working of electromagnetic piston engine

5/22/2018 Working of Electromagnetic Piston Engine

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MINOR PROJECT REPORT 2010

NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (GGSIPU)/110053 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The electromagnetic piston engine consist of a cylinder and a piston, each made of amagnetic material, inner wall of the cylinder made of cylinder electromagnet that can

be magnetized to one magnetic pole at a time, pole may be either N or may be S ,

piston arrangement consist of permanent magnet fixed on a base end side of piston so

that S pole side can be directed to the base end surface of the piston and N pole can be

directed towards connecting portion, a magnetization unit used for increasing the

magnitude of pole and hence called booster coil.

By creating a magnetic attractive and repulsive force between the cylinder and the

piston by exciting the cylinder electromagnet; and the piston, reciprocal movement of

piston can be obtained that can be transfer through connecting rod.

1.1 OBJECTIVE BEHIND THE SELECTION OF PROJECT

1.1.1The present project has the objects to provide the electromagnetic piston engine

which can do without a variety of resistance inherent in internal combustion piston

engines

They may include, for example,

1 Air intake resistance of an air cleaner;

2 Resistance of a cam shaft;

3 Compression resistances in a cylinder;

4 Resistance of a piston to an inner wall of a cylinder;

5 Resistance of a cooling fan;

6 Resistance of a water pump; and

7 Resistance of an oil pump.

1.1.2 The present project has the objects to reduces the weight corresponding to a

rotary assembly portion to a smaller value even if a great output is produced

1.1.3 The present project has the objects to provide a system which can be readily

employed together with power transmission mechanisms and so on for use with

conventional internal combustion piston engines

1.1.4 The present project has the objects to provide a system which has a highefficiency in energy consumption.


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1.1.5 The present project has the objects to provide ready applications to power

transmission mechanisms for use with conventional internal combustion piston

engines, and achieving improved efficiency in utilizing energy

1.2 NESSESITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

The electric drive motors of such a type, however, lead naturally to an increase in the

weight of a rotor in order to pick up greater outputs and, as a consequence, suffer

from the disadvantages that the weight of the portion corresponding to a rotary

assembly section becomes heavy. The such electric drive motors require a power

transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving power from a power source to

the wheels to be designed to be adapted to the features of the such electric drive

motors. Power transmission mechanisms for internal combustion piston engines,

which have been generally used for conventional vehicles, cannot always be applied

to electric vehicles as they are. These problems impose greater burdens upon the

designing of electric vehicles.

11


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CHAPTER 2

CONSTRUCTION

The electromagnetic piston engine consists of various component like piston,cylinder, magnetization unit, bearing, electrode and power supply unit etc.

Application and properties of this component will be discussed in detail hereafter.

2.1 MAIN COMPONENT

Main component of electromagnetic piston engine are:-

1 Piston

2 Cylinders

3 Outer cylinders

4 Electro-magnet

5 Bearing

6 Electrodes

7 Booster coil

8 Contact Mechanisms9 Connecting rod

10 Connecting Portion

11

Fig 2.1

Piston

The piston 1 is of a hollow shape which has anopening on a one side and has a permanent magnet 7

fixed on a base end side so that S pole side can be

directed toward the base end surface of the piston and

N pole side towards the connecting portion 9

Fig 2.2


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Cylinder

The cylinder 2 has a brush electrode 14 pass throughout the

whole length from its outer wall side to its inner wall side.

The cylinder 2 is supported by the outer cylinder 3 with the

help of connecting portion 4 as shown in fig. 1.1. The

connecting portion 4 is fixed to the top portion of the outer

cylinder 3 with a mounting screw 16. An exciting coil 5 is

wound about the connecting portion 4, two electrodes 6 are

mounted on outer side of cylinder 3, and are connected to

lead wires at the both ends of the exciting coil 5. Fig 2.3

Outer cylinder

The arrangement of cylinder 2 and outer cylinder 3 is shown

in the Fig 1.4 and Fig 1.5, outer cylinder 3 provide support

to cylinder 2 with the help of connecting portion 4.

Fig 2.4

Electromagnet

Field Intensity

A more current that flows through a wire, the stronger the magnetic field will be. Aswith the magnets magnetic field, the flux lines are closer together near the wire, and

they move further apart as they move away from the wire. The field, then, is strongernear the wire, and becomes weaker with distance.

Fig 2.5


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The decrease in the number of lines of force per unit area is in inverse proportion tothe distance from the conductor. That is, at a distance of one inch from the conductor,for instance, there is one-half the density of force as at a distance of one-half inch.

Interaction of Electro-magnetic Filed

The fields of two current-carrying wires interact. If two wires carrying current inopposite direction are brought close together, their magnetic fields will oppose oneanother, since the flux lines are going in opposite directions. The flux lines cannotcross, and the fields move the wires apart. Where as the wires carrying current in thesame direction are brought together, their magnetic fields will aid one another, sincethe flux lines are going in the same direction & they will join and form loops around

both wires, and the fields bring the wires together. The flux lines of both wires add tomake a stronger magnetic field.

Electromagnetism in a loop

If the wire is twisted to form a loop, the magnetic fields around the wire will all bearranged so that they each flow into loop on one side, and all come out on the otherside. In centre of loop, the flux lines are compressed to create a dense and strongerfield. This produces magnetic poles, with north on the side that the flux lines comeout, and south on the side that they go in.

Fig 2.6Stronger field can be produced by

combining a few wires

Fig 2.7Opposite current cause opposite fields thatrepel


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Electromagnetism in a Coil

If a number of loops are wound in the same direction to form a coil, more fields willadd to make the flux lines through the coil even denser. The magnetic field throughthe coil becomes even stronger. So, many loops helical wound to form a strongelectromagnet called a coil or solenoid.

Fig 2.8When a wire is being formed into a loop,

all of the circular fields enter one side ofthe loo and leave the other side.

Fig 2.9The flux lines are compressed

in the centre of the loop tocreate a strong field. The N poleis produced on the side that the

A close-wound solenoid will create a stron er ma netic field

Fi 2.10 Fi 2.11

Fig 2.12


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The left-hand rule for a solenoid gives the direction of the poles: If your fingers arewrapped around the wire in the direction of the electron current flow, your thumb will

point to the N pole.

Magneto-motive Force

The magnetizing force that is caused by current flowing in a wire is called themagneto-motive force (mmf). The mmf depends on the current flowing in the coil andthe number of turns in the coil. If the current is doubled, the mmf will be doubled.Also, if the number of turns in the coil is increased, the mmf will be increased. Themmf, then, is determined by a term called ampere turns, which is the electric currentmultiplied by the number of turns of the coil. As the mmf increased, the number offlux lines also increases. But there will be points at which the mmf bring increasedwill no longer produce more flux lines. This is known as saturation point.

Fig 2.13

Variation between flux density and mmf(A/turn)


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Bearing

The piston 1 is supported in the interior of the cylinder 2 with a bearing 15 to enable a

smooth reciprocal movement (vertical movement) in the axial direction of the

cylinder. The piston 1 is arranged to reciprocally move in the distance indicated by

"L" in the drawing. The bearing 15 is disposed each in the upper and lower positions

along a circumferential direction of the inner wall of the cylinder 2 (i.e. the outer wall

of the piston 1) and is made of ceramics so as for the piston 1 to fail to be connected

magnetically to the cylinder 2. The bearing 15 may be replaced with as called roller.

Electrode

Fig 2.14

Formation of Electromagnet

Fig 2.15Electrode

The cylinder 2 has a brush electrode 14 pass throughout

the whole length from its outer wall side to its inner

wall side. Topside end of the brush 14 is made in such

way that it will come in contact with the copper plate

electrode 12 slide able.


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The other topside end of the brush 14 is further disposed to pass all the way through

the outer cylinder 3 so as to permit a flow of current from the outside. The brush 14

may be made of carbon and the topside end portion of the brush 14 may be formed in

the shape of a so-called roller to reduce wear by the sliding movement.

Fig 2.15shows an example of the brush 14 formed at its topside end portion in the shape of

such a so-called roller. As shown in the drawing, the brush 14 is mounted at its

topside end portion with a cylinder-shaped electrode 14a so as to be rotatable and the

cylinder-shaped electrode 14a is disposed to come into contact with the surface of the

copper plate electrode 12.

Booster coil

The connecting portion 9 is wound with an exciting coil 8 for a booster (therefore

known as "booster coil"). The lead wires on the both sides of the booster coil 8 are

connected each to a copper plate electrode 12 inserted completely in the axial

direction on the outer wall side surface of the piston

Contact Mechanism

contact mechanism for feeding electricity to the booster coil 8 is not restricted to a

contact mechanism with the copper plate electrode 12 and the brush 14 and a variety

of contact mechanisms may include, for example, such as a slideable contact

mechanism in which the connecting rod 10 is made hollow, the lead wire of the

booster coil 8 passes through the hollow portion of the connecting rod 10, a ring

electrode is mounted on the crank shaft side so as to make a turn in the

circumferential direction of a crank shaft, and a brush is disposed to slide together

with the ring electrode.

.


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CHAPTER-3

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Working principal of electromagnetic piston engine based on fact that The magnetic

force strongly attracts an opposite pole of another magnet and repels a like pole

Attraction

When two magnets or magnetic objects are close to each other, there is a force that

attracts the poles together.

Repulsion

When two magnetic objects have like poles facing each other, the magnetic force

pushes them apart.

Fig 3.2

Like pole repels

Fig 3.1O osite ole attracts


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3.1 WORKING

In operation of the electromagnetic piston

engine, a current is fed through the booster coil

8 in the direction in which the magnitude of the

magnetic pole of the permanent magnet 7 is

increased. The feeding of electricity to the

booster coil 8 can be performed by supplying a

current to the copper plate electrode 12 through

the sliding copper plate electrode 14. This

feeding can excite the whole area of the piston 1 to the S pole by the magnetic forces

of the permanent magnet 7 and the booster coil 8.

The excitation of the exciting coil 5 can be performed in a following manner. A

current is fed in the direction of exciting the cylinder 2 to the S pole and the outer

cylinder 3 to the N pole during a period of time during which the piston 1 moves from

the top dead center to the bottom

dead center (in the direction from bottom to top in the drawing). On the other hand,

the current is fed in the direction of magnetizing the cylinder 2 to the N pole and the

outer cylinder 3 to the S pole during a period of time during which the piston is beingdirected to the top dead center from the bottom dead center (from to the top from the

bottom in the drawing). The feeding of the exciting current is performed repeatedly in

a periodical way. By exciting the exciting coil 5 in the manner as described

hereinabove, the S pole of the piston 1 and the N pole of the cylinder 2 become

attracting each other during the time during which the piston 1 moves toward the top

dead center from the bottom dead center, thereby raising the piston 1 toward the top

dead center by the attracting force. As the piston 1 has reached the top dead center,

the exciting current of the exciting coil 5 is inverted.

The inversion of the exciting current then excites the cylinder 2 to the S pole to

repel the S pole of the piston 1 and the S pole of the cylinder 2 from each other and

the repellent force pushes down the piston 1 downwardly toward the bottom dead

center. As the piston 1 has reached the bottom dead center, the exciting current of the

exciting coil 5 is inverted again. These repetitive actions create a reciprocal

movement of the piston 1 in the cylinder 2 and the reciprocal movement is then

converted into a rotary movement of a crank shaft 11 through the connecting rod 10.


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CHAPTER-4

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTOMAGNETIC ENGINE

It is an objective of the present project To provide a magnetically actuated

reciprocating engine.

This electro-magnetic engine can be is easily adapted for replacement of

existing gasoline powered automotive engines.

This electro-magnetic engine provides a control strategy which assures the

timely adjustment of power to the engine.

It is easy and simple to operate.

It is eco-friendly

This system remove the necessity of installment of a mechanism for cooling

the internal combustion piston engine and thus decreases the entire weight of

the engine

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention may be realized

and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations, or by their

equivalents.


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CHAPTER-5

FUTURE SCOPE

Electric cars have been receiving lots of hype over the years as a car that is run usingelectricity, and not fuel. These cars help in reducing the consumption of fuel, and are

thus growing in popularity and economy today.

The electric car is not something new to the car industry as they have been around for

some time. In fact, presently, they are the leaders in future cars. It is mainly because

of its limited range that most of the BEVs that consumers can access are called NEVs,

or neighborhood electric vehicles.

Of course, the source of energy for the car is electricity which is provided with the

help of an on-board battery that is basically Lithium-ion or Nickel metal-hydride. The

refuel time for the battery is usually overnight for most cars.

There is no need of repeated replacement of the battery of the car. You have to

replace it only once in four years, where the cost of the battery lies between $1,000 to

$2,000. These cars have to be charged periodically; this is why there are some electric

charging stations in the US. However as only an electric outlet is required for

recharging the car, there are some states that have public access electric outlets for

your recharging purposes.

Advantages of the electric car

The greatest advantage of this car is that they are zero-emission vehicles where there

is no emission from the tailpipe. However the electricity that is used to power these

cars is produced from an energy plant by combustion of fossil fuels. Though fossil

fuels are used here, it is argued that it is better for these fuels to be expelled at the

plant than at the tailpipe.

Another advantage to buying an electric car in the US is that there are numerous

financial incentives offered when buying an electric car. These incentives include

cash rebates, tax credits, free re-charging and even free parking in some states.

CONCLUTION

Trolley cars and trains that depend on electricity from overhead lines have shown that

electricity is better than steam or gasoline in many ways. Attempts to run cars with

power from storage batteries have been successful for short distances, but failed to


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become popular because there are not enough spaces on such vehicles to carry the

quantity of batteries required for an average business or out-of-town trip. Either a new

type of electric engine or lighter and more compact power source is indicated for a

solution.In designing the present engine, we avoided the shortcomings of conventional

electric motors. We also shelved our electric car that has electrically operated pistons

that are connected to cranks and crankshaft. The former takes too much current, and

the latter has neither the power nor the speed. In the latter case, the engine was not

only sluggish, it was too costly and mechanically cumbersome to equate the rigidity

of crankshaft connected pistons to the flexibility of electromagnetic movements.

The present invention has new and useful features, which, in combinations,

produce a new type of engine that consumes comparatively less energy than other

engines of comparative power known to us. It also has several components, which are

not unique when taken individually, but in their combined form they lose their

conventionality and become important new factors in the static and the dynamic

features of the new engine.

This invention is not an electric motor. It is an engine, a combination of many

units whose coordinated functions produce a usable mechanical movement or power.

Just as a conventional gas turbine engine is composed of a gas compressor, pump,

burners, turbine, heat exchanger, electric system, motor, lubricating device,

ventilating system, flywheel, etc., this engine has many units or parts, such as

permanent magnets, electromagnets with metallic cores, electromagnets with

magnetic-fluid cores, turbine, polarity wheel, etc., that contribute to the overall

purpose of the invention.


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REFERENCES

[1] Electro-magnetic reciprocating engine fromhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.html

[2] United States Patent 4317058 fromhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.pdf

[3] Basics of Magnetism fromhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htm

[4] Properties of Magnetic Materialshttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htm

[5] Electromagnet fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet

[6] How an Electromagnet Works fromhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htm

[7] Make an Electromagnet fromhttp://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/electromagnet.php

[8] Solid Sate Switches from Mechatronics by W. Bolton, page no. 194

[9] Step-up and setp-down transformer from Electrical Machine by Ashfaq Husainpage no. 1.4

[10] Engine opration from Automobile Engineering by R.B. Gupta, page no. 15-29
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.htmlhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.htmlhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.pdfhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.pdfhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htmhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/electromagnet.phphttp://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/electromagnet.phphttp://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/electromagnet.phphttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htmhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htmhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.pdfhttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/4317058.html

working of electromagnetic piston engine

Documents

piston arrangement

present project

piston sothat s pole

minor project report

cylinder4 resistance

cylinder5 resistance

cylinder electromagnet

magnetic pole