words, words, words anita l. archer, phd author
TRANSCRIPT
Words,Words,Words
Words for Everyone Across Grades and
Domains Alaska Webinar #3
1
Words,Words,Words
Anita L. Archer, PHD
Author, Consultant, Teacher [email protected]
The content of this presentation is expanded in Chapter 3 of the following book: Archer, A., & Hughes, C. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient
Teaching. NY: Guilford Publications.
Videos that support this training can be found on: www.explicitinstruction.org Elementary Vocabulary Professional Development Videos can be found
Pacific Northwest Publishing website.
2
MusingsonWords
sagacious–havingorshowingkeenmental
discernmentsandgoodjudgment
La9nsagac=wise
maven–expert(Yiddish)
3
Topics
• Review– ExplicitVocabularyInstruc9onRou9ne– Extensions
• VocabularyProgramComponents• WordLearningStrategies
– ContextClues– WordParts– ReferenceMaterials
• Prac>ceAc>vi>es
4
Review
RetrievalPrac>ce
5
Review
WhatarethefourstepsintheExplicit
Instruc9onVocabularyRou9ne?
6
VocabularyInstruc9onalRou9ne
Step1:Introducetheword’spronuncia>on.
Step2:Introducetheword’smeaning.
Step3:Illustratethewordwithexamples.(andnon-exampleswhenhelpful)
Step4:Checkstudents’understanding.
7
Inquiries
Whenshouldtheinstruc9onalrou9neinclude
examplesandnon-examples?
Canyoumodelasecondarymathlesson?
8
polynomialexpressions(noun)Introducetheword’spronuncia9on.
Polynomialexpression
4xy2+3x-5
terms
poly=manynomial=terms
9
polynomialexpressions(noun)Introducetheword’smeaning.
Polynomialexpression4xy2+3x-5PolynomialExpressionscanhave:
– Constants-Numbers(e.g.,-5,20,½)– Variables(e.g.,x,y)– Exponents(wholenumberexponents, only0,1,2,3,...etc.)
– Thesecanbecombinedusing+,-,×,÷
• PolynomialExpressionscanNOThave:– Nega9veexponents– Avariableasadenominator
10
polynomialexpressions(noun)Illustratewithexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
5xy2–3x+5y3-3 3xy-2
21 2/x+2
3xyz+3xy2-0.1xz 5+1/z
PolynomialExpressionscanhave:
✓Constants-Numbers(e.g.,-5,20,½)✓Variables(e.g.,x,y)✓Exponents(wholenumberexponents, only0,1,2,3,...etc.)
✓Thesecanbecombinedusing+,-,×,÷
PolynomialExpressionscanNOThave:✓Nega9veexponents✓Avariableasadenominator 11
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3
12
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3
22
13
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3
22
5/kz+x
14
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3 5/kz+x
22
0.3x-2
15
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3
5/kz+x
22 0.3x-2
7x2–5x3+5
16
polynomialexpressions(noun)Checkunderstandingusingexamplesandnon-examples
Examples Non-Examples
8xy2–5x3
5/kz+x
22 0.3x-2
7x2–5x3+5
17
PolynomialExpressionsClassifica9onbyterm
mono=1 bi=2 tri=3 poly=many
monomial=1
term
binomial=2
terms
trinomial=3
terms
polynomial=
morethan3
terms
3xy3 5x-1 3x+5y2-9 2x+3y+y2-7
18
Inquiry
Ihavearangeofstudentsinmysecondgrade.
WhenIamteachingvocabulary,Iwantto
involvemystudentssoIstartbyaskingthemif
theyknowthemeaningofthenewword.Inthis
way,Ihonortheirpriorknowledge.
Isthisgoodprac9ce?
19
Inquiry
Thechallenge...theiranswersmaybeinaccurateorunclear.Considerthese:
Doyouknowthemeaningofan>cipate?
“Youknow...likeyoulikeitalot.(Possibleconfusionwithappreciate.)
“Youareagainstsomething.”(Perhapsno9cedan9withintheword.)
“Somethingyoueat?”(?)
20
an9cipateverb
Whenyouan>cipatesomething,youexpect
thatsomethingwillhappenoryoulookforward
tosomethinghappening.
Synonyms:expect,predict
21
an9cipateexamples
InDecember,studentsan>cipatethewinterholiday.Theylookforwardtotheholiday.
InJune,studentsan>cipatetheendofschoolyear.Theyarethinkingaboutsummerac9vi9es.
22
an9cipateexamples
Ifyouweregoingtothezoo,youmight
an>cipateseeinganimalssuchaselephantsand
zebras.
IfyouweregoingtoMcDonalds,youmight
an>cipatehavingaburgerandamilkshake.
23
an>cipatecheckforunderstanding
Whenyougetinlineforlunch,whatdoyou
an>cipate?
Beginbysaying:
WhenIgetinlineforlunch,Ian>cipate...
24
an>cipatecheckforunderstanding
WhenSpringarrivesinyourcommunity,whatdo
youan>cipate?
Beginbysaying:
WhenSpringarrivesinmycommunity,I
an>cipate...
25
WordRela9ve
an9cipate verb
an9cipa9onnoun
WhenwegotoDairyQueen,Ian>cipatethatwewillhaveicecreamsundaes.IneachhourbeforeweleaveforDairyQueen,myan>cipa>ongrows.
26
Review
Whataresomewaysthatyoucanextend
instruc9ononawordtopromotegeneraliza9on
tootherwords?
27
Review-feedback
Whataresomewaysthatyoucanextendinstruc9ononawordtopromotegeneraliza9ontootherwords?
• partsofspeech• partsofwords(prefixes,suffixes,roots)
• synonymsandantonyms
• seman9corderingofrelatedwords
• wordfamilies
28
Review:Extensions
1. Introduce the part of speech. 2. Introduce synonyms (same) and /or antonyms
(opposite). 3. Tell students when and where the word is often used. 4. Extend information about the vocabulary term. 5. When appropriate, introduce the history or origin of
the word. 6. Introduce other words with the same meaningful
parts. 7. Introduce other words in the same word family. 8. Introduce other meanings of the vocabulary term.
29 30
VocabularyInstruc>on-Extensions
8. Introduce other meanings of the vocabulary term. Words with Multiple Meanings bark (dog) bark (tree) check (✔) check (monetary) star star current current draft draft buckle buckle company company Select one pair of words and write a sentence that contains both work meanings.
instrumentaladjec9ve
Instrumental means very important. Synonyms: important, influential, significant, crucial, essential, helpful, useful Antonyms: unhelpful, insignificant, irrelevant, useless, unimportant
31
instrumentalexample
Ricardo was instrumental in his team’s win because he scored the winning goal.
32
instrumentalexample
Ms. Thomas wrote a college recommendation for Margaret. The recommendation was instrumental in her acceptance at an excellent university.
33
instrumentalcheckforunderstanding
Think of someone that was instrumental in your life. Start by saying: _______________ was instrumental in my life because___________________.
34
Mul9pleMeaning
Musical Instruments Instrumental music
35 36
VocabularyLogsorFlashCards
• Whatcanberecordedonavocabularylogoronflashcards?
• Word
• MeaningintheirownwordsOR
• Cri9calaiributes• Anyoftheseop>ons• Asentencetoillustratetheword�smeaning
• Examplesandnon-examples
• Anillustra9on(quickdraw)
.
WordWalls
• Create a word wall in your classroom – Post a reminder of the context.
• The name of the passage • The topic in science or social studies
– Post the vocabulary words. Number the words (1 – 10)
– Incorporate the words into your classroom language.
– Encourage students to use the words when speaking and writing.
37
CheckforUnderstanding
1. frigid2. treacherous3. triumph
4. uninhabited5. expedi9on6. labor7. dismantled
38
WORDLEARNINGSTRATEGIES
39
VocabularyProgramComponents
• Research-basedcomponentsforeffec9vevocabularyinstruc9on:
1.Explicitlyteachwordmeanings
2.Encouragewidereading3.Exposestudentstohigh-qualityorallanguage4.Promotewordconsciousness5.Teachindependentword-learningstrategies,includingtheuseofcontextclues,theuseofwordparts,andtheefficientuseofthedic9onary(Graves,2000;TeacherReadingAcademy,2002)
40
Word-learningStrategies
Word-learningstrategiesinclude:
– ContextualAnalysis– MorphemicAnalysis
– Useofdic9onaryandotherreferencematerials
41
ContextClues
• Contextcluesarethewords,phrases,andsentencessurroundinganunfamiliarword
thatcangivehintsorcluestoitsmeaning.
42
ContextClueSteps
1. Iden9fytheunknownword.
2. Lookforthewordsthatgivehintsaboutitsmeaninginthesentence.
3. Ifyouneedmorecues,readthesentencesbeforeandanertheonewiththewordinit.
4. Infertheword’smeaningbasedonwhatyoufound.
Thenmodelit…“AsTomsteppedoutofthetent,themoistgrasssoakedhisshoesandhewonderedifithadrained.”Sayaloud…“Thegrassismoist.ItsoaksTom’sshoes.Tomthinksitrained.Rainmakesthingswet.Moistmustmeanwet.”“Nowtry‘wet’inplaceofmoisttoseeifitmakessense.”
ForStudents ForTeachers
AdaptedfromVocabularyInstruc9onModuledevelopedforReadingExcellenceAct.Graves(2002)43
TheSLAPStrategy
�Saytheword.
�Lookforclues.
�Askyourselfwhatthewordmightmean;thinkofawordthatexpressesthatmeaning.
�Putthewordinthepassageinplaceoftheunfamiliarword.Doesitmakesense?
LouisianaReadingAssocia9on
44
ContextClues
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
45
UseofContextClues
• Synonymsinthesentence:AtfirstIfelttrepida>onwhenIsawthelargesnake,butwhenthehandlertoldmeitwasharmless,Iwaslessafraid.
• Antonymsinthesentence:Iaiemptedtoavertacollisionwiththemairessintheroad,butmyright9rehititwithfullforce.
• Defini>ons/descrip>ons:Magpies,blackandwhitecrow-likebirds,areprotectedinpartsoftheUnitedStates.
46
UseofContextClues
• Explana>ons:Althoughsomemenareloquacious,othershardlytalkatall.
• Comparisonsorcontrasts:Whiletheyaretwins,Karahasdarkhairandbrowneyes,butMelissaisNordicincoloring.
• • Cluesfromwordsinaseries:Springbringssparrows,
finches,robins,andmagpiestoouryard.
• • Causeandeffect:Whentoomanystudentsloiteredinthe
cafeteria,lunchperiodswereshortenedtotwentyminutesinordertomakeroomforthenextlunchperiod.
47
ProvideSystema>cStrategyInstruc>on
ExplicitInstruc>onofSkills/Strategies
Demonstra9on Idoit. Myturn.
GuidedPrac9ce Wedoit.Let�sdothis together.
CheckUnderstanding Youdoit.Yourturn.
48
ContextClues
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
49
Demonstra>on-Idoit.
HippoAhippocansubmergeinthewatertostaycoolunderthehotAfricansunshine.Some9mesyoucan’tevenseethehippointhewateringhole.
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
50
Demonstra>on–Idoit.
HippoThehippolivesontheAfricansavannah,adry,hotgrassland.Asmallnumberofshrubsandtreesarescaieredacrossthesavannah.
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
51
GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.
Hippo
Duringtheday,hipposremaincoolbystayinginthewaterormud.Atdusk,theyemergeoutofthewatertograzeongrasses.Whilehipposrestneareachotherinthewater,grazingisasolitaryac9vity.
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
52
GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.
Toucan
TheToucan’sbeakisquitesubstan>alinsize.Anerall,itisalmostaslongasheistall.
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
53
GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.GradualReleaseofResponsibility
Toucan
Recentresearchhasconcludedthattoucans
regulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheflow
ofbloodtotheirbeak.Morebloodflowmeans
moreheatisreleased.
54
GuidedPrac>ce–Wedoit.GradualReleaseofResponsibility
Toucan
Althoughtheyspendalotof9meintrees,they
arenotverygoodatflying.Toucansmainly
travelamongtreesbyhopping.Whentheydo
takeflight,theyflaptheirwingsvigorouslyandglide,travelingonlyshortdistances.
55
CheckforUnderstandingYoudoit.
• Toucans nest in open hollows of trees. They often move into cavities created and abandoned by woodpeckers.
56
ContextClues
CharlesDarwin
FatefulVoyage
57
LearningInten>on:Studentscandeterminethemeaningofanunknownwordusingthemeaningfulpartsofthewordandthecontextclues.
SuccessCriteria:• Studentswillbeabletolocateevidenceintheparagraphthathelpsdeterminethemeaningoftheunknownword.
• Studentscanstatethepossiblemeaningofanunknownword.
58
ContextClues
1. Findpartsofthewordthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
2. Findwordsthatgiveyouhintsaboutthemeaningoftheword.
3. Askyourselfwhatthewordmeans.
4. Askyourselfifthepossiblemeaningmakessenseinthesentence.
59
CharlesDarwin
60
CharlesDarwinFatefulVoyage
Icouldnotemploymylifebeierthaninadding
aliiletoNaturalScience.—CharlesDarwin,Autobiography
61
CharlesDarwinFatefulVoyage
Icouldnotemploymylifebeierthaninadding
aliiletoNaturalScience.—CharlesDarwin,AutobiographyIcouldnotusemylifebeierthaninaddinga
liiletoNaturalScience.
62
CharlesDarwinbecameperhapstheworld’smostfamousnaturalist,buthedidn’tstartoutwiththisambi9onatall.InDecember1831,shortlyanerstudying
medicineandgradua9ngwithadegreeintheology,
CharlesDarwinwasinvitedtosailaboardtheship,TheBeagle.TheBri9shNavywasfundingaseriesofvoyagestochartthecoastofSouthAmerica,andanaturalistwas
neededtocollectspecimens(samples)ofplants,animals,
andfossilsandalsotochartthelandformsoftheplaces
theshipvisited.ThecaptainofTheBeagle,CaptainRobert
Fitzroy,invitedDarwintotakeonthatrolewhentheoriginalnaturalistdidnotgo.ThisbeganDarwin’sfive-year
journey.
ReadRehearseRetrieve
63
TheBeagle
64
65
TheGalapagosIslandsTheBeaglestoppedin1835intheGalapagos
(guh-LAH-puh-guhs)Islandstocollectsomeofthe
islands’gianttortoisesforfood.Forfiveweeks
theyexploredthisvolcanicarchipelago,agroupofislandsapproximately1,000kilometersoffthe
westcoastofEcuadorinSouthAmerica.Darwin
wasastonishedatthediversityofanimalshere.
Somewereunlikeanyspecieshehadeverseen,
andmanyturnedouttobenewtoscienceatthe
9me.Hespentmuchofhis9meonland,collec9ng
andrecordinginforma9onintonotebooksthat
wouldengrosshimfortheremainderofhislife.
ReadRehearseRetrieve
66
Darwinalsogatheredoveradozentypesoffinches.Heno9cedthatthebeaksofthesesmallbirdswere
different,butseemedperfectlymatchedtotheir
feedinghabits.Becausethefinchesweresosimilarin
otherways,Darwinbelievedthattheymusthave
adaptedfromasinglespeciesthathadperhapsbeen
blownoverfromthemainlandyearsandyears
earlier.
ReadRehearseRetrieve
67 68
Adapta>onofSpeciesDarwinno9cedthattheshapeoftheshellsof
Galapagostortoisesvarieddependinguponthe
environmentoftheislandtheyinhabited.Tortoiseswith
high,dome-shapedshellslivedinhigheral9tudes,where
therewasrichvegeta>on.Heretheygrazedonlow-growingplants.Inthelower,desert-likeareas,the
tortoiseshadsaddle-shapedshells.Thistypeofshell
allowedthemtousetheirlongneckstoreachfood
growinghighonshrubs.Theshellofeachappeared
perfectlysuitedor“adapted”fortheenvironmentinwhicheachtortoiselived.Darwindeducedthatthe
habitat,nottheweather,causeddifferencesinthe
evolu9onofthespeciesontheseislands.ReadRehearseRetrieve
69 70
NaturalSelec>onTheBeaglereturnedtoEnglandthenextyear.
CharlesDarwintookhisnotebooksofobserva9onsand
spentthenextthirtyyearsstudyingandresearching.
HelaterdevelopedandpublishedhistheoryinThe
OriginoftheSpeciesin1859.Darwinhypothesizedthateachgenera9onofaspecieschangesslightlyfrom
thepreviousone.Thischangemaymakeitlessfitfor
survivalorimprovethespecieschancesofsurvivalin
anenvironment.Hebelievedthatmorespecieshavea
beierchanceforsurvivalandreproduceingreaternumbers.Genera9onslater,theoffspringcould
becomeadifferentspecies.ReadRehearseRetrieve
71
Forestfalconsmaybeanexampleofanadaptedspecies.Thesefalconslookmorelikeahawkwiththeir
shortwings,longtail,andveryacuteorsharphearing.
These“adapta9ons”makethemmoreagilesothattheycaneasilymaneuverinforestsratherthanflyfastinopen
spaceasotherfalconsdo.Duringhislife9memanypeopledidnotaccepthistheories.Manyspokeoutagainsthim,
butthisdidnotstophimfromstudyingandwri9ngmany,
manybooks.Whenhediedin1882,hewashonoredwitha
stateburialatWestminsterAbbeyinEngland.Darwin’s
chancevoyageandthetheoriesthatfollowedhaveinfluencedthewaywethinkaboutthediversityoflifeon
ourplanet.
ReadRehearseRetrieve
72
73
ContextClues• Teachstudentstousecontextcluestodetermine
themeaningofunknownvocabulary.
• However,ifastudentreads100unfamiliarwordsinprint,he/shewillonlylearnbetween5to15words.(Nagy,Hermann,&Anderson,1985;Swanborn&deGlopper,1999)
• Forstudentstoaddanunknownvocabularytermtotheirpersonallexicon,mul9pleexposuresareneeded.
MorphemicAnalysis
Morphemicanalysisisastrategyusedtodetermineorinferthemeaningsofwordsby
examiningtheirmeaningfulparts(inflec9onal
endings,prefixes,suffixes,roots).
74
MorphemicAnalysis
Prefixes
un(not)
pre(before)
Roots
graph(towrite)
therm(heat)
port(tocarry
Suffixes
ful(full)
9on(anoun)
75 76
WordLearningStrategies-Prefixes
• ElementsaiachedtobeginningofEnglishwordsthataltermeaning.
• Prefixesareusefulbecausetheyare:– usedinmanywords,
– consistentlyspelled,
– easytoiden9fy,
– clearinmeaning.(Graves,2004)
• Teachverycommonprefixes.Un,re,in,anddisfoundin58%ofprefixedwords.
77
TheMostCommonPrefixesinEnglish
Prefix Meaning % of prefixed words
Examples
un not; opposite 26% uncover, unlock, unsafe
re again; back 14% rewrite, reread, return
in/im/ir/il not; into 11% incorrect, insert, inexpensive, illegal, irregular, inability
dis away, apart, negative 7% discover, discontent, distrust
en/em cause to 4% enjoy, endure, enlighten, entail
mis wrong; bad 3% mistake, misread, misspell, misbehave
pre before 3% prevent, pretest, preplan
pro in favor of 1% protect, profess, provide, process
a not; in, on, without 1% atypical, anemia, anonymous, apolitical, apathy
ExamplePrefixLesson
Onscreen.
ununmeansnotoropposite
un9dy
unorganized
Introducetheprefix
AprefixisawordpartaiachedtothebeginningofEnglishwordsthataltermeaning.Some9mesprefixeshelpyoufigureoutthemeaningofwords.
Thisprefixisun.Unmeansnotoropposite.Whatdoestheprefixunmean?notoropposite
Provideexamples
Thefirstwordisun>dy.Ifaroomwasun>dy,itwouldbetheoppositeof9dy.Itwouldbemessy.
Thenextwordisunorganized.IfLynnewasunorganized,shewouldnotbeorganized.
78
ExamplePrefixLesson
Onscreen.
ununmeansnotoropposite1. unbreakable2. untruthful3. unconcerned
Guidestudentindeterminingthewordsmeaning.
Whatisthefirstword?unbreakableWhatistheprefix?unWhatisthemeaningofun?notoroppositeOnes,tellyourpartnerthemeaningofunbreakable.notbreakable;theoppositeofbreakableListentomysentencesusingunbreakable.Themetalboxisunbreakable.Itcannotbebroken.Thinkofasentenceusingunbreakable.(Pause)Twosthenones,shareyoursentencewithyourpartner.(Answerswillvary.)
Repeatthesestepswithuntruthfulandunconcerned.
79
ExamplePrefixLesson
Onscreen.
1. unkind2. unlucky3. unhelpful4. unaffordable
Checkstudents’abilitytodetermineaword’smeaning.Direc9ons:Usingyourknowledgeof
theprefixun,determinethemeaning
ofthewordandwriteasentenceusing
theword.
Example
unkind–notkindortheoppositeofkind
Atrecess,theschoolbullytrippedhis
classmate.Thebullywasunkind.
80
81
WordLearningStrategies-Suffixes• ElementsaiachedtoendingofEnglishwords• Canchangethepartofthespeechorthemeaning.
• Suffixesonenhaveabstractanddifficulttoexplainmeanings.Forexample,-9onindicates“thestateofbeing”asincomple9on,thestateofbeingcomplete.
• Focusoncommonderiva9onalsuffixes. able,ful,less,ness,or
• Introduceandusethesuffixtodeterminethemeaningofa
numberofwords(ful-helpful,truthful,mouthful,joyful).
• Butnotalways!grateful
82
MostCommonSuffixesinEnglish
Suffix Meaning %of prefixed words
Examples
s, es plural
more than one 31% movies, wishes, hats, amendments
ed past tense
in the past 20% walked, jumped, helped
ing present tense
In the present 14% walking, jumping, helping
ly adverb
how something is 7% quickly, fearfully, easily, happily, majestically, nonchalantly
er,or noun
one who, what/that/which 4% teacher, tailor, conductor, boxer, baker, survivor, orator
ion, tion, sion noun
state, quality; act 4% action, erosion, vision, invitation, conclusion, condemnation
able, ible adjective
able to be, can be done 2% comfortable, likable, enjoyable, solvable, sensible, incredible
al, ial adjective
related to, like 1% fatal, cordial, structural, territorial, categorical
Roots
• 60%wordsinEnglishstemfromGreekand
La9nroots
• 90%scienceandtechnologywords(Moats,
2000)
• Introducerootsintandemwithinstruc9onon
passagewordinstruc9on.
83 84
WordLearningStrategiesRoots(GreekandLa9nRoots)
WhenteachingawordwithaGreekorLa9nroot,useitasanopportunitytointroducethemeaningoftheroot.Introducetherootwithinthetargetwordandthenexpandtootherwords.
Example:hydroelectricity
�Thiswordishydroelectricity.��Thefirstpartofthewordishydro.Hydroisarootthatmeanswater.Sointhischapterthewordhydroelectricityreferstoelectricityproducedbythemovementofwater.��Let�slookatsomeotherwordsthatincludehydro.�
dehydra9onhydraulic
hydroplane hydroelectric
hydrophonehydrophobia
CommonLa9nandGreekRoots
aqua water Greek aquarium, aqueduct, aquaculture, aquamarine, aquaplane, aquatic
aud hearing Latin audio, audition, audiovisual, auditorium, audiotape, inaudible
auto self Greek autograph, autobiography, automobile, autocrat, autonomy
astro star Greek astronomy, astrophysics, astrology, astronaut, astronomer, asterisk
biblio book Greek Bible, bibliography, bibliophobia, bibliophile, biblioklept
bio life Greek biography, biology,autobiography, bionic, biotic, antibiotic, biome, bioshere, biometrics
chrono time Greek synchronize, chronology,chronic, chronicle, anachronism
corp body Latin corpse, corporation, corps,incorporate, corporeal, corpulence
demo the people Greek democracy, demography,epidemic, demotic, endemic, pandemic
dic, dict speak, tell Latin dictate, dictation, diction, dictator, verdict, predict, contradict, benediction, jurisdiction, predict, indict, edict
dorm sleep Latin dormant, dormitory, dormer, dormouse, dormition, dormitive
geo earth Greek geology, geologist, geometry, geography, geographer, geopolitical, geothermal, geocentric 85
CommonLa>nandGreekRoots
graph to write, to draw Greek autograph, biography, photograph, telegraph, lithograph
hydro water Greek hydroplane, dehydrate, hydroelectric, hydrogen, hydrophone
ject throw Latin reject, deject, project, inject, injection, projection
logos, logy study Greek geology, astrology, biology, numerology, zoology, technology, psychology, anthropology, mythology
luna moon Latin lunar, lunacy, lunatic, interlunar
meter measure Greek meter, thermometer, diameter, geometry, optometry, barometer, centimeter, symmetry, voltammeter
mega great, large, big Greek megaphone,megalith, megalomania, megatons, megalopolis
min small, little Latin minimal, minimize, minimum, mini, miniature, minuscule, minute, minority
mit, mis send Latin mission, transmit, transmission, remit, missile,submission, permit, emit, emissary
path feeling, suffering
Greek pathetic, pathology, apathy, antipathy, sympathy, telepathy, empathy, sociopath
ped foot Latin pedestrian, pedal, peddle, peddler, pedicure, pedometer
philia love, friendship Greek philosopher, Philadelphia, philanthropist, philharmonic, Philip 86
CommonLa>nandGreekRoots
phono sound Greek phonograph, microphone, symphony, telephone, phonogram, megaphone, phony, euphony, xylophone, phony,
photo light Greek photograph, photosynthesis, telephoto, photometer, photophilia
port carry Latin port, transport, transportation, portable, portage, report
spect see Latin respect, inspection, inspector, spectator, spectacles,prospect
scope look at Greek microscope, telescope, periscope, kaleidoscope, episcopal
sol sun Latin solar, solar system, solstice, solarium, parasol
struct build, form
Latin instruct, instruction, construction, reconstruction, destruct, destruction, infrastructure, construe, instrument, instrumental
tele distant Greek telephone, television,telegraph, telephoto, telescope, telepathy, telethon, telegenic
terra land Latin territory, terrestrial, terrace, terrarium, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean Sea, terra cotta, subterranean
87
dic>onary,glossary,thesaurus
UseofReferenceMaterials
88
Mul>pleMeaningWords
89
Mul>pleMeaningWordsAsChaddrovedownthestreet,rapstreamedfromhiscar.
90
Mul>pleMeaningWords
Readeachsentence.Determinethemeaningof
thefocuswordasitappearsinthesentence.
A. Rachelwilleditherfirstdrahbeforeturningheressayin.
B. Inthedrah,footballplayersaiemptedtogainaposi9onon
aprofessionalfootballteam.
C. Acolddrahstreamedthroughtheopenwindow.
D. Manyyoungmenenteredthearmyduringthedrah.
91
Mul>pleMeaningWords
92
Mul>pleMeaningWords
93
Prac>ceAc>vi>es
94
Prac>ceAc>vi>es
1. Answerques9ons2. Categorizeorsortwords3. Prac9ceinvolvingwri9ng4. Games
95
VocabularyReviewAnswerQues9ons
1. suffrage 2. majority 3. tariff 4. nullify 5. secede 6. bureaucracy
• when states left the United States
• more than 1/2 of the votes for a law
• extra tax paid on a import or export
• a government agency where non-elected people carry out government business
• to cancel an agreement • right to vote
96
ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-
Yes/No/WhyAskques9ons
1. Do territories that are possessions have autonomy?
2. Can incidents cause compassion?
3. Do people always comply with their obligations?
(Beck, Perfetti, & McKeown, 1982; Curtis & Longo, 1997) Items taken from REWARDS PLUS, Sopris
West.
97
Prac>ce–ComparisonsAnswerQues9ons
TheFamilyUndertheBridge(Chapter1)
1.cowered
2.fragile
3.gra>tude
4.loitering
5.roguish
• Whyisreadingabookinthelibrary
notconsideredloiteringwhilestandinginfrontofaminimarketis
consideredloitering?
• Whymightwehavegra>tudeforakindclassmateandnotforaroguishclassmate?
98
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-
Comple>onAc>vityAskQues9ons
1. confine: to hold or keep in; to limit; imprison Things that can be confined are_________________________________________.
2. persistent: refusing to give up; determined I was very persistent when ____________.
3. dispersal: send off in different directions At school, dispersal might involve_______.
4. globalization: condition when something spreads across the world Today, globalization involves the dispersal of________.
(Curtis & Longo, 1997)
99
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–
Lis>ngAc>vityAskQues9ons
Makealistofwordsthat
relatetothevocabulary
termagriculture.Youwillhaveoneminuteto
writeasmanywordsas
possible.
Countthenumberofwords.
TOTAL____________
Agriculture
100
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Lis>ngAc>vityAskQues9ons
Make a list of words that relate to the vocabulary term agriculture. You will have one minute to write as many words as possible. Count the number of words. TOTAL____________
Example List Agriculture
crops corn soy broccoli grass food onions carrots beans animals cattle chickens sheep horses farm farmer barn pasture irrigation
101
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Mul>pleChoiceAc>vityAskQues9ons
102
WhichoftheseistheBESTdefini9onforprecipitaOon.
1. Precipita>onreferstowaterontheearthasaresultofrain,sleet,snow,orhail.
2. Precipita>onreferstoallofthewateronearthincludingwaterinoceans,rivers,andstreams.
3. Precipita>onreferstowatermoleculesthatfallfromtheskyasrain,sleet,snow,and
hail.
4. Precipita>onreferstorain,sleet,snow,andhailandallotherformsofwaterfoundon
theearth.
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity–Conversa>onAskQues9ons
1. Provide each partnership with a list of vocabulary words.
2. Have the students engage
in a conversation using the vocabulary words.
3. Have students check off
the words as the words are used.
Revolutionary War
1. Colonies
2. Taxes
3.. Grievances
4. Representa9on
5. Revolu9on
6. Independence
7. Democracy
103
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-OddWordOut(Rasinski,Padak,Nelson,Nelson,2007 WordSor9ng
Read the four words. With your partner determine which word doesn’t fit with the other words. Generate all possible
ways to eliminate a word.
humiliate emancipate abuse cruelty
104
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-
WordPairs(Stahl&Kapinus,200l)SortWords
Word Pair Same Opposite Go Together
No Relationship
nomad - wanderer
nomad- settler
desert-city
105
ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-WordSorts(Gillei&Temple,1983)
Word Bank Senators House Laws Justices Senate Constitution Vice president Congress Unconstitutional President Supreme Court Declare war Representatives Agriculture Department Amend Constitution Cabinet Defense Department Collect Taxes Departments District Courts Veto Bills
106
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-WordSorts(Gillei&Temple,1983)
Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch
107
ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-Seman9cMapping(Heimlich&Piielman) WordSor9ng
Directions: 1. Have students brainstorm words that come to
mind when given a target word.
2. Have students brainstorm possible categories for the words.
3. Have students arrange words in categories.
108
109
ExamplePrac>ceAc>vity-
SentenceSubs>tu>onWri9ng
1, The events are in chronological order.
2. The Titans caused a great tumult in the skies.
(Lively, August, Carlo, & Snow, 2003)
110
ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-�MeaningfulSentences��Wri9ng(adaptedfromSuccessforAll)
• Students write a sentence answering three to four of these questions: who, what, when, where, why, how
• Not OK It was meager.
• OK At the end of the month, our dinners were meager because we had little money.
111
irriga9on
Write a sentence that includes the word irrigation. Answer at least three of these questions in your sentence: when, where, what, why, how. Sentence:
112
irriga9oncheckforunderstanding
WriteasentencethatincludesthewordirrigaAon.Answeratleastthreeoftheseques9onsinyoursentence:when,where,what,whyhow.
ExampleSentence:InJuly,farmersinMichiganbeginirrigaOonbecauseofthehot,drydaysthatcouldkillordamagecrops.
113
ExamplePrac9ceAc9vity-
SentenceWri9ng–TwoWords
• TheFamilyUndertheBridge(Chapter1)
1. cowered2. fragile3. gra>tude4. loitering5. roguish
• Write a sentence that contains two of the words. You can change the form of the word. The sentence must make sense and demonstrate your understanding of the words.
• Example • The children could not be caught
loitering in the park so they cowered under the bridge.
114
agriculture and irrigation
Write a sentence that contains the words agriculture and irrigation. Share your sentences with your partner.
Sentence:
115
agriculture and irrigation check understanding
Write a sentence that contains the words agriculture and irrigation. Share your sentences with your partner.
Example Sentence: One of the methods that must be used in agriculture is irrigation in which water is distributed to support plant growth.
116
Prac>ceAc>vi>es-Games
Card games – Students make decks of cards with vocabulary term
and synonym or definition. – Play using format of popular games.
– Go Fish – Concentration – Old Maid
Other games can be used to review vocabulary – Jeopardy – Charades – Pictionary
117
Prac>ceAc>vi>es-Games
Heads Up One player holds word above his/her head. Other students give hints about the word. Player guesses what the word is. When correct, another word is used. This continues until time is up. 118
Conclusion
�Words are all we have.� Samuel Beckett
119