necessary.

. Non-governmental organization (NGO) mine clearing teams: NGO mineclearance teams have considerable experience, and may be willing to assist in mine-clearing programs, and can often (but not always) offer lower prices, because ofvoluntary or donor country contributions. They tend to be familiar with civilian(humanitarian) clearance requirements, and can design their programs to train and uselocal personnel; but they operate on a smaller scale than commercial companies.

Appendix 1page 2 of 4

* Local "developmental" mine-clearing capacity: A local capacity, trained incivilian mine clearing standards, is essential to address the wide-scale and long-termneeds of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although this capacity may not initially besufficient to address the most immediate needs, it is important that internationalassistance focuses on local management and training from the beginning, so that localteams and companies can play an increasing role as the overall mine clearing programis developed.

II. Mine Detection Methods

The choice of technology depends on the task, and no method is effective for clearing allmines. In practice, several methods of mine clearing may be used, and several methods ofdetection used in sequence to improve coverage.

* Manual probing: Due to the preponderance of non-metallic or minimum metallicmines throughout the former Yugoslavia, the primary mine detection is 'mineprobing' supplemented by magnetic mine detection. This involves the insertion of alightweight mine probe or prodder into the ground, at an angle of 30°, to a depth of100 mm, repeated every 3 cm across the area being searched. The operator uses theprobe to feel for hard objects buried under the surface. The insertion angle of 300 isintended to minimize the risk of the operator inadvertently pressing on the top of themine. A trained mine clearer can expect to clear about 2m2 per hour using thismethod.

* Mine sensing dogs: Dogs can be trained to react to the smell of explosives, thusindicating the presence of mines. In mine clearance, the primary use of dogs is toscreen large areas very quickly, and allow mine clearers to focus operations on theareas where the dogs indicate the presence of mines. The dogs require skilledhandlers who are able to interpret their signals and maximize their limited endurance.Mechanical enhancements to dog-detecting operations are increasingly becomingavailable (e.g., collecting samples of materials, with the location of the samplesrecorded, and then using dogs to detect the presence of explosives). Vapor emissiondetection systems have also been developed, but none yet have the sensitivities of atrained dog.

* Satellite or Aerial photography: Detection of mined areas depends on theidentification of systematic or unusual disturbance of the earth. This method is onlyeffective for identifying relatively recent disturbances in open country. Groundverification is required; and within the mined area, individual mines still need to belocated. No system has yet been demonstrated that will successfully detect mines inthe Bosnian environment.

Appendix Ipage 3 of 4

III. Mine Clearance Devices

Mechanical clearance devices, such as flails, are rarely able to guarantee a level ofclearance greater than 80%. Although they offer fast coverage, they require skilledoperators and are greatly affected by the type of terrain they encounter. They may beused in support of manual clearance operations, but may not, on their own, providethenecessary level of clearance. For example, mechanical methods may be used as aproving (testing or verification) method in areas where mines are suspected, as part ofthe quality assurance process after manual clearance operations, as part of a routeclearance operation, or to clear vegetation before manual clearance.

* Explosive clearance devices, such as fuel-air explosives or explosive hoses, have alimited effective range and a large explosive area; they can damage infrastructure inthe mined area, and are difficult to deploy in areas covered by vegetation or rocks, orin built-up areas. Their effectiveness is greatly reduced when deployed against blast-resistant mines. They are therefore regarded as breaching devices (section IV). andare not considered suitable for use in normal civilian operations. They are alsoseveral orders of magnitude more expensive than manual clearance.

- Mine protected vehicles are not clearance devices; but are a valuable asset to mine-clearing operations, particularly to reconnaissance parties attempting to assess theextent of mined or possibly mined areas. They can also transport goods andpersonnel over routes which may be mined, thus facilitating reconstruction even whiledemining is taking place. As such, they are valuable life-saving equipment for thoseoperating in mine contaminated areas.

* Other methods. Other devices may be appropriate where the potential user candemonstrate that the equipment can achieve the necessary level of clearance.Considerable research and development needs to be undertaken to identify anddevelop faster means of detecting the presence of minimum metallic mines; atpresent, no such technology is yet suitable for field use. Any proposal for the use of'new technology needs to be accompanied by substantial proof that it is capable ofreaching the minimum clearance standard for civilian mine clearance operation(section IV).

IV. Mine Clearance Standards

Military mine clearing. Many soldiers (particularly field or combat engineers) aretrained in minefield breaching operations, carried out to 'punch a hole' through aminefield during combat. A minefield breach is normally carried out in support of an

Appendix Ipage 4 of 4

immediate tactical objective, and may involve a situation where the local commanderjudges that the risk of breaching the minefield, with whatever resources are available,is necessary in view of the tactical aims -- given that minefields, like other militaryobstacles, are often covered by defensive fire under such circumstances. A minefieldbreaching operation may result in significant casualties among the conducting troopsor subsequent users. Mine breaching techniques are designed for speed, and oftenmerely push mines aside without destroying them. They are therefore rarely suitablefor civilian mine clearance operations.

Civilian (humanitarian) mine clearance standards. For civilian use of land, thereis no 'acceptable' level of residual landmine contamination. However, although100% clearance is the objective of all civilian mine clearance efforts, a total guaranteethat all the mines have been removed will never be given by any reputable mineclearer. The UN advocates that humanitarian mine clearance operations should aim toachieve 100% clearance, with a minimum standard ' in excess of 99% clear'. Atpresent, the only method capable of providing this level of clearance is manualclearance using mine probes supported (but not replaced by) mine detectors andsniffing dogs. The other military or mechanical methods described above may beused to complement manual mine clearance, particularly in survey or 'proving'operations intended to establish whether mines are present. They should not beregarded as primary means of mine clearance.

Institutional Structure for Mine Clearance

Joint Civil Commission(JCC)

MAC MCPG

[hief Demining Advisor

Office Manag Deputy j Driver/interpreter

DATA Management Mine Awareness Section Operations Section Logistics Section Administration SectionSection Safety and QA Contract Approva. __ _ . Y [_ Supervision

|MAC Regional Office #1|_I | MAC Regional Office #2 l Field Implementation Partner(s) ITraining StructureTaskediCoorcinated by the MAC'

|MCRegional Of fice #3 ___i'___

0_x

IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCE

ID Task Name Duration _99 Feb Aug oc NDec Ma 1 Initiate MAC Od

2 MAC Located 1

3 Recruit for MAC 25w_____ _

4 Select Locations for Regions I d

_ Recru for Region s1

6 Select Location for Dog School (RS) 1d d _.

7 Do/Handler Training 42w

a Select Location for Main Training School 1 d

9 Mine Clearance Training 30w

10 Local Mine Clearance Contracts 37w

11 Joint Venture 3.

12 Od.

CONTRACT IMPLEMENTATION

1199G I 1997ID Task Namfe Duration Jul Aug Sep Oct| Nov I Dec I Jan I Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug I Sep | Oct T Nov |Dec Jan I Feb I Mar1 Pilot 1 (Olovo) 26.6w * __

2 Pilot2 26w

3 Local Contrac 26.4w . .

4 Local Contrat 2 26w . .

6 Local Contract 3 25.8w

6 Jodrit Venture 1 26w

7 Joint Venture 2 30.2w .

9 Sarajevo Gas 26.2w ._ . ______

S GA Contract 26.4w _ r _ r _

Fr

Task _ Summary

Landmires CleararnceDate: Thu 7/11/96

Milestorne *Rolled Up Milestone

Page I

Building Local Capacity

400

300

4200

1000

June July Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr June

Months

* NPATrg *Pilot Projects *EUTrg a MainTrgox

01

Appendix 4Page 1 of 2



Lessons from Mine Clearance Programs

1. Large scale civilian mine clearance is comparatively new. Clearance after World War IIwas done sporadically in several countries, often by soldiers. The end of the cold war allowedthe world to look at the mine contamination conditions in Afghanistan, Cambodia, and severalcountries in Africa and Latin America, and to establish civilian programs to deal with them. Thefirst major program was set up by the United Nations in Afghanistan, where mine clearancestarted in early 1990. The clean-up after the Gulf War in 1991 and 1992 brought major civiliancontractors into the mine clearance business, and many lessons were learnt during this period.These have been confirmed or modified as a result of other programs in Mozambique, Somalia,Rwanda, El Salvador and Angola. Although the mine problems and their solutions have beenunique to each country, the fundamental principles remain the same.

2. Mine Clearance by Soldiers. It is tempting to assume that, because soldiers lay mineseasily, they should be able to remove them with equal facility. The lessons of the past indicatethat unfortunately this is not the case. Removing mines requires a different order of discipline,training and equipment to carry out large-scale humanitarian mine clearance, which is (or shouldbe) more like an industrial process than its military counterpart, minefield breaching (Appendix8). Soldiers tend to hurry the mine-clearance process, which usually results in casualties.Soldiers can be trained in civilian mine clearance methods, and regiments of Bangladeshi,Egyptian, and Pakistani soldiers were trained in Kuwait. It has been found that ex-soldiers, whohave chosen to make their living clearing mines are often more mature, and make better mineclearers.

3. Mechanical Mine Clearance. Every mine clearance program has searched for amechanical solution to the mine clearance problem; the circumstances in Kuwait should havebeen ideal for such a solution. In fact, the lessons of Kuwait, and other programs, have shownthat hand clearance is still the only truly thorough method of mine clearance. There is noshortage of ideas for new techniques and technologies, but most of these fail to take fully intoaccount the destructive energy of an anti-tank mine. They also tend to assume that mines alwayswork according to their design parameters. Mines, however, become unreliable andunpredictable, which increase their danger, and the difficulty of finding a safe and reliablemethod of clearing them.

4. Management and Administration. The lessons that have been repeated in almost allprograms is that a capability in mine clearance alone is insufficient. The mine clearancecapability has to be backed by capable and experienced managed and sound administration.


Many small mine companies ceased operations in Kuwait because or poor management and theresulting accidents. It is difficult to eradicate all accidents, because, ultimately, during theclearance process, a mine-clearer has to deal directly with the mine, and many accidents are dueto the human failings of inattention, lapses of discipline, or lapses of memory.

5. Support Systems. Another lesson of experience is the folly of rushing into a clearanceprogram, without proper attention to the medical, communications, casualty evacuation andsupport systems that have to be in place before the first mine clearer steps into a minefield.These preparations take time, but cannot be ignored or set aside in the interest of more rapidaction.

6. Enhancing Local Capacity. It is also essential to think in detail about how localcapacity is to be created and supported. It has been found that setting up an organization to trainmine clearers is only part of the problem. More important is establishing the managementorganization that will deploy them after training. In three major programs, more students weretrained than could be employed; many drifted into other jobs, so their skills were lost. Othersneeded expensive re-training before they could be employed in mine-clearing. Setting up a mineclearance capacity therefore requires detailed planning and careful coordination of training andemployment opportunities. This, in turn, means identifying and scheduling mine-clearingpriorities and, at the same time, securing adequate funding (including fitting cash flows to thepriority schedule) from donors, loans, and other sources.

7. Risks and Public Perception. The lessons of the past six years have shown that untilsuccessful new technologies for mine detection and clearance can be developed (which willrequire substantial funding), mine clearing will continue to be a slow, dangerous, and expensivebusiness. Any mine clearing program faces the probability that there will be fatal or seriousaccidents, which will spark criticism from those who are divorced from the problem. However,there is less likely to be criticism from those whose lives are endangered by the mines, or whoseaccess to utilities, services, shelter, or employment is curtailed by mine contamination.




Draft Terms of Reference for a Pilot Project

I. General Information and Requirements

1.1 The pilot project contractor (PPC) is required to provide qualified staff and equipment fortraining up to 40 Bosnian mine clearance students in techniques of civilian (humanitarian) mineclearance in support of a pilot mine clearance project, in town . The project will set up twoindependent Bosnian 20-person mine and munitions clearance teams in the area, with a view toforming a mine-clearing company.

1.2 The PPC's training team will set up a small operations headquarters in the town, assisted bythe local authorities. It will assist in the selection and screening of 40 candidates for mine clearanceduties, including potential team leaders and administrators. It will assist the local authorities in theselection of two medical specialists. When the recruitment has been completed, the PPC will set upa small instructional facility, and train the first 20-person team, which will be deployed into thefield. The second 20-person team will then be trained and deployed.

1.3 The trainers will also give instruction in the management of small local mine clearanceprograms. When the initial training is complete, the instructors will deploy into local minefieldswith the students, continuing the instruction and supervision under operational field conditions.Training will initially continue for three months, with an option for a further two months.

1.4 The PPC will provide advice and practical assistance, as necessary, on all aspects of settingup a new enterprise (credit, taxes, registration, etc.).

1.5 The students will be selected by the Government acting in cooperation with the Mine ActionCenter (MAC) and the local authorities. It would be an advantage if the selected students weredemobilized soldiers with some previous experience of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) ordemining training. They should be local, and available for operations in the general area. Theywould be self-administered.

Training

1.6 The following subjects would be taught:

* The use of conventional mine clearance equipment, i.e., prodders and electronic minedetectors

* The methodology of civilian mine clearance


* Survey and marking of minefields

* Safety procedures

* Render Safe procedures for the range of mines and munitions found in Bosnia

* Demolition procedures

* First aid procedures, and assistance to paramedics in case of accident.

* Refresher training on communications.

Selected students will also be instructed in the management of mine clearance programs, includingoperations, administration and logistic support.

1.8 The PPC will provide five (5) training personnel. Four of these, a Project Leader, surveyspecialist, safety specialist, and business adviser, will be required for an initial period of six months.The fifth instructor will be deployed for the six weeks of instruction only, i.e., until both teams arefielded. All team members involved in mine-clearance training will be required to give instructionin the classroom and in live minefields.

1.9 The syllabus for training will initially be provided by the United Nations through the MAC.This will be modified in the light of experience. The training course will last three weeks, althoughthis may be shortened or lengthened if necessary. Further periods of refresher training may be givenif appropriate.

1.10 Tasking and supervision. The main tasking authority is the Government, who will actthrough its authorized MAC in the areas of-

* Endorsing the pilot mine clearance contract

* Acting as the initial contact point between the PPC and the local municipal and militaryauthorities

* Providing any relevant mine date from the Central Mine Data Bank, including details ofknown minefields in the local area and the types and characteristics of mines likely to befound.

* Monitoring the implementation of the contract.

* Carrying out Quality Assurance, to provide certification of satisfactory completion oworks in accordance with the terms and conditions of the approved contract.


1.11 Local Authorities. The local municipal and military authorities will be asked to cooperatewith the project, initially by providing:

* A site for indoor instruction* Nominations for 40 students* Two medical orderlies* Two interpreters* A site for a clearance project headquarters* A site for storage of demolition supplies* In coordination with Government, a site for the demolition of unexploded mines and

munitions* Accommodation for the five instructional staff* Nominations for two team leaders* A project coordinator and administrator/secretary

Local headquarters will also prepare a list of priority areas for clearance, under the authority of theGovernment, and with the assistance of the MAC.

1.12 It will probably be necessary to provide the salaries for all local demining and other staff, atleast for the training period.

1.13 The term of the contract will be two hundred (200) days, but may be renewed as mutuallyagreed.

1.14 Equipment. The PPC will supply the following equipment:

* Three 4x4 six seater cars, fitted for radio* Four 11 -seater vans, two fitted for radio* Two six-seater cars, locally converted to carry stretchers* electronic mine detectors* sets of protective clothing* global positioning system (GPS): navigational equipment* sets of hand tools in light satchels* twenty-person tents* x 1.5 kw generator* km of minefield marking supplies* two lap top computers* maps of the local region* blackboards, stationery, and other instructional material


1.15 Safety. All mines and munitions will be destroyed on the day they are found. Destructionwill be by detonation, deflagration or burning as appropriate. The PPC team is responsible forensuring that no workable mines or munitions are removed from the clearance sites.

1.16 Coordination. All mine clearance will be coordinated with the MAC, which will be thecenter of excellence from whom advice on all mine clearance matters will be sought. The MACwill provide information on any known minefields in the local area, and will be informed of theprogress of any clearance carried out by the local teams.

1.17 Medical. The project leader, in conjunction with the Government and the local authorities,will recruit two trained medical specialists, one of which will accompany each 20-person team in alocally converted ambulance. They will make and maintain contact with the local hospital.

1.18 Communications. The Government, in conjunction with the local authorities, will allocatea radio frequency for the mine clearance project. Communication will be maintained between theclearance teams and the project office, and between the medical teams, clearance teams and thelocal hospital. If possible, communications will be by hand-held VHF radios, working n thesimplex or duplex mode. Communication with the MAC will be by telephone, or if necessary aradio link will be established.

1.19 Reporting. The PPC team will report to the local authorities weekly, and to theGovernment as required by MAC. Any accidents or incidents will be reported to the MACimmediately. The PPC team will keep a record of all mines and munitions cleared, stating location,numbers and type. The Team will maintain a mine and munitions clearance record in the formatrequested by the MAC, and will present the record to the MAC when and where requested. At theend of the contract period, the PPC will complete a full report of the progress of the contract, in aformat to be agreed by the MAC.

1.20 Timing. The contractor will be expected to have recruited and deployed the four teammembers within 20 days of contract signing. Training should start within one week of deployment.The first 20-person team will be ready for deployment into mined areas three weeks after the start oftraining, and the second team should be able to deploy within three weeks of the first. After threemonths, training of the local team leaders will commence, with the aim of dispensing with allconsultants by the end of six months.

1.21 Costs. An outline budget giving estimated contract costs (in $ thousands) for the first sixmonths is as follows:

Personnel, including consultants, local mine clearers, and administrators $229Equipment, including vehicles, mine clearing, and training equipment $384Running costs $115

Total (6 months) $728


PRELIMINARY MINE CLEARING PRIORITIES

ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION - TABLE OF PRIORITIES

Note: The sequence of items is accorded to their prioritv. The width of the area to bechecked and demined is 30 m. 15 m to each side of the electric distributionlines. The lengths are given in the table.

Name of the Distribution Line Checking and demining Length(km)

From To stationstation No. No.

1 . DV 110 kV Gorazde 2 - Gorazde I I 82. DV I IOkV Gorazde I - Foca 35 68 [10

1. DV 220 kV Kakanj - Salakovac 131 222 27.5231 242 3.8

____________ ~31.32 '. 4 DV kV Salakovac - Mostar 6 18 3.63. DV kV Zenica 2 - Tuzla 36 56 6.3

98 111 4.0136 173 11.9

22.2

4 . DV 220 kV Jablanica - Mostar 109 115 2.0124 129 1.9

3.9

1 . DV 110 kV Kakanj - Sarajevo 4 7 1.2I11 24 4.0D26 33 2134 48 4.599 106 1.7

13.52. DV 1 10 kV Sarajevo I - Gorazde 1 SA 18 Gor. 1 62.0

(consideration of alternatives inprogress)

3. DV 110 kV Donji Vakuf - Bugojno 118 133 3.6135 148 3.5____________ 7.1


Name of the Distribution Line Checking and demining Length(kmn)

From To stationstation No. No.

4. DV 220 kV Tuzla - Gradacac 166 173 2.5173 196 8.3197 209 4.6

15.4

5. DV 220 kV Tuzla Gradacac 123 142 5.66. DV 2xl lOkV Sarajevo-Jablanica II. III I 31 9.57. DV 110 kV Gracanica - Lukavac 59 99 12.0

107 139 9.021.0

8. DV 220 kV Krupa-Bihac 200 232 9.59. DV 220 kV Kakanj-Prijedor 91 86 6.4

105 99 3.5

128 118 4.8161 158 11.5

176 4.4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 0 .6

10. DV Prijedor-Bihac 185 217 10.211. DV 220 kV Sarajevo-Jablanica 1 8 1.4

1 2 3 .1 18 5.0

11.9

12. DV I IOkV Mostarl -Mostar2 4 TS M2 5.613. DV 110 kV Lukavac - Srebrenik 14 17 1.714. DV 2xi i OkV Jablanica -Mostar 1 108 113 1.515. DV 2xl 10 kV Sarajevo 1O-Sarajevo7 1 16 3.616. DV 2x 110 kV Zenica-Zavidovici 3 27 7.417. DV 110 IkV Travnik l-Travnik 2 1 17 4.618. DV 110 kV Jajce-Travnik

19. DV II0 kV Jajce - Travnik 85 173 23.520. DV 110 kV V.Kladusa-Vrmogorc 1 28 7.6

30 41 3.511.1

21. DV I IOkV Bihac - EVP K. Vakuf 5 25 5.722. DV 110 kV Sarajevo-Visoko I 46 12.2


ROADS-PRIORITY SCHEDULE

I BRIDGES

1. Bridge over the river Bosna (Cekrcici) on MD Sarajevo-Visoko2. Four bridges over the river Ljubinja on Ml 8 Sarajevo-Doboj3. Bridge over the river Spreca (Dobosnica) on M4 Doboj-Tuzla4. Bridge in Maglaj on Ml 75. Bridge over the river Vrbas in Donj i Vakuf on Ml 66. Bridge "Komar" on M5 Donji Vakuf-Travnik7. Bridge over the river Una in Bosanska Krupa8. Bridge over the river Sana (Vrhpolje) on MI5 Sanski Most-Kljuc9. Bridge over the river Bliha (Fajtovci) on R 405 B, Krupa-Sanski Most

II ROADSI. Sarajevo-Semizovac-Olovo Ml 82. Tarcin-Stup Ml73. Semizovac-Visoko M54. Maglaj-Koruse M175. Zavidovici-Ribnica R 4676. Gomji Vakuf-Bugojno M 16.27. Jajce-Donji Vakuf-Turbe8. Jablanica-Prozor-Gornji VakufM16.29. Cerik-Orasje M1.810. Olovo-Kladanj M1811. Travnik-Turbe M5


RAILROADS IN BOSNIA A.ND HERZEGOVINA - PRIORITY SCHEDULE

Explanation: Checking the railroads should include the width of 10-15 meters on theopen road, including the bridges, tunnels. culverts. and in stations,besides the station tracks. the width of 6 meters to both sides of theend tracks. Checked should also be the business premises andbuildines in the area. (station buildings, warehouses. workshops, KMplants. etc.)

1 RAILROAD SARAJEVO-PLOCE

Note: The funds needed for rehabilitation of this line are partially provided throughthe EU and World Bank programs. But what is needed are an emergencysurvey, preparation of the design documents, and synchronization of the workswith completion of the bridges in the Mostar area and starting the full-lengthoperation of the line Sarajevo-Ploce.

No. Name Length Priority Rank1.1 From the Al. Most station to the station

Zovik. passing the stations Blazuj and 17 km IHadzici

1.2 Zone of the destroyed steel bridge over theriver Dobrinja between the stations Al. Mostand Blazuj. km 8+025. with the approachroad. Width that should be checked is 50 m. 40 m I

1.3 The locomotive depot near Rajlovac. withworkshops. tracks, and connective linestowards Miljacka. Al. Most and Rajlovac Istation

1.4 From the station Stara Dreznica to the stationRastani, including the stations Dreznica and 22 km IRaska Gora. only some spots


2. RAILROAD SARAJEVO-ZENICA

Note: Funds for rehabilitation of this railroad are partly secured bv the programs ofthe World Bank and EU.

No. Name Length Priority Rank2.1 From the station A. Most to the station

Visoko. passing the stations Rajlovac. 20 kmSemizovac. and Podlugovi. partially II

2.2 Zone of the destroved concrete bridge overthe river Bosna. between the stationsSemizovac and Podlugovi. km 239-445. 120 m I50m wide. with the approaching road to thebridge.

2.3 Zone of the destroved concrete bridge overthe river Bosna. between the stationsPodlugovi and Vosoko. km 228+581. 50m 120 m Iwide. with the approaching road to thebridge.

3. RAILROAD PODLUGOVI-VARES

Note: Funds for reparation of this line are partially predicted by the World Bankprograms.

No. Name Length Priority Rank3.1 From the station Podlugovi to the station

Breza, including the line Ljesevo-R. Polje, 7 kmpartiallv II


4. RAILROAD: ZENICA-DOBOJ

No. Name Length l Priority Rank4.1 From the station Zavidovici. to the station

Sevarlije. partiallv. especially on from thestation Dolina to the station Maglaj. andfrom the station Maglaj to the station Trbuk, 30 km IIincluding the station Maglaj. Both tracksshould be checked.

4.2 Zone of the destroyed concrete bridge overthe river Bosna between the stations Maglajand Sevarlije. km 106+690. Checked should 120 m IIbe the width of 50 m. including the roads

I approaching the bridge.

5. RAILROAD: TUZLA-DOBOJ

No. Name Length | Priority Rank5.1 From the station Dobostica. to the station

B.P.Selo. partiallv. 30 km | II5.2 Zone of the destroyed concrete bridge over

the river Spreca between the stationsDubostica and B.P.Selo. km 29+002. 150 m IIChecked should be the width of 50 m.including the roads approaching the bridge.

6. RAILROAD: TUZLA-BRCKO

No. Name Length Priority Rank6.1 From the station Bukovac to the station

Brcko. including the station Bukovac 10 km IIIpartiall v

6.2 Zone of the destroved bridge over the riverSava in Brcko. km 51+587. This is theborder bridge between R H and R BiH. 300 m IIIWidth to be checked is 50 m. including theroad approaching the bridge from the BiHside.


7. RAILROAD: ZIVINICE-ZVORNIK

No. Name Length Prioritv Rank7.1 From the station Kalesija to the station

Ceparde. including parts of the station 8 km IIIKalesija.

8. RAILROAD: B.NOVI-BIHAC-KNIN

Note: It is necessary to provide approach to the bridge in order to enable survey ofthe present state and preparation of the project of bridge rehabilitation.

No. Namne Length Prioritv Rank8.1 From the station Blatna. to the station

B.Krupa including the some parts of the 15 km IIstation B. Otoka..

8.2 From the station Ripac to the station KulenVakuf on the territory R BiH. including the 16 km II

I parts of the Kulen Vakuf station.8.3 Zone of the destroyed steel bridge over the

river Una between the stations Ripac andLoskun. km 83+005. Checked should be the 150 m IIwidth of 50 m.

8.4 Zone of the destroyed concrete viaductbetween the stations Kulen Vakuf and 150 m IIMartin Brod. km 113+019. width 50 m.

8.5 Zone of the destroyed steel bridge over theriver Una in Martin Brod. ki 1 16+75 1. 150 m IIWidth 50m.


SARAJEVOGAS - PRIORITY SCHEDULE

I GASLINE ZVORNIK-SARAJEVO

1. Block stations and branches

1.2. Semizovac1.3. Branch to Zenica1.4. Block station Srednje1.5. Block station and cleaning station Paklenik1.6. Branch to Vogosca1.7. Butile

2. Gasline route 12 m wide

2.1. Route Barice-Semizovac 3 km2.2. Route Butila-Semizovac 6 km2.3. Route Semizovac-Srednje 21 km2.4. Route Srednje-Podpaklenik 20 km2.5. Route Podpaklenik-top of Karaula 6 km

lI GASLINE SEMIZOVAC-ZENICA

1. Block stations and branches

1. I Block station Semizovac1.2 Facility Nebocaj donji1.3 Block station Donja Misoca1.4 Block station Podlugovi1.5 Branch to Visoko1.6 Facilitv Donja Vratnica

2. Gasline rout 12 m wide

2.1. Route Semizovac-Donja Misoca2.2. Route Donja Misoca-Podlugovi2.3. Route Podlugovi-Donja Vratnica2.4. Route Donja Vratnica-Porjecani


III HIGH PRESSURE RING-SARAJEVO

1. Substations on the high pressure ring

1.1. Butila1.2. Doglodi1.3. Otes1.4. Ilidza. left side of the river Zeljeznica1.5. Ilidza. right side of the river Zeljeznica1.6. Swimming pool Ilidza1.7. Blazuj1.8. Mostarsko raskrsce (crossroads to Mostar)1.9. Hadzici1.10. Kasindolska1.1 1. Nedzarici1.12. Grbavica1. 13. Vrbanja bridge

2. Route of the high pressure gas ring

2.1 Butila-Doglodi2.2 Doglodi-Kasindolska2.3 Kasindolska-V.polje2.4 Doglodi-Stup2.5 Otes-Hadzici2.6 Vraca-Grbavica2.7 Grbavica-Hrasno2.8 Grbavica-Vrbanja bridge2.9 Ilidza-S.kolonija

Appendix 7



SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROCUREMENT ARRANGEMENTSfor IDA credit of S7.5 million

(US$ million, including contingencies)

Consulting 2COMPONENT NCB DC' Services Other Total2

A: Works (Mine Clearing) for: 4.5 1.5 6.0

National InfrastructureLocal Facilities

B: Goods and Equipment 0.245 0.245

C: Consultant Services and 3.00 3.00Training(IDA financed amount) (0.26) (0.26)

D: Incremental operating 0.245 0.245Expenditure _

E: Refunding of Project 0.32 0.43 0.75Preparation Advance

Total 4.5 1.5 0.58 0.92 7.5

' Includes direct contracting (DC) for very urgent small works on the critical path for reconstruction or recoveryprojects2 Total includes $0.62m for procurement of goods by national and international shopping; (of which $0.375m under thePPF); and $0.30m for incremental operating expenditures (of which $0.055m under the PPF)




Draft Summary Terms of Reference for Quality Assurance Assessment

I. General Information and Requirements

1.1 It is anticipated that contracts let by the Bosnian Government through the Mine ActionCenter (MAC) will be let competitively, and contain a requirement for the work under contract tobe subject to Quality Assurance (QA) conditions. QA is central to the contractual process, toensure that mine clearance is carried out in a thorough, safe, and cost-effective manner. QAassessment will initially be carried out by a QA team consisting of a contractor, supported by agroup of Bosnian specialists.

1.2 Requirement. The general requirement for the contractor is to establish a QA assurancesection in the MAC, to carry out QA on all mine clearance contracts let by MAC. The contractorwill recruit and assemble a team of qualified staff, sufficient to provide a small headquarterssection and the resources to provide at lest two QA teams. The headquarters element willprovide support within the MAC, and the teams will be deployed to scrutinize the operations ofthe contractors, in up to two separate locations.

1.3 Specifications and standards: The QA procedures will be carried out in accordance withSection II. The Contractor will, through the senior members of the assessment team, advise theMAC on the measures being taken to ensure the maintenance of high standards of mine andmunitions clearance, and to suggest modifications and improvements to the QA assessmentprocedures.

1.4 Tasking and supervision: The main tasking authority is the Government, acting throughthe MAC or one of its Regional Offices in the Federation and the Republika Srpska. TheGovernment shall be responsible for:

* Determining the priority for the QA assessment on contracted mine clearance work,in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract

* Authorizing the contractor to carry out QA assessment, including allowing the importof the contractor's equipment, vehicles and supplies required for the assessment.

. Authorizing the QA assessment contractor to demand from the mine clearancecontractors any document or facilities necessary to the QA assessment process.

* Establishing any necessary contact between the contractor and the Roads Directorate,Railways Organization, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo Gas, and the District Heating


authority to confirm that the specifications of the cleared areas complies with therequirements of those Agencies.

* Providing mine data from the central mine data bank, including details of knownminefields in the contractor's areas of operations and the types and characteristics ofmines likely to be found.

* In conjunction with all parties, ensuring full and free access to the areas under theircontrol for the purpose of conducting QA monitoring and assessment.

* Monitoring of the implementation of the QA contract, to ensure that the provisions ofthe contract adhered to; and

. Liaison with other agencies and/or organizations conducting, or involved with,demining activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1.5 Use of Local Labor. A pool of skilled labor exists in Bosnia and Herzegovina, includingcertified EOD specialists. The QA contractor will, with the assistance of the Government, recruita number of local staff to enable the assessment to be one by mixed expatriate/local teams.

1.6 Training Facilities. Training of local QA assessment staff will be carried out bycontractors both in the MAC and on or near the worksite.

1.7 Equipment and Supplies. The contractor shall bring sufficient equipment, supplies andspare parts for six (6) months of operation, with the exception of fuels and lubricants. Fuels andlubricants and maintenance and repair of vehicles shall be the responsibility of the contractor.

1.8 Accommodation. The contractor shall be required to find suitable accommodation for itsexpatriate staff, and to provide its own logistic support. When working on a detached site,accommodation for all employees, both local and expatriate, shall be provided by the QAcontractor, in conjunction with the MAC and the mine clearance contractor.

1.9 Transport. The QA contractor shall provide sufficient vehicles to ensure that eachassessment teamn shall be self sufficient in land transport.

1.10 Reporting and Marking. The QA contractor will keep a record of all visits to theclearance contractor, and of any advice or warnings given to that contractor. He will record thenumbers and areas of sites sampled in the QA assessment process, and of any finds in thesampled areas. He will report on the QA carried out on a weekly basis. A three-month report isalso required, as well as a report at the end of the contract period. He will submit these reports inthe format requested by the MAC. If the QA contractor finds any mines in the sampled areas, hewill mark the areas of a potential mine hazard in accordance with current MAC markingprocedures. Any mines or munitions found during the QA sampling must be completelydestroyed by the mine


clearance contractor on the day of discovery, by detonation, deflagration or burning asappropriate.

1.11 Medical Support. The QA contractor will ensure that adequate medical cover and backupcasualty evacuation is available for his QA staff. When operating in close proximity to clearancecontractors, the QA staff will benefit from the medical and casualty evacuation cover providedby those contractors. When operating independently, the QA contractor my provide his ownmedical support.

1.12 Communication. The QA contractor is responsible for ensuring that there is a reliablemeans of communication between the QA assessment teams and the MAC, the clearancecontractors, the mine clearance contractor's paramedics and doctor, the hospitals and theCASEVAC system. This communication will use radio frequencies in cooperation with theGovernment communication authority. The QA contractor will ensure that sampling operationsare dependent on the maintenance of communications with the medical staff, and will cease ifsuch communications are unworkable.

1.13 Training. The QA contractor is responsible for training the local Bosnian QA teammembers up to the standard when they can take full responsibility on behalf of the Governmentfor the QA process. This training must be completed by the end of the contract period.

1.14 Administration, Logistics and Equipment. The QA contractor is responsible forproviding all the elements of administration and logistics required for the completion of thecontract, and for the provision of all operational equipment, including the detectors, prodders andprotective gear required for his teams, both expatriate and Bosnian components. The QAcontractor is responsible for the provision of food, water, fuel, vehicles, spare parts, and repairand maintenance capability. Any vehicles and equipment purchased as part of the contract willbe transferred to the MAC for use by the Bosnian QA teams, at the end of the contract.

1.15 Insurance and Compensation. The QA contractor is responsible for establishing his owninsurance cover, both for accidents to QA assessment staff and for damage to third parties orthird party property. The Government will not accept liability for any injury, loss or damagearising from accidents during the QA assessment process, or from any contract concerning mineand munitions clearance.

II. QA specifications

2.1 The QA assessment will take place in three phases:

* The QA contractor will examine the qualifications, standing orders, and safetyregulations of the mine clearance contractors before they start work, to ensure as faras possible that the mine clearance contractor can establish a safe and effectiveclearance regime.


* The QA contractor will make numerous planned and random visits to the clearancecontractor's work site, to ensure that the approved clearance procedures are beingfully and safely complied with.

* The QA contractor will carry out random sampling of the cleared areas, to check thatno mines or munitions have been left uncleared by the contractor. If necessary, theMAC will check up to 100% of the cleared areas; under normal circumstances, theproportion actually sampled will be lower.

2.2 Quality Assurance Standards. Before the mine and munitions clearance taskcommences, the MAC will define the clearance standards to be achieved, which will allow theMAC to measure the compliance of the mine clearance organization with their contractualobligation. These clearance standards will be agreed by the clearance contractor before thecontract is let. The QA standard to be achieved will normally be set at 99.6%; this figure is theexpected achievement level on all sites, irrespective of the depths to which the clearancecontractor is able to clear. The clearance contractor will be expected to achieve 100% clearanceat the depth specified in the contract prior to work commencing. This will be a practical depth,taking into account the type of clearance to be used and the specific clearance needs of anyparticular site. The 99.6% figure means that although the contractor must clear all mines to thepractical clearance depth stated in the contract, he has no liability after the QA and handoverprocess for:

(a) mines and munitions buried deeper than the search requirements stated for thesite;

(b) mines or munitions migrating into the contract area, as a result of flooding or soilmovement; or

(c) subsequent dumping of mines or munitions, or re-mining by third parties.

2.3 Handover. The QA contractor will assist the MAC in the establishment of a formalhandover process, and in defining the point at which any area cleared by the mine clearancecontractor is ready for general use and the clearance contractor's invoices may be submitted forpayment. The handover process is as follows:

* The clearance contractor will issue to the MAC a handover certificate which declaresthat to the best of his knowledge and belief, the declared area is free of mines andmunitions, to the standards required by the MAC.


The QA contractor's assessment team will assess the cleared area after the issue of thehandover certificate, by sampling a [pre-determined] area of the cleared zone toensure that the clearance is free of munitions and mines to the standards establishedby the MAC. The assessment team will forward the handover certificate to the MACwith an endorsement which states that a sample was examined by the team, and nomunitions or mines were found.

* If any munitions or mines are found during the QA assessment, the site will be re-cleared to achieve the 100% requirement at the expense of the contractor.

2.4 The Government will state in the clearance contract how much time is available for theQA Contractor to carry out QA; this will vary according to the nature of the clearance contract,but will probably not exceed three weeks. After the QA period has expired, the cleared area willbe accepted as free of munitions and mines by default, and any clearance failures discovered byQA assessment after the time deadline will be cleared at the Government's expense. Once thehandover process is completed, the Goveirnent accepts the ground as ready for subsequent useon the understanding that the whole QA process has sought to minimize the residual hazard, butcannot guarantee that all the ground is 100% clear of mines and munitions.

2.5 After the QA process is complete, and the site has been "handed over" to thereconstruction contractor, it becomes the responsibility of that contractor. This includes ensuringthe safety of his own staff and maintaining the marking of the cleared area during his occupancyof the site.

2.6 In the event of a mine or munitions accident during the process of QA assessment, theaccident will be the subject of an independent Board of Inquiry set up by the Government. TheQA contractor will be responsible for cooperating fully with the Board, and will be required toabide by its findings and recommendations.

Estimated Program Cost and Financing Plan(US$ million)

Estimatedfirst year UN US EU ITALY Other WB2 Total Unfundedprogram cost Donors' available Needs

MAC HQ. 2.3- Manpower costs 0.9- Office costs 0.4- Vehicles, radios and clearance equipment 0.5- Running cost 0.5-Regional Offices 6.6- Manpower cost 1.2- Office cost 1.2- Vehicle radios, EOD & clearance equipment 1.5- Running cost 2.7

Total MAC & Regional offices3 8.9 1.8 7.1 8.9 0Mine awareness 2.5 0.5 0.5 2.0

Local Capacity Building, 9.7 1.4 5.6 1.5 8.5 1.2including training facilities, teachers, studentsupport, dog school, equipment, andCasevac support; and technical assistanceMine clearing and QA 45.94 8.2 4.0 2.6 6.0 20.8 25.1.- national infrastructure 21.0- local facilities 23.4QA 1.5

Unallocated n.a. 2.8 8.2 0 11.0 n.a.

TOTAL 67.0 1.85 8.5 16.66 4.0 11.3' 7.5 49.7- 17.3

Sweden, NPA, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and est. contributions from donors for mine awareness programs.2 Allocation of WB funds among components not final; does not include $5 million funded under transportation and energy projects.3Funding covers a very minimum MAC (minimum vehicles and advisory staff; 3 regional offices); does not cover adequate vehicles, staff, which should be added in the second

year, together with additional regional offices (7 are recommended).4Costs are rough estimates, in the absence of surveys.5Includes general contributions, and a contribution of $l .3 m from Japan, through the UN voluntary trust fund (EU contribution through UNTF is shown under the EU column). m6 Includes $3.6 m from ECHO, and $2.5 million channeled through the UN trust fund; total allocation by components not determined =7Total includes amounts not allocated to components. x

NOTE: These are estimates of the costs of the overall mine clearing program in Bosnia and Herzegovina over the first year or so. The information on donor funding is based on ,available information and may not be fully accurate.

Appendix 10

Summary Technical Specificationsfor Mine Clearing in Support of Major Infrastructure

Power Transmission Lines: Mine clearing would be carried out along the rights-of-way, to awidth of 30 m (15 m on each side of the center line), and a distance of not less than 10 metersfrom the foundations of the transmission towers.

Roads: the shoulders (verges) would be cleared to a distance of 2 or 3 meters, depending on theexistence of drains;

Railways; clearance would be of the whole track width of 6 meters, and a width of 10 meters onone side; as well as any points, switches, signaling or communications fixtures;

Bridges; all bridge structures, abutments and piers over the length of the bridge on land, to adistance of 10 meters from the structure.

Gas. Clearance or verification operations would be carried out on designated gas pipeline blocvalves and other pipeline worksites.

Contract Preparation-technical trends RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EVENTS (2): PART A IMPLEMENTATION-cost estimates

-preparation of biddingdocuments

MPRA, with the suppon of Ihe MAC

Pre-selecuoa of conractors and Bids evaluation andissuance of "hivitalions to Bid" selection oftthe contractor Signature of Contract

MPRA, PlU iointlv Sekclion Commitnee MPIR, iointly

~~UointI f Technical supervision and QA

l l _ MPRA, with the suppon of the MAIC

Execution ofthe works Final A

Contractor ] MPRA, with thes t oqf he MAC

_ ~~Payments_

UPiK4, PlUjointly

Issuane of crtificat

JCAS

Note 1: MPRA Mine Protection and Removal AgencyMAC Mine Action CenterPIU Federation Project Implementation Unit

Selection Committee To be constituted with inter alia, representatives of the MPRA and PIU.

Note 2: For World Bank funded projects, the World Bank has to review some ofthe steps.

Note 3: For projects under USS 10,000, implementation and payments will be the responsibil ity of the MAC Regional Offices.

go

Contract Preparation-technical trends RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EVENTS (2): PART A IMPLEMENTATION-cost estimates

-preparation of biddingdocuments

APR4. wilh th. support ofthe ML4C

Pre-selection of contractors and Bids evaluation andissuance of "Invitations to Bid" selection of the contractor Signature of Contract

MPRA, PlU joinly Selection Committee MPRA; PIUjointly

Technical supervision and QA

AR'ItA, with the suipport of lthe ALCt

I Execution of the works FnlO

1 Cont|ractor AIPRA, wvith the support of the AVC

Payments

MPRA4, PJU jointly

Issuance of certificate

JCMS

Note I MPRA Mine Protection and Removal AgencyMAC Mine Action CenterPIU Federation Project Implementation Unit

Selection Committee To be constituted with inter alia. representatives of the MPRA and PIU

Note 2: For World Bank funded projects, the World Bank has to review some of the steps.

Note 3: For projects under US$ 10,000, implementation and payments will be the responsibility of the MAC Regional Offices.

00*0

fDo-'5j

O _.

RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EVENTS (1): SETTING UP MINE CLEARANCE PRIORITIES

Regular establishment ofReiwoFederation priorities Federaionpiew e Rtfcto of_

_ MSPE _ . Federation priorities the selected |ImplementationMSPE priorities, (See affached)|

Identification of Aggregation of national priorities decision onpriorities from _ (within each entity, allocated inter-entity

various sources _ amounts are to be spent as per issues andentities' priorities) arbitration if

an entityHead of MAC/ Head of MPRA Review of RS expresses

Regular establisment of priorities disagreementRS prioritiesRSA.MP

RS ASAg MP

Note: MPRA Mine Protection and Removal AgencyMSPE Ministry for Spatial Planning and EnviromentMAC Mine Action CenterRS Ag. Republika Srpska AgencyMCPG Mine Clearance Policy Group

O X*

IMAGINCI

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