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Aeroelasticity I, Rotor Pre-Design

For the aeroelastic pre-design of rotor blades a dedicated module is available.With this module the aeroelastic performance of rotor blades can be deter-mined without the need for a full turbine model or a detailed blade design.This makes it easy to scale up / down an existing blade design and modify it tobecome the basis for a new blade design.

The Aeroelasticity I module can compute: Quasy-steady rotor characteristics Quasy-steady rotor loads (thrust, torque, blade root bending moment) Eigenmodes and frequencies (including dimensionless aerodynamic damp-

ing, direction of the root bending moment, direction of the tip-vibration,amplitude and angle of tip torsional moment)

Once per rev varying shape and damping of the rotor blades (includingspan, ap-wise amplitude of the mode, lag-wise amplitude of the mode, tor-sional deformation of the mode, blade chard length , aerodynamic dampingof the local section)

The Aeroelasticity I module can use either B.E.M. or Vortex Wake model asthe basis for calculations. The models include torsional deformation and trans-verse shear exibility and many aerodynamic and structural dynamic couplingterms for bending and torsion dynamics.

Noise Emission

The noise emission module (requires Aeroelasticity I module) calculates thesound power level of the wind turbine blades and sums it to the overall windturbine sound power level. For every blade element, trailing edge and in ownoise sources are considered. The trailing edge noise source is calculatedfrom the model of Brooks, Pope and Marcolini. In ow noise is due to the turbu-lence in the oncoming ow, interacting with the blade. It is calculated from themodel of Amiet and Lowson. The noise sources are (acoustically) summedover the elements in order to obtain the total blade and turbine sound power

level.

The output comes in the form of Power Watt Levels (PWL). The Overall PWL(OAPWL) is speci ed per element to give an overview of the radial distributionof the noise sources. A breakdown is given of the noise source types.

Rotor Pre-DesignB.E.M. or Vortex WakePower curves and annualenergy productionEigenmodes and eigenfre-quenciesGraphical mode shapeviewer visualizes the mode

shapes for easier analysisDivergence speedOne per rev shape anddamping of the rotor bladesQuick design optimiza-tion to avoid undesiredfrequencies of blade androtor

Noise EmissionCalculates Sound Power Level (PWL) and Over -all Wind Turbine SoundPower Level (Overall PWL)Trailing edge and in ownoise sourcesTrailing edge noise frommodel of Brooks, Popeand MarcoliniIn ow noise from model of Amiet and LowsonOutput in Power WattLevels (PWL) and OverallPWL (OAPWL) per elementincluding radial distribu-tion of noise sourcesBreakdown of noisesource typesData averaged over 1/3octave bands to illustratespectral content of noiseWeighted and non-weight-ed results available


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Turbine simulations Load case generation (IECed. 2 with GL-2003 supple-ments or IEC ed. 3)

Extreme load analyses Modal analysis of tower Performance coef cients Power curves and annual

energy production Detailed aerodynamicinformation at speci edblade stations

Peak value and levelcrossing analysis

Detailed simulations of performance and loadingfor all turbine states.

Blade and tower de ec-

tions and yaw motion Nacelle accelerations Blade pitch, controller andtransducer signals

Forces and moments atspeci ed blade and tower stations

Forces and moments atthe hub and yaw bearing

Shaft loads Rotational speeds at rotor and generator

Mechanical and electricallosses

Rain ow counting andMarkov matrix export

Equivalent fatigue loadcalculation and (automat-ic) reporting

Blades BEM theory Oblique in ow included intip loss factor expression

Full or partial span pitch Blade pre-bending Blade dynamics ap andlead bending, torsion

Blade dynamics tension-torsion coupling, bending-torsion coupling

Geometrical non-linear blade de ections Iced blades

Aeroelasticity II, Wind Turbine Design

With the Aeroelasticity II, Wind Turbine Design module the calculation of com-bined aerodynamic and structural dynamic behaviour of a wind turbine in thetime domain is available.

The rotor aerodynamics are solved on basis of the engineering BEM theory of which the sub-models for tip-loss, tangential induction, blade-tower interaction,oblique in ow effects and rotational effects are combined on a physical basis.

The build-in tower model gives a detailed and well-validated dynamic re-sponse of the tower including all mutual interactions with the turbine model upto the aerodynamics of the rotor. Alternatively, an external tower model can belinked using the Craig-Bampton method.

A built-in PD controller is provided that includes rotor speed ltering and peak-shaving strategy. In addition, dedicated controllers using the Bladed interfaceor the ECN Control Design Tool interface can be used (DLL).

Load cases for IEC or GL load set calculations can be generated automati-cally. For this purpose models are available to simulate faulted conditions andemergency situations. The results are accepted for certi cation by GL andDNV.

In order to reduce the total turnaround time of load set calculations, load casescan be calculated in parallel on (multiple) computers with multi-core proces-sors.

This module also includes functionality to generate waves and streams for usein offshore related projects.


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Structural blade designInteractive 3D blademodeler Blade model includingdetailed lay-upIsotropic, orthotropic andcore materialsUser de ned fatigue for -

mulationsGeometric model usingcross section shapesAutomated FE meshingFEM exportImport load time seriesfrom external programsParametric blade designStress/strain based ex-treme and fatigue analyses

Panel and cross sectionbased buckling analysisCoupled and uncoupledeigenmodes and eigenfre-quencies

3D visualisation of results(strains, stresses, reservefactors, etc)2D plotting of structuraldata and analysis resultsExport data to ASCII les.Calculation of mass distri-bution per materialStatic reserve factors per materialDe ection calculationRain ow counting andMarkov matrix exportfor load time series andstresses or strainsEquivalent fatigue loadcalculation

Structural Blade Design

FOCUS6 includes the unique 3D Structural Blade Modeller, that allows usersto interactively model rotor blades in detail. While de ning the blade step-by-step, the interactive 3D visualization gives direct feedback of the designchanges.

A blade de nition is made by putting pro les in 3D space, de ning lines andmaterials and nally specifying between which lines and pro les the section of material needs to be placed.

Material properties include layer thicknesses and SN-Line formulation, withmaterial speci c constants like UTS, UCS. This makes it possible to modeland use actual material properties in your calculations.

The nal blade model is the input for turbine simulation. Blade data can be

viewed and exported both graphically and numerically. This includes exportas a thick shell element mesh, with full layup data, for analyses with FOCUSFEM, Nastran and Ansys and export to CAD/CAE using STEP or IGES.

Structural Analyses

After automatically or manually creating loads, or importing loads from Flex 4/5or Bladed, the following structural analyses calculations using an advancedbeam model approach can be performed: Strain and stress based static strength evaluation

Fatigue analyses based on time series Panel and cross section based buckling analyses Modal analyses Tip de ection calculations


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Rotor Tilt and cone angles2 and 3 bladesUpwind / downwindMass imbalance

Wind

3-Dimensional, 3-compo-nent turbulence modelsVarious turbulence spectraand coherence modelsTransients in wind speed,direction, and shear asspeci ed in the designstandardsWind shear (bi-linear,exponential, or logarithmic

model)Tower shadow, upwindand downwind

WavesLinear and non-linear waves

ControlFixed or variable speedBuilt in PD controllers withgain scheduling and peakshavingExternal controller API(DLL; Bladed and ECNCDT)Passive or controlled pitchmotionCollective pitchParked, idling, start-up,shutdown and power pro-duction simulations

FOCUS FEM for blade design

For certi cation of a blade it is necessary to perform static analyses on theblade using Puck failure criteria. For this purpose the FOCUS FEM moduleis available. The FOCUS FEM provides a composite thick shell nite elementthat supports tapered layers. The FOCUS FEM module provides the followingfunctionalities:

Static structural analyses Includes Puck criterion Composite thick shell elements Full layup (individual plies) RBE3 elements for load introduction

FOCUS FEM for substructure design (under development)

The upcoming FOCUS FEM for (offshore)support structures will contain an interac-tive substructure modeller to allow creationof custom substructure designs, like jacketstructures.

The main features are:

Beam elements Members can be lled with water Export of Craig-Bampton matrices Export of modal shapes Time series of member forces


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Rotor Pre-Design B.E.M. or Vortex Wake Power curves and annual

energy production Eigenmodes and eigenfre-quencies

Graphical mode shapeviewer visualizes the modeshapes for easier analysis

Divergence speed One per rev shape anddamping of the rotor blades

Quick design optimiza-tion to avoid undesiredfrequencies of blade androtor

Generator & Electrical Variable speed and vari-able slip model

Generator characteristicsfrom table

Synchronous / asynchro-nous operation

Drive train Stiff or torsionally ex-ible shafts and gearboxsupport

Geared and direct drive Gearbox damping

Tower & Nacelle Tower dynamics, fore-aft,side to side and torsion

Yaw dynamics Foundation exibility Wind loading, includingaeroelastic feedback

Wave and current loading,including hydrodynamicdrag and inertia effects

Craig-Bampton method

interface to dynamics of FEM model of tower Guy wires Aerodynamic drag for tubular or lattice tower

FOCUS6 program options:

Structural Blade design Aeroelasticity I, Rotor pre-design Aeroelasticity II, Turbine design FEM for blade design Noise Emission (requires Aeroelasticity I) Bladed 4 interface for export of blade data and import of load sets FEM Mesh Export for Blade Design Queue Manager

Options under development:

Aero-Module with BEM, AWSM(non-linear lifting line vortex wake theory)

Controller design toolkit (CDT) integration Earthquake loads Export to CAD/CAE with plybook for mould or draping FEM for support structures Substructure modeller Modular Aero II with supervisory control, plugin support for supplier spe-

ci c turbine component models Load case pre-processor for offshore load sets

Contact information:

Knowledge Centre WMCP.O. Box 431770 AA Wieringerwerf The Netherlands

+31-(0)227-50 49 49+31-(0)227-50 49 [email protected]

Phone:Fax:Internet:E-mail :

Recommended computer system:

Processor:Memory:Hard disk:Graphics card:Operating system:Database:

For a multi-user environment it is recommended to install the database on aseparate server (Windows or Linux).

Dual Core 2.2 GHz or better +4 GB500 GB - 7200 rpm128 MB with OpenGL 3D supportWindows 7 (64 bit to support +4 GB RAM)PostgreSQL 8.3 (included)

Wind turbine Materials and ConstructionsWMC KnowledgeCentre

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