worksite hazard analysis presented by: thomas dean georgia tech
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard
analysis Identify typical hazards in the workplace Review various techniques that can be used
to identify hazards in the workplace
Hazards Vs. Unsafe Behavior
Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe conditions that can cause accidents. Consider Maintenance Operations
Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the safety management system.
Effective Worksite Analysis Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing hazards, but also conditions and operations where changes might occur to create hazards
Effective management actively analyzes the work and the worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences
Plan for Worksite Analysis Comprehensive Facility
Surveys Change Analysis Routine Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA) Periodic and Daily
Inspections
Comprehensive Survey Comprehensive surveys should be performed
depending on the business size and hazardousness every 1-3 years
Resources for comprehensive survey: private consultants, insurance company, and state funded programs
Change Analysis Change analysis is simply the management of
change in the work environment. Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:
Facilities Materials Process Technology Equipment
Change Analysis A competent team consisting of managers,
engineers, superintendents and employees should be involved
How can you best manage change in the work environment?
Job Hazard Analysis A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on
job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.
It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment.
After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action to eliminate them or reduce risk.
Job Hazard Analysis Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the
best methods to develop safe work procedures for the equipment that is operated.
The JHA can also be used to train employees in the hazards associated with task and what control measures should be practiced.
JHA Team A Job Hazard Analysis requires the
cooperation of all parties involved that includes: Safety Professional Engineers-Technical Advisor Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible
for making change Employee-Person most familiar with job
Communication of the JHA Safety Meetings Distribution of Copies SOP and Operations Manual What are some other methods?
___________________ ___________________
What are the Possible Uses of a JHA
1._________________________ 2._________________________ 3._________________________
Prioritization of JHA Jobs with the highest
injury and illness rates Jobs that have the
potential to cause serious injury
Jobs in which one simple human error could cause injury
Jobs complex enough to have written instructions
Jobs that are new to you facility
Jobs that significantly had changes in process technology or procedures
Steps for JHA Involve Employees Review accident history Conduct preliminary job
review
List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs
Outline the steps or tasks
Involvement of Employees They have a unique understanding of
the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.
Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis.
Get workers to “buy in” to the solutions because they will share ownership
Job Review Discuss with employees the hazards that they know
exist. Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control
those hazards. If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger,
to an employee’s life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker.
Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible.
Outline the Steps Watch the employee perform the job and list each
step as the worker takes it. Be sure to record enough information to describe
each job action without getting overly detailed. Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed
that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not include basic steps.
Outline the Steps Review the job steps with the employee to
make sure you have not omitted something. Include the employee in all phases of the
analysis—from reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions.
Identifying the Hazards A job hazard analysis is an exercise in
detective work. Your goal is to discover the following: What can go wrong? What are the consequences? How could it arise? What are other contributing factors? How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Type
Hazard Type Hazard Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire
Explosion
Toxic
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static
Mechanical Moving Parts
Failure Noise
Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue
Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Type
Hazard Type Hazard
Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Against
Caught In
Environment Temp. Visibility Weather
Misc. Slips Trips Falls
Hazard Identification Workshop
Based on the following slides of machinery, identify the potential hazards. Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the
machinery and work environment Prepare to discuss your findings.
Controlling the Hazards The order of precedence and effectiveness of
hazard control is the following: 1. Engineering controls. 2. Administrative controls. 3. Personal protective equipment.
Controlling the Hazards The most effective controls are engineering controls
that physically change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard.
The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better.
If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate.
This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.
Controlling the Hazards Discuss your recommendations with all
employees who perform the job and consider their responses carefully.
If you plan to introduce new or modified job procedures, be sure they understand what they are required to do and the reasons for the changes.
Engineering Controls Engineering controls include the following:
Elimination/minimization of the hazard Substitution of equipment or process to decrease
hazard Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,
blast shields, or other means; and Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local
and exhaust ventilation.
Administrative Controls Administrative controls include the following:
Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;
Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);
Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials; Alarms, signs, and warnings; Buddy system; and training
PPE Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a
control method in the following circumstances: When engineering controls are not feasible or do not
totally eliminate the hazard; While engineering controls are being developed; When safe work practices do not provide sufficient
additional protection; and During emergencies when engineering controls may
not be feasible.
JHA Exercise We are going to perform
an exercise on grinding metal casting.
Based on the steps, please identify the hazards and controls.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Job Title: Job Description: Date Conducted
Task Step Task Hazard Cause Hazard Control Measures
Comments:
Periodic Review of JHA Reviewing job hazard
analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to prevent accidents and injuries.
It is possible that during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis.
Review the JHA after accidents, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents.
Review after all close calls and discuss the situation with all employees that do the job.
Safety and Health Inspections
Cover entire worksite Regular intervals Inspectors trained Hazards tracked to
correction
Objectives for Inspections There may be many objectives to the
inspection process: Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility Involve the team Identify areas of undue risk and control
hazards Identify and develop positive attitudes Suggest better methods of doing job
Inspections OSHA recommends that you perform general
workplace inspections. Check the standard so that you know what
must be inspected. What are some examples of items that must
be inspected?
Employee Involvement What are some reasons for involving
employees in the process? Demonstrate commitment to safety Allow them to become familiar with the
process safety requirement. _____________________ _____________________ _____________________
Documenting the Inspection A checklist of workplace specific hazards
should be developed. To accomplish this: List the potential hazards in the workplace Examine the work areas to locate hazards Check with employees and records
Resources for Checklist Insurance and safety consultants Accident/incident investigation reports (past
problems) Small business handbook Manufacturer Specifications JHA and/or employee input Standards that apply to industry
Checklist Development Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail,
and overwhelming. Checklist is a tool. As the inspectors become more skilled, the less
reliance there will be on this checklist. You should get the point that hazards rarely are
identified and hazards are corrected immediately.
Examination of the Workplace
Identify conditions that might develop Location of the hazard Severity potential
Safety Inspection Workshop Mock inspection of a company is to be
performed. Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the
severity. Be prepared to discuss your results.
Inspection Report
Date: Inspection Team:
Number &
Classification
Findings
Hazard Classification
A = Loss of life, body part, extensive damage
B = Serious injury or property damage
C = Non-disabling injury or minor damage
Hazard Reporting Effective hazard reporting systems will:
encourage employees to report hazards and effectively track them for prioritizing.
create feedback between management and the employee reporting the hazard.
have a system to analysis the hazards reported to determine its effectiveness.
Accident Investigation All accidents and incidents need to be
investigated. What is an accident? Why do we investigate accidents? Why should near misses be investigated?
Trend Analysis Trends need to analyzed over time to identify
any emerging patterns of injury and intervene to prevent its recurrence.
Review injury records over time What items should be trended over time to
determine any emerging pattern?
Summary Worksite hazard analysis consists of:
Change analysis JHA Workplace inspections Hazard Reporting Trend Analysis
Effective programs will result in the identification of potential and existing hazards.
Use OSHA 200/300 logs
Accident Reports
Workman’s Compensation info
Employee Surveys
Visual Cues
Recognizing a WMSD Problem
A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist system that provides a standardized evaluation of a job/task
Tools based on biomechanical and physiological information compiled and calculated providing a relative risk of injury probability
Can be specific for body region and/or risk factors
What is a Task Analysis Tool
Provide guidance• Where to begin corrective actions• Helps direct efforts toward specific body
division, risk factors
Involve employees• Employees can perform assessments
Provide a level of measurement• Shows improvement of tasks• Baseline data
Why do we need these tools?
Two criteria for use:
• What are you trying to find out? General vs. Specific information
• What limitations must be considered? Various tools are only able to assess
specific body regions
How do we use them?
Checklists
• Easy to use
• Less time consuming
• Minimal training
• Very sensitive: One check, task must be considered
Types of Analysis Tools
Types of Analysis Tools
Quantitative
• Less sensitiveMore specific training
• Provide a relative risk assessment
Types of Analysis Tools
Narrative
• More formal training and experience required
• Provides specific areas for improvement
• Very time consuming
Checklist system that identifies “caution or hazard zone jobs”
Incorporates each of the risk factors including vibration and contact stress
Has separate evaluation for heavy, frequent or awkward lifting
Uses verbal cues to guide user through evaluation criteria
Not generally left or right side independent
WISHA
Does address combination of risk factors
Great “first cut” ergonomic tool
Draw Backs• High sensitivity: identify many jobs• Doesn’t separate frequency component
by body part
WISHA
3 basic sections• Entire body checklist• Lifting hazard section• Vibration hazard analysis
Entire body checklist• Identify if a particular hazard exist as a
result of a risk factor for a body part• If a hazard exists then corrective action is
needed
Using WISHA
Lifting hazard analysis
• Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:
• Compares the actual weight lifted to a calculated weight limit
• Actual weight lifted > Weight limit = Hazard exists
Using WISHA
Vibration hazard analysis
• Compares the time an employee uses the machine to a pre-measured vibration value
• Plot time vs. vibration data on graph
• Intersection point indicates degree of hazard
• Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo
Using WISHA
Job Strain Index
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value – HAL
Rapid Entire Body Assessment
Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis
Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables
Quantitative Tools
Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow (distal upper extremity)
Assess task based on posture, frequency and force
FORCE driven
Doesn’t consider vibration or contact stress
Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)• 7 considered hazardous
Job Strain Index
Can assess right and left sides independently as well as worst case
Used in meat packing, small part assembly, keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand motions
Job Strain Index
Intensity of exertions (force)
Duration of Exertion (% cycle)
Efforts per minute
Hand/wrist posture
Speed of work
Duration of task per day
Strain Index Elements
Assign a value for each of the 6 elements
Multiply each element = strain index
Compare calculated value to decision threshold provided
Decision Threshold• <3 safe• 3-5 uncertain• 5-7 some risk• >7 hazardous
Using the Job Strain Index
Videotaping Tips
Announce the name of the job on the tape
Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task
At least 3-4 cycles
Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on problems areas
Try different angles to get the best shot
JHA/Work Methods
Step 1: Breaking The Job Down
List each step in order of occurrence
Be sure to record enough information
Can use Gilbreth’s terms to describe steps
Can use video or photos
JHA/Work Methods
Search Select Grasp Reach Move Hold Position Inspect
Assemble Disassemble Use Unavoidable Delay Avoidable Delay Plan Rest to overcome fatigue
Gilbreth’s Table of Work Elements
JHA/Work Methods
Step 2: Identify the Hazards
Look for Risk Factors in each job
Repeat the job observation until all hazards identified
• Video and photos can be especially helpful
Consider abnormal activities and conditions
JHA/Work Methods
Step 3: New Procedure or Protection
Can the job be performed in another way?
Can you make physical changes to the job?
Does the job have to be performed? Can it be done less often?
JHA/Work Methods