wod ~ 1st punic war player guide 1-0

8/14/2019 WOD ~ 1st Punic War Player Guide 1-0

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Requiem foR Rome ~ 1st Punic WaR PlayeR Guide

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Requiem foR Rome~1st Punic WaR PlayeR Guide


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coPyRiGht & intellectual PRoPeRtyacknoWledGement

This World of Darkness sourcebook is a work of fan fiction. It is has been compiledexpressly for not-for-profit purposes. It has been written independently from White WolfGame Studio.

Full acknowledgement of all original intellectual property relating to White Wolf andvarious historical texts and websites is made. Further, notwithstanding the fan fictionand house rules contained herein, acknowledgement must be made to the historicalwork relied upon published by Oxford University, the University of London, OspreyPublishing, Penguin Classics (notably by Polybius) and Wikipedia. A significant part ofthis sourcebook is an editing together of the aforementioned body of material with

contextualizing commentary.

To the extent copyright and intellectual property is not acknowledged, it is claimed. Thiswork may be copied and used for individual and role-playing game use only. It isexpressly forbidden to be sold, profited from or used for any commercial purposewhatsoever.


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table of contents

Copyright & Intellectual Property Acknowledgement ....................................................... 2Renfreys Introductory Note ........................................................................................... 18Roman Ascendance in Italy 753 BC265BC ................................................................. 20

The Kingdom of Rome (753 BC 508 BC) ................................................................ 20Early Republic (508 BC 274 BC) ............................................................................. 21

Early Italian Campaigns (458396 BC) ................................................................... 21Celtic Invasion of Italia (390387 BC) ..................................................................... 23Expansion into Italia (343282 BC) ........................................................................ 24

The Pyrrhic War (280275 BC) .................................................................................. 27Tarentum Asks For Help ......................................................................................... 27Pyrrhus Lands in Italy the Battle of Heraclea ....................................................... 27Battle of Asculum .................................................................................................... 29Alliance with Carthage ............................................................................................ 29Sicilian Campaign ................................................................................................... 29Battle of Beneventum ............................................................................................. 30Significance of the Pyrrhic Wars in Requiem For Rome Chronicles ....................... 30

Roman Government ~ Constitution, Elections & Power in the Roman Republic ........... 32


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Political History of the Roman Republic 509 BC 265 BC ........................................ 32The Patrician Era (509-367 BC) .............................................................................. 32The Conflict of the Orders (367-287 BC) ................................................................ 33The Supremacy of the New Nobility (287 BC 133 BC) ........................................ 34

Power Centered In the Executive & Legislature ......................................................... 36The Executive Magistracies: ................................................................................... 37The Legislature, made up of the four Assemblies of the People: ............................ 39

Nature of Magisterial Power Potestas, Imperium & Collegiality .............................. 40The Senate ................................................................................................................ 41

The Senates Rights ............................................................................................... 42The Princeps Senatus ............................................................................................ 42Senatorial Factions ................................................................................................. 43

Elections in Game ......................................................................................................... 49Elections are an Extended Action .............................................................................. 49The Election Extended Action .................................................................................... 50Election Dice Pool ...................................................................................................... 50

Electoral Bribes Modifier ......................................................................................... 50Election Oratory Modifier ........................................................................................ 51Clients Backing Modifier ........................................................................................ 52Popularity Modifier .................................................................................................. 52Storyteller Discretion Modifier ................................................................................. 53

Running the Election in Game ................................................................................... 53Culture of the Roman Republic ..................................................................................... 55

Daily Routine .............................................................................................................. 55Clothing ...................................................................................................................... 56Dining ......................................................................................................................... 57Education ................................................................................................................... 58

Primary Schooling ................................................................................................... 58Secondary Schooling .............................................................................................. 59Tertiary Schooling ................................................................................................... 59

The Arts ..................................................................................................................... 59


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Literature ................................................................................................................ 59Visual Art ................................................................................................................ 60Music ...................................................................................................................... 60

Sports and Entertainment .......................................................................................... 61Religion ...................................................................................................................... 62

Early Roman Religion ............................................................................................. 63Later Republican Religion ....................................................................................... 65

Roman Homes .............................................................................................................. 68The Domus ............................................................................................................. 68The Villa .................................................................................................................. 70The Insulae ............................................................................................................. 71

The Roman Military ....................................................................................................... 72Land Warfare ~ The Manipular Legion 315 BC 107 BC .......................................... 72The Roman Consular Army ........................................................................................ 74Roman Tactics, Strategy & Standard Operating Procedure ....................................... 75

Training ................................................................................................................... 75Initial Preparations and Strategic Movement for Battle ........................................... 76Tactical Maneuvering At the Battle ......................................................................... 78Combat ................................................................................................................... 80

Roman Military Decorations ....................................................................................... 81Medals .................................................................................................................... 81Crowns ................................................................................................................... 82Parades .................................................................................................................. 83

Crime & Punishment in Romes Legions .................................................................... 83Punishments for Crimes ......................................................................................... 83Punishments for Unmanly Acts ............................................................................ 84

Warfare & the Abstract Battle Roll ................................................................................. 86The Abstract Battle Roll ............................................................................................. 86The Battle Roll Dice Pool ........................................................................................... 86

Relative Force Strength Modifier ............................................................................ 87Force Quality Modifier ............................................................................................. 88


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Position Modifier ..................................................................................................... 89Maneuverability Modifier ......................................................................................... 90Storyteller Discretion ............................................................................................... 91

Morale, Character Actions, Routs & Retreating ......................................................... 91Morale ..................................................................................................................... 91Character Actions ................................................................................................... 91Routs & Retreating ................................................................................................. 93

Naval Warfare ............................................................................................................... 95The Trireme ............................................................................................................... 96

Trireme Crew .......................................................................................................... 98Trireme Tactics ....................................................................................................... 98

Heavy Warships ......................................................................................................... 99The Quadrireme .................................................................................................... 100The Quinquereme ................................................................................................. 101The Hexareme ...................................................................................................... 103The Septireme ...................................................................................................... 103The Octeres .......................................................................................................... 103The Enneres ......................................................................................................... 104The Deceres ......................................................................................................... 104Larger Polyremes ................................................................................................. 105

Armament and Tactics of the Heavy Ships .............................................................. 106The Roman Corvus ............................................................................................... 107

Light Warships ......................................................................................................... 108The Lembos .......................................................................................................... 108The Hemiolia ......................................................................................................... 109The Trihemiolia ..................................................................................................... 109The Liburnian ........................................................................................................ 110

Money ......................................................................................................................... 112Currency .................................................................................................................. 112Moneys Worth in Daily Life ...................................................................................... 113Wages & Domestic Consumption ............................................................................ 113


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Slaves ...................................................................................................................... 114Costs of Games, Gladiators & Gaining the Public Eye ............................................ 116Wages & Military Victual .......................................................................................... 119Romes Treasury, Raising & Maintaining Legions and Naval Vessels ..................... 121

The Treasury ........................................................................................................ 121Raising & Maintaining Legions .............................................................................. 122Raising & Maintaining Naval Vessels ................................................................... 122

Roman Italy ................................................................................................................. 123Roman Italy .............................................................................................................. 123Roman Legal Classes .............................................................................................. 123

Cives Romani ....................................................................................................... 124Latini ..................................................................................................................... 124Socii ...................................................................................................................... 124

Trade in Roman Italy ................................................................................................ 124Italian Cities ............................................................................................................. 125

Asculum-Picenum ................................................................................................. 125Barium .................................................................................................................. 125Bovianum .............................................................................................................. 125Brundisium ............................................................................................................ 129Capua ................................................................................................................... 129Croton ................................................................................................................... 130Ostia, the Port of Rome ........................................................................................ 131Tarentum .............................................................................................................. 131Tarquinii ................................................................................................................ 136

Sicily & Her Cities ........................................................................................................ 142Agrigentum ............................................................................................................... 143Drepana ................................................................................................................... 143Eryx .......................................................................................................................... 144

Eryx and the First Punic War ................................................................................ 145Gela ......................................................................................................................... 145Lilybaeum ................................................................................................................. 147


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Messana .................................................................................................................. 147Events at Messana a Catalyst for the First Punic War .......................................... 147

Panormus ................................................................................................................. 148Segesta .................................................................................................................... 148Selinus ..................................................................................................................... 149

Selinus and the First Punic War ............................................................................ 151Syracuse .................................................................................................................. 152

Hiero II and the Mamertines ................................................................................. 153Thermae ................................................................................................................... 154

The Carthaginians & Their Empire .............................................................................. 155Punic Names ............................................................................................................ 155

Punic Male Names ................................................................................................ 155Punic Female Names ........................................................................................... 155

Phoenician Beginnings ............................................................................................ 155Extent of Phoenician Settlement ........................................................................... 155

Foundation of Cartharge .......................................................................................... 156Legends of the Foundation of Carthage ............................................................... 156

Beginning of Carthaginian Hegemony ..................................................................... 158Nature of the Hegemony .......................................................................................... 159

Conquered People ................................................................................................ 159Tributary Allies ...................................................................................................... 160Citizens and their Status ....................................................................................... 160

The Reign of Kings ................................................................................................ 160Conflict with the Greeks ........................................................................................... 161

Greeks Go West ................................................................................................... 162Cyrene and Carthage ............................................................................................... 163Mago and the Magonids .......................................................................................... 163509 BC Treaty with Rome ........................................................................................ 164First Sicilian War ...................................................................................................... 164

A Republican Empire ............................................................................................ 165Punic Expansion Into Africa & Sardinia ................................................................ 165


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Second Sicilian War ................................................................................................. 166Dionysius the Elder ............................................................................................... 167Hanno Magnus ................................................................................................... 168348 BC Treaty with Rome ..................................................................................... 168Sicily Again ........................................................................................................... 168Alexander and the Diadochi .................................................................................. 169

Third Sicilian War ..................................................................................................... 169306 BC Treaty with Rome ........................................................................................ 170Pyrrhic War .............................................................................................................. 170The Punic Wars ....................................................................................................... 171The Mercenary War ................................................................................................. 172

Course of the Mercenary War ............................................................................... 173Consequences of the War .................................................................................... 174Relations with Rome ............................................................................................. 174

The Carthaginian Military ......................................................................................... 176The Carthaginian Military Tradition ....................................................................... 176Mercenaries in the Forces of Carthage ................................................................. 176Formation and Structure ....................................................................................... 177The Carthaginian Navy ......................................................................................... 179

Carthaginian Culture ................................................................................................ 179Commerce ............................................................................................................ 179Carthaginian Government ..................................................................................... 182

Carthaginian Religion ............................................................................................... 183Phoenician Origins ................................................................................................ 183Baal Hammon, Tanit, and Eshmun ....................................................................... 184Baal Hammon ....................................................................................................... 185Tanit ...................................................................................................................... 185Eshmun ................................................................................................................ 186Melqart .................................................................................................................. 186Caste of Priests and Acolytes ............................................................................... 186Temples ................................................................................................................ 186


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Child Sacrifice ....................................................................................................... 186The Gauls .................................................................................................................... 188

Gallic Society & Culture ........................................................................................... 188The Gauls at War ..................................................................................................... 192The Gauls & the Mediterranean ............................................................................... 194Gallic Tribes ............................................................................................................. 195

Cisalpine Gaul ~ the Po Valley & Transalpine Gaul .............................................. 195The Gallic Invasions of Greece ............................................................................. 199

Iberia ~ the Iberians, the Celtiberians & Lusitanians ................................................... 205The Celtiberians ....................................................................................................... 205The Iberians ............................................................................................................. 206The Lusitanians ........................................................................................................ 206

Lusitanian Origins ................................................................................................. 206Lusitanian Culture ................................................................................................. 207Lusitanian Religion ............................................................................................... 207Lusitanian Tribes .................................................................................................. 207

Illyricum ....................................................................................................................... 210Illyrian Infantry .......................................................................................................... 211Illyrian Navy ............................................................................................................. 211Illyrian Wars and Civil Wars ..................................................................................... 211Illyrian Royal Personalities ....................................................................................... 212

Numidia ....................................................................................................................... 215Numidian Cavalry ..................................................................................................... 215Numidian Names ..................................................................................................... 216

The East ~ Greece & Macedon, Egypt & the Seleucids .............................................. 217Hellenistic Culture .................................................................................................... 219

Schools of Hellenistic Philosophy ......................................................................... 220Science & Technology .......................................................................................... 222Art & Architecture .................................................................................................. 222Religion & Mythology ............................................................................................ 223

The Greco-Macedonian Army .................................................................................. 223


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Macedonian Cavalry ~ The Hetairoi ..................................................................... 225Thessalian Cavalry ............................................................................................... 226Light Cavalry and Allies ........................................................................................ 226Macedonian Foot .................................................................................................. 226Combined Forces ................................................................................................. 229Decline .................................................................................................................. 230

Macedon .................................................................................................................. 230The Achaean League ............................................................................................... 233The Aetolian League ................................................................................................ 234Bithynia .................................................................................................................... 234Cyrene ..................................................................................................................... 235Rhodes .................................................................................................................... 236Athens ...................................................................................................................... 236

The City of Athens ................................................................................................ 239Sparta ...................................................................................................................... 245Pergamum ............................................................................................................... 249Ptolemaic Egypt ....................................................................................................... 253

Establishment of the Ptolemaic Kingdom ............................................................. 253Ptolemy I ............................................................................................................... 255Ptolemy II .............................................................................................................. 255Ptolemy III ............................................................................................................. 256Ptolemaic Military .................................................................................................. 256Ptolemaic Cities .................................................................................................... 257

Seleucid Asia ........................................................................................................... 260Supernatural Italy ........................................................................................................ 264

The Cumaean Sibyl & the Sibylline Books ............................................................... 264The Vampires of Romes Domain ............................................................................ 266

The Propinqui the Kindred of Rome Remus Get ............................................ 266The Rex Mortuus Insidiae ..................................................................................... 269The Lesser Dead .................................................................................................. 272

Werewolves ............................................................................................................. 274


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The Lupercusii ...................................................................................................... 274The Apennine Packs ............................................................................................. 275

The Faceless Ones .................................................................................................. 275Lares & Lemures ...................................................................................................... 276

Lares ..................................................................................................................... 276Lemures ................................................................................................................ 276

Supernatural Sicily, Greece & Carthage ...................................................................... 277Carthaginian Vampires ............................................................................................ 277

The Didoans (Ventrue) ......................................................................................... 277The Yarikha (Ventrue & Mekhet) .......................................................................... 278The Melqarta (Nosferatu) ...................................................................................... 278The Tophetaea (Mekhet) ...................................................................................... 279The Umidians (Gangrel & Mehket) ....................................................................... 279The Iberiani (Gangrel) ........................................................................................... 280

Greek Vampires ....................................................................................................... 280The Empusae (Daeva) .......................................................................................... 280The Hellenes (Ventrue & Daeva) .......................................................................... 281The Labyrinthae (Nosferatu) ................................................................................. 282The Barbari (Typically, Gangrel) ........................................................................... 282The Gnostics (Mekhet) ......................................................................................... 282

Characters in the First Punic War ............................................................................... 283Names ..................................................................................................................... 283Women .................................................................................................................... 283

Female Naming Conventions ............................................................................... 283Women in Roman Society .................................................................................... 283The Bona Dea Festival ......................................................................................... 284

The New Year Phase .................................................................................................. 285New Merits & Flaws for Requiem for Rome ................................................................ 289

Merits ....................................................................................................................... 289Census - .................................................................................................. 289Cursus Honorum - ................................................................................... 291


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Clients - .................................................................................................... 292Italian Clients - ......................................................................................... 296Foreign Clients - ...................................................................................... 298Client Concessions - ................................................................................ 299Paterfamilias ...................................................................................................... 300Patrician ............................................................................................................. 300Public Horse ...................................................................................................... 301Priest or ................................................................................................. 301Thugs - ..................................................................................................... 303

Flaws ....................................................................................................................... 303Debt ...................................................................................................................... 303Embarrassing Relative .......................................................................................... 304Client Obligations .................................................................................................. 304Impoverished Patrician ......................................................................................... 304Under Your Fathers Roof ..................................................................................... 304Demanding Patron ................................................................................................ 305Novus Homo ......................................................................................................... 305Political Rival ........................................................................................................ 305

History of the 1st

Punic War 264 BC-241 BC ............................................................... 307Background to the Conflict ....................................................................................... 307

The Mamertines & the Beginning of the First Punic War ...................................... 308Land Warfare in the First Punic War ........................................................................ 309Naval Warfare in the First Punic War ....................................................................... 312Aftermath of the First Punic War .............................................................................. 313

Casualties ............................................................................................................. 319Peace Terms ........................................................................................................ 319Political Results .................................................................................................... 320

Significant Figures of the First Punic War ................................................................... 321Ad Herbal, Carthaginian Leading Admiral ................................................................ 321Appius Claudius Caudex, Roman Consul ................................................................ 321

The Claudians ....................................................................................................... 321


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Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, Roman Dictator ................................................................... 321Gaius Duilius, Roman Consul .................................................................................. 323Gaius Lutatius Catulus, Roman Consul ................................................................... 323Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, Roman Consul ...................................................... 323Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian Leading General ....................................................... 324

Hamilcar Barca in Sicily ........................................................................................ 325The Truceless War ............................................................................................... 326Operations in Africa .............................................................................................. 326Barcid Spain ......................................................................................................... 327The Barcid Family ................................................................................................. 327

Hannibal Gisco, Carthaginian General ..................................................................... 327Agrigentum ........................................................................................................... 327The Straits of Messina .......................................................................................... 328Mylae .................................................................................................................... 328

Hanno the Great, Carthaginian Leading Politician ................................................... 328Hasdrubal, Carthaginian General ............................................................................. 329Hiero II, Tyrant of Syracuse ..................................................................................... 329Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Roman Consul ............................................................... 330Marcus Atilius Regulus, Roman Consul ................................................................... 330

The Atilii Reguli Family ......................................................................................... 331Publius Claudius Pulcher, Roman consul ................................................................ 331Xanthippus, Mercenary General In the Service of Carthage .................................... 331Hannibal the Rhodian, Carthaginian Privateer ......................................................... 332Archimedes ~ Scientific Magus ................................................................................ 332

Storytellers Chronology of the First Punic War ........................................................... 335265 BC ~ Consulship of Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges & L. Mamilius Vitulus ............. 335264 BC ~ Consulship of Ap. Claudius Caudex & M. Fulvius Flaccus ....................... 338263 BC ~ Consulship of M. Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messala & M. OtaciliusCrassus .................................................................................................................... 339262 BC ~ Consulship of L. PostumIus Megellus & Q. Mamilius Vitulus ................... 340

The Siege of Agrigentum ...................................................................................... 341


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261 BC ~ Consulship of L. Valerius Flaccus & T. Otacilius Crassus ........................ 342The Battle of Agrigentum ...................................................................................... 342Aftermath of Agrigentum ....................................................................................... 342Senate Debate About Controlling the Mediterranean ........................................... 343

260 BC ~ Consulship of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina & Gaius Duilius ....................... 343Battle of the Lipari Islands .................................................................................... 343The Battle of Mylae ............................................................................................... 345Duilius Imperator Navalis ...................................................................................... 345Segesta Saved ..................................................................................................... 346

259 BC ~ Consulship of L. Cornelius Scipio & C. Aquillius Florus ........................... 346258 BC ~ Consulship of A. Atilius Caiatinus & C. Sulpicius Paterculus ................... 347257 BC ~ Consulship of C. Atilius Regulus Serranus & Cn. Cornelius Blasio .......... 347256 BC ~ Consulship of L. Manlius Vulso Longus & Q. Caecidius (dies) & M. AtiliusRegulus (II) (suffectus) ............................................................................................. 348

The Battle of Cape Ecnomus ................................................................................ 348Onwards to Africa ................................................................................................. 350Battle of Adys ........................................................................................................ 351Punic Turmoil & Roman Negotiations ................................................................... 351

255 BC ~ Consulship of Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior & M. Aemilius Paullus ........ 351Battle of Tunis ....................................................................................................... 352Aftermath of the Battle of Tunis ~ Fear the Great Beasts ..................................... 352Battle of Cape Hermaeum .................................................................................... 353Storms at Sea ....................................................................................................... 353Punic Destruction of Agrigentum .......................................................................... 353

254 BC ~ Consulship of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina (II) & A. Atilius Caiatinus ........ 354253 BC ~ Consulship of Cn. Servilius Caepio & C. Sempronius Blaesus ................ 354252 BC ~ Consulship of C. Aurelius Cotta & P. Servilius Geminus .......................... 354251 BC ~ Consulship of L. Caecilius Metellus & C. Furius Pacilus .......................... 355

Battle of Panormous ............................................................................................. 355250 BC ~ Consulship of C. Atilius Regulus Serranus (II) & L. Manlius Vulso Longus(II) ............................................................................................................................ 356


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249 BC ~ Consulship of P. Claudius Pulcher & L. Iunius Paullus & A. Atilius Caiatinus(Dictator) & L. Caecilius Metellus (Magister Equitum) .............................................. 357

The Siege of Lilybaeum ........................................................................................ 357The Battle of Drepana ........................................................................................... 358Aftermath of Drepana ........................................................................................... 359Roman Navy Dashed to Pieces ............................................................................ 359Dictator Caiatinus ................................................................................................. 360

248 BC ~ Consulship of C. Aurelius Cotta (II) & P. Servilius Geminus (II) ............... 360247 BC ~ Consulship of L. Caecilius Metellus (II) & N. Fabius Buteo ...................... 361246 BC ~ Consulship of M. Otacilius Crassus (II) & M. Fabius Licinus .................... 361245 BC ~ Consulship of M. Fabius Buteo & C. Atilius Balbus .................................. 361244 BC ~ Consulship of A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus & C. Sempronius Blaesus (II) ................................................................................................................................. 362243 BC ~ Consulship of C. Fundanius Findulus & C. Sulpicius Galus ..................... 362242 BC ~ Consulship of C. Lutatius Catulus & A. Postumius Albinus ...................... 362241 BC ~ Consulship of A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus (II) & Q. Lutatius Cerco ....... 363

Battle of the Aegates Islands ................................................................................ 364The End of the First Punic War ............................................................................. 364Turmoil In Carthage .............................................................................................. 365

240 BC ~ Consulship of C. Claudius Centho & M. Sempronius Tuditanus .............. 366239 BC ~ Consulship of C. Mamilius Turrinus & Q. Valerius Falto .......................... 366238 BC ~ Consulship of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus & P. Valerius Falto ................... 367

Appendix 1 Roman Names ...................................................................................... 369Praenomens Include: ............................................................................................... 369Nomens (gens) Include: ........................................................................................... 370Cognomens include: ................................................................................................ 385

Appendix 2 Senatorial Families ................................................................................ 395Civic Faction Members ............................................................................................ 395Conservative Faction Members ............................................................................... 397Expansionist Faction Members ................................................................................ 399Commerce Faction Members ................................................................................... 401


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Appendix 3 Consuls, Censors & Pontifex Maximi of Rome ...................................... 403Roman Censors ....................................................................................................... 403Pontifex Maximi ........................................................................................................ 4053rd Century BC Consuls ........................................................................................... 4082nd Century BC Consuls ........................................................................................... 414

Appendix 4 - Information Sheets ................................................................................. 422Roman Domus ......................................................................................................... 422Roman Villa .............................................................................................................. 422Republican Forums .................................................................................................. 423Legionary Army Camp ............................................................................................. 424SPQR Summary Sheets .......................................................................................... 428Oratory & Debate ..................................................................................................... 429The New Year Phase ............................................................................................... 430Gens Record ............................................................................................................ 434Year Record ............................................................................................................. 435


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RenfReys intRoductoRy note1. This sourcebook is designed to be used with White Wolfs Requiem for Romegame

book and Ancient Bloodlinesand Ancient Mysteriessupplements. It has been writtento aid running the mortal aspects of a Requiem for Romechronicle set in the mid

Roman Republic just before the start of the 1st

2. For storytellers, I have included some house rules (such as for elections in the midRoman Republic, as well as an Abstract Battle System), Merits and Flaws, which Ithink help facilitate a senate oriented political chronicle. Of particular significance arethe Census and Clients merits. I have not added any Skills or Disciplines.

Punic War (265 BC). It seeks toprovide players and storytellers with information that will give them greaterimmersion in the game world and allow for the telling of epic dynastic storiesculminating in an embrace.

3. Much of this book is simulationist, but to me that is part of the nature of role-playingin a historical setting. I believe these rules facilitate drama via greater immersion. Ithink chronicles that have a vampiric horror story mixed with an ongoing mortalconnection (like a vampire tied to the familial gens) are very powerful, particularlythe juxtaposition of what has been gained for the price of what has been lost. To thisend, I have included some birth, death and family event tables. See the appendices.

4. I have made no modifications to the supernatural rules of Requiem for Rome. I have,however, included some vampire history that identifies concerns for the propinqui inthis time frame.

5. One thing that is important to remember about the mid Roman Republic is thatRoman society has not yet lost its virtue to the depredations that come with theRoman Empire. Notwithstanding fierce competition for prestige in the Senate, andtension between the classes, there is still a collegiality in Rome that is firm in thebelief that the Republic of Rome is destined for great things. Role-playing out thesocietal shift away from this position is a source for inspirational drama.

6. Consequently, Roman mortals and Kindred characters should be questing forAuctoritas the ability to influence events by public or personal reputation; Gloria

personal recognition, fame and glory; and Dignitas a persons personal share ofpublic standing in the community, involving their moral and ethical worth, theirreputation and their entitlement to respect and proper treatment (a Roman might beprepared to go to war, to exile, to fall on their sword or to execute their wife or son toprotect their dignitas). The search for these elusive qualities provides many plothooks.


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Renfrey, January 2010


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Roman ascendance in italy 753 bc265bc

7. Soon after founding Rome, Romulus fortified the Palatine Hill, one of Rome's sevenhills. Romulus early Rome lacked women. Seeking wives in order to found families,the Romans negotiated unsuccessfully with the Sabines, who populated the area.Fearing the emergence of a rival society, the Sabines refused to allow their womento marry the Roman. Consequently, the Romans planned to abduct Sabine women,in what came to be known as the Rape of the Sabines.

the kinGdom of Rome (753 bc 508 bc)

8. Romulus devised a plan. He decided to host a festival of Neptune Equester andproclaimed the festival amongst Rome's neighbors. Many people from Rome'sneighbors attended, including from the Caeninenses, Crustumini, and Antemnates,and many of the Sabines. At the festival Romulus gave a signal, at which theRomans grabbed the Sabine women and fought off the Sabine men. According tolegend, the indignant abductees were implored by Romulus to accept Roman


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husbands which they did. The description of rape is the reality, but good Romanswill overlook this blemish of their ancestors and adhere to the legend.

9. After the Rape of the Sabine Women, Romulus soon found himself embroiled incampaigns against various Latin cities and the Sabines. The Latin village of Caenina

responded to the Rape of the Sabine Women first. They invaded Roman territory,but were routed and their village captured. The Latins of Antemnae and those ofCrustumerium were defeated next in a similar fashion. The remaining Sabinesattacked Rome and briefly captured the citadel, but were then convinced to concludea treaty with the Romans under which the Sabines became Roman citizens.

10. There was a further war in the 8th century BC against Fidenae and Veii. In the 7thcentury BC there was a war with Alba Longa, a second war with Fidenae and Veiiand a second Sabine War. King Ancus Marcius led Rome to victory against theLatins and, according to the Fasti Triumphales, over the Veientes and Sabines also.

11. Under the Etruscan kings Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and TarquiniusSuperbus, Rome expanded to the north-west, coming into conflict again with theVeientes after the expiry of the treaty that concluded their earlier war. There was afurther campaign against the Gabii, and later against the Rutuli. The Etruscan kingswere overthrown as part of a wider reduction in Etruscan power in the region duringthis period, and Rome reformed itself as a republic.

eaRly RePublic (508 bc 274 bc)eaRly italian camPaiGns (458396 bc)12. Many early Roman wars were wars of both expansion and defense, aimed at

protecting Rome itself from neighboring cities and nations and establishing itsterritory in the region.

13. Rome itself was twice invaded by Etruscan armies in this period, first in around 509BC under the recently-overthrown king Tarquinius Superbus, and again in 508 BCunder the Etruscan Lars Porsenna.

14. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbors were Latin towns and villages with a tribalsystem similar to that of Rome, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills. Oneby one, Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities that wereeither under Etruscan control or else Latin towns that had cast off their Etruscanrulers, as had Rome. Rome defeated the Lavinii and Tusculi in the Battle of LakeRegillus in 496 BC, the Sabines in 449 BC, the Aequi in the Battle of Mons Algidusin 458 BC and the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Volsci in the Battle of Corbionein 446 BC and the Capture of Antium in 377 BC, the Aurunci in the Battle of Aricia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequi


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and the Veientes in the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, the Capture of Fidenae in435 BC and the Siege of Veii in 396 BC. After defeating the Veientes, the Romanshad effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan neighbors, aswell as secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the tribespeople of the Apennine hills.


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15. However, Rome still controlled only a very limited area and the affairs of Rome wereminor even to those in Italy and Rome's affairs were only just coming to the attentionof the Greeks, the dominant cultural force at the time. At this point the bulk of Italyremained in the hands of Latin, Sabine, Samnite and other peoples in the centralpart of Italy, Greek colonies to the south, and, notably, the Celtic people, including

the Gauls, to the north. The Celtic civilization at this time was vibrant and growing instrength and territory, and stretched, if in-cohesively, across much of mainlandEurope. It is at the hands of the Gallic Celts that Rome suffered a humiliating defeatthat temporarily set back its advance and was to imprint itself upon the Romanconsciousness.

celtic invasion of italia (390387 bc)16. By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes had begun invading Italy from the north as their

culture expanded throughout Europe. Most of this was unknown to the Romans, who

still had purely local security concerns, but the Romans were alerted when aparticularly warlike tribe, the Senones, invaded the Etruscan province of Siena fromthe north and attacked the town of Clusium, not far from Rome's sphere of influence.


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The Clusians, overwhelmed by the size of the enemy in numbers and ferocity, calledon Rome for help. Perhaps unintentionally the Romans found themselves not just inconflict with the Senones, but their primary target. The Romans met them in pitchedbattle at the Battle of the Allia around 389 BC. The Gauls, under their chieftainBrennus, defeated the Roman army of around 15,000 troops and proceeded to

pursue the fleeing Romans back to Rome itself and sacked the city except for thecitadel before being driven off.

exPansion into italia (343282 bc)17. After recovering from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their

expansion within Italy. Despite their successes so far, their mastery of the whole ofItaly was by no means assured at this point: the Samnites were a people just asmartial and as rich as the Romans and with an objective of their own of securingmore lands in the fertile Italian plains on which Rome itself lay. The First Samnite

War between 343 BC and 341 BC occurred following widespread Samniteincursions into Roman territory. It was a relatively short war: the Romans beat theSamnites in both the Battle of Mount Gaurus in 342 BC and the Battle of Suessola in341 BC. The Romans were forced to withdraw from the war before they couldpursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the LatinWar.

18. Around 340 BC, the Romans had to contend against the Samnite incursions intotheir territory as well as fight a bitter war against their former allies. Rome bested theLatins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the

Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule. Perhaps due to Rome's lenienttreatment of their defeated foe, the Latins submitted amicably to Roman rule for thenext 200 years.

19. The Second Samnite War, from 327 BC to 304 BC, was a much longer and moreserious affair for both the Romans and Samnites, running for over twenty years andincorporating twenty-four battles that led to massive casualties on both sides. Thefortunes of the two sides fluctuated throughout its course. The Samnites seizedNeapolis in 327 BC, which the Romans then re-captured before losing at the Battleof the Caudine Forks and the Battle of Lautulae. At the Caudine Forks Romes

surviving legionaries were humiliated by being made to walk under a yoke made oftheir spears to the jeers of the Samnites.

20. Bovianum and the tide turned strongly against the Samnites from 314 BC onwards,leading them to sue for peace with progressively less generous terms. By 304 BCthe Romans had effectively annexed the greater part of the Samnite territory,founding several colonies.


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The Romans, however, kept fighting and were then victorious at the Battle of


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This pattern of meeting aggression in force and almost inadvertently gaining territoryin strategic counter-attacks was to become a common feature of Roman militarydominance.

21. Seven years after their defeat, with Roman dominance of the area looking assured,

the Samnites rose again and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Camerinum in298 BC, opening the Third Samnite War. With this success in hand the Samnitesmanaged to bring together a coalition of several previous enemies of Rome, all ofwhom were keen to prevent any one faction dominating the entire region. The armythat faced the Romans at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC therefore includedSamnites, Gauls, Etruscans and Umbrians. When the Roman army won aconvincing victory over these combined forces it was clear that Roman ascendancein Italy was assured. In the Battle of Populonia in 282 BC Rome finished off the lastvestiges of Etruscan power in the region.

the PyRRhic WaR (280275 bc)taRentum asks foR helP22. In 282 BC, Rome was called by the city of Thurii for military assistance in a dispute it

had with another city in southern Italy. In response, Rome sent out a fleet of shipsthat entered the Bay of Tarentum. This act violated a longstanding treaty betweenRome and the city of Tarentum, which forbade Rome from entering Tarentinewaters. Enraged by what it considered a hostile aggression, the city attacked thefleet, sinking several ships and sending the rest away. Rome was shocked andangered by this incident and sent out diplomats to defuse the situation. However,negotiations turned sour, leading to a declaration of war against Tarentum.

23. Tarentum had, however, lent aid to the Greek ruler King Pyrrhus of Epirus in hisconflict with Corcyra in Greece. Tarentum, in turn, now requested military aid fromKing Pyrrhus of Epirus to help defeat the Romans. Pyrrhus honored his obligation toTarentum. Pyrrhus, hoping to build a vast empire like his second-cousin Alexanderthe Great, saw this opportunity as a good starting point and accepted.

PyRRhus lands in italy the battle of heRaclea24. In 280 BC Pyrrhus landed in Italy with 25,000 troops, including a score of warelephants. A Roman army of 50,000 led by Publius Laevinius was sent into the

Lucanian territory, where the first battle took place near the city of Heraclea. Duringthis battle, a wounded elephant made the other beasts panic, thereby ruining whatwould otherwise have been a complete victory for Pyrrhus. Casualties were 7,000for the Romans and 4,000 for the Greeks.


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25. This battle proved to be crucial in showing to the Greek invader the stability of theRoman Republic. Pyrrhus had expected the Italic tribes to rebel against the Romansand join him. However, by now the Romans had stabilized the area, and only a fewItalians joined the Greeks.


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battle of asculum26. In 279 BC Pyrrhus fought the second major battle of the war at Asculum. This one

was of a much greater scale, taking two days in the hills of Apulia. The Romangeneral Publius Mus managed to use the terrain to reduce the effectiveness of the

Greek cavalry and elephants. Thus the first day ended with a stalemate. The secondday Pyrrhus made another attack with war elephants supported by infantry, whichfinally overwhelmed Mus's position. The Romans lost about 6,000 men whilePyrrhus' army suffered 3,500 casualties.

27. The battle was costly for Pyrrhus who is quoted as saying, "that one other suchvictory would utterly undo him." Thus, the phrase "Pyrrhic victory" came into being.

alliance With caRthaGe28. Pyrrhus next offered to negotiate a truce with Rome, but Rome refused to talk as

long as Pyrrhus remained on Italian soil. Appius Claudius, who built the Appian Way,now an old man and blind, exhorted the Romans to refuse negotiations with Pyrrhus,who was really only asking at this point for freedom for Tarentum and her allies.

29. Rome formed an alliance with Carthage against Pyrrhus. The terms of this thirdtreaty with Carthage concluded an effectual alliance between Rome and Carthageagainst King Pyrrhus. The effect was to limit Pyrrhus' career in the west toaggression against the Greek states which he had nominally come to protect, for itdestroyed his hopes of allying with either Rome or Carthage against the other.Carthage naturally thought otherwise and sent a squadron up to the Tiber mouth to

offer help against Pyrrhus.30. With Rome and Carthage allied against him, Pyrrhus decided Italian dominion would

not be easily achieved. Agathocles of Syracuse told Pyrrhus the better enemy wasCarthage. Pyrrhus planned a crossing to Sicily.

sicilian camPaiGn31. The Mamertines, veterans of the old Tyrant of Syracuse Agathocles, now settled at

Messana, offered their help to Pyrrhus. But Campania and most of the south gavePyrrhus no encouragement. Only Etruria thought the tide had turned against Rome,

quickly to discover its mistake.32. After two campaigns in which, though he always won battles, Pyrrhus was losing

more men than he could afford, he moved on to Sicily (278 BC). Pyrrhus sought toaid the Greeks in Sicily, who were being hard pressed by the Carthaginians. TheRomans had little difficulty in dealing with Pyrrhus friends, allies and rear guards onthe Italian mainland.


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33. The Carthaginians had not waited to be attacked. When Pyrrhus sailed for Sicily,they were besieging Syracuse, his necessary base, and looking for him with theirfleet. He evaded their ships, however, and drove off their field army, captured thecities of Panormus and Eryx and refused their offer to surrender everything in Sicilyexcept for Lilybaeum, which they direly needed if they sought to keep their hold on

Sardinia.

34. All the while, Pyrrhus losses had been heavy and his reinforcements few. Tarentumwas hard pressed by the Romans, and between them and the Carthaginian fleet hemight have been trapped in Sicily. So in a desperate attempt he returned once moreto Italy, to fight one more campaign.

battle of beneventum35. In 275 BC, Pyrrhus was back in Italy. He faced the Romans at the town of

Maleventum (translation: Bad Event) in southern Italy and was defeated. After thebattle, the Romans renamed the town to Beneventum (Good Event) in recognition oftheir victory over Pyrrhus. He then retreated into Tarentum for the duration of thewar. Pyrrhus soon left Italy forever and returned to the Greek mainland. He had losttwo thirds of his army during the fighting and had little to show for his efforts. He wasseverely defeated, as the Romans had meanwhile learned how to deal with hisspearmen and elephants. The Romans had learned that they could wound theelephants in the side using their pila, the short throwing spears that had come intouse during the Samnite Wars. This would in turn panic the elephants, which becameout of control and trampled their own troops.

36. The tide having turned against him, Pyrrhus returned home. His parting words werememorable, What a battlefield I am leaving for Carthage and Rome! Leaving asufficient force to garrison Tarentum, Pyrrhus set sail for Epirus. Tarentumsurrendered to the Romans (272 BC). Rome treated the defeated Tarentinesleniently, allowing Tarentum the same local self-rule it allowed other cities. Tarentumin turn recognized Rome's hegemony in Italy and became another of Rome's allies.A Roman garrison remained in Tarentum to ensure its loyalty. Other Greek citiesand the Bruttian tribes with their valuable forest-country surrendered likewise,undertaking to supply Rome with ships and crews in the future. Some Greek cities,

however, still saw themselves as mere allies of Rome and independent a view thatwould be tested in the years ahead.

siGnificance of the PyRRhic WaRs in Requiem foR RomechRonicles37. The victory over Pyrrhus was a significant one for Rome as it was the defeat of a

Greek army which fought in the tradition of Alexander the Great and was


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commanded by the most able commander of the time. In 272 BC Pyrrhus' life cameto an end - during a street battle in Argos, a woman threw a roof tile down upon hishead. Stunned, he fell off of his horse, allowing an Argive soldier to easily kill him.

38. After its defeat of Pyrrhus, Rome was recognized as a major power in the

Mediterranean, as evidenced by the opening of a permanent embassy of amity inRome by the Macedonian King of Egypt in 273 BC.

39. New Roman colonies were founded in Magna Graecia to further secure the territoryto Roman domination. In the north the last free Etruscan city, Volsinii, revolted andwas destroyed in 264 BC. There, too, new colonies were founded to cement Romanrule. Rome was now mistress of the entire peninsula from the Straits of Messina tothe Apennine frontier with the Gauls along the Arnus and the Rubicon rivers.

40. The Pyrrhic War was the last great conflict of Rome prior to the setting of this

sourcebook. It is likely that all of the characters of any chronicle will have hadrelatives fight against Pyrrhus Greeks. Pyrrhus campaigned brilliantly and wonseveral victories over the Romans, inflicting many casualties. Some of them arelikely to be character relatives. The impact of this war was also to open southernItaly fully to Roman entrepreneurialism. The Pyrrhic War should be considered for allcharacter backgrounds whether it was to create an orphan or a family fortune.


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Roman GoveRnment ~ constitution, elections &PoWeR in the Roman RePublic41. The Roman Republic went by the acronym SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus,

the Senate and the People of Rome. The Constitution of the Roman Republicconcentrated power largely in its executive and legislative arms. Judicial power wasshared between the executive and the legislature. Classical authors note thebalanced nature of the Roman Constitution thay blends monarchical power in theconsuls with aristocratic / oligarchic power of the Senate with democratic power inthe Assemblies of the People. The total effect was a stable and resilient politicalsystem (by ancient standards).

Political histoRy of the Roman RePublic 509 bc 265 bc42. The constitutional evolution of the Roman Republic was driven by the struggle

between the aristocracy (the patricians) and the ordinary citizens (plebeians).the PatRician eRa (509-367 bc)43. The last king of Rome was overthrown in 510 BC. The historical monarchy was

overthrown quickly, but the constitutional changes which occurred immediately afterthe revolution were not as extensive and took longer to implement. The most


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important constitutional change concerned the chief executive. Before the revolution,a king would be elected by the senators for a life term. Now, two consuls wereelected by the citizens for an annual term. Each consul would check his colleague,and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused thepowers of their office. Consular political powers, when exercised conjointly with a

consular colleague, were no different from those of the old king. In the immediateaftermath of the revolution, the senate and the assemblies of the people were aspowerless as they had been under the monarchy.

44. In the year 494 BC, Rome was at war with two neighboring tribes. The plebeiansoldiers refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Aventinehill. The plebeians demanded the right to elect their own officials. The patriciansagreed, and the plebeians returned to the battlefield. The plebeians called these newofficials "plebeian tribunes". The tribunes would have two assistants, called"plebeian aediles". In 367 BC a law was passed, which required the election of at

least one plebeian aedile each year. In 443 BC, the censorship was created, and in366 BC, the praetorship was created. Also in 366 BC, the curule aedileship wascreated. Shortly after the founding of the republic, the Comitia Centuriata ("Assemblyof the Centuries") became the principal legislative assembly. In this assembly,magistrates were elected, and laws were passed.

45. During the fourth century BC, a series of reforms were passed. The result of thesereforms was that any law passed by the Plebeian Council would have the full forceof law. This gave the tribunes (who presided over the Plebeian Council) a positivecharacter for the first time. Before these laws were passed, the only power that the

tribunes of the plebs held was that of the veto.

the conflict of the oRdeRs (367-287 bc)46. After the plebeian aedileship had been created, the patricians created the curule

aedileship. After the consulship had been opened to the plebeians, the plebeianswere able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship. In 337 BC, the firstplebeian praetor was elected.

47. In 342 BC, two significant laws were passed. One of these two laws made it illegal tohold more than one office at any given point in time. The other law required aninterval of ten years to pass before any magistrate could seek reelection to anyoffice.

48. During these years, the tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close. Thesenate realized the need to use plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals. Towin over the tribunes, the senators gave the tribunes a great deal of power and thetribunes began to feel obligated to the senate. As the tribunes and the senators grew


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closer, plebeian senators were often able to secure the tribunate for members oftheir own families. In time, the tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office.

49. Around the middle of the fourth century BC, the Concilium Plebis enacted the"Ovinian Law". During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators.

The Ovinian law, however, gave this power to the censors. It also required thecensor to appoint any newly-elected magistrate to the senate. By this point,plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, thenumber of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remaineddifficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known politicalfamily, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existedthrough the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for highoffice. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only arevolution could overthrow this new structure.

50. By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. Theproblem centered on widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, butthe senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeiansecession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To end the secession, adictator was appointed. The dictator passed a law (the "Hortensian Law"), whichended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill couldbe considered by the Plebeian Council. This was not the first law to require that anact of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law. The Plebeian Council acquiredthis power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC. Thesignificance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final

weapon over the plebeians. The result was that control over the state fell, not ontothe shoulders of voters in a democracy, but to the new plebeian nobility.

51. The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians. However, theplight of the average plebeian had not changed. A small number of plebeian familiesachieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had alwayshad, but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of theaverage plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been.

the suPRemacy of the neW nobility (287 bc 133 bc)52. The great accomplishment of the Hortensian Law was that it deprived the patricians

of their last weapon over the plebeians. Thus, the last great political question of theearlier era had been resolved. As such, no important political changes would occurbetween 287 BC and 133 BC. The critical laws of this era were still enacted by thesenate. In effect, democracy was satisfied with the possession of power, but did notcare to use it. The senate was supreme during this era because the era was


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dominated by questions of foreign and military policy. This era was the most militarilyactive era of the Roman Republic.

53. The final decades of this era saw a worsening economic situation for manyplebeians. The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to

fight, only to return to farms that had fallen into disrepair. The landed aristocracybegan buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices. As commodity prices fell,many farmers could no longer operate their farms at a profit. The result was theultimate bankruptcy of countless farmers. Masses of unemployed plebeians soonbegan to flood into Rome, and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies. Theireconomic state usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered the most forthem. A new culture of dependency was emerging, which would look to any populistleader for relief.


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PoWeR centeRed in the executive & leGislatuRe54. Executive power in the Roman Republic in 265 BC is held by elected magistrates.

Almost all elected magistrates become members of the Senate. Legislative power inthe Roman Republic was held by the four Assemblies of the People the ComitiaCuriata, the Comitia Centuriata, the Comitia Tributaand the Concilium Plebis. Theselegislative assemblies had differing powers, but collectively they passed alllegislation, elected all magistrates, conferred power on magistrates and were thefinal judicial courts of appeal.

55. Magistrates called Consuls were the head of the government. The Urban Praetorwas the chief judge of Rome and could appoint other judges for trials. Particularmagistrates could convene particular Assemblies of the People and introducelegislation for consideration.

56. When embarking on a political career, a Roman hoped to climb the Cursus

Honorum. Literally, the way of honour. The Cursus Honorum was a list of keymagistracies a Roman hoped to be elected to so as to have a full public career. Firstcame the office of Quaeastor, then Praetor and then Consul. In the third century BChowever, there was no formal requirement to hold one office before another, butconvention led to it being common. Given that there was only one Praetor, at leasthalf of the Consuls elected had not held that office and some went on to hold it afterbeing Consul. In the second century BC, the Cursus Honorumwas codified.

57. To completely round out a career though, it was not unusual for a Plebeian to seekelection as a Tribune of the Plebs, or for a patrician to seek election as a curule

aedile. These offices giving a Roman additional public exposure and allowing thebuilding of a more meaningful public profile to aid with future election contests for thepraetorship and consulship.

58. After becoming a Praetor or Consul (and to repay debts getting there) a Romanwould want to be made a propraetor or proconsul by the Senate and be given aprovince to administer or plunder (confirmed by a lex (law) from the ComitiaCenturiata and with imperium by the Comitia Curiata). The culminating point of apolitical career would be election to Censor (which was elected only once every 5years) and required a person to have already been a consul.


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the executive maGistRacies:Office # Length

of Office

Authority Elected

by

Min.

Age

Functions

Consul

has 12

lictors

2 1 year Imperium ComitiaCenturiata

36 Commanded the Army; Conductschief elections; Presides overSenate meetings; ImplementsSenate decisions; head ofgovernment

Praetor

has 6

lictors

1 1 year Imperium ComitiaCenturiata

33 Praetor Urbanus supreme civiljudge; sometimes commandedarmy; could summon comitiacenturiata and introducelegislation

Aedile

(curule

and

plebeian)

Curule

Aedile has

2 lictors

4 1 year Potestas ComitiaTributaandConciliumPlebis

28 Maintained streets of Rome;regulated traffic; oversaw publicbuildings; took care of watersupply; controlled markets,supervised weights andmeasures; arranged publicfestivals and games

Quaeastor 8 1 year Potestas ComitiaTributa 27 Financial and admin officials:maintained public records;superintended the treasury; legionpaymasters if with a general;supervised sale of war booty;financial assistants to governors

Tribunes

of the

Plebs

10 1 year Potestas ConciliumPlebis

N/Amust bePlebeian

Defended lives and property ofPlebeians (their house was asanctuary); Had the right of veto

against the elections ofmagistrates, laws and decrees ofthe Senate and actions of themagistrates; Could each veto theactions of his 9 tribunes;summoned the concilium plebisand gained resolutions (plebiscite)


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Office # Length

of Office

Authority Elected

by

Min.

Age

Functions

from it

MilitaryTribune 24 1 year Potestas Comitia

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