WORK STUDY-WORK STUDY-METHOD,TIME STUDYMETHOD,TIME STUDY

Hareesh.MHareesh.M

I.D.NO:2014600120I.D.NO:2014600120

INTRODUCTION

With increasing complexities of the technological world,

need to simplify the work system has been increasing day

by day. Work study is an area of knowledge that addresses the

problem of work simplification with the basic objectives of

PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,

HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETYHUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY

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Work Study-Definition

“Work study is defined as that body of knowledge

concerned with the analysis of the work methods

and the equipment used in performing a job, the

design of an optimum work method and the

standardization of proposed work methods.”

Work StudyThe systematic examination of the method of carrying on activities so as to improve the effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities being carried out.

Method StudySystematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing cost

The main purpose of method study is to eliminate the unnecessary operations and to achieve the best method of performing the operation

Method Study ( Steps) Select job/process to be examined & observe current

performance • high process cost, bottlenecks, tortuous route, low

productivity, erratic quality Record & document facts

• activities performed• operators involved - how etc• equipment and tools used• materials processed or moved

Apply critical examination - challenge job components & necessity (purpose, place, sequence, method).

Develop alternative methods & present proposals Document as base for new work system Install, monitor (slippage) & maintain

Method Study (Objectives)Improvement in use of all inputsEconomy in human effort Layout improvementImprovement in design of plant and

machineryImprovement in safety standards and

proceduresBetter working environment

Method Study ( Facilitating Factors)High operating costHigh wastage & scrapExcessive movement of materials and workmenExcessive production bottlenecksExcessive rejections and reworkComplaints about qualityComplaints about poor working conditionIncreasing number of accidentsExcessive use of overtime

Work Study (Benefits)Increased productivity and increased efficiencyReduced manufacturing costsImproved work place layoutBetter manpower planning and capacity planningFair wages to employeesBetter working conditions for employeesImproved workflowReduced material handling costsBetter industrial relations and employee moraleProvides better job satisfaction to employees

Work MeasurementThe application of technique designed to establish time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working at a defined level of performance

Fair Day’s work

Work MeasurementWhy define/measure work?

standard, reliable methodscontrol performance & qualityobtain predictabilitydefined labour costs & performanceset pay rates & provide data for effort-reward

relationshipWhy set standard times

assumptions about competent, motivated workers

be clear about "allowances" & fatigue

Work Measurement (Objectives)Finding ineffective time in an activitySetting standards (norms) for output levelPerformance evaluation – capability managementCapacity management Comparing work methodsScheduling – facility operationsEstablishing wage incentives schemes

Work Measurement (Techniques)Stop – watch time studyWork samplingPredetermined times standardsStandard data

Work Study (Opponents)All work is different - idiographic vs/ nomothetic

Work study is obsolete

It is exploitative of workers

It has never been and never will be accepted here

Time Study One of the most common types of work measurement is time

study

For example - PurposeAn international coffee shop chain may want to find out how

long a barista should take to make a specific coffee drink. Some of the stated condition may include using cold milk that needs to be steamed, rather than already steamed milk.

Time StudyObservations A qualified practitioner should observe the employee using a time

measurement device. The observer should also assess the quality of work

Observed Person The observed person in the time study must be fully trained in the

measured task

Time StudiesTime Studies1.1. Define the task to be studiedDefine the task to be studied

2.2. Divide the task into precise elementsDivide the task into precise elements

3.3. Decide how many times to measure the Decide how many times to measure the tasktask

4.4. Time and record element times and Time and record element times and rating of performancerating of performance

Time StudiesTime Studies

5.5. Compute average observed timeCompute average observed time

Average Average observed timeobserved time

Sum of the times recorded to perform Sum of the times recorded to perform each elementeach element

Number of observationsNumber of observations==

6.6. Determine performance rating and Determine performance rating and normal timenormal time

Normal time = Normal time =

Average observed Average observed time Xtime X Performance rating Performance rating

factorfactor

7.7. Add the normal times for each element Add the normal times for each element to develop the total normal time for the to develop the total normal time for the tasktask

8.8. Compute the standard timeCompute the standard time Standard time= total normal time/1-

allowance factor

Time Study Example Time Study Example

Average observed time = 4.0 minutesAverage observed time = 4.0 minutesWorker rating = 85%Worker rating = 85%Allowance factor = 13%Allowance factor = 13%

Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)

= (4.0)(.85)= (4.0)(.85)

= 3.4 minutes= 3.4 minutes

Standard time = = =Standard time = = =Normal timeNormal time

1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor3.43.4

1 - .131 - .133.43.4.87.87

= 3.9 minutes= 3.9 minutes

Time Study Example -1Time Study Example -1Allowance factor = 15%Allowance factor = 15%

PerformancePerformanceJob ElementJob Element 11 22 33 44 55 RatingRating

(A)(A) Compose and type letterCompose and type letter 88 1010 9 9 21*21* 1111120%120%

(B)(B) Type envelope addressType envelope address 22 33 2 2 1 1 33105%105%

(C)(C) Stuff, stamp, seal, andStuff, stamp, seal, and 22 11 5*5* 2 2 11110%110%

sort envelopes sort envelopes

Cycle Observed (in minutes)Cycle Observed (in minutes)

1.1. Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)2.2. Compute average times for each elementCompute average times for each element

Average time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutes

Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2

3.3. Compute the normal time for each elementCompute the normal time for each element

Normal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutes

Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)

4.4. Add the normal times to find the total normal timeAdd the normal times to find the total normal time

Total normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutesTotal normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutes

Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2

5.5. Compute the standard time for the jobCompute the standard time for the job

Standard time =Standard time =Total normal timeTotal normal time

1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor

= = 18.07 minutes= = 18.07 minutes15.3615.361 - .151 - .15

Thank youThank you