women’s economic empowerment through entrepreneurship: … · 2nd stage of tert. edu bui thi minh...

2ndstageoftert.Edu

School of Economics and Public Policy, Srinakharinwirot University, ThailandBui Thi Minh TamWomen’s Economic Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship: Evidence from East Asia

Knowotherentrepreneurs

Singapore(CountrySpecific)

School of Economics and Public Policy, Srinakharinwirot University, ThailandBui Thi Minh Tam

Conceptual Framework

Figure3:TheModelofBusinessPhasesandEntrepreneurshipCharacterisDcsinGEM

Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (2015)

Poten&alEntrepreneur:

Opportuni&es,

KnowledgeandSkills

TOTALEARLY-STAGEENTRAPRENEURIALACTIVITY(TEA)

Discon&nua&onofBusiness

Owner-ManagerofanEstablishedBusiness(morethan3.5yearsold)

ConcepDon FirmBirth PersistenceEarly-stageEntrepreneurshipProfile

NascentEntrepreneur:InvoledinSeKngUpaBusiness(0-3months)

Owner-ManagerofaNewBusiness(upto3.5yearsold)

IndividualaPributesGenderAgeMoDvaDon(opportunity,necessity)

IndustrySector

ImpactBusinessgrowthInnovaDonInternaDonalizaDon

--------

--------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

•Na#onalFrameworkCondi#ons(social,cultural,poliDcalandeconomiccontext)•Entrepreneurial Framework Condi#ons ( finance, policy, educaDon, R&D,commercial,legalandphysicalinfrastructure,marketdynamics)

Factorsaffec&ngentrepreneurshipinaframeworkwith2setsofcondi&ons.

Source:GEMGlobalReport(2016)

Figure1:GlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitoring–GEMConceptualFramework

Social,Cultural,Poli&cal,EconomicContext

BasicRequirements

EfficiencyEnhancers

Innoba&onandBusinessSophis&ca&on

---------------------------------------------------------------------

--

Outcome(SocioEconomicDevelopment)

EntrepreneurialOutput(newjobs,newvalueadded)

EntrepreneurAc&vity•Byphasesoforganisa&onalLifecycle - Nascent,new,established, discon&nua&on• Typesofac&vity -Highgrowth,innova&ve interna&onaliza&on• Sectorofac&vity -TotalEarlyStageEntrepreneurialAc&vity (TEA),SocialEntrepreneurialAc&vity(SEA) EmployeeEntrepreneurialAc&vity(EEA)

+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

+-

SocialValuesTowards

Entrepreneurship

IndividualA_ributers

(psychological,demographicmo&va&on)

Na&

onal

Fram

ework

Cond

i&on

s

Entrep

rene

urial

Fram

ework

Cond

i&on

s

Research Issues & Questions•WhatisthecurrentsituaDonandtendencyofwomenentrepreneurshipinASEANcountries?• WhatfactorsdeterminetheentrepreneurialintenDonandhowaretheydifferentamongmenandwomen?• HowimportantistheroleofcapabilityandeducaDonindetermininghierarchicalphasesofbusinessacDvityamongmaleandfemaleentrepreneurs?

• Thereisstrongevidenceshowingthatwomen’sentrepreneurshipmaPersgreatlyforsocietaldevelopmentandprosperity.WomentendtohavelowerparDcipaDonratesinentrepreneurshipastheyfacemoresocialandculturalconstraintsthanmen(OECD,2004).Althoughfemaleentrepreneurshipisontherisearoundtheworld,therateofparDcipaDoninentrepreneurshipvaries.• GlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitor2015/2016reportsthatfactor-driveneconomieshavethehighestaveragefemaleentrepreneurshipratesandthehighestraterelaDvetomen.IntheSoutheastAsiaregion,womenarebecomingincreasinglyacDveasSMEownersandentrepreneurs.In5outof6countriesintheASEAN(Vietnam,Philippines,Thailand,MalaysiaandIndonesia),womenshowequalorhigherentrepreneurshipratesthanmen.

3Ke

yQue

s&on

s:

PowerAgency

EconomicAdvancement

Figure2:ThreeStagesofEconomicDevelopment

*TransiDonfromstage1tostage2**TransiDonfromstage2tostage3

Social,Cultural,

Poli&

calCon

text

EfficiencyEnhancers•HighereducaDon&training•Goodsmarketefficiency• Labormarketefficiency• FinancialmarketsophisDcaDon• Technologyreadiness•Marketsize

Innova&onandEntrepreneurship• Entrepreneurialfinance•Gov.entrepreneurshipprogrammes• EntrepreneurshipeducaDon•R&Dtransfer• Commercial,legalinfrastructureforentrepreneurship• EntreregulaDon

• InsDtuDons• Infrastructure•Macroeconomicstability•HealthandprimaryeducaDon

CambodiaLaosMyanmarVietnamPhilippines*

ThailandIndonesia

Singapore

Malaysia**

BasicRequirements

Methodology

• Econometric Analysis consists of 2 models:

Source of data: Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring 1999-2015Two surveys: • Adult Population Survey (APS) • National Experts Survey (NES)Two sets of data: APS individual level (latest available 2012)

3 Countries Thailand(3,000 0bs)

Malaysia(2,006 0bs)

Singapore(2,001 0bs)

Typical Phases Economic Development

Stage 2 (Efficiency-Driven)

Stage 3 (Innovation-Driven)

Transition from stage 2 to stage 3

Thailand

Singapore

Malaysia

Abtudes:PercievedopportuniDes&capabiliDes;FearofFailure;Statusofentrepreneurship

Ac&vity:Opportunity/Necessity-driven,Early-stage;Inclusiveness;Industry;Exists

Aspira&ons:Growth,InnovaDonInternaDonalorientaDon; SocialvaluecreaDon

Logit model

Ordered Logit model

Ordered Logit model(future work upon data )

Review of existing GEM reports

Descriptive analysis using APS national level data

Econometric analysis of APS individual data

1

2

3

• Methods: 3 main components

The two models correspond to the following figure - Logit model on being potential entrepreneurs - Ordered logit model on business phases

Logit model: be potential entrepreneurs among non- entrepreneur population

Ordered logit model: for 3 hierarchical phases of entrepreneurship process

TableB1:TEAratesbygenderinASEAN-6countries

Source:GEM2014

Country

IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnamASEAN(averageunweighted)GEM(averageunweighted)

(%ofadultpopula&onforeachgenderinvolvedinTEA)

MaleTEARate

13.25.115.914.824.515.114.815.7

FemaleTEARate

15.26.820.87.222.115.514.612.2

Ra&omale/female

0.860.820.732.011.060.951

1.28

Descriptive Analysis

• ASEANRegionalEntrepreneurshipReport2014/15• Women’sentrepreneurship-specialreport2015

Component 1

TableA2:EntrepreneurialintenDonsamongASEANcountriesin2014

Source:GEMWomen’sentrepreneurshipspecialreport2015

CountryEntrepreneurialinten&ons*IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnamASEANaverage(unweighted)

27.411.642.89.421.818.221.9

A.EntrepreneurialAbtudes

FigureA1:EntrepreneurialintenDoninASEAN-6in2014,unit(%)

%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

SEAcountries

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

Malaysia

Indonesia

Female

Male

25%28%

25%27%

22%24%

15%20%

45%46%

12%13%

34%37%

B.EntrepreneurialAc&vityB.EntrepreneurialAc&vity

FigureB2:ParDcipaDoninentrepreneurialacDvity,bygender,forASEAN-6countriesin2014

Source:GEMWomen’sentrepreneurshipspecialreport2015

20%

Establishe

dbu

sine

ss

owne

rshiprate

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

Malaysia

Indonesia

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

Malaysia

Indonesia

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Philippines

Malaysia

Indonesia

New

business

owne

rshiprate

Nascententrepren

eurship

rate

18%

5%

2%1%

10%10%

8%4%

7%9%

3%3%

15%15%

5%5%

7%10%

3%6%

14%13%

13%12%

28%33%

2%5%

7%6%

5%10%

16%17%

5%

Female

Male

FigureC1:TEAinternaDonalorientaDon,bygender,forASEAN-6countriesin2014

Source:GEM’sASEANRegionalEntrepreneurshipReport2014/15

Female

Male

0%20%40%60%80%100%

TEA:StronginternaDonalOrientaDon

TEA:WeakinternaDonalOrientaDon













Indo

nesia

Malaysia

Philipp

ines

Singap

ore

Thailand

Vietna

mSEA

Coun

tries

3%6%

5%9%

2%1%

20%33%

20%28%

9%3%

79%83%

28%42%

7%10%

1%4%

28%29%

2%3%

7%10%

27%32%

FigureD1:GenderdifferencesinentrepreneurialaKtudes,ASEAN-6region


MaleFemale

KnowStartupEntrepreneur

Rate

Perceivedopportuni&es

Rate

Perceivedcapabili&es

Rate

FearoffailureRate

Entreprenuerialinten&onRate

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

45%40% 41% 38%

51%44% 41%

46%

28% 25%

FigureD2:PerceivedOpportuniDesRate,bygender,forASEAN-6countries


PerceivedOpportuni&esRatein201460%50%40%30%20%10%0%

MaleFemaleAll

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

47.1%

45.5%

43.9%

45.5%

43.4%

41.1% 45

.6%46.2%

45.9% 52

.0%

42.8%47.3%

41.5%

37.3%39

.4%

18.4%

15.0%16

.7%

FigureD3:PerceivedCapabiliDesrate,bygender,forASEAN-6countries


PerceivedCapabili&esRatein2014

70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%

MaleFemaleAll

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

63.0%

60.0%

57.4%

42.1%

38.4%

34.5%

66.5%

65.8%

66.1%

58.0%

42.6%50

.1%58.0% 58

.4%58.2%

27.3%

15.5% 21

.3%

D.Influencingfactorsofbusinessinten&on&ac&vity

FigureD4:EntrepreneurialdesirabilitypercepDon,bygender,ASEAN-6countries


0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Necessity-MOTIVE(%ofTEA)Opportunity-MOTIVE(%ofTEA)

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Vietna

mTh

ailand

Singap

ore

Philipp

ines

Malaysia

Indo

nesia

27%

21%

15%

9%

10%

43%

28%

28%

17%

18%

25%

21%

56%

72%

73%

77%

82%

87%

87%

72%

83%

82%

75%

78%

FigureD5:FemaleTEAaccordingtoeducaDonlevel,forASEAN-6countries

FirststageofterDaryeducaDonPost-secondarynon-terDaryeducaDon

(Upper)secondaryeducaDonLowersecondaryorsecondstageofbasiceducaDonPrrimaryeducaDonorfirststageofbasiceducaDon

FirststageofterDaryeducaDon

(Upper)secondaryeducaDonPost-secondarynon-terDaryeducaDon

LowersecondaryorsecondstageofbasiceducaDonPrrimaryeducaDonorfirststageofbasiceducaDon

Pre-primaryeducaDon

SecondstageofterDaryeducaDonFirststageofterDaryeducaDon

Post-secondarynon-terDaryeducaDon(Upper)secondaryeducaDon

LowersecondaryorsecondstageofbasiceducaDon

PrrimaryeducaDonorfirststageofbasiceducaDonPre-primaryeducaDon

FirststageofterDaryeducaDon

Post-secondarynon-terDaryeducaDon(Upper)secondaryeducaDon


FirststageofterDaryeducaDon(Upper)secondaryeducaDon

LowersecondaryorsecondstageofbasiceducaDon


FirststageofterDaryeducaDonPost-secondarynon-terDaryeducaDon

(Upper)secondaryeducaDonLowersecondaryorsecondstageofbasiceducaDon


FemaleEducaDon

TEA

PopulaDon

Malaysia

Indo

nesia

Philipp

ines

Singap

ore

Thailand

Vietna

m

13.5%25.0%

29.0%

31.2%29.6%29.4%

12.8%14.8%

1.7%8.4%

1.9%2.8%

29.3%

19.0%

11.1%13.1%

50.5%

0.9%1.5%

11.5%13.3%

24.0%21.4%

52.6%

2.2%1.5%

18.4%

26.9%24.6%

21.6%22.6%

3.3%7.6%

29.1%19.2%

10.8%15.9%

16.0%19.1%

11.1%18.1%

21.3%11.5%

1.6%0.9%

11.0%6.9%

40.1%37.3%

20.5%16.7%

22.0%28.7%

1.4%2.4%

4.4%7.6%

0.7%0.4%

20.1%17.6%

13.0%12.3%

50.8%48.1%

14.6%19.8%

26.6%

Econometric AnalysisComponent 3 (individual level)

OrderedLogitModelforHierarchicalPhasesofEntrepreneurship

LogitModelforPoten&alEntrepreneursamongNon-EntrepreneurPopulaion

Model 2All

ALL Singapore Malaysia Thailand ALL Singapore Malaysia Thailand ALL Singapore Malaysia Thailand ALL Singapore Malaysia Thailand All

women -0.107 -0.558** -0.202 0.493* -0.008 -0.531* -0.094 0.745** -0.254** -0.118 -0.0814 -0.322** 0.000141 -0.887 11.74*** -12.93*** -0.733(-0.65) (-2.17) (-0.52) -1.72 (-0.04) (-1.74) (-0.22) -2.27 (-2.33) (-0.37) (-0.25) (-2.49) (0.00) (-0.64) (8.73) (-12.88) (-1.04)

age -0.0047 -0.0151 -0.0032 0.0081 0.0032 -0.0068 0.0002 0.0229 0.0392*** 0.0381** 0.0326** 0.0386*** 0.0390*** 0.0433*** 0.0315** 0.0385*** 0.005(-0.67) (-1.41) (-0.20) -0.67 (0.38) (-0.52) -0.01 -1.34 (7.17) (2.30) (2.14) (5.81) (7.11) (2.58) (2.06) (5.75) (0.75)

0.Pre-primary education Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base base base base base base base base base base. . . . . . . . .

1.Primary Edu. -0.083 . 0.555 -0.975 -0.69 . 0.000 -0.288 -0.240 . -0.240 -0.561 -0.146 0 -0.968 -12.70*** 0.364(-0.10) . -0.43 (-1.31) (-0.74) . 0 (-0.32) (-0.49) . (-0.25) (-0.81) (-0.20) (.) (-0.95) (-17.14) (0.59)

2.Lower Sec. Edu. 0.807 0.612 0.829 0.312 -0.249 1.494** -0.377 0.105 -0.805 -0.147 1.495 -12.92*** 0.233-0.99 -0.49 -1.58 (0.35) (-0.19) -2.51 (-0.75) (0.11) (-1.15) (-0.20) (1.09) (-17.34) (0.36)

3.Upper Sec. Edu. 0.495 0.000 0.566 0.612 0.056 1.019 -0.037 0.976* -0.609 -0.944 -0.847 -0.848 -0.469 -1.906 -0.613 -12.90*** -0.140-0.62 (-0.00) -0.45 -1.3 (0.06) (0.93) (-0.03) (1.82) (-1.23) (-1.23) (-0.88) (-1.22) (-0.65) (-1.52) (-0.60) (-17.47) (-0.23)

4.Post-Sec. Non-tert.Edu 1.019 -0.025 1.929 0.888** 0.486 0.876 1.032 1.206** -0.991* -2.102** -1.196 -1.194* -1.233 -3.085** -1.449 -13.58*** -0.567-1.22 (-0.04) -1.44 -1.97 (0.53) (0.78) (0.77) (2.20) (-1.95) (-2.17) (-1.17) (-1.69) (-1.63) (-2.01) (-1.31) (-17.83) (-0.90)

5.1st stage of tert. Edu 0.082 -0.845 0.922 . -0.612 -0.048 -0.010 . -0.897* -1.651** -1.060 -1.179* -0.591 -2.009 -1.083 -13.12*** -0.601-0.1 (-1.33) -0.61 . (-0.64) (-0.04) (-0.01) . (-1.79) (-2.00) (-0.95) (-1.70) (-0.80) (-1.59) (-0.82) (-17.60) (-0.96)

6.2ndstage of tert. Edu . . . . . . -0.431 14.18*** -2.215 -0.923 12.84*** -14.24*** -1.543. . . . . . (-0.28) (11.68) (-1.05) (-0.56) (10.59) (-6.76) (-0.93)

10.working full-time orpart-time

Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base base base base base base base base base base. . . . . . . . . . . .

20.not working -2.060*** -1.607** -1.501** -3.592*** -2.173*** -1.658** -1.336** . -3.248*** -14.82*** -2.021*** -5.338*** -3.263*** -14.82*** -1.938*** -5.370*** -2.247***(-4.34) (-2.47) (-1.96) (-3.51) (-3.77) (-2.13) (-2.01) . (-6.30) (-32.55) (-3.06) (-5.53) (-6.26) (-30.28) (-3.44) (-5.51) (-3.98)

30.retired, students -2.042*** -3.030*** . -1.309*** -1.858*** -2.751*** . -1.053* -4.364*** -0.247 -1.275 -18.35*** -4.394*** -0.279 -1.475 -21.58*** -3.204***(-4.85) (-2.96) . (-2.73) (-4.01) (-2.65) . (-1.93) (-4.48) (-0.21) (-0.74) (-44.73) (-4.57) (-0.28) (-0.73) (-48.24) (-3.80)

Household size 0.113* -0.0198 0.262** 0.0996 0.125* -0.026 0.314*** 0.143* 0.0767** -0.0208 0.158* 0.0588 0.0759** -0.0154 0.134 0.0590 0.0594-1.95 (-0.19) -2.47 -1.36 (1.92) (-0.24) (2.58) (1.67) (2.20) (-0.24) (1.68) (1.40) (2.14) (-0.17) (1.49) (1.39) (1.16)

Household income (lowest) Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base base base base base base base base base base. . . . . . . . . . . .

Household income(middle) -0.169 0.211 -1.139** 0.0813 -0.417 -0.196 -1.274** 0.15 -0.00205 0.407 1.053*** -0.195 -0.0127 0.523 1.205*** -0.218 -0.202(-0.73) -0.62 (-2.30) -0.22 (-1.61) (-0.51) (-2.46) -0.34 (-0.01) (0.86) (2.61) (-1.15) (-0.09) (1.08) (2.86) (-1.27) (-0.93)

Household income(upper) -0.0734 0.813** -0.818 -0.870* -0.341 0.399 -0.883 -0.851 0.190 0.607 0.973** 0.0938 0.168 0.659 0.949** 0.0688 0.0638(-0.27) -2.41 (-1.40) (-1.65) (-1.13) (1.01) (-1.51) (-1.49) (1.33) (1.17) (2.33) (0.58) (1.17) (1.24) (2.23) (0.42) (0.33)

Perceived opportunity 1.015*** 0.529* 1.947*** 1.333*** -0.161 -0.215 -0.515 -0.0488 -0.160 -0.192 -0.501 -0.0509 0.0484(5.11) (1.71) (4.40) (3.60) (-1.34) (-0.59) (-1.64) (-0.34) (-1.33) (-0.51) (-1.54) (-0.35) (0.28)

Perceived capabilities 1.160*** 0.939*** 1.732*** 1.144*** -0.316** 0.718** 0.0656 -0.658*** -0.334* 0.860* -0.0377 -0.879*** 0.0657(5.83) (3.15) (4.26) (3.10) (-2.49) (1.98) (0.18) (-4.40) (-1.83) (1.68) (-0.08) (-3.72) (0.37)

60. Malaysia Base Base Base Base Base base Base Base. . .

65. Singapore (countryspecific)

1.166*** 1.905*** -1.947*** -1.972*** -1.127***-4.51 (5.90) (-7.79) (-7.86) (-3.69)

66. Thailand (country specific) 0.751*** 0.622** 0.243 0.230 0.685***-3.12 (2.16) (1.34) (1.26) (2.83)

Knowotherentrepreneurs 0.849*** 1.078*** 0.001 1.123***

(3.90) (3.88) (0.00) (3.00)

womenw/ perceived capability 0.0350 -0.348 -0.154 0.401

(0.15) (-0.48) (-0.22) (1.39)

Fear of failure 0.014 -0.209 0.314 0.118

(0.08) (-0.79) (0.81) (0.35)

Prefer similar living standards -0.027 -0.0071 0.0881 0.517

(-0.13) (-0.03) (0.23) (0.94)

New business as a newcareer choice

0.562*** 0.363 1.374*** -0.200

(2.62) (1.30) (3.23) (-0.44)

High status for successfulentrepreneur

0.128 -0.247 0.0573 1.555**

(0.56) (-0.86) (0.15) (2.00)

Successful business inpublicmedia

0.088 0.336 0.007 -0.437

(0.35) (0.97) (0.01) (-0.82)

1.Women w/ PrimaryEdu.

-0.194 0 -10.03*** 12.42***

(-0.19) (.) (-5.83) (12.15)

2.womenw/ Lower Sec.Edu.

-0.452 -13.69*** 12.39***

(-0.45) (-7.31) (12.10)

3.Women w/ Upper Sec.Edu.

-0.261 1.919 -12.00*** 12.27***

(-0.27) (1.31) (-7.96) (12.02)

4.Women w/ Post-Sec.Non-tert.Edu

0.486 2.354 -10.95*** 12.91***

(0.48) (1.30) (-6.44) (12.23)

5.Women w/ 1st stageof tert. Edu

-0.590 0.489 -11.40*** 12.07***

(-0.60) (0.34) (-6.25) (11.98)

6.Women w/ 2nd stageof tert. Edu

13.57*** -10.84*** 0

(6.64) (-5.47) (.)

Constant -4.094*** -1.444* -4.719*** -3.799*** -5.823*** -3.220** -7.474*** -8.220***

(-4.32) (-1.76) (-2.77) (-5.33) (-5.45) (-2.20) (-3.92) (-7.09)

cut1

constant -1.012* 1.038 0.0647 -2.088*** -0.918 0.920 -0.0546 -14.35*** -7.165***(-1.68) (0.89) (0.06) (-2.65) (-1.18) (0.60) (-0.05) (-17.23) (-7.86)

cut2

constant 0.443 2.145* 1.314 -0.443 0.546 2.058 1.228 -12.70*** -4.297***(0.73) (1.84) (1.22) (-0.56) (0.70) (1.33) (1.15) (-15.31) (-4.78)

No.of Obs. 4716 1426 1418 1617 4262 1120 1418 1218 1670 193 235 1242 1670 193 235 1242 1670Chi-stat 106.55 34.04 33.38 53.27 256.52 86.49 93.32 105.02 295.78 1387.59 492.72 2435.27 476.97 1210.11 803.81 . 475.33PseudoR-Squared 0.09 0.07 0.1 0.12 0.21 0.16 0.32 0.26 0.15 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.58

t statistics in parentheses*p<0.10, ** p<0.05,*** p<0.010

Model 1A Model 1BPoten&al entrepreneur Poten&al entrepreneur

Model 2A Model 2BEntrepreneurial phases Entrepreneurial phases

Model2C

Singapore(countryspecific)

*p<0.10,**p<0.05,***p<0.010

workingfull-#meorpart-#me

Householdincome(lowest)

Fearoffailure

Newbusinessasanewcareerchoice

Highstatusforsuccessfulentrepreneur

Successfulbusinessinpublicmedia

WomenwithPost-Sec.Non-tert.Edu

Womenwith1ststageoftert.Edu

Womenwith2ststageoftert.Edu

No.ofObs.

WomenwithPrimaryEdu.

WomenwithLowerSec.Edu

WomenwithUpperSec.Edu

Component 2 (national level)

Chart1

TEA&Perceived

Ca

pabili&

esFactor-Driv

en

Female Male

TEA&Perceived

Ca

pabili&

esEfi

iciency-Driven

TEA&Perceived

Ca

pabili&

esTEA&Perceived

Ca

pabili&

esInno

va&o

n-Driven

IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

Chart2

TEA&Perceived

Opp

ortuni&e

sFactor-Driv

en

TEA&Perceived

Opp

ortuni&e

sEfi

iciency-Driven

TEA&Perceived

Opp

ortuni&e

s

TEA&Perceived

Opp

ortuni&e

sInno

va&o

n-Driven

Female Male

• In 3 countries as a whole, there is no staDsDcally significantdifference in entrepreneurial intenDon between men andwomen.Thaiwomenhaveastrongertendencytostarttheirownbusinessthanmendo.TheoppositeisholdinSingapore.• PostsecondaryeducaDonshowsastronginfluenceonpeople’sintenDonforentrepreneurialinThailand• People’s perceived capabiliDes and opportuniDes havesignificanteffectsonbusinessintenDon.Theseeffectsaresimilaramongmalesandfemales.

•Women have a lower tendency to move up to higher entrepreneurialladder compared to men. The perceived capabiliDes show strong posiDveeffects on the log odds of being at more established business phases inSingapore.•Thai businesswomen with educaDon show a high propensity to scale uptheirenterpriseswhileeducatedMalaysianwomendonot.HighereducaDonamongMalaysianwomendiscouragethemtophaseupbusiness.•MoDvaDon for business development is crucial and there no significantdifferencebetweenmenandwomeninall3countries.• ImplicaDon: the promoDon of women entrepreneurship in countries atdifferent stages of development and social, cultural context can beconsiderablyvaried.CapabiliDesandeducaDondevelopmentforwomenmayworkinonecasebutmaynotinanothercase.

Key Findings and Implications

C.BusinessAspira&on

Women’s Economic Empowerment through Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Southeast Asia

2ndstageoftert.Edu

:PerceivedOpportuni&es:PerceivedCapabili&es

Totalearlystageentrepreneurialac&vity(TEA)andpercep&onsinASEAN2001-2015

Variables

HDCA 2016 Conference - Tokyo, Japan September 1-3, 2016

women’s economic empowerment through entrepreneurship: … · 2nd stage of tert. edu bui thi minh...

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