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ARTICLE

BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN LOVE, SAYSFORMER SINGAPORE LEADER

FormerSingapore Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew believes that it is better for a leader to be

feared than love. If nonody is afraid of me, I am meaningless, said the man who governed Singaporefrom 1959 to 1990.

The former Singaporean leaderalso believes that it is not necessary to tell everything to the peopleat all time. Myjob is to persuade my people to the right way. And sometimes, it may be necessary not to

tell them all the factsbecause it will scare them. Leesays also that he has never been concerned or

obsessed with opinion polls orpopularity poll. He believes that a leaderwho is concerned with his

popularity is a weak leader.

Leeis credited with developing Singapore from a mere British trading outpost into one of the

worlds richest countries. Lee is a lawyer who studied in Britain. After thirty years of power, Lee

rEsigned and turned over his position to Prime Minister Go . At present, Lee is a senior minister in theSingaporean government.

English Workbook (Macabenta)

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. What kind of leader is Lee Kwan Yew?

2. What are some of the beliefs of Lee Kwan Yew?

3. Why is it not good for a leader to tell everything to his people according to Lee Kwan Yew?

4. Do you agree with the beliefs of Mr. Yew? Why?5. How many years did Lee Kwan Yew governed Singapore?

FOCUS ON FORM: NOUNS

Nouns are names of persons, places, things, ideas, or state of being. Everything that can be seen

by our naked eyes is noun.

Proper nouns are the specific names of nouns and start with a capital letter while common nounsrefer to gneral names of nouns and start with a small letter.

Noun Gender

Nouns like father or mother, rooster or hen, indicate whether the person or animal is male or

female. This sex distinction in nouns is called gender of which there are four categories:1. Nouns which denote males belong to the masculine gender.

Actor king stag

2. Nouns which denote females belong to the fiminine gender.Mistress wife hen

a. The feminine gender may be formed from the masculine by adding ess.

God-goddess heir-heiress priest-priestess

Lion-lioness emperor empress giant-giantessb. Gender may also be expressed by the addition of certain words connoting the masculine

or feminine before the noun.

Boy friend male cousin lady doctor c. Gender may be expressed by a different word.

Sir madam bull- cow dog bitch

3. Nouns that refer to objects without life are in the neuter gender.Barangay vinta sea land

4. Nouns which can be either masculine or feminine belong to the common gender.

Baby child helper With regards to nouns in this category, there sometimes are for living thing three words,

one masculine, one feminine, and one for common gender.

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Masculine Feminine Commom

Father mother parent

Brother sister siblingStallion mare horse

Boar sow pig

SOMETHING TO DO

A. Substitute the opposite gender of the underlined noun:1. There was no priest in the parish.

2. No emperor ruled the Philippines.

3. A king ruled the kingdom.

4. The sons of the rulers were considered freemen.5. The rajahs child was a prince.

6. If a datu had no son, his nephew might succeed him.

7. There were no stage actors in primitive society.

8. There were shepherds of small flocks.9. Aprince gave fine stallions as gifts to the emperor.

10. The early Filipinos believed in many gods.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate noun.

Male Fmale Offspring1. bull cow ___________

2. ___________ doe ___________

3. ___________ hen ___________

4. boar __________ piglet5. ___________ hen ___________

6. ___________ goose ___________

7. stallion __________ ___________ 8. tiger __________ ___________

9. ___________ duck ___________

10. lion __________ ___________

THE SCRIBE IN ME

List down at least ten (10) qualities of a good leader. Underline all nouns used.

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A FABLE

THE DONKEY IN THE LIONS SKIN

Wandering through the forest one day, a donkey found a lions kin. How magnificient! he said

to himself. Heput it on and turned around Ah! How grand I look! He set off to find the other animals.They would really admire him in his new lions skin.

Soon he found his friend, the cow. She quitely eating grass in the meadow. Look at me! Im alion! the donkey brayed at the cow. Im the king of the animals. Hee-haw! Hee-haw!

How stu-u-u-pid the cow moved. You may think you look like him! But as soon as you open

your mouth, silly, everyone can tell youre a donkey!

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Is it right for the donkey to wear the lions skin? Why?2. Why is it that the cow called the donkey stupid?

FOCUS ON FORM : PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Cas

es

Nominative Objective Possessive

Per

son

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st d We Me Us My, mine Our, ours

2nd You You You You Your, yours Your, yours

3rd

Mascul

ine

He They Him Them His/her Their/theirs

Femin

ine

She Her Hers

Neu

ter

It It It

SOMETHING TO DO

A. Rewrite the text below. Replace the nouns need to be replaced by pronouns.

Alices older sister Marrieta appears to be brighter than Alice. Marrieta is a consistenthonoe student; Alice is not. Marrieta has special talents too. Marrieta writes for the school paper.

Marrieta has a part-time as a receptionist in a telegraph office. In the other hand, Alice goes home

after class and helps her mother with the household chores.

Alice observes that her parents attention is always on Marrieta. Their parents talk to

Marrieta about their plans for sending Marrieta to a college in Manila. Alice is beginning to feelthat there is a favoritism in the family. Alice feels that she is no longer loved. This has make Alice

unhappy.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Put in the correct pronouns needed in each sentence.

1. We have a lot of problems. Could _______ help ________?

2. Have you read the story? How did you like ___________?

3. Marinas uncle gave ___________ a fine present for Christmas.__________ thanked ________very much for the gift.

4. Patricia was very proud of _____________ new dress._____________ mother made

_________.

5. In this Rafaels towel? No _______ did not bring me. Thats not ________.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

: Write a compostion telling about youreself. Suggested title : ALL ABOUT MY LIFE

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LAUGHTER, THE BEST MEDICINE

DON COJAZZI says that the best place to discover peoples temperament is in a cheap restaurant.Or, to be exact, in a cheap restaurant where a thirsty man who has ordered a glass ofbeer, brought to him

with a big fly struggling in it.

Is a customer an Englishman? He puts the glass down the table; calmly rings the bell and calmly

orders; Another glass of beer, cool, and clean, please. Having drunkthe beer, he pays and goes out,

neither moved or upset. If anyone is upset, it is the waiter, not because of the fly but because of the tip hedidnt receive.

Is the glass of beerserved to a Frenchman? He sees the fly and goes mad. He slams down the

glass, swears and shouts at the owner and the waiters, goes out slamming the door and in the streetcontinues on ranting against the restaurant, the beer and the fly.

An Italian comes in, looks at the fly, and smilingly flicks his middle finger at it to chase it off the

surface of the beer. Hejokes with the waiter: Look, I asked you for a drink and youve brought mesomething to eat. But he drinks it all just the same and leaves, forgetting to pay the bill.

Now its the turn of the German. He sees the fly, raised the glass to the height of his nose and

frown, shuts his eyes, putback his head a little, and being highly disciplined, sends downboth the beer

and the fly in a single gulp.

Last of all the Eskimo. He is much amused to see the fly in the foam of the beer and take out his

eyeglasses, so wholly taken up with the sight of the fly in the foam of the beer. Hes neverseen a fly

before and thinks that the one beforehim is a favorite local delicacy a specialty. So he eats the fly and

throws away the beer.

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. What are the different reactions shown by different men of different nationalieties to the

presence of the fly in their drinks?2. Where is the punchline in the joke above in each set of jokes?

3. If you were the the to find a fly in your drink in a restaurant what will you do?

FOCUS ON FORM : ACTION VERBS

An action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing.

In the following examples, the verbs tell what actions has been or are being performed by Henryand Marianne.

Henry painted the chair .Marianne watered the plants.

The person or thing that performs the action is called the subject of the verb. In the above

exampless, Henry and Marianne are the subjects.

Verbs such as painted, watered, shouted and moves represent visible action. Some action verbs

however, represent mental actions. When people forget orbelieve, they are forming mental actions.

Mental actions - Jefferson thought about the problem.

Other verbs such as sleep orrelax also seem to show little action, but they are still action verbs.

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SOMETHING TO DO

a. Underline all action verbs in the sentence.1. Guia quickly turned the pages of the book.

2. He encoded his report in the computer.

3. The teacher discussed poetry in the class.4. The teacher, as well as her students sing the national anthem.

5. The bank robbers fled from the scene in a get-away car.

6. Christopher shut the door of their classroom.7. The wind whispers the sweetness of Gods love.

8. or screams out the might of Gods justice.

9. The ocean roars mightily of Gods power.

10. Look at the most beautiful sunset in the world.

b. Underline the verb once if it is visible action and twice if it is mental.

1. Celine sings a melodious song.

2. Concepcion worries about the new price of oil.3. Lara daydreams during classes.

4. Fiction writers imagined their characters.5. I just nod my head in approval.

6. Aga sat beside Charlene .

7. I soon remembered the formula.8. If only Owen knows the truth.

9. Do you believe in reincarnation.

10. I salute you!

c. On each sentence, add an action verb on the blank. Then label each visible or mental.

Example: _______ The stars _________ in the sky.

Visible The stars twinkled in the sky.

_________ 1. They ________ about life on the planet Mars.

_________ 2. Someone ________ it was almost midnight._________ 3. The ping-pong ball ________ of the table.

_________ 4. The witches ______ their terrible brew.

_________ 5. A dog house _______ its occupant from the rain.

_________ 6. Why dont you _______ for a minute?_________ 7. No one ______ the dismal weather.

_________ 8. The carpenter _______ the pine boards.

_________ 9. The waitress ______ at the soggy mess._________ 10. How did the pilot _____ where to land?

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Supposing I am a stranger of Tagum City, please give me the directions how to locate your

house. Point of origin : Your school..

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STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS

A virus us a poisonous substance that can transmitspecific diseases. It is made of nucleic acidand protein. It is not a cell. Nucleic acid, either as DNA or RNA, is the center, or core of a virus. A coat

protein surrounds this core.

Viruses are so small that they can be seen only with the help of an electron microscope.

Photographs of viruses, enlarge to more than 100,000 times have been made with the aid of an electron

microscope. These pictures show that viruses can be rod like, spherical, or hexagonal in shape. Ahexagonal virus has a tail or stalk.

Viruses may be spreadfrom an infected organism to a healthy organism. Viruses reproduce only

when in or on living material. Therefore, to study viruses, it is necessary to grow them in living tissue.Viruses have been seen in the laboratory on chick embryos and other kinds of living tissues. Discovery of

the polio virus was made in experiments with viruses in monkey kidney tissues.

How does a virus infect its host? When a virus enters a cell, it takes over the cell. The virusbecomes the master, and the cell becomes the slave. The normal activities of the cell the cell begins

producing only more viruses. Eventually, the cell bursts and releases the new viruses. Eventually, the cellbursts and releases the new viruses. Once released, the new virusescaninfectother cells.

Viruses have been describedas genes in search of a cell. They search for a cell that allows them toreproduce. Genes in a normal cell are DNA molecules that control the cells life activities. Virus DNA

acts like a gene when inside a healthy cell. Virus DNA takes control of the cell away from the cells own

genes. It acts like a gene by controlling the cells chemical reactions.

Skill Builders for Efficient Reading

Phoenix Learning Package, pp. 128-129

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

Put a check mark before each correct statement:a. A virus is made of nucleic acid and protein.

b. Some viruses can be seen with the unaided eye.

c. A virus is not a cell.

d. Viruses may be spread from one infected organism to another.

Check all the accurate descriptions of a virus.

a. small.b. Rod-like, spherical, or hexagonal

c. Always has a tail or a stalk.

d. Can change its shape

FOCUS ON FORM: VERB PHRASE

A verb phrase is a main verb plus one or more helping verbs..

Helping verbs are verbs that can be added to another verb to make a single verb phrase.

Helping verbs are often called auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries because they add meaning to otherverbs. As many as three helping verbs may precede the main verb in a verb phrase.

Single verb : I wrote a song today.Verb Phrases : I will write a song today.

I should have written a song today.

This song might have been written by me.

Notice in the following examples that a verb phrase is interrupted by other words.

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Mr. Marfil can surely helpyou with your math problem.

Shouldnt yougo with us?

THE FORMS OFBE(HELPING VERBS)

Am am being can be have been

Are are being could be has been

Is is being may be had beenWas was being might be could have been

Were were being must be may have been

Shall be might have been

Should be must have beenWill be should have been

Would be will have been

Would have been

HELPING VERBS OTHER THANBE

Do have shall can

Does has should could

Did had will mayWould might

Must

SOMETHING TO DO

Directions: Find the verb phrase in each sentence:

1. Dr. Lilly, a scientist from California has been experimenting with dolphins for more that 20

years.

2. He has hade some curious claims about them.3. Dolphins may have developed larger brains than humans.

4. Their language may contain at least 50,000 words.

5 Their brains can handle four conversations at one time.

6. They can also judge between right and wrong.7. They can even communicate among themselves.

8. They can use series of clicks, buzz and whistles.

9. Some of these sounds are discharged 700 times a second.10 .An average persons liver can weigh three and a half pounds.

11 .Chewing gum was first produced in 1848.

12. A mother bird may feed its fledglings over l,200 times a day.13. Yawning is commonly caused by lack of air in the lungs.

14. The Coliseum in Rome was originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater.

15. Ulysses S. Grant was actually christened Hiram Ulysses Grant

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Explain how viruses reproduce.

MOORISH MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

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A Moorish wedding begins with a procession. First come the musicians playing shrill pipes

and bearig small drums like tambourines. Then come the bearded elders of the bride family, someof them limping and supported by canes. These are followed by a woman dressed in red and white

striped cloth bearing aloft green and yellow candles. Next come more musicians followed by a

group of eight men carrying a paper box on long poles. The box is heavy because it contains thebride, who is carried to the home of her fiance where the marriage will take place.

The bride and groom have never seen each other. When the bride arrives at the house,there is nobody there except a female Negro servant who lifts her out of the box because her fet

must not touch the ground. The groom himself is not at home; she waits until he arrives. She may

have to wait for a long time.

When he comes in, the two eat together alone while the members of the family wait

outside, shrieking and pounding out loud music. This is the brides one and only meal with her

husband; ever afterwards whe will eat only with the women. For the rest of her life, she is her

husbands slave; she almost never goes out of the house; she will not be alowed to go out more thanonce or twice all her lifetime. She will not go to see members of her family even if they live in the

same town. Once a year, with her husbands consent, her mother might visit her.

To the Moslem Moors, there is no courtship before marriage. All is arranged by the

fathers. Usually, the father of the groom looks arouund to size up available young ladies fromthirteen to fifteen years old. Then, after having made a choice, he goes to the girls father and

arrange all matters pertaining to the wedding. The arrangement is mainly financial. The grooms

father pays the girls father whatever sum is agreed upon.

The engagement may last for months. During this period, the girl is deliberately fattened

because to the Moroccans, plumpness is fashionable. The Moorish ideal of beauty in women is

plumpness, a very small nose, a tiny mouth and eyes as big as possible. A Moslem can have only amaximum of four legal wives and he must treat them equally and their children equally. However,

he can have as many slave concubines as he can afford.

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Give as many interesting details as you can about a Moorish wedding.

2. Why do you suppose Moorish girls marry so young?3. If you were forced to marry a man or a woman whom you have never met before what

will you do?

FOCUS ON FORM : TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the samesentence.

An action verb is intransitive if t does not direct action toward someone or something named in

the same sentence.

The word that receives the action of a transitive verbis called the object of the verb. In the

following examples,picture is the object oftook, andsomethingis the object ofbaked.

Transitive: The camera tookclearpictures.

. Irene bakedsomethingfor the party.

Intransitive verbs do not have objects. The action is not directed toward any noun or pronoun inthe sentence.

Intransitive The wind blew gently over the fields and lands.Kent smiled happily.

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To find out whether a verb in a sentence is transitive or intransitive, askWhom? OrWhat after the

verb. If there is an answer, the verb is transitive. If there is no answer, the verb is intransitive.

Transitive Robert polished the shoes.

(Polished what? Shoes)

Intransitive Lorraine waited for the bus.(Waited what? No answer)

SOMETHING TO DO

Directions: Identify whether the verb is transitive or intransitive:

1. Eagles keep the same nest throughout their lives.

2. A human eye winks in one fortieth of a second3. The Empire State building has 6,400 windows.

4. Michael Jordan broke three Olympic records.

5. The papers scattered all over the lawn.

6. The trees blew gently in the breeze.7. The bird cage swung from a golden chain.

8. Suddenly, lightning struck the massive acacia tree...9. Jenny quickly turn the pages.

10. My brother always drives carefully.

11. She usually visits her nephews on Saturdays.12. For a few extra pesos a week, she sells used clothing.

13. Kissy combed her hair before the dance.

14. Minerals are chemical elements or compounds of different chemicals.

15. The making of a writer takes years of painstaking work.16. I wrote about imagined experiences of body and mind.

17. I even carefully plotted the compelling beginning, the anti-climax or the

hearthbreaking climax.18. I discovered that the actual process of writing was easy.

19. I wrote about my friends and myself.

20. I placed my characters in contemporary events.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write a first-person narrative of a famous person.

BE SCIENTIFIC

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Have you ever stopped to wonder what causes natural phenomena such as thunderstorm, a

long dry spell, and a bright full moon? A person with a questioning mind has the potential of ascientist. However, even if you may not be drawn to a career in science, your natural curiosity can help

you discover a lot of things. The science laboratory, your garden, the vast open fields and the library

can serve as your observatories.

Here is a lesson which provides you the opportunity to think and work scientificaly. As you

go through it, try to learn to observe cause and effect relationships through your reading, listening,writing an discussion activities. This skill will help you distinguish facts from superstition.

Learning Experience A : Remedios was asked to prepare some fish balls for the high

school fair. Heres how she did it.

She scraped the meat of fleshy fish like torcillo or dalagang bukid. She mixed 1 tbsp. salt, 2

tbsp. flour, tbsp backing powder, and cup water for evry kilo of fish meat. She mixed the

ingredients througly. She formed the miture into balls. She allowed the fish balls to come to thesurface. (This was a sign that the fish balls were done and ready for frying or storing.)

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

Can you rewrite the procedure without mentioning the doer. Lets try it!

GRAMMAR IN FOCUS : ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The passive form of the verb has definite uses:

1. . When the action is more important than the doer;

2. When the doer of the action is not known;3. and when the doer of the actiuon is known but shouldnot be mentioned.

There are two things to remember about the form of the verb in the passive construction.a) When the sentence is changed from active to passive (and vice versa) the verb does not

change in tense.

b) The verb form in the passive construction is composed of the auxiliary verb be in theappropriate tense + thepast participle of the principal verb.

Active - Mike introducedthe new manager.

Passirve - Eric Hoffer writes with conviction

Use thepassive voice to emphasize the receiver of the action rather than the performer of

the action.

Rceiver emphasized : Emmanuel was shockedby the remark.

Prformer unknown : A bicycle was abandonednear the hospital.

Prformer Unimportant: Te carwill be sold

SOMETHING TO DO:

Identify each verb as active or passive.

___________ 1. His bizarre behavior was ridiculed by his peers.___________ 2. This new film is praised by the critics for its honesty.

___________ 3. Chow King is opening a new branch in Tagum City.

___________ 4. Reporters swarmed around the scene of the crime.

___________ 5. By tonight the letter will have been read by the board.___________ 6. The letter was typed by Greg on his new word processor.

___________ 7. The activities about the school opening will be posted at the gate.

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___________ 8. Diane will have returned from her vacation by now.

___________ 9. A Brazilian architect designed this building.

___________ 10. The winner was given a certificate by the mayor.___________ 11. Billy is being called up for duty.

___________ 12. You must study your lessons very well before the test.

___________ 13. The judge gave the suspect a harsh sentence.___________ 14. This wildlife sanctuary protects the butterflies.

___________ 15. Those trees in front of the finance office was plated by Emmy

b. CHANGE the following sentences topassive voice.

Model:

he store will deliver the canned goods immediately.

he canned goods will be delivered by the store immediately..

1. His mother disallowed him as a punishment.

2. Someone has taken my book.

3. We heard the cries of children in the distance4. The shot frightened the child.

5. The voters will forget the sins of the candidates after a few weeks.6. People almost everywhere can speak English.

7. We will discuss the problem when we meet again.

8. He has deposited his money in the nearest bank.9. They have not sen him for over a year.

10. The publisher has published the offender lightly.

1. ________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________6. __________________________________________________________________

7. __________________________________________________________________

8. __________________________________________________________________9. __________________________________________________________________

10. __________________________________________________________________

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write these sentences highlighting the event and not the doer.

1. thermometer, Galileo galilei, inventor

2. reflecting telescope, Isaac Newton, invented in 1668

3. 1709 somebody invented the piano4. gas light, invented in1792

5. Alessandro Volta, inventor of the electric battery, 1880

6. sewing machine, invented 1830

7. radar, first used 19258. 1947, the polaroid camera, invented

INTERESTING FACTS on E-mail

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1. Butterflies taste with their hind legs.

2. Elephants are the only animals that cant jump3. An ostrichs eye is bigger than its brain..

4. A snail sleeps as much as three years.

5. A ducks quackdoesnt echo. And no one knows why.6. Animals die more quickly from lack of sleep than from lack of food.

7. Women blinknearly twice as much as men.

8. You cannot lickyour own elbow.9. Our eyes are always the same size from birth.

10. Our nose and ears never stop growing. Scary!!!11. The electric chairwas invented by a dentist. Imagine!!!

12. No word in English rhymes with MONTH.13. TYPEWRITERis the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the

keyboard.

14. The cigarette lighterwas invented before the match.

15. Almost everyone who reads this email will try to lick their elbow.

GRAMMAR IN FOCUS : SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT

One basic principle applies to this lesson: VERB MUST AGREE WITH ITS SUBJECTIN NUMBER.

Rule 1 - A singular subject takes a singular verb.

Example: He was very talkative at the meeting.

Rule 2 - A plural subject takes a plural verb.Example: They were very talkative at the meeting.

Rule 3 - When subjects are joined by AND orBOTH/AND, the verb is plural, whether the subject

is singular, plural or a combination of singular and plural.Example: Jack and Jill are on the hill.

Both the chairs and table in Pinkys room are painted pink.

Exception: When two subjects are joined by AND refer to only one person, or the same thing,the verb is singular.

Example: The owner and manager of Monterey Farms reports at 7:00 a.m. daily.

Rule 4 - When the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or pronouns connected by OR,

orNOR, use a singular verb.Example: Is Jenny or James joining the game?

Neither Jenny nor James is joining the game.

Rule 5 - When one of the two subjects connected by OR, NORorBUT is singular and the other isplural, the verb agrees in number with the nearer one.

Example: Neither Celia nor her lawyers were there.

Neither her lawyers nor Celia was there.

Rule 6 - The agreement of verb with its subject is not changed by any interrupting words such as,

together with, as well as, in addition to, including the, along with, etc.

Example: The captain, together with seven of his men, was captured by the terrorists.

Rule 7 - When the word EVERY orEACH comes before a compound subject whose parts arejoined by AND, a singular verb is called for since each subject is considered separately.

Example: Each student and a teacher is required a flowerpot.

Rule 8 - A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun used as a subject. Singular: anybody either neither somebody anyone everyone

nobody no one each everybody someone

Plural : both few many severalExamples: Everyone in the room is a member of the debating club.

Many were late during the transport strike.

Rule 9 - When a sentence is introduced by the expletive There or the adverb Here, the verb agreeswith the following subject.

Example: Here is your money.

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There are no other methods suggested.

Rule 10 - The subject and the verb of inverted sentence must agree in number

Example: At the end of that winding road are two bamboo bridges.

Rule 11 - A collective noun subject requires a singular verb that is thought of as a unit, it requires a

plural verbwhen it is thought of as individuals.

Example: The committee is planning to hire a band.

The committee are unable to agree on the kind of band to hire.

Rule 12 - When the sentence is introduced by the phrase The number, it requires a singular verb.

Example: The number of dropouts has decreased.

Rule l3 - When the sentence is introduced by the phrase A number, it requires a plural verb.

Example: A number of candidates are coming to school.

Rule 14 - Unit of measurement or weight usually requires a singular verb.

Example: Twenty pesos is more than enough for a days allowance.

Rule 15 - Certain subject/nouns ending in S, plural in form but singular in meaning, needs singular

verbs such as: Mathematics, physics, gymnastics, economics, politics, geriatrics, statistics,politics, etc.

Example: To some, politics is a way of life.

Rule 16 - Use plural verb with such noun as shears, scissors, pants, trouser,pliers, etc.

Example: His pants are too short for him.

SOMETHING TO DO

Direction: Underline the correct form of the verb in parenthesis:

1. Only 4 minutes (is, are) left of our timThe first step to attain change in our society (is, are)

evaluating and assessing ourselves.

2. There (is, are) no second chances for those who are always late.3. The house made of bricks (was, were) sold a month ago.

4. The craters of the moon (is, are) visible through a low-powered microscope.

5. Shape, as well as size, (helps, help) determine the value of a pearl.6 .Many of the students (prefers, prefer) shorter homeroom periods.

7. Neither the president nor his aides (was, were) prepared for such a warm welcome.

8. A kilo of sugar and a bottle of vinegar (is, are) on the table.

9. The enrolment is most public schools (increases, increase) every year10.The members of the committee (is , are) investigating the matter.

11. Measles ( is, are) considered as one of the childhood diseases.

12. A flock of pigeon (appears, appear) after every storm.13. Normally, a whales heart

(beats, beat) only 9 times per minute

14. Neither of his sisters (likes, like) his girlfriend.15. Thirty six meters (is, are) one yard.

16. In some parts of the world people (lives, live) in boats in rivers.

17. A number of minorities (lives, live) in Chinas fishing village.

18. The lifestyle of the farm families (differs, differ) from that of their ancestors.19. The head of the family, including all the members of the family (works, work) in the field.

20. A sewing machine with all its accessories and frills (was, were) transferred to the H.E.

building.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write the activities you and the members of your family perform on Monday mornings.

HOWS YOUR SPEECH?

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Read these words with primary stress on the first syllable

Secondary carton merchandize

dictate infamous ceremony

Literature paganism impious

Adversary locate mediocreCategory menu eligible

government deficit reasoning

architecture colleague lamentable

talented personal oligarchy

Territory laboratory noticeable

Centimeter comfortable hospitable

Capitalist nationalism honorable

Communism secretary serviceable

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Do some words shift their primary stress when a prefix or a suffix is added?

2. Can you give examples of these words?

FOCUS ON FORM : SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES

We can affix to form a Noun, Verb, Adjective or Adverb. refixes and suffixes produced a new

word and another meaning.

A. Noun Suffixes

NESS - kindness, belongness

ING - accounting, managing

MENT - retirement, accomplishmentTY / ITY - maternity, propriety

ER / OR - director, teacher, falterer

EE - employee, payeeIST - pianist, psychiatrist

ANCE / ENCE - attendance, dependence

ION/TION/SION - demotion, interruption, explosion

ANT/ENT - attendant, pediatricianATION / ITION - recommendation, demolition

B. Verb Suffixes ading IZE or EN to an adjectiveIZE - organize, popularize

EN - enlighten, shorten

C. Adjective Suffixes formed from nouns

FUL - forceful, grateful

OUS - hazzardous, odorous

AL - experimental, dentalLY - lovely, purely

IVE - inquisitive, inductive

ABLE / IBLE - destructible, dependableY - hairy, funny, slippery

IC - terrific, therapeutic

LY - consistency, fairly

D. Common Prefixes

ANTI (against) - antidote, antipode

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MIS (wrong) - misinterpret, misunderstanding

RE (again) - repaint, revamp

MINI (small) - miniforest, minilibraryPOST (after) - postgraduate, postscript

PRE (before) - prenatal, predominant

SEMI (half) - semicircle, semiconsciousSUPER (big) - supernatural, supersonic

INTER (between) - intercession, intercostal

OVER (too much) - overcant, overflow

E. Negative Prefixes

IN - injustice, insane

IR - irregular, irrationNON - nontoxic, non entity

DIS - disregard, dismantle

IM - immigrant, impostor

IL - illusion, illiterate

SOMETHING TO DO

Give the basewords and the affixes of the following words. Some affixes dont give more meaning

and mark the words as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. Follow the frist one as an example.

AFFIX

Word Baseword Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

1.debtor

2. management3. sporty4. helpful

5. electrician

6. frighten

7. musical8.

Debt Or

THE SCRIBE IN ME

List at least twenty (20) words with primary stress on the first syllable. Choose words either with aprefix or a suffix.

SOOTHING AS NIGHT WINGS ARE

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Love is gentle love is quietLike any distant star;

Love is beauty, love is musicSoothing as night winds are.

Love is patient and unselfishDivine, true, neutral fair Love is ageless and immortalLost love is just somewhere

And the heart that love abandons

Nurses a tender scar

Softly stabbing, and yet sweetlySoothing as night winds are.

Salvador B. Espinas

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. What words does the author use to describe love?

2. To what things is love compared?

3. Cite instances to show that :a. Love is patient

b. Love is unselfish

c. Love is ageless

d. Love is gentlee. Love is soothing

FOCUS ON FORM : ADJECTVES

An adjective modifies, describes or linit noun or pronoun.

Kinds of Adjectives

A. Limiting sets limit

I own (many, several, few, handful, enugh) during paraphernalia.

B. Descriptive describes qualities of nouns or pronouns

understanding father, clumsy teener, responsible guy

C. Pronominal noun or pronoun used as modifier

* Ricosfoundation, Claudines suitor, my

friend, that problem

D. Noun modifying adjective proper and common noun used to modify another noun.

* Chinese restaurant, labor sector, French fries, Friday sickness

E. Compound adjective is made up of two or more words to form into one and used before the es.

* It was an honest to-goodness mistake committed by Raul.

* His tongue is like a twin-bladedsword.

Position of Adjectives

There are two places where we can use an adjective: before a noun (a deligent student) and after a

linking verb (Joy is lovable). We can use most adjectives in both positions before a noun or after a

linking verb. But few adjectives can go in one position but not in the other.

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Adjectives before a noun main, only, indoor, former, chief, elder, eldest, inner, outdoor, outer,

principal, upper

Adjectives after a linking verb asleep, alike, please, ill, afraid, alone, ashamed, awake, alive,content

(happy) fine, (in good health, glad, unwell, well

SOMETHING TO DO

a. Complete the table by writing the adjective that can be used to describe the given nouns. Choosethe words from the list below.

Child Weather meat examination

Playful Hot fresh easy

Sunny thoughtful fair clever

Frozen mischievous easy hot

Chilly stormy chopped freshPlayful difficult tender minced

Semestral final talented long

Direction; Underline the adjective s) in the sentence and identify its kind.

1. Eduardo sailed the small boat on the calm lake.2. The Visayan people talk in fascinating manner.3. I attended my friends wedding.

4. She puts enough sugar in her coffee.

5. The rare Kalaw is a big-dense-forest bird.6. The third President was a good man.

7. Filipino hospitality is known around the world.

8. Weve eatern our lunch in a Japanese restaurant.9. Ten barrios sent lively marchers.

10. Did you notice his bright eyes and his tanned face?

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write an article which describes your favorite teacher in the elementary. Underline all the

adjectives that you will use.

GREEKS MAJOR GODS AND GODDESSES

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The Greeks believed that the gods chose Mount Olympus, in a region of Greece called Thessaly

(Thessalia), as their home. On Olympus, te gods formed a society that ranked them in terms of authorityand powers. However, the gods could roam freely, and individual gods became associated ith three main

domains the sky or heaven, the sea, the earth. The l2 chief gods, usually called the Olympians, were

Zeus, Hera,Hephaestus, Athens, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hestia, Hermes, Demeter , andPoseidon.

Zeus was the head of the gods, and the spiritual father of gods and people. His wife, Hera, was thequeen of heaven and the guardian of marriage. Other gods associated with heaven were Hephaestus, god

of fire and metal workers; Athena, goddess of wisdom and war; and Apollo, god of light, poetry, and

music. Artemis, goddess of wildlife and the moon; Ares, god of war; and Aphrodite, goddess of love, ere

ther gods of heaven. They were joined by Hestia, the goddes of the hearth; and Hermes, messenger of thgods and ruler of science and invention.

Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, who with his wife, Amphitrite, led a group ofless important sea

gods, such as the Nereids and Tritons. Demeter, the goddess of agriculture was associated with the earth.Hades, an important god but not generally considered an Olympian, ruled the underworld, where he lived

with his wife, Persephone. The underworld was a dark and mournful place located at the center of theearth. It was populated by the souls of people who had died.

Dionysus, god of wine and pleasure, was among the most popular gods. The Greejs devoted manyfestivals to this eathly god, and in some regions he became as important as Zeus. He often was

accompanied by a host of fanciful gods, including satyrs, centaurs, and nymphs. Satyrs were creatures

with the legs of a goat and the upper body of a monkey or human. Centaurs had the head and torso of a

man and the body of a horse. The beautiful and charming nymphs wanted woods and forests.

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

Summarize the text in five sentences.

FOCUS ON FORM : COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

We form the comparative and superlative of short adjectives (e.g. nice) and long adjectives (e.g.

beautiful) in different ways.

* One or two-syllable adjectives (e.g. , short,cute) usually have the er, -est ending.

Your cellphone is smaller.

Cruz family needs a bigger house.This is the shortest stick that I have seen.

You are the smartest girl here in our campus.

* But e use more most before words ending in ed.Everyone was pleased with the result of the test but Mr. Canuto was the most pleased.

* We also use more, most with three-syllable adjectives (e.g. exciting) and with longer ones.

Humorous movies are more exciting to watch than horror ones.

Mr. Ramos is the most eligible bachelor in town.

However, some two-syllable adjectives may end with er, est, or more-

most, as provided by the information below.

1. Words ending in a consonant +Y have er, est;Happy happier happiest

e.g. busy, dirty, heavy, funny,lovely, wacky, pretty, silly.2. Some words have er-est ormore-most:

narrow narrower narrowest or more narrow most narrow

e.g. gentle, common, clever, polite, quiet, simple, stupid, tired,3. The following words have more-most

e.g. useful more useful most useful

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3.a. Words ending in ful orless:helpful, careful, useful, hopeless, careless

3.b. Words ending in ing ored;willing, boring, surprised, annoyed

3.c. Many others : certain, correct, afraid, eager, exact, famous, foolish, frequent, modern,

nervous, normal, recent;* Good, well, bad and far have irregular form:

good/well better best

bad worse worstfar farther/further farthest/furthest

* We use more-most and their opposites less-least to compare quantities

I have more books than you.

Manila Hotel has the most rooms.Chona spends less on jewelries than Rachel does.

Lei committed the least mistakes among the contestants.

SOMETHING TO DO

a. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective in parenthesis.l. Joy is ________ (tall) than Grace.

2. Manila is ________ (small) than New York.

3. Boys are _________( fast) runners than girls.4. The University of Sto. Tomas is _______ (old) than University of Visayas.

5. This dress is ______( pretty) than that one.

6. That mountain is the _______ (high) of all.

7. She is _______(old) than most of bust but she feels _______(young).8. The Philippine Deep is the _________(deep) part of the Pacific Ocean.

9. Is thre a ________(large) table than this one.

10. This is the ________(funny) story I have read.

B. Write sentences from the notes below. Use the superlative degree of comparison. (2 points each).

Example : Carol/careful/file clerk in the office.

Answer : Carol is the most careful file clerk in the office.

1. The successful/secretary/was trained here._____________________________________________________________________________

2. Minda/skillful/teacher/Ive ever known.

_____________________________________________________________________________3. He can work/fast/ of all the operators.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Roy/buy/small/cellphone._____________________________________________________________________________

5. Yesterday /was unforgettable day/in my life.

_____________________________________________________________________________

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write five sentences comparing the lifestyle of Filipino students before with the students nowadays.

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INFORMATION GENRE

CIGARETTES MAY PROMOTE BLINDNESS

Not that you needed another reason to avoid smoking, but in case cancer, heart disease and

bad breath arent reasons enough, two new studies offer one: blindness. Writing in last weeksjournal of the Americal Medical Association, a pair of Boston-based research teams strongly link

cigarette smoking to age-related mascular degeneration (AMD). A degenerative eye conditin that

is the leading cause of blindness in older Americans.

In the first study, researchers follow 32,000 female nurses for 12 years, periodically

checking their smoking habits and health status. Those puffing at least 25 cigarettes a day

suffered two and a half times the AMD rate of those who had never smoked. Women who had quitdeveloped the condition at twice the rate of thse who had never smoked.

The second study tracked 21,000 male physicians and gound a similar pattern. As in the

nurses study, a pack-a-day smokers developed AMD at two to three times the rate of neversmokers.. But in this study, quitting eliminated most of the risk. No one knows how smoking

promotes AMD; it my impede circulation or simply accelerates the aging of cells. Either way, thenew study suggests one way to avoid it.

Newsweek, October 21, 1996

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. What is the selection all about?

2. What does the writer tell about cigarettes?3. How does cigarette affects the health of a person?

FOCUS ON FORM : KINDS OF ADVERB

1.Adverb of Time Answers the question WHEN

I have to attend the meeting tonight.2.Adverb of Manneranswers the question HOW

President Arroyo speaks bravely.

3.Adverb of Place answers the question WHERE

Im leaving for Cebu.4. Adverb of Frequency answers the question HOW OFTEN

Im always lonely.

5.Adverb of degree answers the questio HOW MUCHHe is very friendly.

6.Adverb of Cause and Reason answers the question WHY

She is absent because she is sick.

Other Adverbs:

Interrogative adverb how, when, where, why

Negative adverb no, not, never

Connection and relation adverbs however, why, nevertheless, furthermore

Where, if, though, than, indeed, certainly

*Adverbs never, always, sometimes, frequently, and usually come after the verbs is, are, was, were.

They come before a single word verb, and they come betweenmmbers of a verb phrase.

SOMETHING TO DO

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A.Identify the kind of underlined adverb. (manner, time, place, frequency)

_________1 The window will probably open if you press harder.

_________2Mr. Cruz, the school head always arrives early.

_________3. It is best to entertain the visitor here._________4. Will you ever go to Rome to see the Pope?

_________5. The students sing the National Anthem daily.

_________6 ean Garcia is remarkably good in acting._________7 Youre incredibly ridiculous!

_________8 Do you like to move nearer to him?

_________9 id the candidate for President deliver his speech well?

________ 10. Christine Hermosass career extends far.

B.Underline the adverb and draw an arrow to the word it modifies.

1. The secretary performs his work deligently.

2. Have you always lived in Davao City?

3. Via arrives early during shooting schedules.

4. All the contestants for the speech choir were noticeably tensed.

5. Marys stepsisters treated her cruelly

.6. Princess Diana died in Parish brutality.

7. She opened the door rather cautiously.

8. Rosarymae studies much harder than her older sister.

9. Catherine quietly entered the room.

10. Shall I return the books today?

C. Select the correct word to complete the sentences below.

1. The choirs voices sounded (shrill, shrilly).2. The old woman looked (sad, sadly).

3. They were left (entire, entirely) to our rescue.

4. Did grandma sleep (good, well) last night?5. I heard her speak (secret, secretly) to that man.

6. The juice tastes (bitter, bitterly).

7. He had been behaving (mystery, mysteriously) these few days.

8. The teacher explained the lesson (patient, patiently).9. Kairo singers sing on the stage at (night, nightly).

10. Marathon participants run (fast, fastly).

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THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write a short application in response to this newspaper ad:

WANTED

Counter sales attendants

Qualitifications:

-Must be high school graduate

-Male or Female

-16 to 20 years- knows how to speak English

-a resident of Tagum City

-must be of good scholastic record

Submit applications with Form 137 and xerox copy of birth certificate to:

Mrs. Roy Patrick S. Corpuz

Marketing Manager

Jolly and Kissy Fast FoodAsia Avenue, Tagum City

IN THE MORNING

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I met God in the morning

When my day was at its best;And His presence came like sunrise

With a glory in my breast

All day long His presence lingered

All day long He stayed with me;

And we sailed in perfect calmnessOer a very troubled sea.

Other ships were blown and battered

Other ships were sore distressed;But the wind that seems to drive them

Brought us both peace and rest.

Then I thought ofother morningsWith a keen remorse ofmind,

When I too, had loosed the moorings

With the Presence left behind.

So I think I know the secretLearned from many a troubled way:

You must seek Him in the morning

If you want Him through the day.

Health and Home

November-December 1998

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

Can we spend the first moments of each new day with God in personal secret prayer? Or, shouldwe?

FOCUS ON FORM : PREPOSITION

A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word/s in a sentence. It may

be in the form of one word or in a form of a phrase that functions as a unit.

1. It shows direction and motion - He moves towards his target.

2. It indicates a place or position - He placed the tray on the dining table.

3. It indicates time - Just text me between 6:00 and 7:00 a.m.4. It shows comparison They won the game along with the other team.

The most common prepositions are :

To on in for over belowUnder top beneath beside besides along

Underneath against across behind alongside with

By off beyond withoutoutide insideAs far as despite in spite of along with aside from of

IN ON IN in general means beneath the surface.On means touching the surface

The papers are in the drawer while the books are on the desk.

ON AT - In address, ON is used with the name of a street;

At with the house number and street names.

John lives on Hilario Avenue.

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The mayor lives at No. 123, Cervantes St., Tagum City

AT IN referring to location, AT ordinarily indicates a spcified location;

In a location within a house, building, city, et.

Ill meet you at Scoobys this afternoon.

Mother is in the kitchen preparing lunch.

Well meet you at the information desk, in the lobby of the hotelEXAMPLES:

1. She went to the store a while ago.2. Our professor is from Phil. Normal University.

3. You cant sit by the window.

4. The napkin is placed beside the plate.5. You can easily jump over our fence.

6. Please dont lean on the wall.

7. Mr. Reyes lives across the street from his office.8. You can walkaround the blockfor your daily exercise.

9. Lino took a short cut through the park.10. That noisy group is coming up the street.

11. One can find a mini-grocery a few yards down the street.12. Mary has to choose between two admirers.

13. What is money among friends?

14. Jim cant go inside the laboratory without a uniform.15. The ten beauty contestants in bathing suits paraded before the judges.

16. After the manager talked to them, the strikers agreed to end the strike.

17. Baguio, the summer capital is several hundred feet above sea level.18. In contrast, Manila is below sea level.

19. Many treasures can be found at the bottom of the sea.

20. Diligent and intelligent students always stay at the head ofthe class.21. The secretary walked into the office and gave the letters to her boss.

22. Many ofthe residents were able to run out ofthe crumbling building.

23. Local tourists go touring around the country by way ofFriendship Highway.

SOMETHING TO DO

A: Underline the correct preposition/s inside the parenthesis:1. Do you live (at, on) Rizal Avenue (in, on) Quezon City?

2. Mrs. Santos walked (in, into) the kitchen and placed the packages (on, over) the table.

3. My aunt is sitting (in, on) the sofa (in, at) the living room.

4. Dr. Smith, a visiting professor who is (from, of) London is staying (at,in) Excelsior Hotel.5. The door was locked, so I shoved the letter (under, around) the door.

6. Your score (in, on) the examination is well (above, over) average.

7. Dont forget to put your return address (in, on) the envelope.8. While waiting (for, to) my plane flight, I took a leisurely walk (around, across) the airport

station.

9. Jimmy leaned (near , against) the newly-painted wall and got his shirt smeared (by, with)paint.

10. My brother piled his books (above, on top of) his study table

THE SCRIBE IN ME

How do you show your faith in God?

FEATURE ANIMALS

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The tails of birds and animals can also be useful appendages to their bodies. 2)

Because of their tails, beavers can transmit a warning regarding impending danger. 3)

With its rattle, a rattlesnake warns those around that they should watch where they are

stepping. 4) Apart from protective use, tails can help animals with the more practical

side of life. 5) Kangaroos and lizards would not move with such agilitywithout their tailsfor balance. 6) With their long tails, wagtails, a kind of bird, disturb insects in thegrassand tyhus secure their food. 7) In addition to these uses, tails also help many animals

communicate during courtship. 8) A cayote holding his tail high above him is expressinginterest in his mate. 9) Similarly, by meansof his tail feathers, a male peacock displays

his interest in front of the hen. 10) The swordtail, a fish often found in home aquariums,

also uses his tail in a courtship dance.

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. How do beavers and rattlesnakes protect themselves?

2. How do cayotes, male peacocks and swordfish communited during courtship?3. What other means do you know some animals protect themselves?

GRAMMAR ON FOCUS : PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition. It ends with a noun or pronoun called theobject of the preposition. One preposition can have two or more objects.

Common compound prepositions

According to aside from in front of instead of

Ahead of because of in place of in view of

Apart from by means of in spite of on account of As of in addition to

Examples:

1. Margarette missed the bus by two minutes.

2. The book was placed between two wooden sticks.

A sentence can give several prepositional phrases, and the phrases can come anywhere in thesentence.

Examples:1. Without a moments hesitation, the cat leaped through the open window.

2. In view /of the memorandum /from the office/of the principal, afternoon classes will

be suspended today.

SOMETHING TO DO

a. Underline all prepositional phrases in each sentence.

1. Everyone wecomes Christmas, the happiest holiday of the year.

2 Miss Judith Magbanua of Silliman University is a psychology teacher.1. The security guards stationed at the gate of our school are courteous.

2. Some patients recover from major operations quickly.

3. Two forensic experts are arriving at the end of the month.4. The engineer adopts a new method in rice production.

5. The leaves of the big tree in front of our house were scattered all around.

6. Milk is not only a source of vitamins but also contains other food elements as calcium,protein and fat.

7. The race for nuclear supremacy will produce good and bad repercussions.

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8. We often became involved in the issues and personalities of political candidate without

our realizing it immediately.

9. Within the mountains of Sierra Madre, there is an unusual lake.10. Orphaned in his teens, Manuel worked his way through high school and college

C. Use the following prepositional phrases in the sentence:1. about six oclock

2. according to my father

3. by means of hard work4. throughout the day

5. in spite of their sorrows

6. after school

7. despite the rain8. during Saturdays

9. down the corridor

10. instead of

.THE SCRIBE IN ME

Pick out and write all prepositional phrases found in the paragraph.

A MYSTERY BY AGATHA CHRISTIE

1) A nurse at a London hospital had a young girl in he ward. 2) None of the doctors could

find a cure for her. 3) One day, before work, the nurse began reading another chapter of the bookby Agatha Christie. 4) After several pages, she put the book into her bag and hurried to the

hosspital for her duty. 5) According to the book, someone had taken a rare poison called thallium.

6) The descriptin of the victims symptoms exactly matched the symptoms of the young girl. 7)The nurse placed the book in front of the doctors. 8) She told them about her suspicion. 9)

Within minutes the doctor prescribed a new series of treatments for the young girl. 10) Because of

a mystery by Agatha Christie, a young girls life was saved.

1. 11. 21.

2. 12. 22.

3. 13. 23.

4. 14. 24.

5. 15. 25.

6. 16. 26.

7. 17. 27.8. 18. 28.

9. 19. 29.

10. 20. 30.

THE STORY OF THE RAINBOW

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Once upon a time, all the colors in the world started to quarrel; each claimed that she was the best,

the most important, the most useful, the most favorite.

GREEN said: Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for

grass, trees, leaves ithout me all the animals would die. Look out over th countryside and you will see

that I am the majority.

BLUE interrupted: You only think about the earth, but consider the sky and the sea. It is wather

that is the basis of life and this is drawn up by the clouds from the blue sea. The sky gives space and peaceand serenity. Without my peace you would all be nothing but busybodies.

YELLOW chuckled: You are all serious. I bring laughter, gaiety, and warmth into the world.

The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Everytime you look at the sunflower, thewhole world starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun.

ORANGE started next to blow her own trumpet. I am the color of health and strength. I may be

scarce, but I am precious, for I serve the inner needs of human life. I carry all the most important vitamins.Think of carrots and pumpkin, oranges, mangoes, and pawpaws. I dont hang around all the time, but

when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any ofyou.

RED could stand it no longer. He shouted out: I am the ruler of you all: blood, lifes blood, I amthe color danger and bravery. I am willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire in the blood. Without me, the

earth would as empty as the moon. I am the color of passion and of love; the red rose, poinsettia and

poppy.

PURPLE rose up to his full height. He was very tall and he spoke with great pomp:I am the color

of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs and bishops have always chosen, for I am sign of authority and

wisdowm. People do not question me theylisten and obey.

INDIGO spoke much more quietly and all the others, but just as determinedly: Think of me, I am

the color of silence. You hardly notice me; but without me you all become superficial. I represent thoughtand reflection, twilight and deep waters. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner

peace.

And so the colors went on boasting, each convined that they were the best. Their quarrelingbecame louder and louder. Suddenly there was wtartling splash of brilliant white lightning; thunder rolled

and boomed. Rain started to pour down relentlessly.

The colors all crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.

They spoke: You foolish colors, fighting among yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Doyou not know that God made you all? Each for a special purpose: unique and different. He loves you all.

Join hands with another and come with me.

I will stretch you across the sky in a great bow of color as a reminder that He loves you all, thtyou can live together in peace, a promise that he is with you, a sign of hope for tomorrow

And so whenever God has used a good rain to wash the world, He puts the rainbow in the sky; andwhen he see it, let us remember to appreciate one another.

Based on an Indian legend, written by Anne Hope

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

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1. What message is the author trying to impart in the story?

2. How will you apply the moral of the story to what are happening in real life?

3. Do you agree with the idea of the author regarding the solution to bickering and unhealthycompetition?

FOCUS ON FORM: CONJUNCTIONS

The word conjunction comes from the Latin word meaningto join. Conjunctions are words

which join words, phrases, or clauses.

Two General Classes of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank.2. Subordinating used to introduce subordinate clauses.

3.

a. The AND type

AND is used to add something to what has already been said. It should be used only when

the second idea is along the same line of thought as the first idea.Examples:

1. She is attractive and good-tempered.

2. (The words attractive and good tempered are positive qualities)3. He went away and never came back.

b. The BUT Type

BUT is used to add something contrary to or different from wha has already been said.

When we use but, the second part of the sentence expresses an idea which is a contrast to the first.

Example:1. He is stupid but industrious.

2. (Stupid is a negative quality while industrious is a positive quality.)

3.C. The OR type

OR implies a choice. It connects ideas of equal value giving one a chance to choose

either idea.

Example:1. You can come today or tomorrow.

2. I can go or stay as I please.

D. The SO Type

So is used when the second part is a consequence of the first part. The so typediffers fromthe and type, which implies the same line of thought. It also differs from the but type which

implies a contrast. So implies that the second part follows as a result of the first part.

Example:1. He shouted so I had to listen to him.

a. The principalsubordinate conjunctions are what, that, because,how, although,if, unless, where. whether.

1. The question what is answered by a thatclause.

That he is a liar is false. (What is false?)They claimed that he is a liar. (What did they claim?)

2. Purpose is expressed in the following examples.

They read that they may learn.They read so that they may learn.

3. Cause and effect is expressed in the following.

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He failed because he did not study.

He was so lazy thathe failed.

4. Manneris expressed by how.This is how I want you to do it.

5. Concession is expressed by although.

Although I made a few mistakes, I got a very good mark.6. Condition is expressed by if and unless.

Ifyou go with me, Ill treat you to a snack.

Ill not speak to you unless you go with me7. Place is expressed by where.

I dont know whetherI lost it.

8 Uncertainty is introduced by whether(not if).

dont know whetherI cn go with you.9 An adjectival subodinate clause may be introduced by who, which, that.

The prize which he won is a book.

The flowers that he sent are orchids.

SOMETHING TO DO

Coordinate Conjunctions : Write either of the coordinating conjunctions AND, SO, BUT and OR

needed in each of the following sentences.

2. He studied hard fr the test ______ he got a good grade.

3. His pen was broken ________ he could write with it.

4. He studied hard for the test _______ he got low grade.

5. I was hungry ________ I didnt want to eat.6. It was raining _______ we went out.

7. You will hand in your theme on time _____ Il give you a deduction.

Subordinate Conjunctions : Underline the subordianting conjunctions needed in each sentence.

1. He turned his face aay (so as, so that) we would not recognize him.2. We went out (because, although) the rain stopped.

3. She did not know (where, so) she lost her watch.

4. She was not sure (whether, unless) she could go.

5. Lets hurry (so as, so that) we wont be late.6. I dont know (whether, because) I cn go with you.

7. (Though, Because) she is often neglected by her parents, she still repsects them.

8. They graduated high school (because, unless) they worked for it.9. (Before, After) passing the rest, he was congratulated.

10. Ill not come (unless, if) you invited.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write your views or comments regarding the new grading system.

Does it have advantages? Disadvantages?

SOME PEOPLE

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The Gurkhas are the mountain people of Nepal. Generally known as people of the Himalayas,

they are hardworkers and brave fighters. For the Gurjhas, tradition or the way things have always been is

very important. This is knon in their approach to religion. They go to the temple to participate in religiousfestivals ouit of respect for the old ways. They have an inbred instict to follo what they haveknown or

learned. This is one of the big reasons the Gurkhas have maintained close family ties. In their family

relationships, the male members have always had the final say. Any Gurkha ceremony, like a parade orthe presentation of an award, has always been for all the family. Everyone is present. Mothers in colorful

saris and their young children are all in attendance. The young boys spend most of their time on the edge

of the parade ground imitating their fathers as they drill and march. It has always been like this.Communicating in English11

Pages 87-88

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1 . In what way/s are Gurkhans similar to Filipinos?

2. Do you agree that it is right to participate in religious activities out of respect for the old ways?

Why?3. Is it right for men to always have the final say? Why?

GRAMMAR IN FOCUS : THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that took place at an indefinite time orover a period of time in the past. The time of the action is not mentioned and it is not implied. If the time

is mentioned or implied, the past or the past perfect is usually used.

She has worka batik dress. (at some indefinite time in the past).She wore batik dress yesterday. (Yesterday indicates a definite past time.)

Several students have reportedon the life of Sukarno. (Before the time of speaking but definitetime is not known.

Have you evergone to Baguio City? (At any time in ones life before the moment of speaking)No, I have nevergone to Baguio City. (At no time in my life)

Yes, I went there last year. (Definite past time).

The Present perfect tense is also used to show an action that has begun in the past and is

completed at the present time or may still be going on. The present perfect presupposes something in the

present. Certain adverbial time expressions are often used, such as the following:

1. Expressions beginning ith since and for

a. Batik-making has flourishedin Javasince the seventeenth century. (Batik-making stillflourishes there).

b. Since ancient times, the Indonesians have offeredfood and flowers for the spirits of the

plants, mountains, and seas. (They started doing so from ancient times and still do so to

the present.c. She has spoken Bahasa Indonesia for two years now. (She still speaks the language.

2. Just denotes an action recently completed. It is used only in affirmative sentences .a. My Indonesian classmate has just receiveda package from Indonesia.

b. The Indonesian group has just presenteda wayang.

c. The tourist guide has just explained to us the significance of the religious feastselamatan.

3. Already is used in affirmative statements to express a complete action. It is never used with

the past tense.

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a.. When will the Balinese dancers present the monkey dance? They have already

presentedit.

b. When will we take up Indonesian literature? They have already taken it up.

4. Ever is used in affirmative questions.

a. Have you ever seen a Buddhist temple?

b. Have you ever tasteddurian and rambutan from Davao?

c.Have the Indonesians ever been trainedto live in a democratic form of government?d.Have they ever been underforeign rule?

5. Yet is used in:

a. Affirmative questions about something expected.

Have you taken the pictures of Eden Farms yet?

(The taking of pictures is expected).

Not yet. We havent taken them yet.Has she prepared the streamers?

(something expected)Not yet. She hasnt prepared them yet.

b. Negative questions to indicate surprise.Havent they delivered the antiques from Jakarta yet?

(There is surprise because the antiques have been paid for.)

Havent they visited the botanical gardens yet?(There is surprise since they have been at the area for several years)

c. Negative statements

The students have not yet discussed the other islands of Indonesia, like Bali,

Lombak Flores and Sumba.The language teacher has not yet compared Tagalog and Bahasa Indonesia.

Yet may be placed between the auxiliary verb has/have and the main verb as shown

in the preceding examples. Yet may be at the end of the sentence.

a. I havent witnessed any presentation of the Ramayana Ballet Festival.

b. They havent started with the umbrella dance yet.

6. Other expressions, such as recently, lately, often, frequently, so far, up to now, up to thepresent, till today, and the like may be used with the present perfect tense.

a. A friend has recently written a report about Sukarnos government

b. Lately, the Indonesian government has taken measures to keep up with its

growing population.c. Batikhas often remindedus of women working gracefully with baskets atop their

heads.

d. They have frequently sacrificedchickens during cremation.e. Up to now, the Indonesians have preservedtheir basic customs.

The present perfect tense has two forms the ordinary and theprogressive.

The present perfect tense is used to denote an action:

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1. That began at some past time and continues to the present.

Example: I have been healthy all my life.2. An action that has just been completed.

Example: He had just left.

The present perfect tense is sometimes called the has-have tense because the sign of the

present perfect tense is has for the third person and have for all other persons.

Examples:

I have finished the work. He has done the work.

SOMETHING TO DO

Direction: Fill each blank with the present perfect tense of the word in parentheses:

1. We are staying with my grandmother with whom we _____________(stay) for two years.2. I _________(wait) for her for an hour.

3. My cousin Mildred __________ (be) with us for a week.4. Since this morning, I _________ ( not leave) the house.

5. She speaks English well because she _______ (speak) English all her life.

6. Jake is very kind; she _______ (help) me all day.7. Dingdong ________ (live) in Zamboanga for many years.

8. Since I met Kassandra, she _______ (be) my friend.

9. Why are you so late/ I _______ (wait) for you several hours!

10. I shall go out after I ______ (eat) my lunch.11. It is warm today; the dry season _______ (begin).

12. The Christmas holidays ______ (end).

13. This child _______ (do) her work well.14. Her brother _______ (pass) the Licensure Examination for Teachers.

15. The members of the choir ______(sing) for a while

A. Use the correct verb form in the sentence.

1. On July l2, l989, my family (move) to Tagum, Davao del Norte. Since then, we (live) in the

place.2. We (live) in this city for almost fifteen years now. All these years, we (know) peace and

contentment.

3. Tradition dictated that the Hindus cremate or burn their dead in the twelfth century. Since thenthey (cremate) their dead.

4. For many generations, the Hindus (observe) cremation as a traditional practice.

5. The people of Aklan (originate) the Ati-Atihan many years ago.6. They (celebrate) this festival for hundred of years.

7. Filipinos (show) cooperation through bayanihan.

8. The Alay Lakad contributions (help) thousands of out-of-school youth since the practice

started several years ago.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write five sentences about Filipino traditions practiced during the Spanish times which are

still observed today. State the reasons why you think they have been preserved.

AN EXCERPT FROM A DIARY

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December l6, 2004

Dear Diary,

Do you know that before our English class had ended today, I had became aware of the

importance of making wise choices? Our teacherhad explained how our choices could make or unmake

us. Can you beat that? Oh, my I had resolved to weigh things more carefully in the future. My teacher

had reminded me about choosing wisely carreer, boyfriend (or is it boyfriends? Gosh!) or just what my

plans are. Really . . . I had made a lot of thinking after one morning.

Magnolia

Communicating in English, 2nd year

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Do you own a diary? Where do you keep it?2. Do you let others read your diary?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping a diary?

GRAMMAR ON FOCUS : THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

ThePast Perfect Tense or theHADtense is used in the following sentences:

1. The monkey had learned about the men before it escaped.2. The man had worked very hard before he became rich.

3. The villagers had prayed hard and long before the rain fell at last.

How many actions are indicated in sentences 1, 2, and 3? Did both actions happen in the

past? Did they happen at the same time or was one action completed before the other?

How is the past perfect tense formed? What auxiliary verb is used? Why is the past perfect

tense called the had tense?

The past perfect tense is formed by usinghad + the past participle form of the verb. It is

used to express the first of two past actions.

AIDS IN THE USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

a. a word already may be used with the past perfect tense.

Ex. The monkey hunterhad already caught several monkeys before he noticed thepeaceful one.

b. The word just is sometimes placed between had and the past participle form of the

verb. This emphasizes that the action of the verb in the past tense occurred only a little

earlier tan the action indicated by the past tense.Ex. The visitors had just taken their dinner when the host presented to them the

exceptional monkey.

The past perfect tense denotes an action which took place before another past action or

before a definite past time. It is used when the speaker wishes to bring out this particular

relationship between two actions.

Consider these sentences:1. I stood up; I heard a noise.

2. I stood up; I had heard a noise.

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3. I stood up after I heard a noise.

Insentence no. 1, there are two past actions: stood up and heard. Which came first? Wecannot tell. Insentence no. 2, the relationship between the two actions is perfectly clear. The noise

was heard before the person stood up. The use of the past perfect tense indicates this clearly. In

sentence no. 3, the two verbs are both in the past tense although the second action occurred beforethe first action. The past perfect tense had heardcould have been used, but since the word after

shows the time relationship clearly, the past tense was used. However, the past perfect tense may

also be used in this situation.

Study these examples:

I noted all the errors he had made.

The meeting had started when I entered.

In sentence no. 1, he had finished making all the mistakes before I saw them. In the

sentence: Isaw allthe mistakes he made, the two actions may be considered as taking place at the

same time. In sentence no. 2 , the meeting was going on when I entered. In the sentence: Themeeting startedwhen I entered the room, the meeting started just when I came in. The implication

is that the others waited for me.

Remember to use the past perfect tense always in relation to the past tense.

Thepast perfect tense is generally found in subordinate clauses: The station master said

that the train had left an hour before. It is rarely used in a simple sentence unless the sentence is

found in a paragraph.

SOMETHING TO DO

a. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Which tense shouldyou use to express the earlier of the two past actions?

1. Ten years ago the Roldan family (purchase) an agricutural lot.2. They all (like) the coconut seedlings that they (plant) beore the rainy season.

3. Their neighbors (admire) the coconuts that the Roldan family (harvest) before the

typhoon.

4. They (know) that the Roldan family (invest) in a worthwhile project.

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write a three-paragraph narrative of a memorable childhood experience.

WHAT WILL THE WORLD BE IN 2000?

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This is the jet age, the space age. What man has achieved in the past fifty years is probably much

more than was achieved in the past five hundred years. This means that lately technological advancement

has gone at a very rapid pace. This being so, we wonder what the world will be in the year 2000.

What will the world be in 2000? Several scholars have come up with educated predictions. By the

year 2000 the world population will have tripled, considering the rate by which population is increasingnow. It is estimated that the world population will have hit the 7 billion mark in the next twenty five

years.

To solve the food problem, scientists have gone into research. By 2000 man shall havegone into

seas farming on a larger scale. Also he shall have tapped algae or yeast as a food source. Many research

laboratories like Stanford University Food Institute are now experimenting with algae farming. The tiny

algae are 100 percent fruit. The cost of glowing algae is very minimal, only one cent per pound.

By 2000, textile factories shall have produced disposable clothing. This will probably prove

convenient since dirty clothes wont be laundered anymore. They will simply be thrown away.

Regarding housing, people by then shall have started living in skyscrapers going straight down

instead of up. This still eliminate the weather problem, although of course there will be added risks.

By the year 2000 we will have colonized the moon and landed on Mars. There will be unmanned

probes in progress throughout the solar system. To push through such projects requires a lot of energy, butby then man shall have found a substitute for oil to avoid an energy crisis. He shall have devised ways to

make use of solar energy. Today solar power is availed of by costly, especilly designed mirrors. By 2000

man shall have found ways to use solar energy as little cost. Also he shall have tried using geothermal

power.

What about peace? It is predicted that by 2000 we shall have found universal peace. Class and

race distinction shall have disappeared by then. All continents shall have become united in the worldalliance with an international police force. Man will perhaps realize that only through peace can preserve

himself and this earth he lives in.

Communication Arts and SkillsLopez/Serrano

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Do you agree with the statement that Man has achieved more these fifty years than in the last

five hundred years?

2. Can we predict the future by evaluating present facts?3. What are the predictions about the world in 2000 on the following?

a. World population e. the world economic pogress

b. Food f. oil crisisc. Housing g. peace

d. Clothing

GRAMMAR ON FOCUS : THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Use the future perfect tense when you mean that the action will be completed before aspecific time in the future. The forms of the future perfect tense are the ordinary form (shall have

or will have added to the main verb) and the future perfect progressiveform (shall or will have

been added to the main verb)

GRAMMAR ON FOCUS : THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

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Use the future perfect tense when you mean that the action will be completed before a

specific time in the future. The forms of the future perfect tense are the ordinary form (shall have

or will have added to the main verb) and the future perfect progressiveform (shall or will havebeen added to the main verb)

Watch this model:

We shall go to school at seven oclock.We shall have gone to school by seven oclock.

SOMETHING TO DO

A Fill in the blanks with thefuture perfect tense of the given word.

1. By the end of the century, the population of the world ________( increase) alarmingly unless

measures are implemented.2. With intensive research going on, probably, by 2000 mean _____ (lick) the food problem.

3. Many Asian nations _______ (become) self-sufficient in food.

4. To save plants, agriculturists _____ (come) up with pest control measures.

5. Scientists _____ (land) manned rockets on some planets in the next decade.6. Before the end of the century, automobile manufacturers _____ (develop) cars consuming less

gasoline.7. By then, medical researchers _____ (discover) better cures for some diseases.

8. In few years time man ____ (find) the means to harness solar energy.

9. Before we can improve plant breeds, we ____ (do) much selection of seeds.10. By the time you reach fifty, you _____ (see) many changes.

B. Change each of the following sentences to express perfect tense.

1. The program will be over at five oclock.

2. Olsen Racela will play basketball this afternoon at the Araneta.

3. The dressmaker will finish the dress tomorrow.4. The class will hold a program tonight.

5. They will leave for Surigao next week.

6. Well finish this lesson on Friday.7. You will clean your science garden next week.

8. The evaluators will arrive this afternoon.

9. They will leave the day after tomorrow.

10. I shall finish reading this novel next week

THE SCRIBE IN ME

Write a short paragraph with this title, What Will I Be Twenty Years From Now

GREEK LITERATURE, A Glimpse

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Greekliteraturecontains many stories about Amazons. Supposedly living near the Black Sea, the

Amazonswere a nation of women warriors noted for their strength. Not enjoying the presence of men, the

Amazonslivedapart in their cities. Ares, the god of war, was worshipped in their temples. They foughtagainst the Greeks during the Trojan War. Theywere lso fearless hunters. Theirbraverymade them

famous. Many Greekstatues of Amazons with bows and arrows can be seen today in museums. These

women never really existed, however, according to some scholars. Theyare merely the product ofGreeks imagination.

LETS TALK ABOUT IT

1. Do you believe that Amaz