women in the economy. first time many worked outside the home focused on younger, single women
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Women in the Economy
Women in the Economy
First time many worked outside the home
Focused on younger, single women
Women in the Economy
Low wages, dangerous conditions, long hours
lived in dorms, social lives regulated and monitored
Irish and German Immigration
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000
1,000,000
Irish Germans
1831 - 1840
1840 - 1850
1850 - 1860
Immigration Prior to the Civil War
Reasons for increased immigration:
Political unrest in Europe (“1848 Revolutions”)
Famines and poverty
Opportunities in
America
Need for Labor
i.e. railroads
factories
Free/Cheap Land
German Immigration
Conditions Faced by the Irish
Slums in Eastern cities:
“ghettos”
Job discrimination
Poverty
Nativism
Anti-Catholic bias
Anti-immigration ReactionsNativism – bias against
foreign immigration to the US
The American (“Know-Nothing”) Party Millard
Fillmore
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
Nativists.
Anti-Catholics.
Anti-immigrants.
Nativists.
Anti-Catholics.
Anti-immigrants.
1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.
1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.
Western Expansion
Western ExpansionReasons:
Cheap land
New opportunities
Hazards:
Indians
Weather
Death/illness
Western Trails
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 – April, 1847
April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Second GreatAwakening
The Second GreatAwakening
Spiritual awakening
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
R1-1
“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846
“The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846
The “Burned-Over” District
in Upstate New York
The “Burned-Over” District
in Upstate New York
Second Great Awakening Revival MeetingSecond Great Awakening Revival Meeting
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking”
conversionR1-2
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Plates
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons
The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Creates major western trading center in Salt Lake City, Utah
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
TranscendentalismTranscendentalisme Liberation from
understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
e “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.
Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of
moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
1. The infinite benevolence of God.
2. The infinite benevolence of nature.
3. The divinity of man.
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
Civil Disobedience
(1849)
(1841 Self-Reliance )
“The American Scholar”
(1837) R3-1/3/4/5
Utopian Communities Utopian Communities
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents married
to each other.
• carefully regulated “free love.” (yes, it means what you think it means!)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony, INOriginal Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
New Harmony, Indiana
New Harmony, Indiana
Temperance MovementTemperance Movement
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
R1-6
Educational ReformEducational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
e MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for
local public schools.
e By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.
The McGuffey Eclectic
Readers
The McGuffey Eclectic
Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8
“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)Horace Mann (1796-1859)
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officialschildren should be “molded”
into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishmentestablished state teacher- training programs
R3-6
Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over her
property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
Motto:” What would you like on your sandwich?”
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
R2-6/7
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!
R2-8
Women EducatorsWomen Educatorse Troy, NY Female Seminary
e curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.
e train female teachersEmma Willard(1787-1870)
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
e 1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women, and sandwich makers.