From yesterday’s activity write down as many words that you wrote down as you can remember

What does this show about memories?

A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?

50 percent of Princeton students gave the wrong answer of 10 cents

Answer: $1.05 for the bat and $0.05 for the ball

A man bought a horse for $60 and sold it for $70. Then he bought the same horse back for $80 and again sold it, for $90. How much money did the make in the horse business?

Most common answer: $10.00 Answer: Compare the total amount paid

($140) with the total amount taken ($160) $20.00

Jack is looking at Anne but Anne is looking at George. Jack is married but George is not. Is a married person looking at an unmarried person? Is the answer yes, no, or it cannot be determined?

Answer: yes, a married person is looking at an unmarried person

If Anne is unmarried, Jack who is married is looking at her. If Anne is married, she is looking at George who is unmarried.

Handout 7B-2 Reverse: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, and 17

1 to 5 2 to 4 4 to 2 5 to 1

Add the numbers for a total score Higher the score, the greater the need for cognition Successfully discriminated between university faculty

(people who engage in and enjoy thinking for a living) and factory workers on assembly lines (repetitive work)

Positively correlated: general intelligence, seek out issue-relevant information in forming their attitudes, open to experience, more effective problem solvers, self-esteem, masculine sex-role attitudes, curiosity, effective problem solving

Unrelated: sociability, shyness, and years of formal education

Think of a class you like and a class you dislike: take time to write descriptions of those classes comparing the two Scores ranged from 5 to 43 – mean of 16

Cognitive complexity – how simple or elaborate a person’s system of personal constructs is Some use very limited number of constructs to

make sense of their social world while others use a large number of constructs

Young children: limited number of constructs – another child is either a “friend” or “not a friend” a game is either “fun” or “not fun”

Respond to the categories with the very first example that comes to mind

1. A bird 2. A color3. A triangle (drawing a picture is just fine) 4. A motor vehicle5. A sentence6. A hero7. A heroic action8. A game 9. A philosopher10. A writer

Psychic? Can I predict many of your answers: 1. A robin, sparrow, or eagle2. Red or blue3. A picture of an equilateral triangle4. A car5. A short declarative statement, e.g. “The boy ran

home.”6. Superman, Batman, or possibly a fireman7. A single act by a male, e.g., a rescue by a fireman8. Monopoly or some other board game9. Socrates or Aristotle10. Stephen King Why did I think I could guess some correctly?

We tend to think in terms of the “best example” of a category or “prototype “

Task: move the tower from the left peg to the middle peg, moving only one disk at a time and never putting a larger disk on a smaller one

How did you solve the problem?

Look at the pictures on the board – what do you see?

Do you see a soldier and a dog passing an archway?

Do you see a custodian cleaning mud off the floor?

1. The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t see it. What is it?

2. What number is next in this series: 10, 4, 3, 11, 15… ?

a. 14 b. 1 c. 17 D. 12 3. What is unusual about the sentence below? “Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz”4. How can you physically stand behind your

father while he is standing behind you?

5. Something extraordinarily unusual happened on the 6th of May, 1978, at 12:34 p.m. What was it?

6. Can you translate the following into a sentence? 100204180

7. What occurs once in every minute, twice in every moment, yet never in a thousand years?

8. A man left home one morning he turned right and ran straight ahead. Then he turned left. After a while, he turned left again, running faster then ever. Then he turned left once more and decided to go home. In the distance he could see two masked men waiting for him. Who were they?

9. Can you translate the following? Y Y U R Y Y U B I C U R Y Y 4 M E

1. The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t see it. What is it?

1. Coffin 2. What number is next in this series: 10, 4, 3, 11, 15…

? a. 14 b. 1 c. 17 D. 12

a. 14: when spelled out, each number in the series is longer than the previous number by one letter

3. What is unusual about the sentence below? “Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz”

Shortest sentence in the English language that includes every letter of the alphabet

4. How can you physically stand behind your father while he is standing behind you? Stand back to back

5. Something extraordinarily unusual happened on the 6th of May, 1978, at 12:34 p.m. What was it? 12:34, 5/6/78

6. Can you translate the following into a sentence? 100204180

I ought naught to owe for I ate nothing 7. What occurs once in every minute, twice in every moment, yet

never in a thousand years? The letter M

8. A man left home one morning he turned right and ran straight ahead. Then he turned left. After a while, he turned left again, running faster then ever. Then he turned left once more and decided to go home. In the distance he could see two masked men waiting for him. Who were they? The umpire and the other team’s catcher

9. Can you translate the following? Y Y U R Y Y U B I C U R Y Y 4 M E Too wise you are, too wise you be, I see you are, too wise for me

Unusual uses test: Have one minute to write down as many uses as you can for the following objects: Toothpick Brick Paper cup Test is given in business organization to

determine ‘inherent creative capacity’ Average score is 4: 8 is unusually high score, 12

is very rare, and 16 makes you better than one in thousand.

Another test: Consequences Test Ask questions and see how many answers

someone can come up with Question: Try to think of four to eight

things that might happen if we suddenly had three arms:

When asked by their wives to bring home a case of milk, a wheel of cheese, five gallons of paint, etc., men would say, “I’ve only got three hands.”

The millions of people unable to afford new three-armed wardrobes - dresses, shirts, suits, etc. – would have to wear their extra arms under their clothing. Thus, eventually, everybody would become ashamed of having a third arm and women would be arrested for showing them on the beach.

The price of manicures would rise fifty percent

Assuming that each card has a triangle on one side and a circle on the other, which card or cards need to be turned over to test this statement:

‘Every card that has a black triangle on one side has a red circle on the other’

‘Every card that has a black triangle on one side has a red circle on the other’

Most people answer: “black triangle” or “black triangle and red circle” attempting to confirm the rule

Correct answer: black triangle (which would confirm the rule) and black circle (which would disprove the rule)

Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which statement is more likely? A. Linda is a bank teller B. Linda is a bank teller and active in the

feminist movement

Most people choose B – since feminism seems more representative of Linda than being a bank teller.

The probability of any two uncertain events occurring together is always less than the odds of either happening alone.

Judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype – works well much of the time, it leads to error when its conclusions run counter of the laws of chance.

Answers: All accidents (37.7) vs. strokes (51.1) Suicide (10.9) vs. blood poisoning (11.2) Homicide (5.9) vs. diabetes (24.5) Motor vehicle accidents (15.3) vs. colorectal cancer

(17.8) Drowning (1.3) vs. leukemia (7.1) Morocco (34 million) vs. Saudi Arabia (28 million) Myanmar (47 million) vs. Australia (21 million) Vietnam (86 million) vs. South Africa (48 million) Sri Lanka (20 million) vs. Libya (6 million) Tanzania (38 million) vs. Iraq (28 million) Chicago (15.6) vs. Kansas City (26.1) Las Vegas (11.3) vs. Stockton, CA (14.6) Miami (13.9) vs. Phoenix (15) Honolulu (1.7) vs. Raleigh (6.0) New York (6.6) vs. Aurora, IL (9.5)

How many answered all correctly? Anyone get every question wrong? Overconfidence?

How many were more confident than correct? Availability heuristic and overconfidence

The more quiet cause of death is actually more prevalent: people perceive the more publicized and easily pictured cause to be more common.

Less familiar countries have greater populations but respondents judge those that are familiar to them to be more populous

Larger and/or more familiar cities are judged to have a higher crime rate

why is there a difference? Each pose the same alternatives

Framing decisions

With person next to you share what you did on Friday and Saturday using telegraphic speech.

Don’t know what that means? LOOK IT UP

Handout:The Simple Language Device (SLD) Rules: Choose one word or phrase form column A and

combine it with one word or phrase from columns B to F and you will automatically produce a sentence

Total of only 54 alternatives: SLD has the capacity to produce 531,441 sentences

Sentence may not be very believable – they are grammatical

SLD has only a small number of words and one rule for combining them: Adult language has a much larger number of words and quite a few rules for combining them into acceptable utterances

Challenge that confronts infants as they begin the long task of becoming fluent speakers of the language spoken by those around them

From book: 40 or so phonemes can be combined to form more than 100,000 morphemes, alone/combined produce 616,500 words in the English Dictionary – can use these words to create an infinite number of sentence, most of which are original

Think turnitin.com

Statistical Learning Statistical aspects of human speech – breaking

down syllables to create meaning and breaks in sentences

Evidence? 8 month infants: recognize three-syllable sequences

that appeared repeatedly (measuring attention) 7 month infants: recognize different

sequences/language patterns – ABA verse ABB pattern (li-na-li/wo-fe-fe)

What does this show? Nature or Nurture? Built in ability to learn grammatical rules

No exposure to language (spoken or signed) before age seven: lose ability to master ANY language No stimulation to a brain early on = language learning

capacity never fully develops Second languages?

As adult no accent Sign language?

Not present from birth = only master the basic words and comprehending subtle grammatical differences

Late learners = less brain activity in right hemisphere regions (active during sign for native speakers)

Conclusion? Is there a critical period of language? There is a critical period for language

Never fully learn it if deprived from language early on

Benjamin Lee Whorf: Linguistic determinism hypothesis Language determines thought Evidence? Culture differences

Different sense of self in different languages How many positive statements? What/who/where do your values align

with? English (vs. Spanish) score higher on measures of extraversion,

agreeableness, and conscientiousness How many words a culture has to describe something will change

our thoughts on it Book example: Papua New Guinea Berinmo tribe: distinguish

between two shades of yellow Bilingual advantage:

Bilingual children are better at focusing to irrelevant information Canadian program: increased aptitude scores and

creativity

Write down the difference between Pepsi and Coke Typically our responses are not very useful:

vague and general comments about sweetness or level of carbonation – only an expert taster will pick up on the subtle nuances that distinguish these soft drinks

Book Blink Expert food tasters: vocabulary to describe reactions to

foods Mayonnaise is evaluated along 6 dimensions of appearance

(color, color intensity, chroma, shine, lumpiness, and bubbles) 10 dimensions of texture: adhesiveness to lips, firmness,

denseness, etc. 14 dimensions of flavor spilt among 3 subgroups

Aromatics: eggy, mustardy, etc. Basic tastes: salty, sour, and sweet Chemical-feeling flavors: burning, pungent, and astringent

Each factor is evaluated on a 15-point scale Example: Oreos – 90 attributes of appearance, flavor, and

texture 11 attributes that are probably critical

Without the right words we can’t make ourselves clearly understood

Helps! How? Someone who has learned a skill just

watching the activity will activate the brain’s internal stimulation of it

Imagining pain activates neural networks active during actual pain

Mental practice and basketball foul shooting: 52% to 65%

Visualizing studying Daily process stimulation resulted in + 8 points

Which comes first? Thought or Language? Thinking affects our language, which then

affects our thought -Would not develop languagewithout the thought first – would not have the thought without the language to express it!

Part 1: Create a timeline demonstrating the development of language structure but also incorporating important concepts into a cohesive timeline. Must include: ages, examples of each stage/concept, and pictures.

Part 2: Compare B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky’s theory of language development

Examples Picture for each