withers, william james (1991) pressure fluctuations in the plunge...
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Withers, William James (1991) Pressure fluctuations in the plunge pool of an impinging jet spillway. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8246/
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PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PLUNGE POOL
OF AN IMPINGING JET SPILLWAY
(VOLUME II OF II - TABLES AND FIGURES)
A THESIS ON PLUNGE POOL ENERGY·
DISSIP ATORS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY: WllllAM JAMES WITHERS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
FEBRUARY 1991
(i)
IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby
West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ
www.bl.uk
PAGE NUMBERS ARE
CLOSE TO THE EDGE OF
THE PAGE.-
. SOME ARE CUT OFF
PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PLUNGE POOL
OF AN IMPINGING JET SPILLWAY
(VOLUME II OF II - T ABLES AND FIGURES)
ILLUSTRATION LIST
(T ABLES AND FIGURES FOR EACH CHAPTER IN MAIN TEXT)
CHAPTER 1:
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3
CHAPTER 2' I
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Fig. 2.1(a)
Fig. 2.1(b)
Fig. 2.2(a)
Fig. 2.2(b)
Fig. 2.2(c)
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
View of Morrow Point Dam
View of Crystal Dam
Scour hole at Kariba Dam
Typical values of jet break-up length for
various outlet turbulence levels. (Ervine,
McKeogh and Elsawy)
Experimental conditions in different authors'
studies of air entrainment by plunging jets.
Typical values of Cp' for various hydraulic
structures.
Turbulent energy spectrum.
Comparison of eddy length in pipe.
Velocity variation in X-direction.
Distribution of turbulent velocity.
Co-ordination system for fluctuation
components (Section 2.2 only).
Turbulence mixing length and velocity
fl uct uat ions.
Schematic representation of jet diffusion
pattern. (Albertson)
{i i }
~
2
2
3
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
Fig. 2.5
Fig. 2.6
Fig. 2.7
Fig. 2.8
Fig. 2.9
Fig. 2.10
Fig. 2.11
Fig. 2.12
Fig. 2.13
Fig. 2'.14
Fig. 2.15
Fig. 2.16
Fig. 2.17
Fig. 2.18
Fig. 2.19
Fig. 2.20
Fig. 2.21
Fig. 2.22
Fig. 2.23
Turbulent submerged jet showing typical
velocity profiles, flow regions and loci
of half centre velocities (Davies).
Velocity distribution in circular jets
-Trupe 1.
Definition sketch of circular turbulent jet.
Similarity of velocity profiles.
Gaussian normal probability velocity
distribution.
Comparison of Tollmien's solution with
observations.
Comparison of Goertler and Tollmien-type
solutions with experimental results.
Jet centre line velocity decay (Albertson).
Velocity profile in flow establishment
region. (Albertson)
Comparison of experimental velocity profile
through flow establishment region with
prediction.
Confined jet diffusion-flow pattern.
Shallow depth impingement-hydraulic jump.
Large depth impingement-characteristic flow
regions.
Centre line velocity decay with various
values of nozzle-to-surface spacing and
Reynolds number.
Comparison of measured mean pressure
distribution with free jet theory (Hausler)
Additional pressure head on boundary
(Poreh and Cermak).
Definition sketch of deflection region and
stagnation zone.
Dimensionless pressure profiles.
(Be ltaos et a1.)
Dimensionless boundary-pressure profiles.
'iii )
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
Fig. 2.24
Fig. 2.25
Fig. 2.26
Fig. 2.27
Fig. 2.28
Fig. 2.29
Fig. 2.30
Fig. 2.31
Fig. 2·.32
Fig. 2.33
Fig. 2.34
Fig. 2.35
Fig. 2.36
Fig. 2.37
Fig. 2.38
Pressure distribution along impingement
plate. (N.A.S.A. TND - 5690)
Distribution of pressure on bottom of
basin. (Cola)
Turbulence development In pool. (Corrsln)
Forces on spherical bubble.
Pool entrainment pattern (smooth turbulent
jet).
Jet diffusion In the plunge pool for
single phase and two-phase shear layers:
(a) submerged jet (Albertson et.al.);
(b) smooth turbulent plunging jet (McKeogh).
Centre line velocity decay with distance
from plunge pool point.(McKeogh)
Variation of penetration depth with (UoDo).
(Rough turbulent jet, large air entrainment)
Typical air concentration profiles for rough
turbulent jet.
Air concentration profiles: (a) Unrestricted;
(b) Restricted jet penetration.
Jet issuing from short/long nozzle.
Relative turbulence of jet issuing from
short/long nozzle.
Velocity profile across plunging jet.
Plot of (Eddy size)2 with x/do for
restrained turbulent jets. [Davies]
Jet trajectory with air resistance.
[Novak]
Fig. 2.39(a) Lateral jet spreading with turbulence
intensity acting at orifice outlet.
(Ervine and Falvey)
Fig. 2.39(b) Spreading turbulent jet.
Fig. 2.40 Free surface with definition of physical
parameters.
(iv)
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
Fig. 2.41
Fig. 2.42
Fig. 2.43
Fig. 2.44
Fig. 2.45
Fig. 2.46
Fig. 2.47
Fig. 2.48
Fig. 2.49
Fig. 2;50
Fig. 2.51
Fig. 2.52
Fig. 2.53
Fig. 2.54
Morrow Point Dam: (a) Full-scale jets;
(b) Model jets (1:24 scale).
Appearance of water jet from 6mm nozzle.
(Hoyt et al.)
Jet axial swirl.
Jet break-up length.
Jet stability curve (schematic).
Sinuous nature of jet surface just before
break-up. (Ervine).
Probability of encountering water outside
the solid core of a plunging turbulent jet.
Sinuous jet waveform showing boundary layer
extent and air entrainment within surface
undulations.
Correlation of entrainment ratio.
(Vertical jets).
Air entrainment of pool by high velocity
wall jet.
Arrangement of crest splitters. (Mason)
Possible loading on pool floor slab.
Formation and collapse of cavitation void.
Hydraulic jump showing eddy and transducer.
Fig. 2.55 Trace of pressure fluctuations with time.
Fig. 2.56(a) Definition sketch for hydraulic jump
figures.
Fig. 2.56(b) Probability density function of pressure
fluctuations beneath hydraulic jump [Tosol.
Fig. 2.57
Fig. 2.58
Fig. 2.59
Fig. 2.60
Fig. 2.61
Pressure fluctuations under a free hydraulic
jump (Akbari et a1. [83]).
Turbulent spectrum - model/prototype.
Turbulence intensity along Jet centre line.
Section through Morrow Point Dam and
stilling basin.
Section and plan of Lakhwar Dam model.
(Bhargava et al.)
{v)
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
29
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
Fig. 2.62
Fig. 2.63
Fig. 2.64
Fig. 2.65
Fig. 2.66
Fig. 2.67
Fig. 2.68
Fig. 2.69
Fig. 2.70
Fig. 2.71
Fig. 2.72
CHAPTER 3 . .
Table 3.1
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.4
Fig. 3.5
Fig. 3.6
Fig. 3.7
Fig. 3.8
Sketch of Hausler's apparatus.
Jet core length and convergence angle.
Centre line velocity decay of jet O plunging
through air into water (Lencastre).
Distribution of pressure on bottom of
plunge basin. (Lencastre)
Jet in atmosphere and in plunge pool.
(Ervine and Falvey).
Layout of experimental rig. (H.R.Ltd.)
Dynamic pressures due to submerged jets.
(H.R. Ltd.)
Dynamic pressures due to plunging jets.
(H.R. Ltd.)
Dynamic pressure spectra for plunging jet,
Ui"" 6.6m/s.
Detail of scour hole development at Kariba
Dam.
Elevation on principal components of scour
apparatus. (Mason)
Range of test parameters.
Definition sketch of physical parameters.
Approximate half angle of spread of plunging
jets.
Turbulent jet: Do-100mm, U-Sm/s. Re-4xlO s
Turbulent jet: Do - 100mm. U - 25m/s.
Re - 2xl0 6
Detail of experimental apparatus.
End elevation of experimental apparatus.
View of pump. gate valve and rising
pipework
Theoretical and experimental head-discharge
relationship.
(vi\
36
37
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
41
42
44 45
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
Fig. 3.9
Fig. 3.10
Fig. 3.11
Fig. 3.12
Fig. 3.13
Fig. 3.14
Fig. 3.15
Fig. 3.16
Fig. 3.17
Fig. 3.18
Fig. 3.19
Fig. 3:20
Fig. 3.21
Fig. 3.22
Fig. 3.23
Fig. 3.24
Fig. 3.25
Fig. 3.26
Fig. 3.27
Fig. 3.28
Fig. 3.29
Fig. 3.30
Fig. 3.31
Fig. 3.32
Fig. 3.33(a)
Fig. 3.33(b)
Final outlet nozzle arrangement.
View of nozzle attached to pipework.
Section through orifice and outlet support.
Plan and section of plunge tank base plate.
View of water level indicator.
Jet conditions in the atmosphere.
(Do-78mm, Uo~ 3m/s).
Jet condition in the atmosphere.
(Do - 78mm, Uo~ 9m/s).
Plunge pool dissipation. (Do - 78mm,
Uo~ 1.5m/s, L - 2530mm Y - 200mm).
Plunge pool dissipation. (Do - 78mm,
Uo~ 9m/s, L - 2530mm, Y - 200mm).
Schematic of experiment and definition
of parameters.
Final design of turbulence transducer probe.
Schematic representation of turbulence probe.
Oscilloscope trace giving natural frequency
of undamped probe. Scan speed - 2.5 millisecs/cm
, fo - 200 Hz
Typical energy density spectra measured with
turbulence probe (fo - 150Hz), damped and
undamped. [Arndt and Ippen]
Turbulence probe and probe support.
Dynamic calibration of turbulence probe.
Schematic diagram of strain gauge arrangement
Transducer connection to base plate.
Brass pressure cell for transducer calibration.
Schematic diagram of calibration rig.
Typical calibration relationship for transducer.
Method of data collection.
Hardware components and computer interface.
Illustration of computer system and peripherals.
Sampling of continuous record.
Illustration of aliasing problem.
[vii )
51
52
52
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
58
58
59
59
60
61
61
62
62
63
64
64
65
65
65
Fig. 3.33(c) Aliased power spectrum due to folding.
Fig. 3.34 Example of stationarity test results.
Fig. 3.35 Limit of maximum fluctuations.
Fig. 3.36 Moments of probability density function.
Figs. 3.37-3.40 Typical pressure records
Figs. 3.41-3.47 Typical power spectra.
CHAPTER 4:
Fig. 4(a) Definition sketch for terms used in results
diagrams.
Fig. 4.1-4.4(i) Radial distribution of mean pressure heads.
Fig. 4.5-4.23 Centre line mean pressure head
variation with plunge pool depth.
Fig. 4.24-4.35 Internal jet turbulence results.
CHAPTER 5:
Fig. 5.1-5.6 Radial distribution of pressure
fl uctuat ions.
Fig. 5.7-5.51 Pressure fluctuations beneath jet
Fig. 5.52
Fig. 5.53
CHAPTER 6;
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Fig. 6.1
centre line.
Skewness and kurtosis with plunge pool
depth.
Probability density function of pressure
fluctuations at central measurement point
compared with normal distribution.
Estimated ratios of L/LB for nozzles and
orifice.
Initial air concentrations in plunge pool.
Growth of surface disturbances. (Ervine and
Falvey).
(viii )
66
66
67
67
68-71
72-78
80
81-85
86-104
105-118
120-125
126-170
171
172
174
175
176
Fig. 6.2
Fig. 6.3
Fig. 6.4
Fig. 6.5
Fig. 6.6
Fig. 6.7
Fig. 6.8
Fig. 6.9
Fig. 6.10
Fig. 6.11
Fig. 6.12
Fig. 6;13
Fig. 6.14
Fig. 6.15
Fig. 6.16
Fig. 6.17
Fig. 6.18
Fig. 6.19
Fig. 6.20(a)
Fig. 6.20(b)
Fig. 6.21(a)
Growth of surface disturbances. (Hecker)
Growth of surface disturbances. (Hoyt).
Idealisation of jet condition at impact.
Conditions in plunge pool for impinging
turbulent jet.
Comparison of mean dynamic head values with
submerged jet case.
Detail of Morrow Point outlet structure.
Effect of partially open sluice gate.
Degree of jet spread in the atmosphere
with outlet conditions.
Jet spreading concept.
Comparison of measured and calculated
jet diameter at impact.
Spreading jet condition at various cross
sections.
Probability of encountering water outwith
solid core and notation.
Condition of plunging jet once core has
diminished.
Graphical representation of core diameter
calculation.
Comparison of jet break-up lengths.
Jet break-up length with turbulence intensity
Comparison of radial variation of mean
dynamic pressures for plunging jet
impingement.
Mean dynamic pressure head variation with
radius compared with submerged jet va~ues.
Mean dynamic pressure head relative to
centre line value with Rp/Di.
Mean dynamic pressure head relatiave to
centre line value with Rp/Y.
Expressions for radial distribution of
mean dynamic pressure (Y - 100 and 200mm).
(ix
176
176
177
177
178
179
179
180
181
182
183
183
183
184
185
186
187
187
188
188
189
Fig. 6.21(b)
Fig. 6.22
Fig. 6.23
Fig. 6.24
Fig. 6.25
Fig. 6.26
CHAPTER 7
~ig. 7.1
Fig. 7.2
Fig. 7.3
Fig. 7.4
Fig. 7.5
Fig. 7.6
Fig. 7.7
Fig. 7.8
Fig. 7.9
Fig. 7.10
Fig. 7.11
Fig. 7.12
Fig. 7'.13
Expressions for radial distribution of
mean dynamic pressure (Y - 350 and 500mm).
Comparison of centre line mean dynamic
pressure head results with Hausler's data.
Comparison of centre line mean dynamic
pressure head results with Lencastre's data.
Mean dynamic pressure head variation with
plunge pool depth at various L/LB ratios
Comparison of mean dynamic head for rectangular
jet (L/LB-0.65-0.85) with submerged slot jet case
Mean dynamic pressure head variation with
189
190
191
192
193
plunge pool depth at various air concentrations. 194
RMS pressure fluctuation (Cp') versus postion
in the hydraul ic jump [Toso]. 196
Components of turbulent velocity in hydraulic
jump (Rouse). 196
Large scale flow structure in hydraulic jump. 197
Power spectra versus location in hydraulic
jump.
Recirculation velocity (Ur).
Maximum pressure fluctions beneath hydraulic
jump (Toso).
Situations for cause of fluctuations.
Mechanisms for fluctuations in hydraulic
jumps.
Mean value of jet centre line R.M.S pressure
fluctuat ion.
Turbulence intensity along jet centre line.
Vortex structures in plunge pool.
Relation of dominat frequency with Ui/Y.
Comparison of maximum and minimum instantaneous
fluctuations in plunge pool with Cp'.
(X)
197
197
198
198
199
199
200
200
201
202
Fig. 7.14
Fig. 7.15
Fig. 7.16
Fig. 7.17
Fig. 7.18
Fig. 7.19
Fig. 7.20
Fig. 7.21
Fig. 7.22
Fig. 7.23
~ig. 7.24
Fig. 7.25
Fig. 7.26
Fig. 7.27
Fig. 7.28
Fig. 7.29
Fig. 7.30
Recirculating eddy at boundary.
Predominant anti-clockwise eddies in
plunge pool.
Likely flow structures in plunge pool.
Radial distribution of axial turbulence
i ntens ity.
Radial pattern of pressure head fluctuations.
Comparison of radial distribution of Cp' with
H.R. Ltd. data.
Distribution of dynamic peak and minimum head
at plunge pool floor.
Experimental set-up and acquisition system
[ Cas til 10] .
Variation of Cp' with pool depth [Castillo].
Variation of Cp+ and Cp- with pool depth
[Cast i 110] .
Maximum, minimum and mean dynamic pressure
envelope [Castillo].
Comparison of centre line Cp' results with
values computed from jet turbulence data.
Baffle block within hydraulic jump.
Cp' values at front face of baffle block.
Comparison of centre line Cp' results
with values obtained at other hyraulic
structures.
Comparison of Cp' results at low droplength.
Comparison of Cp' results at larger
droplength.
Fig. 7.31(a),(b) Jet centre line turbulence near
nozzle outlet.
Fig. 7.32
Fig. 7.33
Fig. 7.34
Fig. 7.35
Cp' with Y/Di (Do-78mm. L-725-1125mm).
Cp' with Y/Di (Do-25mm, L-2018-2418mm).
Cp' with Y/Di (Orifice: Do-25mm.
L-1020-1420mm).
Comparison of fluctuations for intact jet with
submerged jet.
(x i)
202
203
203
204
204
205
205
206
206
207
207
208
208
208
209
209
210
210-211
211
212
212
213
Fig. 7.36
Fig. 7.37
Fig. 7.38
Fig. 7.39
Fig. 7.40
Fig. 7.41(a)
Fig. 7.41(b)
Fig. 7:42
Fig. 7.43
Fig. 7.44
Fig. 7.45
Fig. 7.46
Fig. 7.47
Fig. 7.48
Fig. 7.49
Fig. 7.50
Growth of boundary layer and jet condition
impact for high velocity jet (Do-78mm) .
Growth of boundary layer and jet condition
impact for low velocity jet (Do -78mm).
Turbulence intensity along centre line of
ori flce jet.
Variation of cpt for constant high impact
velocity (Ui 2/2g - 9-10) for 78mm nozzle,
25mm nozzle and orifice.
at
at
Variation of cpt for a constant impact velocity
(Ui 2/2g-3.3-4) for 78mm nozzle, 25mm nozzle and
25mm orifice.
Typical growth in boundary layer in smooth
nozzle jets plunging through atmosphere.
Turbulence levels in plunging orifice jet
at two velocities.
Cp+ with Y/Di (Do-78mm, L-725-1125mm).
Cp+ with Y/Di (Do-25mm, L-2018-2418mm).
Cp+ with Y/Di (Orifice: Do-25mm,
L-1020-1420mm).
Variation of Cp+ for a fixed high impact
velocity (Ui 2/2g-9-10) for 78mm nozzle,
25mm nozzle and orifice. Variation of Cp+ for a fixed lower impact
velocity (Ui 2/2g-3.3-4) for 78mm nozzle,
25mm nozzle an orifice.
Cp- with Y/Di (Do-78mm, L-725-1125mm).
Cp- with Y/Di (Do-25, L-2018-2418mm).
Cp- with Y/Di (Orifice: Do-25mm,
L-1020-1420mm).
Variation of Cp- for a fixed high impact
velocity (Ui 2/2g-9-10) for 78mm nozzle, 25mm
nozzle and orifice.
(xi i)
213
214
214
215
216
217
217
218
218
219
219
220
220
221
221
222
Fig. 7.S1
Fig. 7.52
Fig. 7.53
Fig. 7.54
Fig. 7.55
Fig. 7.56
Fig. 7.57
Fig. 7.58
Fig. 7.59
Fig. 7~60
Fig. 7.61
Fig. 7.62
Fig. 7.63
Fig. 7.64
Fig. 7.65
Fig. 7.66
Fig. 7.67
Fig. 7.68
Fig. 7.69
Fig. 7.70
Variation of Cp- for a fixed lower impact velocity
(Ui 2/2g-3.3-4) for 78mm nozzle, 25mm nozzle
and orifice.
Extreme pressures with Y/Di (Do-78mm,
L-725-1l25mm) .
Extreme pressures with Y/Di (Do-25mm,
L-2018-2418mm).
Extreme pressures with Y/Di (Orifice,
L-1020-1420mm).
Variation of extreme pressures for a fixed high
impact velocity (Ui 2/2g- 9-10) for 78mm nozzle,
25mm nozzles and orifice.
Variation of extreme pressures for a fixed lower
impact velocity (Ui 2/2g- 3.3-4) for 78mm nozzle,
25mm nozzles and orifice.
Pressure fluctuat ions (Cp' ) for L/LB-0.04-0.07
Pressure fluctuat ions (Cp' ) for L/LB-0.08-0.14
Pressure fluctuat ions (Cp' ) for L/LB-0.ll-0 .18
Pressure fluctuat ions (Cp' ) for L/LB-0.27-0.32
Pressure fluctuat ions (Cp' ) for L/LB-O.41
The influence of jet break-up(L/LB) on pressure
fluctuations in a plunge pool.
Variation of Cp' with air/water ratio (~i) for
222
223
223
224
224
225
225
226
226
227
227
228
a pool depth of Y/Di-4. 229
An impinging jet Froude comparison (Fro-14.3). 230
An impinging jet Froude comparison (Fro-6.S). 230
Envelope of maximum and minimum dynamic head. 231
Proposed stilling basin design below free
falling jets (Hartung and Hausler). 231
Load combinations for downward and upward
pressure application.
Overlap of fluid and structures natural
frequency.
Pressure reduction at same pool due to highly
diffused jet in the atmosphere.
(xiii)
232
232
233
FIGURES FOR CHAPTER I"
Fig.l1 VIEW OF MORROW POINT DAM
Fig .l2 VIEW OF CRYSTAL DAM
Min. drawdown} EI.475.5
Fig.1-3
Scour hole, Aug. 1978 Prototype
EI.404
tailwater EI. 382
""-,,,,,,,, /' " ,/
,,/ //
" \/>-_ .... , Max. scour. hole ,'-., .... /,/ reservoir 1::.1.489
... :.:/ Model tests.
Mox. scour hole reservoir EI. 484.5. Model tests.
o 50 100 meters ~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!S;;;;;; ___ ;;;;i;i
SCOUR HOLE AT KARIBA DAM
TABLES & FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 2
Jet turbulence level % Break-up length - f(Qw)
0.3 LB - 60 Q WO• 39
3.0 LB - 17.4 Q WO. 31
8.0 LB - 4.1 Q WO. 20
Table 2.1 Typical values of jet break-up length for various
outlet turbulence levels. (Ervine,McKeogh and Elsway).
Nozzle Jet Jet Reo Nozzle Author diameter length velocity range geometry
range nun range nun rtA?§e x 10 4 Lo/do
Henderson (12) 2.54to12.7 10 - 270 10 - 30 max 20 0,1, 10
van de Sande 1.95 to 10 100-400 3 - 10 max 5 50 (38)
Cumming (71) 4.5 to 9 100-800 1. 3-8.7 1 to 8 0,5,10,80
van de donk 10 to 100 260-1070 1. 5- 11 13 - 40 2.2 - 22 (49)
Ervine (69) 6 to 25 o - 4700 2 - 6 2 - 10 1 - 4
Kumagai (36) 2 to 8 20 - 800 1. 2 - 37 0.9 -15 50
Notes: (1) All water/air systems
(ii) Reo - Reynolds number at outlet
(iii) Lo - length of the cylindrical section of a nozzle.
Table 2.2 Experimental conditions In different authors studies of
air entrainment by plunging jets.
5
Structure R,M,S, pressure coefficient
Hydraulic jump s till i ng bas i n 0,05
Boundary layer on spillway face 0,007
Side wa 11 s 0 f bottom outlet 0,06
Baffle blocks in a stilling basin 0,25
Table 2,3 Typical values of cpt for various hydraulic structures,
max. max. Prandtl max. micro eddy size energy diss i po t i on
Fig. 2·1 (a) TURBULENT ENERGY SPECTRUM
Distance from pipe wall (y)
Increasin9 Reynolds no.
Data values
Eddy length ( l )
Fig. 2" (b) COMPARISON OF EDDY LENGTH IN PIPE
-U=U+U
r-I
-u
Fig.2·2(a) VELOCITY VARIATION IN X- DIRECTION
d' =.f'U2 = ul ..,
0·2
0·1
-d +0" +20' +3c:f
( u-u)=u ..,
Fig.2·2 (b) DISTRIBUTION OF TURBULENT VELOCITY
z Wi
y Vi
TIME
~-----~x _____ ~Ul
Directions R.M.S. velotities
Fig. 2·2 (c) (O-ORDINATE SYSTEM FOR FLUCTUATION
COMPONENTS (SECTION 2'2 ONLY)
y
,-2 -- U2=U2+~-~~'t"-'-----'
l I I '--- u= -l dO
,., dy ---- u, --~-.l/hl
~--------------~ X
Fig.2·3 TURBULENCE MIXING LENGTH AND VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS
Zone of flow 1" Zone of established ,.,. ftow ~
~ I ~
r establishment
I .......---
I -----centre·lin -t -D -t--u __ ~ ----~_=; i6~ I Umax= U ·0 Umax<U 0 .-C--j -~-r+.::r--?fC::::::!tI ~o goo 0 0 0 <D 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ 0 0 ~ Boundory between zones
--T?--?---? 0 0 00 0 >,-° 0 0"", ~ '" 0°
NominoL limits of -.......... '" diffusion region -............
Fig. 2·4 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF JET
DIFFUSION PATTERN (ALBERTSON)
Q
I Terminal
Transition Region of established flow Region
Flow Es t ablishment
D Lo\:US 01 hu\f l:I~lltre \ine '1e\odt~ ~::t::;:~ .. --------- -~~------ ._--____ \L- ~el centre line ~
::> --- -- -- -------Velocity profile
downstream Designation of shear layer boundary
Fig. 2·5 TURBULENT SUBMERGED JET SHOWING TYPICAL VELOCITY PROFILES J FLOW REGIONS
AND LOCI OF HALF CENTRE VELOCITIES ( DAVIES ).
I/) -I>O\c-\-+-
~i'O/)M
-+- i-oaM -0- i" OM
--i'12M ~.'16M
E .0 ~~-t--t---- ---.-.f----t-
r (m)~
Fi g. 2· 6 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN CIRCULAR JETS - TRUPEL. ( x = Axial distance from nozzle outlet)
Flow !cleve lopmentlE
regIon
I
Fully developed flow re9ion
I r
> ..
Di L [Ui -:.~=====~...L] ~_......-- ~~ -----'--jJI&-_ C~lindr_icCll (zJ
Urn I Axial (xl t Axis of jet
core
Approximate jet boundary
Fig.2·7 DEFINITION SKETCH OF CIRCULAR TURBULENT JET.
A4
10 -..-CIi f.w~a..p oi:06M
ei'OIM e~ .. ai·IOM --. o.
e llo ..·12M
.~o. • i' I.. M ,. -dI! .. .-, -,
eo
o o 025 050 075 1.00 125 1.50 1.75
,? .!. b
Fig.2·8 SIMILARITY OF VELOCITY PROFILES
r i
d \
Um
U
Um e
Jet axis
Fig.2·9 GAUSSIAN NORMAL PROBABILITY VELOCITY DISTRIBU TION
125
100
075 U
Um 050
025
o o
-.q
~ ~-~
05
° i 106M 6 i:OIM •• IIOM ° .112M , e ..... M
"" ~ ~ I--1.0
,?.!. b
15
~
2.0
t--
I--
25
Fi g.2·10 COMPARISON OF TOLLMIEN/S SOLUTION WITH OBSERVATiONS.
.. ...
10 ~---.---"------r-----r--~---'
l:L OS Um
.. .!.'27} bO • R.lchard,',
o· ~ :3S EXPERIMENTS
" • .L '60 bO -+-----"-.------i- Goer lIer ·lype
10
--- Tollmi."
'I • .!. b
20 30
Fig. 2·11 COMPARISON OF GOERTLER AND TOLLMIEN-TYPE SOLUTIONS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. (Reicharclt:- b.= Nozzle size)
0·5
t /Best fit
o Albertsonls data
0·2 Um -Ui
0·1
0·0 Urn = 6·2 (..x. r Ui Oi
0·01~-+---+---+--+----+---+--+-----+----1
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
)I0i :.
Fig.2·12 JET CENTRE LINE VELOCITY DECAY {ALBERTSON L
Flow Establishment Region (Urn= Ui)
-+--U-j .... -, - I Ui -~ -- ~ =--!\' Jet cen-=t-re---=-lin-e-::J-""-X ( symmet rical abou t )
....
Xc .. End of core
Fi g. 2·13 VELOCITY PROFILE IN FLOW ESTABLISHMENT REGION (ALBERTSON) .
r = radial distance from core edge
.8 b = distance from core where U= Um/2
- Experimental results .2
--- Albertson et al.
o
Fig.2·14 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL VELOCITY PROFILE THROUGH FLOW ESTABLISHMENT REGION WITH PREDICTION.
11..
JET
Fig.2·15 CONFINED JET DIFFUSION - FLOW PATTERN.
RADIAL HYDRAULIC JUMP
Ui
1
JET
-t:S u
=+= L. u
c!. ClI Co :J Vl
..c +-Co C1I
"'0
Fig. 2·16 SHALLOW DEPTH IMPINGEMENT-HYDRAULIC JUMP.
OJ '--c:: OJ u
~ -c: o 'Vi ~ e .-o
Oi
1-1--11"--- Co r e
Region 1
y Region 2 ----+-Velocity profile
1_ --tr-Region 3--~
. ~Region 4 »
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 '/ 7 ~) 7 7 7~ 7 ~7 7 7 7 7 ,;
stagnation point L Impingement surface
Fig.2·17 LARGE DEPTH IMPINGEMENT-CHARACTERISTIC FLOW REGIONS.
• S
,6
.- .4 :::» -E :::J Dimensionless
.2 nozzle- to- I surface spacing I
Y/Di~
\ \ , \ \ \ I I I I
7\ I
I I \
I I I I
101 \
Dimension- ReynoldS less number,
nozzle-Ie-plale spacing.
o 30 33000 o 30 35000 <J 20 25000 [J 20 50 000 t::. 10 25000 "il 10 35000 t> 10 50 000 o 7 25000
-{J 7 50 000 "4 25000
Dimensionless distance from nozzle exit y I Di
Fig.2·18 CENTRE LINE VELOCITY DECAY WITH VARIOUS VALUES OF NOZZLE-TO-SURFACE SPACING AND REYNOLDS NUMBER.
(Reproduced from N.AS.A. - TND 5690)
H.
0·5
O' 05 0·1 0·2 0-3
Pressure profile (Cor Jet dcCtection)
Velocity-head pro(lle 1.0 (without jet deflection)
0·4 0·5
..i = e - (10J:.)2 Um2 Y
(Free jet)
r y
Fig.2·19 COMPARISON OF MEASURED MEAN PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION WITH FREE JET THEORY (HAUSLER).
I I~ Limit of stagnation zone
0·75
I h (R r '\~h=1-125 ~ [Eqn.2·691
0·50 1\ S Y I \~ I
I 0 I Limit of deftection
0·25 Q r region
I I ~ I
0 09 Q
0 0·05 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
Rp/ y ~
Fig.2-20 ADDITIONAL PRESSURE HEAD ON BOUNDARY ( POREH & CERMAK)_
1'7
1 I /-+---Jet centre line
Veloci ty unaffected ! by boundary I. / Longitudinal extent
I Y = pool depth I RegIon 2
1
i----t--- t Radial extent of I RegIon 3 I deflection region I 1- Zone of stagnation [Eqn. 2·69]
Radius: O' 05 Y l " stagnation point ----.I" Rpll
Pressure reduc d to static
Fig.2·21 DEFINITION SKETCH OF DEFLECTION REGION AND STAGNATION ZONE.
01
P 06 Fraction of Pm pool depth
o. • 0955 • 0921
02 • 097.
Fraction of pool depth
• 0'52 • 0.7.
• 0'" • 1000
Fig.2·22 DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURE PROFILES (Beltaos et at.)
ID
01 '\ o RUN No. I
• RUN No.2
P • RUN No.3
0.6 • RUN No.'
Ps o RUN No.5 • Po,.h , C.,,,,ok
0.'
0.2 •
00 • 0.1 0.3
R~Y
Fig.2·23 DIMENSIONLESS BOUNDARY-PRESSURE PROFILES.
1Q
r 'iT
.. QI c:J I/) I/) cu co..
I/) I/) cu ~ c: a 1/1 c: QJ
E CI
o .5
Dimensionless nozzle-to
plate spacing,
Y/Oi
--4 ---- 7 ---10 ---- 20
LO
Data for nozzle-to-plate spacing of 4 diameters
Reynolds Noule diameter, number Dj
025000} o 35000 050000 ~56000 } ~ 66000
2.5
in. (cm)
O. 250 (0. 635)
.375 (.952)
Dimensionless distance from stagnation point I Rp/Di
Fi g.2·24 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG IMPINGEMENT PLATE. (N.A.S.A. TND- 5690 )
h Ui2/2g
Ui , 1.30 m/s • 1.80 mil I' 2.30 m/s • 2.80 m/s
" 3.30 m/s 4 380 m/s .- 00 m/s .. 480 m/s
VI= slot 'Width 0.05-
-r~l-----+-------+-------+----~~'~~~--T-• t----.:.-10 o 10 20 30
Fi g. 2·25 DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE ON BOTTOM OF BASI N. ( Cola)
.. n
r W
Potential core region
Established flow I
~JL \
Ui
, ,
SDi
15Di
\
Fig.2·26 TURBULENCE DEVELOPMENT IN POOL. (Corrsin-Ref.[12])
Fb = buoyancy force
Fd = drag force
FL=lift force (vorticity)
FI = inertia (2 components)
Water surface
Fi g. 2·27 FORCES ON SPHERICAL BUBBLE.
,
bubbles
U < 0·26 m/s
Air bubbles
Fi g. 2·28 POOL AIR ENTRAINMENT {Smooth turbulent jet}.
Zone of flow
-~]~." h," Zone of I established
I flOW,
(0.)
Smooth turbulent
1 plunging let - small degree of air entrainment
( b)
Fig.2·29 JET DIFFUSION IN THE PLUNGE POOL FOR SINGLEPHASE AND TWO- PHASE SHEAR LAYERS: (a) Submerged jet (Albertson et o.t.) i (b) Smooth turbulent plunging jet ( Mckeogh ).
")1
i Urn Ui
10
08
06
In
H T d ia : 9m
Tuo : 0 2 'I. Vi m Isec
o 3 3 • 39
AIR ENTRAINMlNT
Urn =3.3 ~ ( ) ,.,
Ui Y
Tuo : 10°/.
Vi m Isec o 3.3
• 3· 9
( Albertson)
01~ __ ~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~~~~ __ _ '·0 H ~o 60 80 100 1.00
Y/Di ~
Fig. 2· 30 CENTRE LINE VELOCITY DECAY WITH DISTANCE FROM PLUNGE POINT. (Me Keogh)
1·0
0·75
0·50
0·25
Op Penetro.tion depth for o.ir bubbles (m)
McKeogh et al.
\
Vigo.nder [51 ]
\/ /
/-
Op
Biphasic cone'/
o 0 0·02 0·04 0·06 0·08 0·10
Do
Fig.2·31 VARIATION OF PENETRATION DEPTH WITH (Uo Do). (Rough turbulent jet I large air entro.inment)
..,..,
M-11 ~~~ ~:n~/S Point of impact ~. Do = 9 rrm
Depth (mm) yr 4C~' 20 4,0
Air • 12 Concentration ( V., , _ 25- - - 0 -
r-60 80
: . 100
o (mm)
cOl.! 150- - - O,r--------'-~--'---
Fig.2·32 TYPICAL AIR CONCENTRATION PROFILES FOR ROUGH TURBULENT JET.
'='
Y
~I ~,TU2 t,-_je_t _~ __ .. , ..... ~ ,,;.: " .. jllllllil i i X>r:c~L .1 0 b' ,. :; · ... • 'i~ £JJn=rr.... r
Op .\ .. ~ ~("'f't,..,. pool base
,,""~;J;~
j ( a)
( b)
build up of air bubbles
br> bu U, = U2; D, = D2
Tu, = TU2
Fig.2·33 AIR CONCENTRATION PROFILES: (u) Unrestricted; (b) Restricted jet penetration.
boundary --+-\
layer still thin
9lass like / surface on issuing jet
! I ~ Uo ~ L
surface -dis tur bances
Long nozzle
I I I I
boundary layer development
Vi
Short nozzle 11 possible shearing action be tween water and air
fig.2·34 JET ISSUING fROM SHORT I LONG NOZZLE.
UI
U. 2
1
Edge
\ \
Long nozzle
/ U. = Shear velocity
\ Short ...... -
Centre line
fig.2·35 RELATIVE TURBULENCE Of JET ISSUING fROM SHORT I LONG NOZZLE.
Vertical circular nozzle ~....,.-""T""""'"I _____ Je t velocity profile
at exit from nozzle
Plunging jet --+ Veloci ty profile
-r-,-nr-t=--- downstream (zero velocity gradient)
Fig.2·36 VELOCITY PROfILE ACROSS PLUNGING JET.
24
o 2000 o ~ o ~ -::l
N -OJ N V)
>-C -C l.LJ
1000
o Water jet in air x Kerosene jet in air
I 40
X/Do
I 60
I 80
Fig.2·37 PLOT OF (Eddysize)2 WITH X/Do FOR RESTRAINED TURBULENT JETS. [Davies]
A
B
y
I:
0.75
05
0.25
Defini tion sketch
Uo
DATA FROM FIELD TESTS HATANAGI NO.2, JAPAN SHIHMEN DAM, TAIWAN
.1 .1 x
O~--~--~--~--~---L--~--~ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Uo in metres / sec.
Fig.2·38 JET TRAJECTORY WITH AIR RESISTANCE. I NOVAK]
5
10 Axial turbulence intensity, u'luo: %
Fig.2·39(a) LATERAL JET SPREADING WITH TURBULENCE INTENSIlY ACTING AT ORIFICE OUTLET. (Ervine and Falvey)
Section 1
!
Lateral jet spread from high speed photographS
Solid inner Jet core
---
Section 2
~ ---
d
----
Flow direction.
---v·~Uo
Fig.2·39 (b) SPREADING TURBULENT JET; Total jet diameter at Section 2 is de= d + 2&, + 282
Flow direction
U L Water
Atmosphere
Fig.2·40 FREE SURFACE WITH DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL PARAMETE RS.
- ,
(a) ( b)
Fig.2·41 MORROW POINT DAM: (a) Full-scale jets; (b) Model jets (1: 24 Scale). [U.S.B.R]
(a) At exit from nozzle (b) 0·9 m from nozzle exit
" ..!
" , ., ,. ~ . t' Jr
. ;. ~ . "
(c) 1-8 m from nozzle exit (d) 2·7 m from nozzle ex i t
Fi g.2·42 APPEARANCE OF WATER JE T FROM 6mm NOZZ LE. (Hoyt et aU
27
,t·A. -----'--
Helical~-
motion \ \ ~ Outer limit \ of je t
1/ \ \ \ \
Fig.2·43 JET AXIAL SWIRL.
Jet break-up length
LB
. ,
Laminar flow region
l
I 1
/1
/B
Plunging jet ____
Point of disintegration at large
plunge length--~ .0 .1, •• ~~.
-Outlet
Break-up length LB
Fig. 2 ·44 JET BREAK-UP LENGTH.
1< Tur bulent ftow region >1 I
I ~ I I /./
1
I I
Jet velocity
Fig.2·45 JET STABILITY CURVE (Schematic L
Fig.2·46 Sinuous nature of jet surface just before break-up. (Ervine)
Air entrainment
" E'O, u \ Q,) ,.
c: \ ,
• Experimental probability data
d; 8 ., ..= ' ...... c: Q,) u a; 6 E e ::J 4 o Q,) u c: !E 2 I/)
o
..........
..... / ............................. .... .... ,.
Gaussian fit to .......... , experimental data '., at edge of free let \
° O~--~2~O--~40~--6~O~~8~O~~100 Probability of encountering water: %
Fig.2·47 Probability of encounterin9 wa.ter outside the solid core of a plunging turbulent jet.
1 L or H
Extent of boundary layer
.-l--J--~-Jet
Fig.2·48 Sinuous jet wQveform showing boundary layer extent and air entrainment within surface undulations.
104
~ a -a<
11f
clol mml
• 2.54 • 6.35 [721 • 12.1
~ 10
3 a -0<
100
~ a -cj<:C·
4 10
0.2' 0.4 Fr. (L./d )
J .J 0
{36]
0.%1 0.4 Fr. (L Idol
J
Correlations by Bin {701 ( Frj = Ui2/ gdo I Lj = L )
1- Eqn. 2 ·108 [ 1- Reference numbers
Fig.2·49 CORRELATION OF ENTRAINMENT RATIO (Vertical jets).
Jet
Wall/
Ur= Recirculation velocity
Foam layer
Receiving water
Fig.2· 50 AIR ENTRAINMENT OF POOL BY HIGH VELOCITY WALL JET.
t-. A-; i
=-=== .... --L.. A-i i
Fi g. 2·51 ARRANGEMENT OF CREST SPLITTERS (Mason).
'J1
p f4'V~f~::. Time - Pressure fluctuation below mean
[ 15- (Cp-) ] Net effect
1 Uplift
Large positive pressure fluctuation [ P ... (Cp+) 1
Fig.2· 52 POSSIBLE LOADING ON POOL FLOOR SLAB.
Uc:c
SEPERATION REGION
CAVITATION VOID ASYMETRICAL ENTERI NG HIGHER COLLAPSE PRESSURE REGION
IMPINGING MICRO JET
((jJJ) ......• WlJ) - ---. ~,~ ; I;";>"';; I;"~,
Fig.2·S3 FORMATION AND COLLAPSE OF CAVITATION VOID.
Large eddy Roller
~
Fig.2·54 HYDRAULIC JUMP SHOWING EDDY AND TRANSDUCER.
p
p= P. P ~
Time p
Fig.2·S5 TRACE OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS WITH TIME.
Y,
• U, 7 7
I t 7 7 7 77 117777
Fig.2·56(a) DEFINITION SKETCH FOR HYDRAULIC JUMP FIGURES.
0.5
0.4
0.3 f(pl
0.2
0.1
fA)
O~~~LL~~~~m -7 -5 -3 -I 0 I
NORMAL Ol!> lR/OUT/ON
Z :5 5 7 15
F, a 4.17
.!. (_Zl) XIV, a 6.48
( ,)1 2 ji • 0.38 t I. tip)' 2U ~ (T a 0.064 ft.
p-ji skewness = 0·63 Za-U kurtos is = 5· 32
-I
-2
-3
-4
-a: ;:' -5 a
J -6
-7
-8
-9
o DATA PT.
" TYPE / CURVE
-10 '---'--........... --L.--L_I--..J........lW
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 /5
Z
Fig.2-S6 (b) PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS BENEATH HYDRAULIC JUMP [Toso 1.
0..0.5
0.04 Fl = 5 20.
_Q. U
0.02
40. 45 50. 55 60.
Fig.2·s7 PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS UNDER A FREE HYDRAULIC JUMP (Ak bari et at. [ 83] ).
Nondimensional
turbulent energy
I Large eddy t pressure fluctuations
~ \
Small scale fluctua tions
I /~------~--------------~,
\ Air entrainment
MOdel/ ---Prototype/
11 Eddy length
fig.2·58 TURBULENT SPECTRUM - MODEL I PROTOTYPE.
E 0 c:... ...-CJ u c d .
-+- -+-VlCll ~.~
Jet centre line turbulence intGnsity
0·0
5
10
0·02 In plunge pool.
0·06
~ ....
r~i / \ r , I \ ••••••••••••
J ••••••• -¥ ••••••• . ........... .
Ut ~lh
I \ Y / \
\ \
Sutrnerged )/ free jet FI·g.2'9n Corrsin '7
Of do",·£/. "65
Camp"ssar ,IIo",btr·
FoCI of tJom •••••• -
•. /0· 010 oir in'"
0·10
/
I /
/
/\~l~ Impinging I \ l y free jet " \ Mckeogh
Turbulence intensity along jet centre line.
/110'. II,S. CI. 7/'S"\ I,' " .. Top of dam'EI 7/65
.' -Vole hOlsl
.::s..-: -.... J NDr. 11.5. CITI'O' -::-=- • [Weal,., door
"'/5; 1613' '/lId "",,1 gal'
SECTtON THRU SPILLWAY
Dutil' 'ro.hro,.
;"CtJI'IImd'itJII· jOittl •• ',.011 noI SIlo ...
Fig.2·60 SECTION THROUGH MORROW POINT DAM AND STILLING BASIN.
'1'"
-
LEG£NO:-
: I
I(
SPLITTER
IkICKEr
17 J
it I I l' I
! 7
NOOO. MOOEL MODEL
c:::::l r::::::1 ~ r::::::1 c:::::l c:::::l e§
t: r::::::1
U§ c::::J
11$ I 10 I 75
.. OM
i5 ~
BUCKET :-EL. • 700 R. . .m 8 • 35·
SPUTlU:-El...: 70t R. : 7m
• : n·
CISTERN EL.llO·O
PlEZD. POIII' J • •• '1 •••• \0 • •••• , ••• ~ • ~I
'" • •••••••••••••••••• • • •••••••••••••••••• • t.ca ••••••••••••••••••• • I 5 10 15 20
Fi g. 2·61 SECT ION AND PLAN OF LAKHWAR DAM MO DE L . (Bhargava et at.)
Water sur
Movable table
Outlet
face ""'"
measurlnll
VOlve~
.x
Changeable
u. nozzle s H
--Vertical Je
~ " ~
y
~ ___ ....1.+ Y
~- -----------~---- ..:0
fi g.2·62 SKETCH OF HAUSLEf<S APPARATUS.
Ri
tL / ySOlid inner core
/ Yc I / Ri tano<=C= -
I 2 Yc
/ / Urn
/
Fig. 2- 63 JET CORE LENGTH AND CONVERGENCE ANGLE.
1.00
0.10 + .. : ~ ~: : ~.~ L !s the fall height and
+. • Lib: 10.7 b IS the slot thickness.
0.60
I + 0.40
Urn • Ui o.zo
of • 0.10
0.01
of 0.06
0.04 o 5 10 15 20
y/b
Fig.2-64 CENTRE LINE VELOCITY DECAY OF JET PLUNGING THROUGH AIR I NTO WATER (Lencastre) _
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.'
0.7
0.6
o.~
Hm-c 0 ••
Ui2/2g 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0 .• -14
c is the and b is
• ••
-12 -10
- Direction of flow in channel
tailwater depth the slot thickness
-I
--%=10.6
rl b
Fig.2·65 DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE ON BASIN (Lencastre ).
BOTTOM OF
Onset of free surface aeratIon ... hen u' > 0275 mlS or U> 0 275/(u'/U)
Outer limIt of let surface
1\
" , I I I I I I I
Atmosphere
6, - Inner core decay angle
PLUNGE
Nom,"al edge of Inner ---.L~I solid core
... 'k-t % (exclud,ng ~ffect of gravIty)
d, IS dIameter Of plunging
let at Impact point calculated from graVIty conSlderaltons only
(d,> d,)
Zone of flow establishment
Plunge pool
,62 - oUler spread angle
I ... 05u'/U ... 2-5%
I orr-I PrObablllly 01 encounterong \ water outside the SOlId
, 00% I let inner core (p)
1 I \ I I I
I d, - diameter of solid I \ core remainIng at
I Impact \
~ Nom,"al edge of two·phase flOW spreading shear layers (02 > 0 , )
12
Fig.2·66 JET IN ATMOSPHERE AND IN PLUNGE POOL (Ervine and Fo.lvey).
... o
3540
T-
4S0 • pipe
------ Perforated plate and honeycomb flow straightener
I.. 200 " 67 vertical pipe. Length altered by removing and adding sections
Tank. square in plan
Fig.2·67 LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENTAL RIG (H.RLtd)
,...---1---- -I 1-----1 L ___ -I
Orifice plate and tappings for flow measurement
~
All measurements in mm
100mm I
• V IY = 4.48m/s A V IY = 3.17m/s Shaded symbols indicate mean values of pressure Open symbols indicate peak values of pressure
-50
0
1500
2000
Nominal position 1of jet
66 76
0 00 ~
Pressure relative to hydrostatic (mm water)
96
0
00
Fig.2.68 DYNAMIC PRESSURES DUE TO SUBMERGED JETS (H.R.LtdJ
100mm
• V IY = 4.24m/s A V..., = 3.1Sm/s • V.., = 2.44m/s
Shaded symbols indicate mean values of pressure Open symbols indicate peak values
of pressure
0
500
Nominal position lof jet
76
I::.
8 ~
• t ::--A_ 0
• -.--- I::.
0
o c 8
Pressure relative to hydrostatic (mm water)
96
0
j
Fig.2.69 DYNAMIC PRESSURES DUE TO PLUNGING JETS (H.R.LtdJ
I. (\
o~Ill~!i~ .. J:.~:i::i.!:,ii.:_~=:: o 5 10 1S 20 2S
Frequency Hz
a) Transducer 3B (Centre) Prms = 166mm head of water Cpl= 0·075
"i 15. 10' II TIJ:RggnIT;g~·;1-~J~~I.g::.:[:.~:[J:.TITII .... . ...................................................................................................................... . >- ······· .. ·1· ... , ........................................................................................ · ...... · .......... 1
. ~ ::.:::::::::. ::::':::::i:::::::::::::::Y:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,
i o·······Lt~~~~ c' I \.LJ 0 5 10 1S 20 25
Frequency Hz
b) Transducer 5B (Edge) Prms = 256mm head of water Cpl: 0·115
Fig.2·70 DYNAMIC PRESSURE SPECTRA FOR PLUNGING JET I Ui~6·6m/s
" __ I " .. ,. of
"...,.., ~ . :.:: ~ .~.~
-• -j i • ~ III
400
~
... ....
~""" ~""t.rL""I'
Fig.2·71 DETAIL OF SCOUR HOLE DEVELOPMENT AT KARlBA DAM.
1.1
150 dlome!!!teLr __ ~II ri .. r pipe
Air inou-_----.
1250. 590.3''''''' __ ---1 lCour lonk
Mobile oroyel bed
J : ~er .. oter leyel Lt_y-
N
Hilt. : All dimenlione in millimetr ..
Fig.2·72 ELEVATION ON PRINCIPAl COMPONENTS OF SCOUR APPARATUS ( Mason) .
TABLE & FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 3
I.').
l="'f"'"
Do (mm) Vo m/s Fro Reo Weo L (rom) L/Do x 10 5
78 1. 5-13 1. 7 -15 1 - 9.0 50-426 2230-2630 29-34 II II II II 725-1125 9-14
52.5 3 - 15 4 - 21 1.4-6.8 81-403 2126-2526 40-48
" n II II 620-1020 12-19
25 3 - 25 6 - 50 0.65-5.0 56-464 2018-2418 81-97 II II II II 513-913 21-37
orifice " II II II 1020-1420 41-57 25
Approx. 1.5-25 1. 7-50 0.65-10 50-450 513-2630 9-97 Range
_. __ .-
Note Pool depth (Y) varied from 100 to 500mm in all cases.
Table 3.1 Range of test parameters.
Y/Do
1.3-6.4 "
2-9.5 I
II
4-20
" n
1.3-20 - --
Outlet diameter-do
PLAN
fP-=Q Jllo Circular:. b fd=1 o 0
Plunge tank
-
Y
I
~
L
I I I
/ /
./
81
-Plunging water jet (ew AJw d ) , ,
\
\
Ambient surroundings (ea,JUa )
-
Plunge pool \ \
"- Base lvl. '-I
~I Fig.3·1 DEFINITION SKETCH OF PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS
x100/0\ Half angle of jei spread bId =1.2·2
l Percent) o 0
10 + b /d =t.3·3 b/d=t. 1·4 t
o 0 o 0
9+ I I 0 D bId =t. 8·3 0
l 0 Best fit
8 + o 0 0 / ~ 0
7 + 0 8 0
b + 8 ~ 0 0
.............. 0 ~
" 5
4 ~ ~ 0 0 0
3 t 0 o - Data points
2
1 -, 5)(106 1.2)(107 2x107
0 0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 2·5 30() 3-5
Gate opening - do (m)
Fig.3·2 MORROW POINT DAM - APPROX. HALF ANGLE OF SPREAD OF PLUNGING JETS.
OUTLET VELOCITY APPROX. CONSTANT (Uo= 9~9·6 m/s)
Fig.3 ·3 TURBULENT JET: Do=100mmJ U=5m/s J Re=4x10S
Fig.3 ·4 TURBULENT JET : 00
= 100mm J U=25m/s J Re= 2 x10G
I ..,
~[-3-Extensions each 500mm
.r:--
~I long
00
I I 0 Ln or-..:t
I Water level
indicator \
T e e
0 N 0 .-
IL
.. ~Nozzle:-152 to 78mm
- 90· Bend
Fig.3·S DETAIL OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS. (Scale 1: 30)
Scaffolding and manometers omitted for clari t y.
.-Plunging jet
152 mm !/J r 1 152 mm m Dve Ga te val ve C pipe
~Tanks:- ~ 1~ I 1·84mx1·22mx 1'02m • ~I~IJII 1344mm >1
-;.-e9-ee. mu 0> Ne.
.,. . . ~ Base plate and support
End suction centrifugal pump
Fig.3·7 VIEW OF PUMP} GATE VALVE AND RISING PIPEWORK.
Fig.3·6 END ELEVATION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS.
I/)
......... r-I
CJ
IJJ l!) a: 4: I U (f) ~
a
ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION
100
- (nm3~= O'~9 .J~h (~) .--- :--~=:'-:-C-~~~l~~ -+-_3i::UFi'i-:, - .... _"'"~~;..- -=_t----'
--l---~--~ "'!'c*:- -- __ ~~~
~--x:~ p WATER ",.(i}~f--O.:~
1---------- -- -- - -~- -- -- -- - ~-- -~ ----- -- -- - I-+---- ~------q~ - !
-- ~ __ - I
10.0 ----- ---- --- I-- __ ~-ef -- ------ __ 1 ___ - -.1:1 .-\11- -- - -_ -- .- - l
-----------, - ----~- ,--I--_ ___ __ ~--- -- - - - --=-~ -._1p4c~~:~I_~
-- x & 0 EXF. V~LLES v -~ --- --B-E~ T- Fin ---I I-+--r------- ---j----,--t--t-I--r-t I I -t---t---I ---t--,-+-- 1-1-
I
I
1.0 I I
10.0 100.0 1000
HEAD AT MANOMETER (mm) (). h Fig. 3.8 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEAD-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHW
Perspex /' main body
-<U ~
~
152 ¢
78
1 I
\ a-Hole flange
for connection to pipework
Fine machined surface
'7*====:~#::a...,--+----+---I-....a:::D:Wcal N
Scale = 1:2,5
Aluminium extension pieces
I I
W
Typical weld detail
Fig.3·9 FINAL OUTLET NOZZLE ARRANGEMENI (AU dimensions in mm.)
...
P.v. C. Pipe -----152 mm 1.0.
Platform
Orifice Detail
Fig.3·10 VIEW OF NOZZLE ATTACHED TO PIPEWORK.
Flange adaptor
~ Bucking flange
plate
Orifice plate
Fig. 3 ·11 SECTION THROUGH ORIFICE AND OUTLET SUPPORT.
E e
o o Lon II
o $2 A !<. Ln
>-
~ N +1
~
r 500 mm
,
,---Ir-- -
I' ,L __ _ ,---
T ,
500mm
Insert plate - I, 5 possi bte , I transducer locations
==-=ll II ~-~I II
-+1::---- ---1 ~f-+-.t-tF-~ ~ --~ 1/
'I II " / II :F==~~-_-_--ll! IIII I II II ~ II &-=--=--~-----:..~ /1
,I ,I I I 1m x 1m x 25 mm thick ,I I I Marine plywood I I
830 mm
A) PLAN ON BASE PLATE
l I
A
25mm ¢ Steel rod
Transducer housing (Fig. 3·26 )
~~~~~==! - Support frame
~==========:::f:j (20 mm S.H.S.) 510mm
Tank floor
'Adjustable feet
B) SECTION A-A
Fig. 3·12 PLAN AND SECTION OF PLUNGE TANK BASE PLATE .
.....
Graduated / scale
Plunge tank
Base plate. Plunge pool floor t=====~ _ ~=POOI depth
Valve
Stilting box- l -Perspex tube
Fig.3·13 VIEW OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR.
Fig.3·14 JET CONDITION IN THE ATMOSPHERE. ( Do = 78 mm J Uo:: 3 m /s )
Fig.3 ·15 JET CONDITION IN THE ATMOSPHERE. ( 00 = 78 mm) Uo == 9 m Is)
~ .....,-~
... "'~ ... ~""'''" .' .....
Fig.3·16 PLUNGE POOL DISSIPATION. (Do=78mm I Uo==1·5 m/s) L= 2530 mm, Y=200 mm)
c c
Fig.J17 PLUNGE POOL DISSIPATION. ( Do = 78 mm J U 0:: 9 m /s J L = 2530 m m J Y = 200 m m )
Fig.3 ·18 Schematic of experiment Tube bundle and definition of Rarameters. Smooth tapered nozzle
T urtxJlence probe L
• I I \
Plunge pool / , y
Array of flush mounted pressure transducers
r= I
Tota\ head tube: 2 mm 1.0. 3·2 mm 0.0. L1 = 115 mm
Bteed screw
Adaptor
\
Shock chamber (19 mm ct>x 10 mm)
\
Brass housing
I Mou t· " ( I < • / n Ing ring
\ WS-5000 Pressure transducer
Fig.3·19 FINAL DESIGN OF TURBULENCE TRANSDUCER PROBE.
A
z
A 1 = Area of total head tube A 2 = Area of shock chamber L1 = Total length of total head tube L 2 = Length of shock chamber Z = Deflection of diaphragm Kd = Spring stiffness
Fig.3·20 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TURBULENCE PROBE.
Fi g. 3·21 OSCILLOSCOPE TRACE GIVING NATURAL FREQUENCY OF UNDAMPED PROBE. Scan speed = 2·5 miltisecs./cm .. f. = 200 Hz.
~ rn
I
~= 10 -:-.<1 a. • U
8 I
I
1\ 6
r, \
4
2
o o
\ "- " , ...... ~ t-:---
20 40
I I
i I I
60
I Flume flow Oepth:: 4·45 mm
I Umax :: 1·89 m/s
-- meastred with damped I
I
instrument -- - - measured wi th probe In
undamped condi tion
i ,..
.J 1 / \ 1/ "-,
---./ ........ .- -----
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 --frequency (cps)
Fig.l22 TYPICAL ENERGY DENSITY SF{CTRA MEASURED WITH TURBULENCE PROBE (f.= 150 Hz) I DAMPED AND UNllAMPED.
[Arndt and Ippen]
Fig.3·23
TURBULENCE PROBE AND PROBE SUPPORT.
~: ct~ _
0--. o
I >
I QI en c:J --~
7-0
6·0
5·0
4·0
3·0
2·0
1· 0
Best fit:- V = 0·0286 U02 ~
0- Data points ~
Run number 5 :Span =6 :. Gain=4
Temperature = 64°F
O' 0 I >-5·0 7·0 9·0 11-0 13-0 15-0
Outlet velocity - Uo >-
Fig.3-24 DYNAMIC CAUBRATION OF TURBULENCE PROBE.
10 Vol ts
Foil strain gauge (Full bridge )
Power Supply
± 20 mV
Amplifica tion
± 10 Volts
Fig. 3· 25 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF STRAIN GAUGE ARRANGEMENt
~ ___ --.:...7..:.-0 m~m.:.:...-___ ...., r- Insert / plate
Mounting ~ ring \
20mm S.H.S. Support
32mm P.CD.
1~9mm q) 1
4-1-- Transducer
E E
N
Fig.3·26 TRANSDUCER CONNECTION TO BASE PLATE.
61
24mm¢
19mm¢ Bleed scre~ H Brass pressure cell
E E
CD ,."
Seating ring
~--....... 11---.
I 20mm¢ I
/Inlet
E E
-:t N
1 1< .M j ~ M3 Screws .: 30mm p.eD. ... ..
36mm¢ ............ ............ Transducer
40mm¢
Fig.3·27 BRASS PRESSURE CELL FOR TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION.
Valve
Air supply
Air/Water ---..... Chamber
Output
Pressure cell
Computer
'----; Amplification and signal conditioning
Digital display
Fig.3·28 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CALIBRATION RIG.
> I Cl.I c:n d -~ 0 >
0"-w
10-0 -9-0
Channel1 transducer- Static calibration I-
V = 0-1382 P (m) a-o - x Data points
7-0 -6-0 -roo
5-0
4-0
3-0
2-0
1- 0
0-0
-I-
A/ -I-
~ ~
-roo
/ 'f"
-roo /
./ -l-
V V
10 20 30 I I I I I I I I
o 1-0 2-0 3-0 I
...J
./ ~
/ ~
/' V /
V
RUn number 11 :-Transducer fuUy submerged Span= 8 :- . Gain= 1 Temperature = 20
0
(
Pressure- P (m
40 50 60 I I
I I
4-0 5-0
I I
6·0 Pressure-P ( bar)
fig_3-29 TYPICAL CALIBRATION RELATIONSHIP FOR TRANSDUCER.
Turbulence Probe f+-
Amplifica tion Signal ~
Pressure Conditioning
Transducers H--- I AID Conver terp
I Disc ~ IBM p.c.
XT ""-
Printer t l SoftwareJ I Monitor J
Fig.3·30 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION.
Amplified and conditioned signal
Storage
f
r 1+---- Hardware -------.!1 I
Termination I: Carrier AID
Panel Card - Converter J
{AnalOg} Interface Input
Computer
Output I I Programs I ( Asyst)
Fig. 3·31 HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND COMPUTER INTERFACE.
,
P(T)
.'
Fig.3·32
ILLUSTRATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND PERIPHERALS.
Fig.3·33 (a ) SAMPLING OF CONTINUOUS RECORD.
P (T )
I I I I I I I I I
X I
Fig.3 -33 (b) ILLUSTRATION OF ALIASING PROBLEM_
lC
T
G(f) G(f)
True spectrum Aliased spectrum
Fi g.3· 33 (c) ALIASED POWER SPECTRUM DUE TO FOLDING.
0·50
0·375
0·25
0·125
0-0 o
Mean test
Hma~Hmin. x 100
H
R.M.S. test
hi hi . max. - min. x 100 hi
Test conditions :- 10 Central transducer Do = 78 mm I Uo= 6·1 m/s L=1025mm l Y=200 mm
7·5
IS tandard deviation
/ Mean
5 10 15
---------- 5·0 Significance level
25 30 35 4.0
2-5
0-0 45 50
Time (Sec.) •
Fig. 3- 34 EXAMPLE OF STATIONARITY TEST RESULTS.
hh ~---....---
Hmax J H (m)
4·0
Maximum of Hmaxo1
~~ooo-I
-~---O----"'O
3· 0 ~
2·0 I-
1· 0 I-
0·0 o
L Time reauired to define I~ limiting maximum value I adequately
Average of H ~ ~ H H H H H H
, I -1 1
1 2
Test condi tions : Central transducer Do=52·5 mm,Uo=7m Is L=770mm, Y=350mm
I I , I
I -. 1 1
, 3 4 5 6 7 14 15 16
Time (mins.)
Fig.3·35 LIMIT OF MAXIMUM FLUCTUATIONS.
Probe Possible p.d.f.:skewness> 0
Normal distri bution :_ ~ '" ~ kurtosis> 3
6 = standard deviation / \/ symmetrical about mean. / \
I bell shaped. / limi t around 3 0 /
1///1 d
(Simplified)
~
-3 -2 -1 Mean +1 +2 +3
Fig.3-36 MOMENTS OF PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION.
67
11. B
... I .., ~ 9.BB c: IrI
= W = 7.BB = III III IrI = ~ 5.BB
3.BB
9.9"
... I .., ~ 7.1" c: W
= W = 5.1" = III III IrI
= ~ 3.19
.2 "
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
NOZZLE DIAMETIR (Do) = 78 MM OUTLET UELOCITY (Uo) = 9 M~S FALL HEIGHT <L> = 23SB MM POOL DEPTH <Y) = 359 MM
.6 "
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
TIME (Sec.)
1. 49 1. "
TIME (Seo.)
Fig. 3.37 PRESSURE HEAD RECORD FOR 78 mm orA. JET AT DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
1.28
~ 5.68 G: lit :I:
W IIIi 4.88 ~
'" '" W lie ~ 2.4"
.S9"
5.4" ,.. I .., ~ 4.2" « W :I:
III lie 3.9" ~
'" '" III lie ~ 1.8"
.6""
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 52.5 MM OUTLET UELOCIt~ (Uo) = 9 M~S FALL HEIGHT (L) = 2126 MM POOL DEPtH (V) = 599 MM
1. 48 1. "
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
NOZZLE DIAMEtER (Do) = 52.S MM OUTLET UELOCIT¥ (Ue) = 9 M~S FALL HEIGHT (L) = 629 MM POOL DEPtH (¥) = SIa" MM
TIME (S.c.)
.2 8 .6 8 1. 9 1. 4" 1. 9
TIME ($eo.)
Fig. 3. 38 PRESSURE HEAD RECORD FOR 52.5 mm DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
3.6a
~ 2.sa c (II
= (II .: 2.aa ::::I
'" '" (II .: ~ 1.211
.41111
4.511
'" I ."
.511a
Fig. 3.39
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
.2 II 1.411 1. II
T I ME (Seo.)
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS ---------------------------
.2 II 1.4a 1. a TIME (Seo.)
PRESSURE HEAD RECORD FOR 25 mm NOZZLE DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND FALL LENGTHS
.9aa ,.. I '.I
Q .1aa « III
= III .: .5aa = lit lit III .: "" . 3aa
.1aa
SCAN OF FLUCTUATIONS
ORIFICE DIAMETER (Do) = 25 MM OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) = 3 M/5 FALL HEIGHT (L) = 111a MM POOL DEPTH (V) = 35a MM
.2 a 1. 4a 1. 9
TIME (Sec.)
Fig. 3.40 PRESSURE HEAD RECORD FOR 25 mm ORIFICE DIA. JET
"4
3688 ,.. N POWER SPECTRUM ( ----------------------... Is. N022LE DIAMETER (Do) = 78 MM Is. 2888 OUTLET VELOCITY (Uo) = 3 MI'S
'" ~AL~ ~~~~HT ~L) = ii38 MM II 00 H ( ) = 5 MM
III ~
= 288" ... ... Z ~ CI: I: 128"
4"". 5. 9 15.8 25.9 35.9 45.9
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1.8" ,.. N POWER SPECTRUM ( --------------------...
N022LE DIAMETER (Do) Is. = 78 MM /II 1.4" OUTLET VELOCITY (Uo) 9 MI'.
'" JALL HllCn T ~t) = 1389 MM II OOL D PT ( = 3 " M"
III ~
= 1."" ... ... Z ~ CI: I: .'"''
.288
5. 9 15.8 35.8 45."
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Fig. 3. 4 1 POWER SPECTRA FOR 78 mm DIA. JET A T DIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS
,.. N ( ... III
1. sa
III 1.4a .., II
/II A :::I 1.aa ... ... z u cz E .6all
.2811
1.S11 ,.. III < ... III III 1.411 .., II
III A :::I 1.811 ... ... z u cz E .6811
.2811
Fig. 3.42
5. II
5. 8
POWER SPECTRUM
NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 52.5 "" OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) = 3 "~S FALL HEIGHT (L) = 2426 "" POOL DEPTH (V) = 2aa ""
15.8 25.11
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRUM --------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 52.5 "" OUTLET UELOCITY (Uo) 9 "Is FAL~ ~IJ¥nT (t) = 6,26 "" poo (Y = 5 ""
25.8 35.11 45.11
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRA FOR 52.5 mm DIA. JET A T DIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS
45'1. ,.. N ( Joe III III 35a. v II
III Q :::I 2sa. Joe ... Z IJI a: E 15a.
5a.a
5. II
27aa ,.. N ( Joe III r- 21aa v II
III Q
= 15911 Joe ... Z IJI a: E 9aa.
3aa.
5. a
POWER SPECTRUM --------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 25 MM OUTLET UELOCI TV (Uo) 7 M,t. FAL~ HIICHT (L) = 2a18 MM POO D PT (V) = saa MM
15.8 25.a 35.a 45.a
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRUM ---------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) 25 MM OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) = I1M/S
lS.a
JA&~ HIICU T ~L) = 1118 MM o PT () = 5 MM
25.11 45.11
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Fig. 3. 43 POWER SPECTRA FOR 25 mm NOZZLE DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
71~
1888 .... III POWER SPECTRUM ( ---------------------"" (Do) 78 Ire N022LE DIAMETER = 111111 Ire 14'UI OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) = 3 1111'S OJ JALL HE~CHT (L) = 725 MM II OOL DE TH (Y) = 599 MM
III ~
= 1998
"" 101
Z U G: E 688.
288.
5. 8 15.8 25.8 35.8 45.8
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1.88 .... III POWER SPECTRUM ( -----------------------"" N022LE DIAMETER (Do) 78 Irc = MM Ire 1.48 OUTLET UELOCITIl (Uo) 9 1111'S OJ FAL~ HI~CUT (L) = 875 MM II POO T (Y) = 358 MM
III ~
= 1.88
"" 101
Z U G: E .688
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Fig. 3.44 POWER SPECTRA FOR 78 mm DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS
7r;
1899 ... N < ... lie rr. 1499 \II
II
III A :::I 1999 ... ~
Z IJ CI: I: 699.
299.
1. 89 ... N ( ... rr. lie 1.49 \II
/I
III A :::I 1.911 ... ~
Z IJ CI: I: .6911
.2911
Fig. 3.45
POWER SPECTRUM ----------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 52.5 MM OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) 3 MI'S FALt HEIGHT (L) = &29 MM POO DEPTH (V) = 2 9 MM
5. 9 15.9 25.9 35.9 45.9
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRUM ----------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) 52.5 MM OUTLET UELOCITY (Uo) = 9 MI'S JALL HIJ~HT ~t) = 119 MM OOL D (= 5 MM
5. II 15.9 25.9 35.9 45.9
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRA FOR 52.5 mm DIA. JET A T DIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS
369. ,.. N POWER SPECTRUM < ---------------------104 III NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 25 MM III 289. OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) 7 MI'S .., FA&L HEIGHT (L) = 513 MM II PO L DEPTH (V) = 599 MM
III A = 299. 104
"'" Z CJ CI: Z 128.
49.9
~:--+--:-~~~~~ 5. 8 15.8 25.9 35.8 45.9
2799 ,.. N < 104 III III 2199 .., II
III A
= 1589 104
"'" Z CJ G: Z 998.
399.
Fig. 3.46
FREQUENCV (Hz)
POWER SPECTRUM --------------------NOZZLE DIAMETER (Do) = 25 MM OUTLET UELOCITY (Uo) = 15 MIs JALL HI1GHT (L) = 513 MM OOL PT (Y) = 599 MM
5. 9 15.8 25.9 35.9 45.9
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRA FOR 25 mm NOZZLE DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
77
,.. N < lot Ir4
81. 9
Ir4 63.9 .., II
III ~ = 45.9 lot ... Z U 4: E 27.9
8.119 ,.. N < Joe Ir4 Ir4 6.49 .., " Jr;l ~ = 4.81iJ lot ... Z U 4: E 3. 21iJ
Fig. 3.47
5. 9
5. IiJ
POWER SPECTRUM
ORIFICE DIAMETER (Do) = 25 MM OUTLET UELOCITV (Uo) = 3 M/5 FALL HEIGHT (L) = 1179 MM POOL DEPTH (Y) = 359 MM
15.9 25.1iJ 35.9 45.9
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRUM
15.1iJ 25.9 35.1iJ 45.1iJ
FREQUENCY (Hz)
POWER SPECTRA FOR 25 rom ORIFICE DIA. JET AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
7A
FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 4
Ro Outlet Diameter Uo I _________ ( Do)
-+----------
Jet Axis-+-----! L
Jet Diameter at Impact
(OJ} Ui
y /
/ /
~TurbuLence Probe
+-Turbulent Jet in the Atmosphere
Plunge PooL Free SurfClce
I -, I \ \ \
\, Plunge Pool Floor
'-' " /
/ Rp
Centre Line I
Pressure Transducer
Fig.4(a) DEFINITION SKETCH FOR TERMS USED IN RESULTS DIAGRAMS.
80
I
1.00
·600
.200
If
f
o
.000 1.00 2.00 RADIAL OUTANCE I OUTLET 01A. (Rp/DoJ
(el Uo - 3-3.3 ale. Uj·/2f1 • 1.2-1.7.
.000 1.00 3.00 RADIAL DrsTANCE I OUTLET 01A. IRp/DoJ
(el UP - 7-7.3 ale. U1·12fI - 3.4-3.'.
1.00
~ I:i i -
1.00 x - Y/Do - 1.28 a - Y/Do - 2.56 f - Y/Do - 4.49 If - Y/Do - 6.41 ,,~
~ ... 600 :: "
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
~I~ ~ e .200
If
f o x
I i-
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL DISTANCE I OIITLET DIA. (Ifp/DoJ
(hI IJo • 5-5.2 a/s. U1·/2f1· 2-2.5 •
. 000 RADIAl 01BTAHCE I DUTLET DrA. (Rp/DoJ
(dl Uo - 9-9.2 ';s. Uj·/2f1 - 4.'-5.3.
1.00
i-jJ .600 ,,~ j ..... 600
; ~~ " II~ II~
~ ~ ~ .200 e .200
• I
.000 1.00 3.00 .000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAl orSTANCE I OUTLET OIA. (Rp/DoJ RADIAl DISTANCE I DIJ7t.ET 01A. (Rp/DoJ
(.1 UP - 10.!l-U.1 ';s. U1·12fI - 6.'-7.4 • m Uo - 12.6-13';e. U1·12f1 - 9.1-9.7.
FIS. .,. 1 TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD VARIATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp/DoJ FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 I11III. L - 725 - 1125 IIfIIJ
~ t i_ j{ II! ~-0-e
'W ..
* f 0 f x *~
.000 2.00 4.00 RADZAL DUTAHCII / IMPACT DU. 0../011
(s' LID - 3-S.3';s. UJ '/Zg - 1.2-1.7.
1.00
.600
.200 , !l
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL OISTAHCII / IHPACT DIA. "",/OU
(C] IJo - 7-7.3';" UJ'I2g - 3."-3.8.
I
.000 1.00 RADIAL DISTAHCII / IHPACT DIA. ,..lDU
(I) IJo - 10.9-11.1 ';" UJ'/2rJ - 6.8-7." •
~ ... u
i .. -~~ ~ .. :: iii ~-0-e
~
i-j .. @ ::
II! ... -i! e
1.00
.600
.200
x - Y - 100 mm o - Y - 200 mID , - Y - 350 mID II - Y - 500 mm
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
II , o X
, II
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL DISTANCE / IHPACT OIA. o../OU
(b) Uo - 5-5.2 ~" UJ-/2g. 2-2.5 •
1.00
.600
.200 * , .000 1.00 2.00 3.00
RADIAL DISTAHCII / IHPACT OIA. 0../011
(d] IJo - 9-9.2.1 •• UJ'/2g - ".8-5.3 •
I .000 ·2.00
RADIAL DIITAHCII / IHPACT DU. ,..lDU
(fJ Uo - 12.6-13 .;.. UJ '/Zg - 9.1-9.7 •
FIG. ;(.2 TOTAL lEAN PRESSURE HEAD VARIATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION (RpID1J FOR A RANGE OF PLUHSE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 .,.. L - 725 - 1125 IIlIIIJ
A?
I 1.00
I ,I. .600
J~ Us:
.200 I,! • j I -.200
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IMDfAL DISTAHt2 I OUTLET DIA. _IDaJ
(e) UO - 3-3.3 II/a. U1-l2g - 1.2-1.7.
I ... . BOO u
t~ 's I ~ .400 II If Q
I • t -.000
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IMDfAL DfSTAHt2 I OUTLET DIA. AlIDaJ
• (e) UO - 7-7.311/ •• U1 /2g - 3.<I-3.B •
I Il
. BOO
.. 's I' .400 s:
II! I
, I -.000 II
.000 1.00 2.00 IMDfAL DISTANCE I OUTLET DfA.
(.) UO - 10.11-11.1 II/s. U1- /2g - 6.'-7.<1 •
I I:; .. !~ 's
x - VIDa - 1.28 a - VIDa - 2.56 , - VIDa - 4.49 II - VIDa - 6.41
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IMDfAL DISTAHt2 I CXIT1.ET DfA. (F/pIDaJ
(b) UO - 5-5.2 II/a. U1-/211 - 2-2.5 •
• .000 2.00 3.00
IMDIAL DISTAHt2 I OUTLET DlA. (F/pIDoJ
(d) IkI - 9-9.2';a. U1'/211 - <I.B-5.3 •
.BOO
! ~ .400
I'! I -.000
, I
.000 2.00 3.00 IMDIAL Df.TAIa I OUTLET DIA. _IDaJ
(fJ UO - 12.6-1311/ •• U1'/211 - 9.1-9.7.
FIS. 4.S HEAN OYHAHIC PRESSURE HEAD VARIATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION (RpIDo) FDR A RANGE OF PLUN6E POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 II1II. L - 725 - 1125 nun)
1.00
i .. u
i-$. ' ..
.600
i~ uS: .200
II! .F Q
i -.200
~ .. u
i .~ , .. i~ uS:
II! Q
.000 2.00 4.00 RADIAL DISTANCE / IIFACT all.. (Rp/DU
(e) Uo - 3-3.3 _Is. Uj·12g - 1.2-1.7.
.BOO
.400
i -.000 • t
~
11 'S i; u. i l: Q
.000 1.00 RADIAL OISTANCE / IMPACT all.. (Rp/DH
(C) Uo - 7-7.3'; •• Uj·12g - 3.4-3.&.
.BOO
.400
i -.000
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAl. DISTA11f2 / IMPACT all.. (Rp/D1J
(el Uo - 10.9-U.1 '; •• Uj-12g - 6.&-7.4 -
~ .BOO x - y - 100 mm
~~ ," i~
0 - y - 200 mm
f - y - 350 mm II - Y - 500 mm
b): .400 ~. LEGEND FDA ALL GRAPHS llf I -.000 I"
~ t;
i~ • 's
1---r--+--1---r--~ 2.00 3.00 .000 1.00
RADIAL DISTANCE / IIFACT DIA. fRI>/DU
(b) Uo - 5-5.2 ./s. Ui·12g - 2-2.5 _
.BOO
~ ~ .400
II! Q
i , \ -.000
.000 RADIAL DlSTAHCI! / IIFACT all.. (Rp/DU
(dJ Uo - 9-9.2 ';S. Uj·12g - 4.&-5.3 _
• .000
RADIAL DISTAHCE / IHPACT alA. (Rp/D1J
(f) Uo - 12.6-13 ./s. Uj·12g - 9.1-9.7 •
FIG. 4.4 MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD VARIATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION (RPID1) FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 "''''. L - 725 - 1125 mm)
P./.
.000
.000
x - YIDJ - 1.15 - 1.75 o - YIDJ - 2.32 - 3.45 I - YIDJ - 4.12 - 5.90 N - YIDJ - 6.0 - 8.13
RADIAL DISTANCE I IMPACT DIAMETER (RplDj)
4.00
FIG. 4.4 til HCAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD VARIATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp1D1l FOR ALL RESULTS. (Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
Q
~ I-lJ
i .... -~~ ~"' ~:s z, ~
~,! ...I .... ~ I-0 l-
x
1.00
f I V ¥ +
.000 2.00 4.00
POOL DePTH / OUTLeT DIAMeTeR
+
)(
o
•
(Y/Do)
FIG. 4.5(e) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HeAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Do) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
x Uo (m/51 Ui2 /2g 1m)
x - 3.0-3.2 1.3-1.5 1.00
o - 5.0 2.0-2.4
, - 7.0-7.2 3.4-3.7
'0 0 x II - 9.0 4.8-5.2 It II' -¥ V ¥ V - 11-11.1 7.0-7.3
+ + - 12.8-13 9.1-9.7
.BOO LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS ,.
0 X+
v X
.600 0
II ,
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 4.5 (b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Di) ( Do - 78 mm • L - 725 - U25 mm )
ii;;J. _____ -
x
.900
S ~ + x
II
.700
Uo em/5) Ui2 /2g 1m) , +
x - 3.0-3.2 1. 3-1. 5 v o - 5.0 2.0-2.4 0
.500 , - 7.0-7.2 3.4-3.7
4.8-5.2 II
II - 9.0 x , v - 11-11.1 7.0-7.3
+ - 12.8-13 9.1-9.7 0
.300 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS x
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/DoJ
FIG. 4.6(e) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/DoJ ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
.900 !o +
.700
.500
.300
.000
FIG. 4.6(bJ
x
.Jff 0
x II
I
2.00 4.00
+
v o
II x ,
o
x
6.00 B.OO POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
10.0 (Y/D1)
CENTRE LINE MEAN OYNAHIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/DiJ ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
R7
0
~ I-U
i-.... !: ,.;-. o ...
~~ ~ If ~--.... ~ ~
1.00
.BOO
x -
o -.600 , -
II -
v -
+ -
x o
t ¥
Uo (m/5) 'Ui2 /2g (m)
3.0-3.3 2.8-3.1
5.0-5.6 3.8-4.0
7.0-7.9 5.1-5.6
9.0-10.2 6.6-7.6
11.1-12.6, 8.9-10.4
13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7
f j
o
x
+
v
, o
.400 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (Y IDa}
FIG. 4.7(111 CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDo)
1.00
, 0
It
t .BOO
.600
.400
.000
FIG. 4.7(0)
x 0
II ,
{
( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2530 mm }
VIIX + ,
+ 0
v
It
I
x
0
4.00 6.00 B.OO POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
10.0 (YIDi)
CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YID1} ( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2530 mm )
00
0
~ .... 0
iAl ... 111' .... ,::3 0'
'"' ~): 01 ... ~~ 0
2:
~
~ .... 0 ~ Q
i~ .... 111 .... ,::3 0'
~): 01 .... ~I! Q
2:
~
~-.
.900 x , , ¥ x #
+ .700
0
V
Uo (m/s) Ui2 /2g (m)
.500 x - 3.0-3.3 2.8-3.1 * o - 5.0-5.6 3.8-4.0 #
# - 7.0-7.9 5.1-5.6 X
* - 9.0-10.2 6.6-7.6 0 .300
V - 11.1-12.61
8.9-10.4
+ - 13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7
x .100 LEGEND FOR 80TH GRAPHS
.000
FIG. 4.8 (a)
.900
I'
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG. 4.8(b)
2.00 4.00 6.00 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDo) ( Do - 78 mm • L - 2230 - 2630 mill )
Ie 0
0 yt # +VMX
f +
0
V
tf
f
x 0
x
2.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 (YIDJ) POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAHETER
CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDJ) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
AQ
0
! I-Uat 1(~ i .. ......
:;:, ............ 0
~'f "-
2 ; ..J
~ e
0
~ I-U
i~ .... ~ .. ...... :;:, 0 ......
~>= UI
~! i ' .... 0 2
i
1.00
0 0 Xx
oxi X
-l-X 0 xO
0* 000 0
Ox X 0
.BOO 0
X X
X
0 X
.600 X 0
X X 0
0
K - L - 725 - 1125 mm 0
Q - L - 2230 - 2630 mm .400
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO POOL DEPTH / IHPACT DIAHETER
FIG. 4.9 (a) TOTAL HEAN PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
.900 fox 0
0 0
oDJt. ~ l!c Ole X 00
0
X 0
.700 a X X
a X
X
.500 0
X a X
0 X
K - L - 725 - 1125 mm 0 .300
Q - L - 2230 - 2630 mm
.100
.000 2.00 6.00 B.OO
FIG. 4.9 (b)
POOL DEPTH / IHPACT DIAHETER
HEAN DYNAHIC PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
Q()
10.0 (Y/D1)
o
10.0 (Y/Dj)
~ I-U
i--.... 1: 'N' 0 ....
~~ :Z:I! ~ ... ..J
~ ~
~ ..
1.00
x -o -f -II -
v -+ -
.400
.000
• , o
x
Uo em/s) 2.9-3.0 5.0-5.3
7.0 9.0
11.0 13.0
I I I I I I I
I I I I
v
• o
x
Ui2 /2g em) 1.1-1. 4 1. 9-2. 3 3.1-3.5 4.7-5.1 6.S-7.2 9.2-9.6
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
4.00
x
+
I o
6.00 10.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do) FIG. 4.10(.) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Do)
( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 620 - 1020 mm )
1.00
v
'tiM + IIf 0 ,
.SOO 0
X x
x
+ .600
v 0
II' X 0
+ , .400 v II
.000 4.00 S.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 4.10 (b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Di) ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 620 - 1020 mm )
01
~ ... u
i .... :: N'
" .... ::I c " ~ ):
u .... :z I
~ If c ;z
W
·900 v
~ + If , ,
0 0
.700 x
x +
.500 V
If
! +
v If .300
X • .000 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
.900
.700
.500
.300
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAI.fETER (YIDo)
FIG. 4.11ie} CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDo) ( Do .. 52.5 mm. L" 620 - 1 020 mm )
v
~ + * , ,
a
x
a
x +
v
If , a
Ua em/5) Uiz /29 em) x - 2.9-3.0 I 1. 1-1. 4 o - 5.0-5.3 I 1.9-2.3 , - 7.0 I
3.1-3.5 I I
tf - 9.0 I 4.7-5.1 v - 11.0 I 6.8-7.2 I + - 13.0 I
9.2-9.6 I
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
+
v If
x , a x
.000 B.OO 12.0 POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDiJ
FIG. 4.11 ib) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RA TID VERSUS (Y ID11 ( Do .. 52.5 mm. L .. 620 - 1020 mm )
Q?
0
.900 t , c ~ ~
II + +
.... II
i x .... at .700 + t\I , III' C .... • ~ :;,
Uo (m/s) U12 /2g (m) :r ,
3.0-3.1 2.6-3.0 ~I!
x - 0 o - 5.0-5.1 3.4-3.B
::It -- .500 I - 7.0- 7.1 4.7-5.0 -J 9.0 6.2-6.6 ~ II - + e v - 11.0 B.3-B.7 ,
+ - 13.0 10.7-11.1 x • . 300 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS x
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
FIG. 4.12 (a) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDo) ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
0
.900 I x , 0
C II V
~ V II
+ + .... II
i- x ..... at .700 + t\I
'III' f c ..... v If
~~ ~I!
0
x-- .500 -J
~ + e v xl
II 0
.300 x
.000 4.00 POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDiJ
FIG. 4.12(b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDj) ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm J
~ I-U
i ... ~ 'It' ~~ u ): ... ~~ 2!
~
·900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
x -o -, -* -v -+ -
I +
Uo (m/s) I
3.0-3.1 I 5.0-5.1 I
7 '~~07 '1,1 11.0 13.0
x
Ui2 /2g (m)
2.6-3.0
3.4-3.8
4.7-5.0 6.2-6.6 8.3-8.7
10.7-11.1
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
2.00 4.00
+
o
x
6.00 B.OO POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
+
v
• o
x
10.0 (Y/Do)
FIG. ".13 (a) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RA TID VERSUS (Y /Do) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 111111 )
.900 ,0 v" x f 0 + +v ..
.700 + X
v II ,
.500 0
+ v
.300 .. I x
0
.100 x
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 POOL DEPTH / IHPACT DIAMETER (Y/D1)
FIG. 4.13 (b) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/D1J ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 111m )
0
~ .... II ~
i~ I-t til ,~
1\1 0'01
~~ ~I~ ..J
i:! ~
.900
.700
.500
.300
.000
0 X
0 0 0 0
~ OX ~ X
X X
x - L - 620 - 1020 mm
o - L - 2126 - 2526 mm
4.00
0
Ox 0 0
x x 0
xX X
o
o
B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 4.14 (a) TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
~
o o
X
X
x o X 0 0
o ~x
x
x - L - 620 - 1020 mm
o - L - 2126 - 2526 mm
o
Ox o 0
x x o
x x x
o x Xc 0
x Ck o
o
B.OO 12.0 POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 4.14 (b) MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
nr
16.0
(rIDH
·900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
., * I o
)(
+
v
, o
* )(
B.OO
Uo em/s) U12/29
)( - 3.3-3.5
I 1.0-1.5
o - 5.0-5.3 1. 8-2.2 , - 7.0-7.2 I
3.1-3.5 I I
* - 8.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 I v - 10.9-11.11 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.21 9.2-9.8
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
12.0
)(
o , •
16.0
em)
)(
o
,. * II-
20.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
FIG. 4.15 (e) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAO RATIO VERSUS (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
.900
I o
.700 +
)(
v
.500 x , o
)( )( o .300 o , ,
+ v * + v
.100
.000 ".00 B.OO 1 .0 20.0 24.0
(YIDJ) POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIB. 4.15(b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDJ) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
Q
~ I-u
~ Q
~ I'll ...... .... Q
::l
~ ......
>: u .... I Z ~ d! >"' ...... Q
~
~
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
t
II
, o
x
+
v
f
H o
x
Uo Im/s) U12/2g 1m)
x - 3.3-3.5 1.0-1.5 0 - 5.0-5.3 I 1. 8-2.2 I f - 7.0-7.2 I
3.1-3.5 I I
H - 8.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 I v - 10.9-11 .11 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.21 9.2-9.8
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
i x
.000 B.OO
FIG. 4.16 (a)
.900
II
f o
.100
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Do)
( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
+
x v
f
H o
x +
VHf 0
o
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/D1) FIG. 4.16 (~) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/D1)
( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
07
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG. 4.17(e}
.900 tf' o+v \t
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
, ... tf
,
o
x
B.OO
Uo Im/5) x - 5.0-5.3 o - 6.9-7.3 f - 9.0-9.2 tf - 11.0-11.2 v - 13.0-13.1 + - 14.9-15.3
U12
/2g 1m) 3.3-3.7 4.7-4.9 6.3-6.6 B.2-B.7 10.6-11.2 13.7-14.3
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
+
v tf f o x
+
12.0 16.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
20.0
(YIDa)
CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
If
, x
o
+
v tf X
f +
v o , x
o x
12.0 1 .0 20.0 2 .0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YID1)
FIG. 4.17(b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL HEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (YID1) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
QA
1.00
0
i too .BOO u
i Q Iooi
"- ~ '"' .600
i .... ::;,
"-u >: Iooi i I
.400
olf 2:
i .200
-.000
.000
FIG. 4.18 (II)
.400
.200
-.000
.000
Uo (m/s) U12
/2g (m) x - 5.0-5.3 3.3-3.7
• ... o - 6.9-7.3 4.7-4.9 , * f - 9.0-9.2 6.3-6.6
* - 11.0-11.2 B.2-8.7
* V - 13.0-13.1 10.6-11.2 X + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS 0
+
V
X * # + 0
V
X , 0 x
4.00
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (rlDo) ( NOZZLE:
o
+
V
* X
Do - 2S mm •
V o
*
L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
, x o
12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
X
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDJ)
FIG. 4.18(b) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (r/Ol) ( NOZZLE: Do - 2S mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
00
.900 xx o 0Xo 0
0 0 x
X
.700 0
0 x
x o
.500 x
x x
o x .300 o 0 x
x x o K - L - 513 - 913 mm o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
x x x 0 x o o x A o o o
.100
.000 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
(Y/Di)
1.00
-.000
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 4.19 (a) TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
xx o Ox 0
o 0
x x
o
o o x
x o
x x
o x
x - L - 513 - 913 mm o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
o 0
~ x x ~
o o
x x
o
.000 4.00 12.0 1 .0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Dj)
FIG. 4.19 (b) MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
Q
! t-tl
i t-f liS 'N'
~ ..... ::J ,
tl ):: t-f X ~ I
~If 2: ;
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
+ o
+ +
x - Do o - Do I - Do If - Do v - Do + - Do
+ V
V V Y + + +
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
- 78 mm • L - 725 - 1125 mm - 78 mm • L - 2230 - 2630 mm - 52.5 mm • L - 620 - 1020 mm - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm - 25 mm • L - 513 - 913 mm - 25 mm • L - 2018 - 2418 mm
v II V
V
+ +
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
(Y/Dj)
1.00
.BOO
.600
.400
.200
-.000
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 4.20 (a) TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
~II~ ,,"X +11+
I '?I' V
+ Xb~
X ""'/11 o I +
xCf If xliV
0 I Xy
rf'l. II
l, II
0 t
¥-y V + Y
II + v
!1- v v + v
+ +
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Dj)
FIG. 4.20(b) MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
1fH
0
i .... 0
i Q
...... t\I
o~
! .... ::l
~ ......
il~ -' ~ ~
.900 -
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG.
. 900
.700 -
.500
.300
.100
.000
4.21 (a)
If' V
+ o
+
v
• Uo (m/5) Ui 2/2g (m) v x - 3.0-3.4 1.6-1. 8 ~ o - 5.3-5.4 2.4-2.8 , - 6.9-7.3 3.5-4.0
+ If - 8.9-9.0 5.1-5.4 v - 10.8-11.2 7.3-7.4
v + - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1
If LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS f
0 X
X
X :t 0
• , If If.
4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Do)
If , x
8.00
+
( ORIFICE: Do-25mm . L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
o
x
X x 0
V II' o , + v
16.0 2 .0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 4.21~) CENTRE LINE TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD RATIO VERSUS (Y/Di) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
1 f\.,
lf.)
i tot 1: ,,~ o :;
.900
.700
, It
+
v
Uo Im/5)
x - 3.0-3.4 o - 5.3-5.4 ,- 6.9-7.3 If - B.9-9.0 v - 10.8-11.2
Ui 2/29 1m)
1.6-1. B
2.4-2.8 3.5-4.0 5.1-5.4 7.3-7.4
+ - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1
~ " ):: .500 * f
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
.300 x o
+
x v ; o J
.100
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 4.22 (a) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RA TID VERSUS (Y IDa) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
v*' + 0
+
v
, x o
+ v
0* f
.000 8.00
(YIDJ)
FIG. 4.22 (tI) CENTRE LINE MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD RA TID VERSUS tY /D1) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
.900
x .300
x x x 0
0
.100
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
X - ALL NOZZLES o - 25 mm ORIFICE
X
x x x x
X II X OX 0
If x X xO 0 XX
x
x o
0
X x
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
(YIDj)
1.00
~ I-tJ .800
~ ~ ...... ~ ~ 3 .600 ~ ......
.200
-.000
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 4.23~) COMPARISON OF TOTAL MEAN PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
o X
X
X o
X
.000 4.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 4.23(b) COMPARISON OF MEAN DYNAMIC PRESSURE HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
o o ....
o o .... )(
o l::l _ .......
• D
~
0 0 .... )(
Ig ....... ::l
• D ::I ....
1.00- - LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
x - Uo 7 m/s
0 - Uo 9 m/s I - Uo ~ 11 mls H - Uo + 13 m/s
.600
.200- -
.000 .200
(a) 1 I Do - 0
1.00
.600
.200
.000 .200
(b) 1 I Do - Z. 4
1.00
.600
.200
.000 .200
(e) 1 I Do - 4.97
I
o
X
o X
.400 .600 .BOO
o x
RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (r, I Ro)
o X
* I o x
x
o
•
.400 .600 .BOO 1.00
RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (rj IRo)
o
X
o x
.400 .600 .BOO 1.00
RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (r,IRo)
FIG. 4.24 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tuolr) IN RADIAL DIRECTION (r,l Ro ). (Do - 78 mm 1
105
0 0 ... )(
1::1
-' ::I
?!.
o o ...
1.00 -x - U ~ 7 m/s 0 - U ~ 9 m/s I - U '* 11 m/s H - U of 13 m/s •
.600 0
II » x
, 0 x
0
.200 x
.000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO 1.00
(a) 1 / D, - 0 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS h/R,}
1.00
.600
.200
.000
x - U - 7.24 - 7.35 m/s o - U - 9.18 - 9.22 m/s I - U - 11.15 - 11.2 m/s .. - U - 13.14 - 13.2 m/s
o x
.200 .400 .600 .BOO
If , o
o
•
x
(b) 1 / Dj - 2.58 - 2.66 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS
1.00 -
.600-
.200
.000
x - U - 7.5 - 7.B m/s o - U - 9.4 - 9.S m/s I - U - 11.3 - 11.5 m/s .. - U - 13.3 - 13.4 m/s
.200 .400
II , o
x
.SOO
o x
.BOO
(c) 1 / Dj - 5.24 - 5.32 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS
FIG. 4.25 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( TuK) IN RADIAL DIRECTION (r,1 RJ ). (Do - 7B mm ]
106
x
1.00
1.00
0 0 .. )(
I~ _ .......
;:,
• 0
~
0 0 .. )(
I~ ....... -;:,
• 0 :::I ....
0 0 ... )(
d~ ........ ;:,
• 0
~
.300
.100
.000 1.00
(a) CENTRE LINE
.500
.300
.100
.000 1.00
(b) rJ / Ro - 0.49
1.00 LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
)( - Uo + 7 m/s o - Uo + 9 m/s I - Uo i' 11 m/s If - Uo ~ 13 m/s
.600
.200
.000 1.00
(e) r J / Ro - 0.77
II I
0
X
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET OIA.
II , 0
X
2.00 3.00 4.00
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET OIA.
II , 0 x
2.00 3.00 4.00 DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET OIA.
II I
0
x
5.00
(1/00)
II , o
x
5.00
(1/00)
5.00
(1/00)
FIG. 4.26 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tuo~) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION ( 1 / Do ). {Do - 78 mm ]
1("7
0 0 ... )(
1::1
" :,
::I ....
0 0 ... )(
1::1
" ::I
::I ....
0 0 ... I<
1::1
" ~ • ::I ....
.300
.100
.000 1.00 2.00
(a) CENTRE LINE
.500
.300
.100
.000 1.00 2.00
(b) ", I R, - 0.49 - 0.54
1.00 LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
x - U - 7 - 7.B m/s o - U - 9 - 9.6 m/s I - U - 11- 11.5 m/s * - U - 13 - 13.4 m/s
.600
.200
.000 1.00
(c) '" I R J - 0.77 - O. B6
It
I
0
X
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / JET DIA.
It , 0
X
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET I JET DIA.
It
I
0 x
4.00 5.00
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / JET DIA.
It I
0
x
It
I
6.00
(liD, )
o
x
~o x
6.00
(110,)
6.00
(liD,)
FIG. 4.27 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( TuK) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION ( 1 I D J ). [Do - 78 mm J
1f\Q
0 0 .. l(
I~
" -:;,
• D
~
o o ..
0 0 ... )(
13 ....... ::»
• D ;:, to-
.250
.150
II
.050 x
.000 .200
(a) 1 / Do - 1.6
.250
x - Uo .: 9 m/s
0 - Uo f 11 m/s , - Uo - 13 m/s
If - Uo . 15 m/s
II
x
.600 .BOO 1.00
RADIAL DISTANCE / OUTLET RADIUS (r, / RoJ
I
o
x - Uo - 9.6 m/s a - Ua - 11 m/s I - Uo - 13.4 m/s If - Uo - 15 m/s
~--4----r--~---r~~--~~~--~~--t-~ . 600 . BOO 1. 00
(b) 1 / Do - 10.08 RADIAL DISTANCE / OUTLET RADIUS (r,/ RoJ
1.00
I x - Uo - 9 m/s
• a - Uo - 11.2 m/s I - Uo - 13 m/s
II If - Ua - 14.7 m/s
.600
.200 • x
I I .000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO 1.00
(e) 1 / Do - 17.2 RADIAL DISTANCE / OUTLET RADIUS (r, / Ra)
FIG. 4.28 VARIATION DF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tuo%) IN RADIAL DIRECTION (r, / Ro ). {NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm J
1"0
o o ~
0 0 ~
)(
l:l
"' :l
;:, l-
0 0 .. )(
l:l
"' :l
• ;:, I-
.250-
.150- -
.050 x
.000 .200
(a) 1 I D J - 1. 6
.250
.150 II
I
.050 0
x
x
.600
x - U ~ 9 mls o - U -: 11 m/s I - U -: 13 mls N - U 'i' 15 m/s
RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS
x - U - 9.9 mls f o - U - 11.2 mls
, - U - 13.6 m/s N - U - 15.1 m/s
" X
0
.000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO 1.00
(b) 1 / DJ - 10.08 - 11.5 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS frJlRJ J
1.00 x - U - 9.4 mIl o - U - 11.6 m/s I
I - U - 13.25 mil 0 X
" - U - 15 m/s II
.600
.200 • 0
x
.000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO
(e) 1 / D, - 17. 9 - 20. 5 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS wJIRJJ
FIG. 4.29 VARIA TION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY { Tu%} IN RADIAL DIRECTION {r J / R J J. {NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm J
1.00
0 0 .. )(
I~
-' ;:)
• 0
I:!
0 0 .. )(
I~ , ;:)
• 0
I:!
.250
.150
II
.050 x
.000 4.00 B.OO
II
f
x
o
x
12.0
(0) ", / Ro - 0.32 DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET DlA.
16.0 (1/00)
1.00 LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS ,
x - Uo 0 - Uo I - Uo II - Uo
.600
.200 • II
X
.000
(e) "J / Ro
FIG. 4.30
- 9 - 9.6 m/s - 11 - 11.2 m/s • - 13 - 13.4 m/s II - 14.7 - 15 m/s
, II 0
4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0
- 0.64 DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET DIA. (1/00)
VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tu.~) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION ( 1 / Do ). (NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm J
111
0 0 .... )(
I~ , ~
• :::J l-
0 0 .... )(
I~ , ~
~
0 0 .... )(
I~
-' ~
• :::J I-
.250
I
0
.150
II
.050 x
.000 4.00 B.OO
(IJ) CENTRE LINE
.250
.150
II
.050 x
.000 4.00 B.OO
(b) r J I R J - o. 32 - o. 33
1.00 LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
.600
.200 •
.000
II
X
x - U - 9 - 9.9 mls 0 - U - 11 - 11.6 mls I - U - 13 - 13.6 m/s " - U - 15 - 15.1 mls
(cJ r J I R J - 0.67 - 0.76
II
, 0
•
x o
12.0 16.0
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET I JET DIA.
If
I
o
x
12.0 16.0
II ,
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET I JET DIA.
I
IIX o
I
II
16.0
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET I JET OIA.
o
x
0 X
20.0
(1IDJ)
FIG. 4.31 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tut) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION ( 1 I OJ J. I NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm J
11?
0 0 .... l(
Ig
-' :l
• 0
~
0 0 .... l(
Ig
-' :l
• 0 :::3 ....
0 0 .. )(
Ig _ .......
:l
• 0 :::3 ....
, .500- o - Uo -: 11 mls
I - Uo -: 13 mls Ii - Uo - 15 mls
.300
0
.100 J If
.000 .200 .400 .600
(a) 1 I Do - 2.0 RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (r,IRo)
1.00 - 9 mls x - Uo I
o - Uo - 10.B mls I - Uo - 13 m/s If - Uo - 14.7m/s
If
.600
0
x If
.200 I x 0
.000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO
(b) 1 I Do - 4.92 RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (r,IRo)
2.50 If
x - Uo - 9 mls o - Uo - 10.B mls I - Uo - 12.9 mls If - Uo - 14.6 mls
1.50 If
I f
0
0
.500 x x
.000 .600 1.00
(c) 1 I Do - 10.B RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS (r,IRo)
FIG. 4.32 (j) VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( TUD~) IN RADIAL
DIRECTION (r j I Ro ). [ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm ]
11 ~
0 0 ... )(
I~
-' ::l
• 0
?
0 0 .. )(
I~
-' ::l
• 0 ~ ....
4.50
x - Uc - 9.1 mls 0 - Uc - 10.B mls
If I - Ua - 13 m/s 3.50
If - Ua - 14.B m/s
2.50 0
0 If
I
I
1.50
x x
.500
.000 .200 .400
(d) 1 I Do - 14.4 RADIAL DISTANCE I OUTLET RADIUS
7.00 x - Uc - 9 m/s o - Uo - 10.B m/s I - Uo - 12.9 m/s If - Uo - 14.6 m/s
5.00 If
I
3.00 o If
I
o 1.00
x x
.000 .200 .400 .600 .BOO 1.00
(e) 1 I Do - 17 RADIAL DISTANCE I OIJTLE'T RADIUS (rj IRa)
FIG. 4.32 (jj) VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tuo%) IN RADIAL
DIRECTION (r J / Ro ). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm J
114
0 0 .... Ie
l::l , ::l
:3 ....
0 0 ... Ie
l::l
-' ::l
:3 ....
0 0 ... Ie
l::l
:;;-. ::l
:3 ....
.500
.300
.100
.000
(a)
1.00
.600
.200-
.000
o - U 11 m/s , - U 13 m/s II - U 15 m/s
.200
1 / Dj - 2.5
Ie - U - 9.1 m/s o - U - 10.9 m/s , - U -II - U -
13.1 m/s 14.7 m/s
II f
.200
(bJ 1 / DJ - 4.92 - 5.35
2.50
1.50 if
I
0
.500
.000 .200
(e) 1 / DJ - 10.B - 12.3
x o
x
*
0
i II
.400 .600 .BOO RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS (rJ IRJ J
f
0
x
.400
RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS
x - U - 9.3 m/s o - U - 11.1 m/s
if - U - 13.1 m/s
II - U - 14.8 m/s
I
0
x
.400 .600 .BOO RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS (rJ /RJ )
FIG. 4.33 (j) VARIATION DF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tu%) IN RADIAL DIRECTION (r,/ R, J. C ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm 1
11~
1.00
1.00
1.00
o o ..
0 0 ... )(
I:::. ::-. :::.
• :::I ....
3.50
2.50
o
, 1.50-
x
·500
.000 .200
o
,
.400 .600
x
x - U - 9.5 m/s o - U - 11.1 m/s I - U - 13.3 m/s ~ - U - 15 m/s
.BOO 1.00
(d) 1/ D J - 13.3 - 15.6 RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS
7.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
.000
FIG. "'.33 (11)
x - U - 9.5 m/s
o - U - 11.2 m/s
I - U - 13.2 m/s
If - U - 14.9 m/s
II
t
" ,
o
x x
.200 .400 .600 .BOO
RADIAL DISTANCE / JET RADIUS (rJ /RJ)
VARIA TION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tu%) IN RADIAL
DIRECTION (r J/ R J ). [ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm }
11("
1.00
o o ...
0 0 ... )(
13 , ::l
I 0
~
0 0 ... )(
13 -' ::l
I 0
~
7.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
X ~ Uo - 9 - 9.1 mls a - Uo - 10.8 - 11 m/s I - Uo - 12.9 - 13 m/s H - Ua - 14.6 - 15 m/s
.000 4.00
fa) CENTRE LINE
5.00
3.00
1.00
.000
(b) r J /Ra - 0.32
3.00
1.00 , , II
R
.000
(el rJ /Ra - O. 56 - O. 72
,
• x
x
s.oo 12.0
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET DIA.
s.oo
II
# o
x
, x
12.0
,
o
x
16.0 (liDo)
II
,
o
x
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET OIA.
II
, o x
o
,
x
S.OO 12.0 16.0
II
o
x
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / OUTLET DIA. (1/00)
FIG. 4.34 VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY ( Tu .. ~) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION ( l / Do ). [ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm ]
111
o o ...
0 0 ... )(
I:;) ::.. :::. • ~
0 0 ... )(
I:;) ::.. :;)
::J I-
7.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
.000
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
x. - U - 9.1 - 9.5 m/s o - U - 10.9 - 11.2 mls # - U - 13 - 13.3 m/s N - U - 14.7 - 15 mls
4.00 B.OO
If
* * o
, 0 x
x
12.0
(a) CENTRE LINE DISTANCE FROM OUTLET I JET DIA.
5.00
3.00
1.00
.000 4.00
3.00
1.00
(b) r,l R, - 0.3 - 0.4
f
f If
.000 4.00
(e) r,l R, - 0.58 - 0.9
M , o
If
x
12.0
If
f
f
x
16.0 DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / JET DIA.
o , f
, x
o x
B.OO 12.0 16.0
DISTANCE FROM OUTLET / JET DIA.
o
x
(110, )
o
x
o
x
(lID, )
FIG. 4.35 VARIA TION OF TUR8ULENCE INTENSITY ( Tu~) IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTIDN ( 1 / D, ). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm )
11 Q
20.0
20.0
FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 5
,'9
~.~ ...
.250
I 1- .150
I~ x 0
• Ii .050 • Ii Ii
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL. OIITAH12 I DUT'Lfl' OIA. tllplDol
f.I IJG .3-3.311/ •• Uj-/2g· 1.2-1.7.
I .150
I~
f 0
I .050 iii x a Ii Ii
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL. OISTAH12 I DIITlV' DIA. tllplDol
fel IJD· 7-7.311/ •• Ul-/2g· 3.4-3.8.
I .150
I~
f 0
f If
.050 , iii Z x Ii
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 1UD1AL. DIIT AHI2 I DUT'Lfl' DIA. tllplDol
f.I IJG • 10.1-11.1 11/ •• Uj·/2g - 5.8-7.4 •
i i i=--
f Ii Ii Ii
I i ~~
f Ii .. Ii
~ i I~
I~ Ii .. Ii
.150
0
x
.050 t
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL. OIST ANCE I DUTLV' OIA. tllplDol
fbI IJG • 5-5.2 11/ •• Ul -/2g • 2-2.5 •
.150
.050
x - V/Do - 1.28 o - V/Do - 2.56 f - Y/Do - 4.49 If - V/Do - 6.41
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
o
I
• .000 1.00 2.00 3.00
1UD1AL. DISTANC6 I DUT'Lfl' DIA. ".IDoI
(dJ IJG • 8-9.1 11/.. Ul -/2g • 4.8-5.3 •
.150
i If
.050 8 x
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL. DIST ANC6 I DIITlV' OIA. ".IDoI
(fJ IJG - 12.5-1311/ •• Uj·/eg - 9.1-9.7.
FIS. 5.1 VARIATION OF R.N.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp/Do) FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm J
1'0
·250
I ~ i i .150
1- .150 ~;
I~ x
1-0
.. .050 I It :ri
Ii Ii Ii
o
.050
x I
.000 2.00 4.00 R4DIAL D1STAHC! I l~ACT DIA. ""1D1l
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 R4DIAL Dl'TAHC! I l~ACT DlA. ",,1D1l
(.) Uo - 3-3.3 aI •• Ul·/2g - 1.2-1.7. (tIJ UO - 5-5.2 aI,. U1·/2g - 2-2.5 •
i X - Y - 100 mm
I o - Y - 200 mm
.150 i .150 f - Y - 350 mm * - Y - 500 mm
1:- 1:- LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
f 0 f 0
, , .050 i .; .050 .. X :ri
, • X Ii Ii
.000 1.00 .000 1.00 2.00 3.00 1lAD1AL D1STAHC! / l~ACT DIA. ""IOU 1lAD1AL D1STAHC! / l~ACT DIA. "'IOU
Ie) Uo - 7-7.3 aI •• U1·/2g - 3.4-3.8 • (IIJ UO - 9-9.2 aI,. U1-/2g - 4.'-5.l.
I 1:-
f .050
.150
~ i 1:-
0 I~ f II
It .; Ii x Ii
.150
.050
x
.000 1.00 1lAD1AL DlSTAHC! / l~ACT Dl.. ""1D1l
.000 1.00 2.00 R4DIAL DISTAHC! / l~ACT DIA. ""1D1l
II) UO - 10.9-11.1 aI •• Ut-/211 - 6.8-7.4 • lfJ UO - 12.6-13 s/ •• Ut·l2g - 9.1-9.7 •
FIB. 5.2 VARIATION OF R."'.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp/D1J FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (DQ - 78 1111. L - 725 - 1125 mil J
171
1.00
! i i .600
I x .600 1- a ~~ a
I! i~ .200
, .200 • i i • i
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 .000 2.00 IW)ZAL DZSTAJa I cxm.n DIA. ~1Do' IW)ZAL Dl8TAJa I cxm.ET DlA.
(e) IJCJ - 3-3.3 1118. Ui-/2g - 1.2-1.7. fb) IJCJ - 5-5.2 III.. U1-/2g - 2-2.5 •
I I x - VIDa - 1.28 a - VIDa - 2.56
.600 i .600 f - VIDa - 4.49 tI - VIDa - 6.41
I- I- LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
I! tI I! a 8 f .200 .200 f
x i i x • i .000 1.00 3.00 .000 2.00
IlADIAL Dl8TAJa I cxm.n DIA. ~1Do' IW)ZAL DISTANCE I cxm.n DIA. ~1Do'
(e} IJCJ - 7-'7.31118. Ui-/eg - 3.4-3.1 • (d) Uo -1-9.21118. Ui-/2g - 4.8-5.3.
I .450 t .450
Ii I! • 1- .150 I I I
! .150
If x
i x II
i .000 1.00 .000 2.00
IW)zAL DZITAJa I cxm.n DIA. IW)ZAL DZSTAJa I cxm.ET DZA. ~1Do'
(.) IJCJ - 10.1-11.11118. UJ-/2g - 1.8-7 .... (fJ IJCJ - 12.6-13 1118. Ui -/2g - 9.1-9.7 •
FIG. 5.3 VARIATION OF MAX. PRESSURE HEAD CDEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp/Do) FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 1111. L - 725 - 1125 111m )
I 1-I~ i
~ i Ii I-i
1.00
X .600
0
" .200 tHo
.000 4.00 RADIAL DlITAHC2 I IIfPACT DIA. (Rp/DH
fs' UD - 3-3.3 II/S. UJ-/2g - 1.2-1.7.
.600
.200
.000 1.00
II o I
)( i
RADIAL DISTI.N/CW I IIfPACT DIA. (Rp/DJ)
fc' Uo - 7-7.3 als. UJ-/2g - 3.4-3.8 •
.<450
I
.150 ft )(
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL DISTAHC2 I IIfPACT DIA. (Rp/D~I
fs' UD - 10.9-11.1 ./s. UJ-/2g - 8.8-7.4 •
~ i i: i~ i
i i I -;
f i
.600
o
.200
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL DISTANCE I 114PACT DIA. (Rp/D~)
(b' Uo - 5-5.2 11/ •• UJ-/2g - 2-2.5.
.000
x - y - 100 mm o - Y - 200 mm I - Y - 350 mm II - Y - 500 mm
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
* I
)(
1.00 RADIAL DISTANC! I 1l4PACT OIA. (Rp/DJ)
(d' Uo - 9-9.2 aI •• UJ-/2g - 4.8-5.3.
.450
.150
.000
)(
2.00
I
x* o
RADIAL D1STA~ I IHPACT DrA. ""'IDS)
(fJ UO - 12.8-1311/ •• UJ-/2g - 9.1-9.7.
FIS. 5.4 VARIATION OF MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Ap/OJ) FOR A RANSE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm J
1?~
I .500
x
I A .300 0
I- I If 0
I
i .100
.000 2.00 3.00 RADZAL. OlSTANCI! / txm.0' OIA. (Ap1Do)
(.J UtJ - 3-3.3./ •• UJ 1/2g - 1.2-1.7.
I .500
IA .300 0
I- I If i x
i .100 J!
.000 1.00 RADZAL. DZWTANCI! / txm.n' DIA. (Ap/Do)
I .500
I A .300 0
f
1- If • If
X
i .100 X
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IUDZAL. ozsrAHU / 0IJ7UT OZA. (ApIDoI
(.J Uo - 10.9-11.1 .; •• UJ 1/2g - 6.8-7.4.
.. ~
~ .. 1-I~ ~
I
.500
.300
.100
.000 1.00
o
2.00
o I II
3.00 RADZAL. OZIITANCI! / txm.O' DZA. (Ap/Do)
fbJ Uo - 5-5.211/1. UJ 1/2g - 2-2.5 •
x - V/Do - 1.28 0 - V/Do - 2.56 I - Y/Do - 4.49
.500 If - Y/Do - 6.41
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
I ~ .300 0
I-i
.. ~ i I-I~ i
I 0
I I If
.100 x
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADIAL. DISTANCI! / txm.O' DZA. (ApIDoI
(IJI UtJ - 9-9.2 ';'. UJ8/2g - 4.8-5.3 •
.500
.300
.100
o f If
X
X
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 RADZAL OllTAHU / txm.O' OZA. ""IDol
m Uo - 12.6-13 ./ •• UJ 1/2g - 9.1-9.7 •
FIG. 5.5 VARIATION OF NIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION lAP/Do) FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS (Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 11m )
1?L
I .500
x
1- .300 0
I! ,. II 0
w'x
i .100
.000 2.00 IUDIAL DISTIJoIr2 I INP ... CT 01 .... (RplDfJ
f.) lAo - 3-3.3'; •• UJ'I2g - 1.2-1.7.
I .500
17 .300
f 0 ,. II j x
! .100 ~
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IUDIAL DISTANCE I INP ... CT 01 .... (RpIDU
fc) /Jo - 7-7.3.1 •• UJ'I2g - 3.4-3.1 •
I .500
I. 0 .300
I~ ,. II ,.
* X
i .100 X
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 IUDIAL DISTANCE I INP ... CT DIA. (Rp/DU
(e) /Jo • JD.I-11.1 '; •• UJ'/2g· 5.8-7.4 •
.. ~
i ~7
i~ ~
~ i ~-
I~ ~
! i
.500
.300
.100
o
IE o ,.
lEX
.000 1.00 2.00 3.00 1UD1 ... L DISTANCE I 114P ... CT 01.... (RpIDU
fbI /Jo • 5-5.~ V.. Uj'l2g - 2-2.5 •
.500
.300
.100
.000
x - Y - 100 mm o - Y - 200 mm ,. - Y - 350 mm II - Y - 500 mm
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS o
f o f II
X
1UD1 ... L DISTANCE I INPACT Dl.... (Rp1D1I
fll) UO ·9-9.2'; •• UJ'IZg - 4.1-5.3 •
.500
~ A .300 0
Iv f
* II
X I ~ .100
X
.000 1.00 2.00 IUDIAL DISTANCE I INPACT DIA. (RpIDJJ
(fl /Jo • 12.&-13 V •• UJ'/2g - 9.1-9.7 •
FIS. 5.6 VARIATION OF NIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT IN RADIAL DIRECTION (Rp/D1J FOR A RANGE OF PLUNGE POOL DEPTHS {Do - 78 m,.. L - 725 - 1125 mm J
1?~
I-
~ I.J ....
~ I.J
Q
~ ~ . i3 f}
If CI)
X a:
I-
~ I.J ....
~ I.J
Q
i § .
i f}
CI)
X a:
.225
.175
.125
x .075
0
f .025 • .000 2.00
X
0
f
It
!I-
x
o f
v
+
6.00
f
II
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (Y IDo)
FIG. 5.7(II} CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAO COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - U25 mm )
Ua (m/s) Ui2 /2g (m)
x - 3.0-3.21 1.3-1.5
5.0 I
2.0-2.4 o - I I , - 7.0-7.21 3.4-3.7 I
If - 9.0 I 4.8-5.2 I
.225 v - 11-11.11 7.0-7.3
+ - 12.8-13 I 9.1-9.7 x
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS V
.175
.125
.075
.025 f , .000
FIG. 5.7(b}
o
+ 0
f It
If * X 0 X
X o
V
f
+
6.00 8.00 10.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDj)
CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
1.,J.,. ___ . ___ . __ . ____ . __ ._. _____ . ____ . __ _
... ffi I-i U I-i
It ~ u 0
~ III + !S f}
i ! ~ )(
~
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
x
o
x
I
o
If . .,
x
o
I
II
V
+
2.00 6.00
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
I
(YIDo)
FIG. 5.8(1J) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - H25 mm )
x -
o -
I -
.900 " -V -
+ -
.700
.500
.300
.100
Uo Im/5) U12 /2g (m)
3.0-3.2 I 1.3-1.5
5.0 I
2.0-2.4 I I
7.0-7.21 3.4-3.7 I
4.8-5.2 9.0 I I
~~~~~~~ I 7.0-7.3
9.1-9.7
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
o
X
I o
X
If
V
+
x
0 o x If I
I
.000 4.00 8.00
POOL DEPTH / IHPACT DIAHETER 10.0
(YIDjJ
FIG. 5.8~) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH lYIDi) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - H25 mm )
1'7
... ~ u ....
~ u
~ ~
I
B CI) r ~
~ X
... ~ u
i c u C
~-IIJI
SB i'-~ ~ ~ X
x
.500
o
.300 X -
0 -x ,
f -
IE -
IE v -o
+ -.100
$
.000 2.00
Uo (m/5)
3.0-3.2
5.0
7.0-7.2
9.0
11-11.1
12.8-13
x o
, +
Ui2 /2g (m)
1.3-1.5
2.0-2.4
3.4-3.7
4.8-5.2
7.0-7.3
9.1-9.7
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
4.00 6.00
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
+
v
J IE
0
(Y/Do)
FIG. 5.9(4) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Do) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - U25 mm )
X X
0
.500 ., + , v
0 +
, X
IE
0 .300
X ,
0
.100 , f
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0
PDOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Dj)
FIG. 5.9 (b) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/DiJ ( Do - 78 mm • L - 725 - 1125 mm )
128.
x .... .... at M x ~ .....
" 1\1 1.40 0 .... ... X :l :l
..... 0 X ..... , 8 )( c: l( III .... ,
! ! 0 + 1.00 , * Q Q ,
i i +
l- I- f ~ u u • * i i f .... .... .600 ..... ..... 0 Q Q +
i ~ v X
~ » • ~ ~ . 200 0 • ..J ..J X
~ ~ e e 2.00 4.00 6.00 .000
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
FIG. 5.10(a} CENTRE LINE TDTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATID tiITH (Y /Do) . ( Do - 78 mm . L - 725 - 1125 mm )
Uo Im/5) Ui2 /2g 1m)
X - 3.0-3.2 I 1.3-1. 5
o - 5.0 I 2.0-2.4 I
I ., - 7.0-7.2/ 3.4-3.7
* - 9.0 I I 4.8-5.2 I
v - 11-11.1 I 7.0-7.3 x I
-.. + - 12.8-13 I 9.1-9.7 -.. CI M X ~ ......
1.40 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS " " 0 .... ... X :l :l
0 X "- "- f 0 )( c: \'If 't* f
I ....
f f 0 + - 1.00 -l * ; ; .II +
I- " X ¥ I- + 0 u u *
i i f .600
"- "- 0 + Q
~ ~ V X
* f
~ 0 X
~ .200 0 -tI4 , ..J X
~ ~ e e 2.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0 .000 POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Dj)
FIG. 5.10 (b) CENtRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO. tilTH (Y/DjJ. ( Do - 78 mm • L - 725 - 1125 mm )
1"0
1.60 ~ ~
fit' III' ..... .... X ::l ::l X , "- X
>= 1.20 0 0
>= r + I I • )( c: ,
+ III .... 0
f i t II 0 ..... .,. + X
0 0
~ ~ .800 • It-t * l- I-
II II , i i + ... 0 , , .400 v 0 0
~ ~ II
X , i
:..::
~ ~ -.000 0 8
II II X X .... !t ::&:
~ ~ .000 2.00 4.00 6.00 :.;; 0 0 POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
FIG 5.11 (a) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATID WITH (Y /Do) • (Do-78mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm )
Uo (m/s) Ui2 /2g (m)
X - 3.0-3.2 : 1.3-1.5
5.0 I
o - I 2.0-2.4 I
* - 7.0-7.21 3.4-3.7
9.0 I
II - I 4.8-5.2 1.60 I
M M v - 11-11.11 7.0-7.3 I
N' fit' + - 12.8-13 I 9.1-9.7 ..... ..... X ::l ::l X , , X LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
1.20 0 0 ): ):
VII ' +
I I YIf )( c: I + I III .... 0
! ! vi * 0
+ it' X 0 0
; ~ .800 H ¥ ... 0 X
* l- I-II II I
i i ... ... 0 + , "- .400 v
~ 0
~ II
X I
"* :..::
~ :z ,
0 ~ -.000 0
II II X ... ... ::&: ::&: I I ! ! .000 2.00 B.OO 10.0 0 Q POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.11 (b) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RA TID WITH (Y /D1) • ( Do - 78 mm • L - 725 - 1125 mm )
,~'t'<b~ I< c
... ~ Col
i Col
CI
i
i CI) . Z a:
CI)
z· a:
. a
.225
X
0 f .. .175 X v
0
f x
.125 0 + X
f 0 ..
.075 .. v + ,
v
* +
.025
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
FIG. 5.12(11) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
Uo (m/s) : Ui2 /2g (m) I
x - 3.0-3.3 I 2.6-3.1 I
o - 5.0-5.6 I 3.6-4.0
I - 7.0-7.9 I 5.1-5.6
* - 9.0-10.2 6.6-7.6 I B.9-10.4 v - 11.1-12.6/
+ - 13.0-14.9/ 11.1-13.7
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
X
0 X ,
0 .. * v + ,
v -tv .. +
, +
v
o .. X ,
o
.000 4.00
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.12{b) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDJ) ( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm J
1~1
X
... ~ .900 x u
i x
.700
i a
+ B- f
i 0
.500 x * a x v
~ f
.300 f
i * 0
* + , .,. If .. * .100
.000 2.00 ".00 6.00
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDa)
FIG. 5.13 (a) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDa) ( Do - 78 111m , L - 2230 - 2630 mm)
Ua (m/s) Ui2 /2g (m)
x - 3.0-3.3 2.8-3.1
a - 5.0-5.6 3.8-4.0
i f - 7.0-7.9 5.1-5.6
.900 II - 9.0-10.2 6.6-7.6 x
i y - 11.1-12.6. 8.9-10." x + - 13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7
.700
i LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS 0
+ 8 f
i a .500 )( *
a x v
I , .300
, i * 0
* + f
'" f/
* .....
.100
.000 6.00 8.00 fO.O
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDJ)
FIG. 5.13 (b) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Dj) (Do-78111I1, L - 2230 - 2630 111111 )
1~?
... i5 .... u .... ~ 0 u 0
~ I
&
~ f3 If ~
~ X
... i5 .... u ....
~ U
Q
i I
&
S i ~ ~
~
~_:.r' , .
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG. 5.j4
.700
.500
.300
.,.' +
.100
.000
x
0
0 • ; V
* x V
0
x 0 + X
• ,
+ ¥
2.00
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
(e) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) (Do-78mm.
x
o * ,
v
)(
o +
f
2.00
L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
+ v
*
x -0 -, -* -v -+ -
Uo (m/s) I Ui2 /2g (m) I
3.0-3.3 I 2.8-3.1 I
~::=~:: II ::~=;:~ 9.0-10.2 I 6.6-7.6
I 11.1-12.61 8.9-10.4
13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7
o LEGEND FDA BOTH GRAPHS
, x
o
x
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.14 (b) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDiJ ( Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
""' ""'
: : IV' IV' 1.40 x .. ..
:l :l 0 .. X , , f
)( c 0 i III .. f « ! ! *
l/. ¥ ¥-¥
1.00 Q Q
~ ~ l- I-U U
• i i • lot . 600 + , , ~
Q V
~ 0 ,
~
~ + ~ X .200 0 V
X tl -I -I
~ ~ X
e e 2.00 4.00 6.00 .000 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
FIG. 5.15 (a) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MiNIMUH PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo). ( Do - 78 mm • L - 2230 - 2630 )
- ""' I: : N' N' 1.40
x .... .. :l :l 0 X X 0 , ,
I 0 )( c I X
I .. f If f 0 ! *
¥ f* +v +v If - 1.00
~ ~ Uo (m/s) 1 Ui2 /2g (m)
I X - 3.0-3.3 1 2.8-3.1
l- I- I o - 5.0-5.6 I 3.8-4.0 U U ...,* I
i i ~f f f - 7.0-7.9 I 5.1-5.6
.600 0 x + I , , If - 9.0-10.2 6.6-7.S I
~ ~ V I
V - 11.1-12.61 8.9-10.4 0
If + - 13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7 ~
f
~ ~ + X .200 v LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
-I -I x *0
~ ~ 0
x ~ ~ 2.00 4.00 .000 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 5.15 (b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YID1). ( Do - 78 mm • L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
1.60 l?1 l?1 III' N' .... .... ;:, ;:, , , ): ): 1.20 I I )( c:
! .... ~ 0
~ .BOO
l-u
i I-f , .400
~
1.60 Q Q N ~ III' '" .... .... ;:, ;:, , ,
1.20 >: >: I I )( c: III .... f f 0 0
~ ~ .BOO
l- I-U U
i i I-f I-f , , .400
i 0
~
x 0 , x
~ 0
* , • , ¥ W ¥
S + v
0
J + v x 0 *
x 0 , x
2.00 4.00 6.00
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
FIG. 5.16 (a) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (Y/Do). (Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
Uo (m/5) Ui2 /2g (m)
x - 3.0-3.3 2.8-3.1
o - 5.0-5.6 3.8-4.0 , - 7.0-7.9 5.1-5.6 II - 9.0-10.2 S.S-7.6
v - 11.1-12.6 8.9-10.4 I
+ - 13.0-14.91 11.1-13.7 x
0 LEGEND FOR 80TH GRAPHS , x 0 0 x
II , *
, , -II 4>'* +v II 0 +v
"tit' ~II ,
0 x + V
0 II ,
+
x
~ ~ -.000
v x MO
0 U u f x
~ .... x x
! ! .000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0 0 Q
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/D1J
FIG. 5.16 (b) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (Y/DJ). ( 00 - 78 mm • L - 2230 - 2630 mm )
1'35
·250 l- X - L - 725 - 1125 mm
~ o - L - 2230 - 2630 mm a II a 0
~ a .f 0 x 0
x x a
.150 x x a Q . X 0
~ B a 0
S 0 x 0 a
; a x 0
¥I .050 0
X ~ X
I' x tI) ~ :z IX .000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DePTH I IMPACT DIAMeTeR (YIDi)
FIG. 5.17(a) R.M.S. PReSSURe HeAD COeFFICIeNT AGAINST PLUNGe POOL DePTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFEReNT FALL LENGTHS
1.00
l- X - L - 725 - 1125 mm ffi
a o - L - 2230 - 2630 mm 0 lot
II
i x 0
x 'b x II .600
Q + 0 X oalf(
~ B 0 0 0
§ 0 X X 0
tI) 0 0 o x
m 0 II .200 x x 0 a Q. Ox
>< fcX X
~ .000 2.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DePTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.17 (b) MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGe POOL DePTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
X - L - 725 - 1125 mm I- 0 o - L - 2230 - 2630 mm ~ II 0 lot .600
~ 0 0 X 0 0 Q I lI< 0 X
II [} X 0 X
Q 0
~ X 0
X
X X 0
§ 0 x 0
i cPo " 0
.200 00 x
x
~ 'it lfc x
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (YID1)
FIG. 5. 17(c) MIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LeNGTHS
1i3 1i3 .,' .,' 1.40 ... ... ;:, ;:, , , )( c: 0
III ... ! :! 0
X 0
1.00 ri Q Q
~ ~ X
l- I-t{X
X u U X
! ! .600 clio , , Q Q
! ! lie:
~ ~ .200 X .... .... ~ ~ ~ ~
.000
FIG. 5.18 (a)
1.60
lie: U5 2: Q. 2! -.000 u u 2! 2! ~ ~ >.... .000 Q Q
0
0 0 X
lJt!< X
XX X X
111 0
0 X
0 X 0 0 0
0 X Xx>< X X
>sc II 0 0 0 0 X 00
~X 0
It<
* X - L - 725 - 1125 mm OX o - L - 2230 - 2630 mm
0 II 0 0
X 0 X
0 X
o X R X
>flo X X 0
0 00 0
0
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
TOTAL PEAK AND MINIHUH HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
0
0
~ Do
X X
~
oOx
0 o ~
2.00
X
X
o
o
o X o x
o
o
x 0 )(
4.00
X
x
00
o X ~ )Q
o
o
K - L - 725 - 1125 mm o - L - 2230 - 2630 mm
o ~ 00 X
o
X
o o
6.00 8.00
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
0
10.0
(Y/DJ)
o
o
10.0
(Y/DJ)
FIG. 5.18 (b) DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 78 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
137
.... ~ U I-ot
~ U
Q . ~ {}
s i U)
z a:
.... ~ u
i U
Q . ~ {}
S ~ U)
z a:
.175
.125 X
0
.075
, .025 II
¥
X o
I
v
+
X -
o -, -tI -
v -
+ -
~
» II X
Uo em/a) 2.9-3.0 5.0-5.3
7.0 9.0
11.0 13.0
U11! /2g em) I 1.1-1.4 I 1.9-2.3 I 3.1-3.5 I
I 4.7-5.1
I 6.S-7.2 I 9.2-9.6
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
+
v
, x
.000 2.00 4.00 B.OO 10.0
(Y/Do)
.175
.125
.075
.025
POOL DEPIH / OUTLET OIAMETER
FIG. 5.19(1)) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT I¥IIH (Y/Do) ( Do - 52.5 mill. L - 620 - 1020 mm )
X 0
+ 0
I v , + II
)(
x tI V
If
0 , 0
v x
, +
If
:(.
.000 POOL DEPIH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.19 (b) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Di) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 620 - 1020 mm )
138
Uo (m/s) Uia /2g (m)
)( - 2.9-3.0 1.1-1.4
o - 5.0-5.3 1.9-2.3
f - 7.0 3.1-3.5
It - 9.0 4.7-5.1
v - 11.0 6.8-7.2
.900 + - 13.0 9.2-9.6 o
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
.700 )( f
* o
f 0
)( v
.500 + f
o )(
.300
v , +
.100 I .000 4.00 B.OO 1 .0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (Y IDU
FIS. 5.20 (b) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/D1) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 620 - 1020 mm J
I-
ffi 1-4 u 1-4
~ 0
~ I
B
~ ~ Q.
~ ~ ~ X
I-
ffi 1-4 u 1-4
~ U
I 0 B ~ III ~ en f3 If ~ ::II: 1-4
~ X
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG. 5.21 (a)
.700
.500
.300 0
I
.100 II ¥
.000
, R
II
v
+ + x •
x + 0 v
I , II V-
2.00 4.00 6.00 I
B.OO I
10.0 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET OIAHETER (YIDo)
CENTRE LINE HINIHUH PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo)
x
( Do - 52.5 mm •
, 0 x
II
v
+ +
v tI'
41.00
L - 620 - 1020 mm )
0
Uo em/s) U12 /2g em) x - 2.9-3.0 I 1.1-1.4 o - 5.0-5.3 I 1.9-2.3 I - 7.0 I 3.1-3.5
I II - 9.0 I 41.7-5.1 v - 11.0 I 6.B-7.2 I + - 13.0 I 9.2-9.6
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
x + v
ti, 0 x
B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH I IHPACT DIAHETER (YIDJ)
FIG. 5.21~) CENTRE LINE HINIHUH PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YID1) ( Do - 52. 5 mm. L - 620 - 1020 mm )
1/.1\
..... ..... l: l: • 111'111' 1.40 0 .... .... ~ ~ , , X X
* , )( C
0 II i III .... y
! ! t ~ 1.00
, + Q Q • ~ ~
, i l- I-
U u
i i , .600 , ,
0 0 t x
0
~ ; x * 0 lie
~ ~ .200 i C X X
~ ..J ..J
~ ~ e e 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0 .000 POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIA~ETER (Y/Do)
FIG. 5.22 (a) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND HINI~U~ PRESSURE HEAD RATIO tiITH (Y/Do). ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 620 - 1020 mm )
Uo em/s) UiR /2g em) )( - 2.9-3.0 I 1.1-1.4 o - 5.0-5.3 I 1.9-2.3 I , - 7.0 I 3.1-3.5
I
* - 9.0 , 4.7-5.1 , y - 11.0 I 6.8-7.2 I .... .... + - 13.0 I
9.2-9.6 , !:II l: , 0 x ~ ,
IV IV 1.40 0 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS .... .... ~ ~ , , x x
* , )( c: 0 * +y 0 III .... y
! ! +y
* x 1.00
, + Q 0 .,jf
~ ~ ,
:x: t* l- I-
U u
i i ,
.600 , , 0
0 Q 't;. X
~ ~ X * 0 ~
~ :z ,0 x II' ....
.200 + 0. X X
Y *' 0
..J ..J +y
~ ~ 0 e I-
.000 B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH / I~PACT DIAMETER (Y/Di}
FIG. 5.22 (b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND ~INI~UH PRESSURE HEAD RATIO tiITH (Y/DiJ . ( Do - 52.5 mm . L - 620 - 1020 mm )
1/.1
, 01 0
01 X 1\1 1\1
ttl' ttl' 0 ... . .., 1.20 x If :l :l
t , , 0 v + v >: >: v , + X I I II Ie c: • 0 III ... ! ! .BOO ~ CI CI
, ~ ~ ,
:z: x l- I-U u
i ! 0
f .400 , ,
X II
CI CI
i i , +
!Ie
~ -.000 i I ~ X
Q. X u U .... .... X X ~ ~ 2.00 4.00 8.00 10.0 ~ ~ .000 CI CI POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
FIG. 5.23(a} CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATID WITH (Y/Do). { Do - 52.5 mm • I. - 620 - 1020 mm }
Uo em/5) U12 /2g (m) x - 2.9-3.0 I 1.1-1.4 o - 5.0-5.3 I 1.9-2.3 , - 7.0 3.1-3.5
I * - 9.0 I 4.7-5.1 , v - 11.0 I 6.8-7.2 0 + - 13.0 I
9.2-9.6 01 01 X I 1\1 ~ ~, '" 0 ... ... 1.20 x * LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS ::I ::I , , 0 v tI' +
+y V
>: >:: , + x tI I I ..... Ie c: 0 .., ...
! ! .BOO ttl , CI CI
i i , X
l- I-U U
0
i ! t-.... .400
....... , x tI
CI CI
i ~ + ~ , 0 Y
!Ie tI, + If * 0
~ 2: X 0 V X .... -.000 Q. X X U U .... .... X X
~ ~ B.OO 12.0
~ ~ .000 CI CI POOl. DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.23(b} CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH {Y/DiJ. {Do-52.5mm. I. - 620 - 1020 mm }
1, . ., ...
I-
ffi ... I.J ... ~ I.J
Q
~ . 13
S m ~ Ul
:z a:
I-
~ I.J ... ~ I.J
Q
~ ~ 13
m If Ul
:z a:
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
.000
FIG. 5.24 (a)
.225
.175
.125 0
, .075
II
V +
.025
.000
x 0
f
II X
v
+
• 0 + II
0
x Uo Cm/B) Ui2 /2g Cml
x - 3.0-3.1 2.6-3.0
f o - 5.0-5.1 3.4-3.8 x f f - 7.0- 7.1 4.7-5.0
I II * - 9.0 6.2-6.6
II V - 11.0 I 8.3-8.7 v + + - 13.0 10.7-11.1
¥-
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo)
x
, II
.yI
( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
x o , x
V
+
V f o 0 +
B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
x
1S.0
(YIDJ)
FIG. 5.24 (b) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDj) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
1 I ':)
I-
ffi ... u
i u Q +
~ B
~ iii
i ~ X ~ ~
I-
ffi ... tJ
i + u B Q
i:5 :r
S i ~ X ... >< ~
.900
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
FIG. 5.25 (a)
.900
.700
.500 0
I
.300
* V
+ .100
.000
X
, X
0 tI
X X + v
0
v 0
I
I +
* v II
+ ~
4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEP~ / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/DoJ
x
,
* v +
( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm J
X
, 0
x 0 *
X + V
II I
Uo (m/s) I
U12 /2g (m)
v 0
x - 3.0-3.1 I 2.6-3.0 o - 5.0-5.1 3.4-3.8 I - 7.0- 7.1 4.7-5.0
I
+
* - 9.0
I 6.2-6.6
v - 11.0 B.3-B.7 + - 13.0 10.7-11.1
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER 16.0
(Y/DJ)
FIG. 5.25 (b) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Di) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
.. , ,
I-
ffi .700 ... u ... ~ U I 0 & ~ .500
~ m If ~ .300 Z ... ~ Z
.100
.000
FIG.
I-
~ .700
L o If ~ .500
~ 0')
f3 If
~ .300
z
.100
.000
5.26 (II)
* v
, o
X
0
, II , v 0
x +
II
0 X
~ II , 0
v II V X + +
2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0 POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER (Y/Do)
CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Do) ( Do - 52.5 mm • L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
x Uo Im/s) U12 /2g 1m) x - 3.0-3.1 2.6-3.0
o o - 5.0-5.1 3.4-3.B f - 7.0- 7.1 4.7-5.0 II - 9.0 I 6.2-6.6 v - 11.0
I B.3-B.7 + - 13.0 10.7-11.1
+ , , v
o LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
x +
x v
f
* 0 v
x + +
4.00 B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER 16.0
(Y/Dj)
FIG. 5.26 (b) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/Dj) ( Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
1/. C
..... ..... 01 01 t\I t\I
n;' III' .... .... ::::. ::::. , , )( c: IV .... ! !
0 0
; 00(
~ l- I-II II
i ! ... , , 0 0
~ ~ :-:: z ~ ... Q. X
-J -J
i! i! 0 0 l- I-
1. 60 x
0
* 1.20 II V
+
.BOO
• 0
x
.400
-.000
x 0
* ~ +
+ v
II
* 0
x
v +
v
!
.000 2.00 6.00 8.00 10.0
(YIDe)
1.60 -- ..... f:f:
IV'III' ........ ::::. ::::. , , 1.20 >c c: IV ....
! !
FIG. 5.27 (a)
II V
+
o
f
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDe). (Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
x
v II +
+ v
x
f
#
o
o
x
v +
x
o
* +
v
II f + 'tI
x
x -o -f -
* -v -
+ -
#
II I x
Uo em/a) 3.0-3.1 5.0-5.1
7'~~/'11' 11.0
13.0
m2 /29 em) 2.6-3.0
3.4-3.8
4.7-5.0 6.2-6.6 8.3-8.7
10.7-H.1
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
o
x
o x
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER 16.0
(YIDi)
FIG. 5.27(b} CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDj). (Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
... I '"
o 0 ~ oq J: ~ .... .... lJ lJ
~ ~ , , o 0 ; ;
1.60
1.20
.BOO
.400
x
o
f
If V
+
• o
x
x o
*
+ v
" f
o
v + v
x
=-::
~ ~ -.000
~ ~ IV' IV' .... ....
::J ::J , , ): ): I I )( c III .... ! ! 0 0
; oq
~ .... .... lJ lJ
i i .... .... , , 0 0
~ ~ J:
=-:: ~ ~
Q. 2:
lJ lJ .... .... 2: 2:
~ ~ 0 0
x
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO
PDOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER 10.0
(YIDo)
FIG. 5.2B~) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo). (Do - 52.5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
Uo (m/s) U12 /2g (m)
X - 3.0-3.1 2.6-3.0 o - 5.0-5.1 3.4-3.8 , - 7.0- 7.1 4.7-5.0
* - 9.0 6.2-6.6
1.60 V - 11.0 B.3-B.7 X + - 13.0 10.7-11.1
0 LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS X , 0 0
1.20 x I If I ,
If 0 v + If
II V V + + + V
X
.SOO
.... II, + V
0
x II
.400 *
0
+v II I + V If
* -.000 0 0 X X
X
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.2B (b) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (Y/D1) . ( Do - 52. 5 mm . L - 2126 - 2526 mm )
1/.7
... ffi .... I.J .... It II.l 0 I.J
0
~ . 8
IIJ §
i I/)
x a:
... ffi .... I.J .... It IIJ 0 + I.J
8 0
~ IIJ § I/) I/)
~ 11.
:>< ~
... ffi .... I.J ....
~ I I.J 8 0
~ IIJ § I/)
f3 8: z ... x
·250 a
a x
.150 x a
a a x
Il a a x
.050 a x o ,
a a
a
x x x x
x a
a
x o a
a x
x x x
x - L - 620 - 1020 mm o - L - 2126 - 2526 mm
a
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0
1.00
.600
.200
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.29~J R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
a
x 0 a a
a .f- a x a 0 x x x
x x a a a
x a x x
a IS x a
a a x
a x x - L - 620 - 1020 mm Ox a a - L - 2126 - 2526 mm
t .000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0
FIG. 5.29 (b)
.600
a x 0
.200 a a x
I
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
a
x a
x
x a a x
a x a
a
o a
a x x XX x
a \ a
x - L - 620 - 1020 mm a - L - 2126 - 2526 mm
a a
o Xx x
a
.000 12.0 16.0
(Y/Di) POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.29kJ MIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
1/. Q
1.60 0
CI 01 X X '" '" 111'111' 0 0 X ... ... 0 0
::l ::l 0
0 , "- X X 0 0 0 1.20 x 0 R Xx X )( c: X 0 III .... 0 lS< 0
! ! 0 0 X
X oX 0 0
r x 0 0
~ ~ .800 \ l- I- o~ X - L - 620 - j020 mm
0 u u 0 " - L - 2j26 - 2525 mm
i "'" ~ x o If< 0 .... , , .400 0
0 0 X X
~ ~ X 0 X XX X X XX X
:.c o 0 Cb Xx 0 0 0 0
~ z 0 ... 0 :z -.000
-' ...J 0
i:! i:! ~ 0
I-4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 .000
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 5.30(8) TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
1.60 01 1: 0
~ "-III III 0 X X .... ....
::a ::a 0
"- "- 0 0 X 0 1.20 X 0 ):: ):: 0 XD,(
0 0 X X I I 0 X 0 )( c: 0 0\
X 0 III .... f ! X OX 0 0 X
7fI< X 0
0 0 .BOO \ "'" ~ ~ X
l- I-O~
0 U U 0
i i X o lSc 0 X - L - 620 - j020 mm
.... .... - L - 2j26 - 2525 mm , .400 " "- 0
0 0 X
~ ~ 0 X J: X X X :.c z 0 Xci< X X" X
~ 0 X .... -.000 lb 0 0 0 :z
0 0 u u 0 ... .... :z :z "'" "'" 4.00 B.OO 12.0 1 .0 ~ ~ .000 0 0 POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 5.30 (b) DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 52.5 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
1/.0
I-
ffi .... 0 .... It III 0 0
0 ; III § II)
fa If II)
z IX
II)
Z IX
8
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
x 0 f
II
v +
v +
II
0
x
Uo (m/s) U12/2g (m)
X - 3.3-3.5 I
1.0-1.5 o - 5.0-5.3 I 1. B-2. 2 , - 7.0-7.2 I 3.1-3.5 I
I " - B.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 v - 10.9-11.11 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.21 9.2-9.B
LEGEND FOR 80TH GRAPHS
x
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0
(YIDo)
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 5.31~} CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
II
V +
o f
x
v
f
" o
x
+ x x v * 0
II 0
* + V II
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I If.lPACT DIAMHER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.31 (b) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
-1 r- 1\
.... ffi 1-4 c.J 1-4
~ c.J
c +
~ a §
i i 1-4 >< ~
-,
.500- l-
-I-
. 300- f-
-I-
.100- I-
.000
FIG.
.500
.300
.100
.000
U12/2g Ua (m/5)
• )( - 3.3-3.5 1.0-1.5 a - 5.0-5.3 I 1. 8-2.2 I
I 0 f - 7.0-7.2 I 3.1-3.5
I If - B.9-9.2 I .01.7-5.1
+ v - 10.9-11.11 6.7-7.0 + - i2.9-13.21 9.2-9.8
x LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
x
• + , , f
v +
I I
.01.100 B.OO
I 12.0 16.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
5.32 (a) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH
v +
If 0 ,
4.00
+
x
( NOZZLE:
V If ,
o
x
8.00
00 - 25 mm • L - 513 - 913 mm )
+
V It o x , + o
v ,
If
16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
(m)
X
Ijl
e II
20.0
(Y/De)
(YIDe)
x
24.0
(YIDj)
FIG. 5.32 (b) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (Y/DiJ ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
1t:1
.... ffi .... u ....
~ u 0 I
"" & ~
§ II)
i ~ X .... 2: .... X
.... ffi .... u .... ~ 0 u 0 I
"" & ~
§ ~ ~ Q.
~ X .... 2: .... X
.500
A x , v *
.300
+ x
. 100
Uo (m/5) U12/2g
X - 3.3-3.5
I 1.0-1.5
o - 5.0-5.3 1.8-2.2 I - 7.0-7.2 I
3.1-3.5 I I
II - 8.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 I v - 10.9-11.11 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.21 9.2-9.8
LEGEND FDA BOTH GRAPHS
x o
• "
(m)
x
o
, e
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0
(YIDo)
.500
.300
.100
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 5.33(8) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
+y
II 0 x ,
v ,
o
+ x
x x o
+ , o
V II , + Y If
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDj)
FIG. 5.33 (b) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDj) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
Uo Im/s) U12/2g 1m)
x - 3.3-3.5
I 1.0-1.5
o - 5.0-5.3 1.8-2.2 , - 7.0-7.2 I 3.1-3.5 I
If - B.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 I v - 10.9-11.1/ 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.2 I 9.2-9.8
.... .... If
Q Q V
1\1 ~ + 111'1\1 • .... ....
1.00 ¥- , ::J ::J X , ,
If )( c: 0 III ... ! !
c c x
~ ~ + x LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
l- I- .600 u u v x
i ""' i ~ 0 ... , , , J tf C c f ~ ~ 0 :J: • :.: z .200 x 0
~ x , ... I • X
..J ..J ¥ ~ ""' ~ V I-0 ~ I-
4.00 12.0 .000 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
FIG. 5.34(a) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo) . ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm • L - 513 - 913 mm )
.... .... If V
Q Q
~ ~ + III 1\1 ,0 .... ...
1.00 +v , ::J ::J X , ,
If )( c: 0 III ... ! !
c c x
~ ~ + X
:J:
l- I- .600 u u v x ""' i ~ + 0
0 ... ... , , , *, v If
0 0 ,
x
~ ~ 0 + V If
:.: z .200 0
~ ... x x , X + 0 , 0
* I x If
..J ..J + V If + V
~ ~ v 0 0 l- I-
8.00 12.0 16.0 .000 4.00 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.34(b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDi) . ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm • L - 513 - 913 mm )
CI CI
'" '" 111'111' ........ ::l ::l , ,
o 0
; ~ ... ... tJ tJ
1.20
.BOO
II V + • ,
X II
0
+
v X
Uo (m/s) U12/2g (m)
X - 3.3-3.5
I 1.0-1.5
o - 5.0-5.3 1.8-2.2 I - 7.0-7.2 I 3.1-3.5 I
I H - B.9-9.2 I 4.7-5.1 v - 10.9-11.11 6.7-7.0 + - 12.9-13.21 9.2-9.8
LEGEND FOR 80TH GRAPHS
+ i i .400 ~ ~ , , • o 0 ; ; :..:
~ ~ tJ U
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ o 0
Q Q
'" '" 111'111' .... .... :::l ::l , , ): ): I I )( c:
'" .... ~ ~ 0 0 ~
~ ~ ... ... tJ tJ
i ~
i ~ ~ , , 0 0
~ ~
~ :..:
& 2: ~ Z
tJ tJ ~ ~ Z Z
~ ~
~ 0 0
o x
! X + , • • X 0 . 000
X 0
x
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
1.20
.BOO
.400
.000
FIG. 5.35(a) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIOo). (NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
II V
+ +v '0 ,
X II
0
+
v x +
H, V 1+ , 0
0 X X + , 0 V
II X +
H f 0 + V f V If + V II f X 0
X 0
X
.000 4.00 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.35~) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDj). (NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm )
I-
ifi .... lJ .... It ~ lJ
0
~ . l: a ~
i I/)
X a:
I-
ffi .... lJ .... ~ 0 lJ
0
~ . a
§
i I/)
x a:
.225 -
.175
.125
.075
.025 -
.000
FIG.
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
.000
a
, +
)(
X It
+ a v
v v
• + It + ,
a
x v
II
a
4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDa)
5.36 (a) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDa)
x
It
+ a
v v It , +
4.00
a
, +
v
B.OO
( NOZZLE:
x
+ ,
v
Do - 25 mm • L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
Ua em/s) U12
/2g em) x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 a - 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 f - 9.0-9.2 I 6.3-6.6 It - 11.0-11.2 B.2-B.7 v - 13.0-1S.1 I 10.6-11.2 + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
a
x
I a x
24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.36~) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
I-
ffi ~ l.:I ~
It IU 0 l.:I
0
~ ... Q l.:I
§
i ~ ~ )(
~
I-
ffi ~ l.:I ~
It ~ l.:I
0 < ... ~ [:}
§ U) U)
~ ~ X ~ )(
~
X
.700
v +
0
.500 ~ , 0
M
v , 0
, M
+ .300 II
t v
x
" 0 .100
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
FIG. 5.37 (a) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm • L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
X
.700 Uo Im/s) U12
/29 1m) X - 5.0-5.3 3.3-3.7
v o - 6.9-7.3 4.7-4.9 + f - 9.0-9.2 6.3-6.6
0 II - 11.0-11.2 B.2-B.7 + x v - 13.0-13.1 10.6-11.2 .500 0 f
+ - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3 If 0
V ,
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS II ,
+
.300 If +v v
x
If I x 0
.100
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (Y fDi)
FIG. 5.37 (bJ CENTRE LINE MAXIMU/4 PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm J
... ffi .... u .... It IJJ 0 U
Q
~ I
a IJJ § U)
fa If
~ ~ ~
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
v a
+
,
4.00
+ v If
,
a
x
B.OO
Uo (m/s) U12
/2g (m) x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 I a - 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 f - 9.0-9.2 I
6.3-6.6 I I
II - 11.0-11.2 I B.2-B.7 I v - 13.0-13.1 I 10.6-11.2 + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
+
V
II , + a
x v
I
12.0 16.0 20.0 POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
.700
.500
.300
.100
FIG. 5.38~) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
v
+
+ v
If X
a
,
#
+
a
v x
If
o v x ,
a
.000 4.00 12.0
PDOL
FIG. 5.3B(b) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDj) ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
1 £;7
x
01 01
~ ~ 1\1 1\1 ..... .....
:::, :::,
...... ...... )( c: III ..... ! !
0 0 ~
~ ~ l- I-II II ~ i ~ ...... ...... 0 0
~ ~ :r :.:
1.20
.800
.400
• f II
, + o M
x
If
I + v
o
x
•
t
v
, ~ ~
a. z -.000 -J -J ~ i! I-0 ~ I-
..... ..... co ~ ~ ......
1\1 1\1 ... .... ;:, :::,
...... ...... )( c: III .... ! !
0 0
~ ~ l- I-II II
~ ~
z !f f-1 f-1
...... ...... 0 0
~ ~ :.:
~ 2: f-1 Z
-J -J
i! i! ~ ~
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0
(YIDo)
1.20
.800
.400
-.000
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 5.39~} CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo). (NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm. L - 20j8 - 24j8 mm )
t 0 Uo em/a) U12 /2g (m) , x - 5.0-5.3 3.3-3.7 v If
If tv x o - 6.9-7.3 4.7-4.9 , 0 x f - 9.0-9.2 6.3-6.6
+ If - U.0-11.2 8.2-8.7 v v - 13.0-13.1 10.6-11 .2
+ - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
If , LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
0
I +
v x + 0 If ,
X Vlt 0
+v It , ! v +d' If • I x 0 X
X X
.000 4.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.39 (b) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDi) . ( NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm • L - 2018 - 2418 mm J
1 c: C
01 01
~ ~ III III
~ .... .... ::;, ::;, 1.20 "'- "'-
f * ~ $
>- >-I I
!l + >c c: IQ .... ~ ~
.800
v
Q Q
~ ~ • l- I-U u
i i .... .... .400 "'- "'-
, 0 +
+ v
Q Q
~ ~ :r ~
x »
¥ R ~ -t 2:
I
~ ~ -.000 x 0 ~ U U .... .... X X -t -t s: s: Q Q
01 01
~ ~ III III .... .... ::;, ::;,
"'- "'-
>- >-I I )( c: IQ .... ~ ~ Q 0 -t -t
~ ~ l- I-U u
i -t g; .... .... "'- "'-0 0 -t ~ ~ :r ~
2:
~ .... X
U U .... .... X X
~ ~ Q Q
.000
FIG.
1.20
.800
.400
-.000
.000
x x
4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDo)
5.40 (a) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo). (NOZZLE: Do - 25 mm, L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
+ 0 Uo (m/s) U12
/2g 1m) x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 I o - 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 , - 9,0-9.2 6.3-6.6 M - 11.0-11.2 I 8.2-8.7 I
v I * * +v X ,
0 x + v - 13.0-13.1 I 10.6-11.2 + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
v
* I LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
, 0 +
+ v x
# v* 0
+I
+v * o x #
+ * I v x Ov ~ x
# x o x
4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDj)
FIG. 5.40~) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATID WITH (YIDi). (NDZZLE: Do - 25 mm, L - 2018 - 2418 mm )
1~Q
.... ~ lot u lot
~ 0 U
0
~ . 8-
IU ~ II)
f3 If II)
X
a:
.... ffi lot u lot
It 0+-
~ 8-U
0
"" !i! §
~ >c ~
.... ~ ... u ... ~ I
0 8-u 0
~ IU §
m If z ... X
·225 0
x x - L - 5j3 - 913 mm lP o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
0
X 0
0
.135 0 0 X x
x X 0 0 00 x 0
0
0
.045 XQ( X X 0 X 0 X ~ X Ox X x 0 0
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
.600
.200
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Oi)
FIG. 5.41(a) R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
0
x - L - 513 - 913 mm
0 o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
X X A
0 0 X 0
0
lb 0 0
0 0
0 X X~ X 0
X x X 0
~ 0 0
xX X S! X
X X
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 20.0 24.0
.600
.200
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.41 (b) MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
0
0
X o
X
0
X X
o 0
0 0
Xx
X
o
X
X 0 X
o
o
o X
0( X
x - L - 513 - 913 mm o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
x
o o o X X X X o
X
o
.000 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Dj)
FIG. 5.41 (c) MIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
..... ..... 01 til
0
1\1 1\1
111'111' 1. 20 0 0
0 8 K - L - 513 - 913 mm .... .... 0 X
RX ::I ::I o - L - 2018 - 2418 mm 0 0 , , x x
xX x )( C III ....
X 0
! ! x
.BOO 0 0 0 0
~ ~ x 0
l- I- 0( U U
"" "" x x x
i i CJc
x .... .... .400 Xx X 0 X , , o X 0 Ox 0
0 0 X X 0
~ ~ 00 X
o 0 X X X X
l'b X X • X X ~ X
~ ;c: 0 D oX 0 0
~ 0 X ell 0 .... X -.000 0
..J ..J
~ ~ ~ ~
4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 .000 POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.42 (a) TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
01 til
~ ~ 0 III III .... ....
1.20 0 0 x - L - 513 - 913 mm ::I ::I 0 0 , , x o 0
.,px a - L - 2018 - 2418 mm
"> "> XX x x 0 0
I I )( C X III .... 0
! ! x
.BOO x
0 0
"" "" 0 ~ ~ x 0
l- I-0( 0 u u
"" i i x .... .... .400 Xx , , IX X X X
0 0 o X 0
"" ~ 00 0 OX
~ X X X 0 0 x
X 0 0 ~ ;c: 0 x X Xo ~ .... 0 x cP
is x x • oX x n. X -.000 0
x X X
0 0 u u 0 x 0 .... .... X X
~ "" s: .000 16.0 20.0 24.0 0 0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.42 (b) DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR 25 mm NOZZLE FOR THE TWO DIFFERENT FALL LENGTHS
1 t.1
II)
x a:
... ffi .... lJ .... It III 0 lJ
0
~ l1J
~ II)
~ Q.
:.c "' x
+ &
.250-
.150
.050
.000
If If
* J'O
0' xf°~: , +
*
'
x x"o, ... v * +* XOIf+ Xr
* + X + ~ o *'V V,
CIt- V V, + +V + +
o J Xo Oy , , " + o 'x
o * It ,.M~ OIX
X/X / if "
4.00 B.OO 12.0
+ V V +
*
V + + V V
V V ¥
16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
+
24.0
(Y/Di)
FIG. 5.43(a) R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
1.00 *
I o * * 0 +
# *1 * If * # 0 # I
.600 I' x x'O x * +If ,~v t
0* +X +o~ V , + + 0 0 IE~ *V+ +
o i x+ ,
+ V;e V + o 0 O,.M~ It , V V V +
.200 ¥ + }/~ V~ V , V + V V
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Di)
FIG. 5.43 (b) MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
1.00 - LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
.600
.200
X - Do - 78 mm. L - 725 - 1125 mm o - Do - 78 mm. L - 2230 - 2630 mm I - Do - 52.5 mm. L - 620 - 1020 mm 1/ - Do - 52. 5 mm. L - 2126 - 2526 mm v - Do - 25 mm. L - 513 - 913 mm + - Do - 25 mm. L - 2018 - 2418 mm
* + ,., * V V..., V f(
+ + + V V
V
+
.000 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 5.43 (e) MIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
1.60
1.20
o Q
~ ~ .BOO
.... .... I..) I..)
~ ~ " " .400 o Q
~ ~ ~ :z ~ ...
% -.000 -J -J
~ ~ ~ ~
v + v ,
+ +
v
,
+
v i;, v v
+
v II V
V +
+ + v v v
+ v ¥- v
v
+ v +
v
+ v
+
.000 4.00 B.OO 16.0 20.0 24.0
(Y/Di)
5:' >: I I )( c: IQ ...
! !
I..) I..) ... ...
1.60
1.20
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.44 (II) TOTAL PEAK AND HINIMUH HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
OM I, +
V
+
II
II
, +
v
LEGEND AS FIG. 5.43
M
+
i;, V V V +
+ +V V
V
V ¥
V +
V
V
+
+ % ~ ~ ~ .000 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 4.00 o 0 POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
FIG. 5.44(b) DYNAMIC PEAK AND HINIHUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND FALL LENGTHS
1L.':l
... ~ ..... u ..... 1L.
~ u a
~ IU
~ 8-III III
~ 11.
III
:I:
a:
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
V If , x
v + If
*
o
x
+
v
* A + l(
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0
(YIDa) POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 5.45~) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDa) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
v Ua Im/s) ... .225-
U12/29 1m)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1.6-1.8 ~ u .....
+ If o -, -
I 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.B I
6.9-7.3 I 3.5-4.0 I
I It 8 .175-If - B.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 I v - 10.8-11.2 I 7.3-7.4
I
a
~
III
:£
a:
+ - 12.9-13.0 I 9.6-10.1 + a
v 0
.125 If , + LEGEND FOA BOTH GRAPHS
x
v .075
x
v o x x .025
I o
.000 24.0 32.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DjJ
FIG. 5.45~) CENTRE LINE R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YID1) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - j020 - j420 mm J
11..1.
·900 -I-
ifi + a
>-4 u >-4
~ .700 • v
0 +
* II U
0 V + 'III:
~ II
+ II I
~ B- .500 -II) a ffi f v
I ~ .300-:z >-4 >c a ~
II x
.100 it
.000 41.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER (YIDa)
FIG. 5.46 (a) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( ORIFICE: Do-25mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
.900 -
I-
~ u
Ua em/5) Ui 2/2g em) + x - 3.0-3.4 1.6-1.8 a
a - 5.3-5.4 2.4-2.8
~ .700
u
v , - 6.9-7.3 3.5-4.0 If f
If - 8.9-9.0 5.1-5.4 + + II X V - 10.8-11.2 7.3-7.4 o
~ +' ~ 8- .500
I
v + v x + - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1
II * LEGEND FDA BOTH GRAPHS a
I v
.300
a
x .100
, a x
.000 8.00 16.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.46 (b) CENTRE LINE MAXIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
.... ffi ~ lJ ~
It w 0 lJ
0
~ UJ
I
~ B-U)
fa If ~ X >-I ~ >-I X
.... ffi >-I lJ >-I
It IU 0 lJ
0
~ IU
I
~ B-U) U)
~ X ::l X >-I Z >-I ::E
f
.700
~ +
V
.500
If
* .300 x 0
+ x
~ x . 100 • i
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0
POOL DEPTH I OUTLET DIAMETER
FIG. 5.47 (a) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDo) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm • L - j020 - j420 mm )
-Nil
.700
* ~ Uo (m/s) Ui 2/2g (m)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1. 6-1. 8 I 0 - 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.B I , - 6.9-7.3 I
3.5-4.0 I I
V
.500
If - 8.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 I v - 10.8-11.2 I 7.3-7.4 + - 12.9-13.0 I 9.6-10.1
If LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
, .300 x
0
+ v x x x If
'+ 0 0 v
If * .100
.000 B.OO 16.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.47~) CENTRE LINE MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT WITH (YIDi) ( ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
...... ...... Co Co
'" '" 111'111' ... ..... ::;, ::;, , , >< c: III .... ~ ~
0 0 ~
~ ~
~ .... .... II II ~
~ ! .... , , 0 0
~ ~ :z: :..:
~ ~ a. X
..J ..J
~ ~ ~ 0 ....
CI 01
'" '" 111'111' .... .... ::l ::l , , )< c: III .... ~ ~
0 0
~ ~ .... .... II II
~ ~
i .... .... , , 0 0
~ ~ :z: :z: :..:
2:
~ .... X
..J ..J
~ ~ 0 0 .... ....
1.40
1.00
.600
.200
.000
FIG.
1. 40
1.00
.600
.200
.000
5. 4B (a)
, +
o
+ If , D
x
,
+ , x
+
V
M
*
D
X
• 12.0 16.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
+
v
x
x j ..
20.0
(YIDo)
CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDo). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 3,020 - 3,420 mm )
UD (m/5) Ui 2/29 (m)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1.6-1.B I 0 - 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.8 I
I - 6.9-7.3 I
3.5-4.0 I I
M - 8.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 I V M * D
V - 10.8-11.2 I 7.3-7.4
+ - 12.9-13.0 I 9.6-10.1 +
x v x LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
v
0 x X
D M , , X
v* 0 M' D
+ +v X +v * D
M ~+ OM X V
B.OO 16.0 24.0 32.0
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.4B~) CENTRE LINE TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (YIDi). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
o 0
~ ~ I- lII II
~ ~
1. 60
1.20
.BOO
" " .400
o 0
~ ~ I- lII II
~ ~
1.60
1.20
.BOO
+ K , o
x
, , *
4.00
+
II •
x
B.OO
+
v
,
o
x
• o x
12.0 16.0
POOL DEPTH / OUTLET DIAMETER
+
v
20.0
(Y/Do)
FIG. 5.49(a) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (Y/Do). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
+ vI! , +
o V If,
+
x
o
v
I! x + ,
v
Uo em/5) U12/2Q em)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1.6-1. B I o - 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.B I , - 6.9-7.3 I
3.5-4.0 I I
If - B.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 I v - 10. B-11.2 I 7.3-7.4 + - 12.9-13.0 I 9.6-10.1
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
" " .400-0 , I!
0 , X 0 X vI! II ,
0 + +v x + V If 'x+ V II 0 * 0
x x
B.OO 16.0 24.0 32.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Dj)
FIG. 5.49(b) CENTRE LINE DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM PRESSURE HEAD RATIO WITH (Y/DJ). (ORIFICE: Do - 25 mm. L - 1020 - 1420 mm )
I/)
x IX:
.... ifi .... u ....
~ u 0
~ ~ II)
i >< ~
.... ~ u .... ~ 0 tJ
0
~ ~
i ::z .... :z
+ 8
I
8
.250 - x x
.150
.050
o
o o
~
x x
\>fC xXxlx ~
X
xd' Xx X X X X X X
o 0 Xx x X xx X 0 X X X X X o~
X x'l<x X X >x X x
x X X
x
X ~ Xx\ X X X xOx X X X X X X It
XC,*, I~ XIX
jf "
o x >k
LEGEND FOR ALL GRAPHS
x - ALL NOZZLES o - 25 mm ORIFICE
x
x x °xo X
X 0 X
4---+-~r--+--~--~--+---r-~---+--~--+---r--~ .000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
1.00
.600
.200
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.50~) COMPARISON OF R.M.S. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
X
X X X X
X o OX X
X X~ X
0 X X ~ 0 X X X
0 ., ,*x X 0 XX 0 X X X 0
o x* x Ie X X 0 X X XxX X X X
0
X 0 X f Ox XX x'S<
X 0 X Xx X X
X X;' X X X x x X)( X X X X ox ,lx /' ~ Xx
~/~ 0
~ X
X X
(YIDJ)
X
0
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0
1. 00
.600
.200
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DJ)
FIG. 5.50(0) COMPARISON OF MAX. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
X
X
X'" X
.000 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DJ)
FIG. 5.50{C) COMPARISON OF MIN. PRESSURE HEAD COEFFICIENT AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
169
01 01 C\I C\I N' N' ........ :J :J , , I( C III ....
% ~ o 0
1. 60
1. 20
~ ~ .BOO
I- I-Col Col
~ ~ , , .400
2: .... X -.000
x
x
x
x
x
o X 0 0
X
X
IX x X
x
x
o X
LEGEND FOR BOTH GRAPHS
X - ALL NOZZLES o - 25 mm ORIFICE
o X
X a x x X
X
~ x o X
x
X
o x
o x
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
(YIDi)
1.60
Col Col .... ....
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
FIG. 5.5j(a) COMPARISON OF TOTAL PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NOZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
x
x
x X o
X x a o
x
x
>sc x X
X
x
x
o
x
x •
x
X
ox
o x
X ~ ~ ~ .000 4.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 8.00 o 0 POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (YIDi)
FIG. 5.51 (b) COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC PEAK AND MINIMUM HEAD AGAINST PLUNGE POOL DEPTH FOR ALL NDZZLES AND 25 mm ORIFICE
171\
U) I-
ffi ~ 0 ~
.... ::>-
..,J I-.... I-t -.I I-t m ~ m 0 a: Q
8.00
KURTOSIS 0
6.00-+- I 0
4.00
2.001 .JV"0
~ SKEWNESS
I 0
.000- - - - - - --.- - - - - - - - - - -
-2.00 I I I 1--+-2.00 6.00 10.0 14.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT OIA.
- -
I 18.0
-
( Y /Di )
Fig. 5.52 SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS WITH PLUNGE POOL DEPTH ( Ui2 /2g = 4.7-5.6 )
~
..J
..,)
.800-.- it p)
(A) NORMAL DISTHTBUTION
.600
o
00
.~oo
.200
o o
o
f(P)= _1 e.ffi
.000 I~a I I o~ 10 "'I""'" I .000 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
...... a. ........ -
19 o -I
PRESSIJR£ HEAD (N)
.000-"
0 0 0 0
o 0 0 ODOOOOoO
o 0 Do gO 0 0
(B)
_l/ -4.00"'-o 0 0
00 a 0 DOu O o
o
-6.00-
0" DATA POINTS
-8.00 I I I I 1.50 2.50 3.50 4.50
PRESSIRE HEAD (H)
5.50
Fig. 5.53 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS
AT CENTRAL MEASUREMENT POINT COMPARED WITH NORMAL OISTHIBUTION
- 2 ( h-Hm) 2d2
Ui 2/29 ~ 6.35 m
Y/Di = 11. 4
Fiin = 1. 4810 m
Cp' 0.0755
SKEWNESS ~ 1. 211 7
KUfHOSIS = !j. 8017
TABLES & FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 6
...
.J :--
Do (mm)
78
78
52.5
52.5
25
25
ori fice 25
Notes
LlLB
L Uo Uo (mm)
3 m/s 5 m/s
725-1125 0.09-0.14 0.06-0.10
2230-2630 0.27-0.32 0.20-0.23
620-1020 0.11-0.18 0.08-0.13
2126-2526 0.37-0.44 0.27-0.32
513-913 0.17-0.31 0.13-0.22
2018-2418 0.68-0.82 0.49-0.59
970-1370* 0.42-0.59 0.36-0.51
(i) LB - 41.2 Uo O.62S Do0.g - Nozzles
(ii) LB = 16.1 UO O. 31 Do°·62 - Orifice
(McKeogh, 3% Tu)
Uo 7 m/s
0.05-0.8
0.16-0.19
0.06-0.10
0.22-0.26
0.10-0.18
0.4-0.48
0.32-0.46
(iii) * - Droplength from Vena Contracta.
Uo 9 m/s
0.04-0.07
0.14-0.16
0.05-0.09
0.18-0.22
0.09-0.16
0.34-0.41
0.3-0.42 --
Table 6.1 Estimated ratios of L/LB for nozzles and orifice.
Uo Uo 11 m/s 13 m/s
0.04-0.06 0.035-0.055
0.12-0.14 0.11-0.13
0.05-0.08 0.04-0.07
0.16-0.19 0.15-0.175
-0.08-0.14 0.07-0.12
0.3-0.36 0.27-0.33
0.28-0.40 0.27-0.38
.. ,J n
Ci (Initial mean air concentration)
Do L Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo (mm) (mm) Uo
3 mls 5 mls 7 mls 9 mls 11 mls 13 mls
78 725-1125 0.19-0.26 0.24-0.30 0.27-0.33 0.296-0.35 0.31-0.36 0.32-0.37
78 2230-2630 0.39-0.42 0.40-0.43 0.425-0.45 0.44-0.46 0.45-0.47 0.46-0.48
52.5 620-1020 0.19-0.28 0.26-0.33 0.296-0.36 0.32-0.38 0.34-0.40 0.35-0.41
52.5 2126-2526 0.42-0.46 0.45-0.48 0.47-0.49 0.48-0.5 0.49-0.52 0.50-0.525
25 513-913 0.22-0.34 0.31-0.40 0.36-0.43 0.38-0.46 0.40-0.47 0.41-0.48
25 2018-2418 0.53-0.56 0.55-0.58 0.57-0.59 0.58-0.6 0.59-0.61 0.59-0.62
ori fice 25 970-1370 0.6-0.65 0.61-0.66 0.62-0.66 0.63-0.67 0.63-0.67 0.63-0.673
-- ---~ --- -- - ------ -----_.
Notes : (i) Ci = (ji/(1+(ji) (iii) Umin = 3m/s (nozzles)
Umin = Imls (orifice)
(vi) K = 0.2 (nozzles)
(ii) (ji = K (L/Do)1/ 2 (l-Umin/Ui)
K - 0.3 (orifice)
Table 6.2 Initial air concentrations in plunge pool.
I
I
\ Air lwater \
jet v' ~
+-~q(d r \ u \
d \+-Outer edge \ of jet , I
Fi g. 6,' GROWTH OF SURFACE DISTURBANCES (Ervine & Falvey)
Nozzle
Water
1
Fig.6·2 GROWTH OF SURFACE DISTURBANCES.
( Hecker)
176
r-'" ...
Jet helical swirl
Fig.6·3 GROWTH OF SURFACE DISTURBANCES.
( Hoy t )
\
,~ \ Solid jet core \ \
~ = ~w I Air , Q < Qw Plunge pool I ~
-~ de ;../ ~
di
Normal probability distribu tion of encountering water
~
fig.6·4 IDEALISATION Of JET CONDITION AT IMPACT
Atmosphere
Plunge pool
Fig.6·S CONDITIONS IN PLUNGE POOL FOR IMPINGING TURBULENT JET
177
Water
1.00
Q -\: \ x -AU nozzles ~ ~: ~~ "x v a - 25 mm orifice I-
~ .800 Q ~ 01 ~ (\J
,,~
~:s .600
J: "
~ ~ t .. Xo ~ x~ ~ ~ xx O ~ >- Ie:· 400 x X
Q ~ X X <::
~ ~
.200
-.000
.000 4.00 8.00
x x
12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
o
x
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Di)
Fig.6·6 COMPARISON OF MEAN DYNAMIC HEAD VALUES WITH SUBMERGED JET CASE
Mal W 5 - £1 ~'::--L
Top of octlr' cons,rreMn spoc/! - £1 7160 -..L~_
-£1 7168 92
: " I
- I -'" . I .
r~Got' hOist U £1, 716',"
" '
" Gate "fer,nee plan, I I
"
<,:
, , .
, . '" .
• '. ".: .?
..... , "
" "
I' 'i , '
.:>, I, . ! ~.
"
I"'--~ £1, "38,'0
, ' r . .. • •• ciI'. ~ .:
..... 4,'. , •.
, ' Alis of dam ' ' , ' ot ( bIDet ',;,
. " .. " , "
, .
WeD ther door
Fig.6'7 DETAIL OF MORROW POINT OUTLET STRUCTURE
Shearing vortices
. '. Recirculating
eddy ", Sluice
Y' ~ ':::" gate , " 0' ... . .. . ,~, .. ~:. ,~, '~:\:;).::
Lower boundary layer
Fi g. 6· 8 EFFECT OF PARTIALLY OPEN SLUICE GATE
179
~
(])
0
. u.s. B.R. TEST
~ 1 Orifice plute 5 + Half angle of jet spread with no upstream / flow struightener
0/0
It u 4 t 62/ L 0/0
3 + Y • • U.S.B.R. TEST Orifice plate
/1+ with upstream flow s trai gh tener
2 + / . )l( u 0
1
o --r-+- -+-+- -____ t +
o 5 10 15 20 25 30
Jet velocity u (m/s) II U
Fig.60 9 Degree of jet spread in the atmosphere with outlet condition
Univ. of Glasgow Lon 9 smooth nozzle wi th ups trea.m flow stra.ightener
Velocity components
l
Turbulence /. \-dis tri bu tion \ / ExternQI profile
[%] \ L
19 \ \ \ \
\ I \
lUi \
I
Ie Oi ~I
-
Fig.6·10 JET SPREADING CONCEPT (Bo.sis of co.lculo.tions)
Ul1
100
80
60
40
20
o
Ca1cula ted Oi (mm)
o 20 40 60
,- Do=7Bmm I L=725-1125mm
.- Do=52·5mm,L=620-1020mm
+ - 00= 25 mm , L= 513- 913 mm
Measured Oi (mm)
80 100 120
£ - 00=78 mm I L:2230-2630 mr
0- 00=52·5 mm, L= 2126 - 2526 mn
X - Oo=25mm IL=201S-2418 mJ
c - Orifice I L: 1020 -1420 mm
Fi g. 6·11 Comparison of measured and calcuta te d je t diome ter
at impac t.
182
Vi
L
Plunge pool surface
Core Diffused region
Fig.6·12 Spreading jet condi tion at various cross sections.
L1
R
.. I I~ rc r
P (r ) = e -U r- rc )21 [2d 2 J
Fig. 6·13 Probability of encountering water outwith solid core and notation.
183
Fig.6·14 Condition of plunging jet once core has diminished.
10
20
30
40
50
LB60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Pic ture of profile Flow: 0·00245 m3/s
Dia. : O' 025 m Tu. : 1 0/0
1
I I I I I I I
!~ , I , I I , I I I I I
2 rc/Ro
R/Ro
/ Jet contraction due to gray i ty and continui ty only
R ~/Ro
Fig.6·15 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF CORE DIAMETER CALCULATION.
1A/.
3
-CJ) U1
,.'\
H
I
La (m)
12
10
8
6
4
2
Tu -x- Mckeogh (0'3°,:, 1°'~ 3% as noted) [O;=2Smm] ---e--- Au thor (0-30
,:, 1°/~ 3% as no ~e d)
Chen and Davi s+
--A-- Baron ./
_____ ....--- _-7,co -0.30/ T
/"" ...- ____ /. 0 U ·····0······· Average of methods
,,/'/ ."" O' 30
/0 Tu /' ........ ··0····
.r .........
/ / II -l%Tu
marked thus +
-30f0Tu
-- - - --e--10f0Tu
o r > Uo (m/s) o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Fig.6·16 Comparison of jet break-up lengths.
LB/Do
150
100
SO
0
0
.-. Mckeogh's experimental curves for Uo = 4 m/s
Au thor's theoretical X-X model
Baron
I ncreasin g Flow (Uo=4 m/s)
goes to zero
---]-Baron's theory
2·5 5
Long. Tu °/0
7·5 U'/Uo
Fig.6·17 Jet break-up length with turbulence intensity
186
Lencistre [ x-x Y J b = 0 .-. YJ b = 5·7 j-j YJ b = 10·6
H.R. Ltd. - ,---, YJ 0 = 8' 7 I Ui2J 2g = 2· 63
Author1s centre line values [Ref. Fig.4·3(b)]
* -YJDo =1'28 I • - Y/ Do =2·56 - YJDo=1·3-6·4 ... - YJ Do =4·49 Range of
0·8
..,. - YI Do =6·41 author1s data at radial 0·4-
O:-Jt~~~==~~~~~~~~'~~~~J~~IOrc_~t_io~n_s~RP/b Rp/Do
1·0
I o
I 1
I 2 3
Fi g. 6·18 Comparison of radial variation of mean dynamic pressures for plunging jet impingement.
Nozzle to surface} spacing (Y I Oi ) N.A.S.A. (TND-56 90)
x-x 4
- .-. 7 A-j 20
0·8 -
0·6 - Author's data values
* - Y/Di = 1·48 0·4 - [Ref. Fig.4·4(b)]
0·2 -
0
.. -Y/Di=2'92
.. -Y/Di= 5
..,. - YI Di = 7 -1==~=:::~~~~;;!::~=='_......-JIE=--!R1P/Di
0 I 1
I 2
Fi g. 6·19 Mean dynamic pres sure head variation wHh radius
compared wi th sUbmerged jet values.
187
1-0
0-8
0-6
0-4
0·2
o o
Hm-Y Hs
,
N.A.S.A. data as Fig.6·19
Kamoi and Tanaka:- + - + YI b = 8 (Slot)
Author1s data values (Fig.4-4 )
* -YI Oi =1-15 - ,·48 .. -Y/Oi= 6-6-44
Rp/Oi
2 3
Fig. 6·20 (a) Mean dynamit pressure head relative to centre line value wi th Rp/Di.
,·0
0·8
0·6
0·4
0-2
o o
'Hm-Y Hs
0·1
N.A.S.A. da ta as Fi g. 6·19 (Combined with slot jet volues-Y/b= 8)
Do to values (Fi g. 4·4 ) * -Y/Di = 4·1-5 .. -Y/Oi= 6-7
0·2
Rp/Y
0·3
Fig_ 6'20(b) Mean dynamic pressure head relative to centre
line value wi th Rp/Y.
188
1-0
0-8
0-6
0-4
0-2
o o
Fim-Y Hs
1
Data values (Fig.4-4)
* -Y/Di=1-15-1·75 .. - YI Di = 2-32- 3-45
2
Rp/Di
3
Fig. 6-21 (a) Expressions for radial distribution of mean dynamic
pressure head_ (Y = 100 and 200 mm)
1- 0
0-8
0-6
0-4-
0·2
o o
Hm-Y Hs
0·' 0·2
Data values (Fig_4·4) .
* - Y/Di=4·1-5 +-Y/Di=6-7
Rp/Y
0·3
Fig. 6·21 (b) Expressions for radial distribution of mean dynamic
pressure head. tY: 350 and 500 mm)
189
.... o :>
a
~ lII
~ I-t 01
C\J ,,~ a .... ~ ::,
~ " l.l --.. I-t >-: ~
~ >-IE Cl ~ <= ~ ~
1.00
.800 limi ts of Hausler's data
. (Oo=40,60&90mm,L=1·3m)
.600
.400 X,D - Author's data (Ref. Fig.4.23(b))
.200
x o -.000
x
.000 4.00 8.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
Fig.6·22 Comparison of centre line mean dynamic pressure head results
with Htiusler~ data.
-a C) ....
a ~ J: ..-. t.l
~ I-f 01
C\.I "-~ a "P1 ~ ::;,
~ "~ ~ ~ ~ I :::z: )-I E a ~ :::z: ~ ~
1.00
.600
.400
.200
-.000
.000
x
t-+ - Lencastre's data (Slot jet)
I - Morrow Point (Prototype) data
x
-,.-I 0 I x
_L
-T-I - H.RLtd. data (Slot jet) _1_
X,D -Author's data (Ref. Fig.4.23(b))
x x x
x
16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y /Di)
Fig. 6· 23 Comparison of centre line mean dynamic pressure head results
with Lenca.stre's data. etc.
..... o ..,
'"
~ <t rI1 :: .999
~
'" ::> , .799
~ <t ~ :: .590 o .... E <t z: )c .399 ~
z: <t ~ E .190
~ ;p X~:O oX
)( - L/Lb < 9.29
o - 0.2 < L/Lb < 0.6
o X~~ \ Fig.6·24 Mean dynamic pressure head
:at< 'II \ variation wi th plunge pool depth 'JCP 'i 0 \ at various L/Lb ratios.
x~ 00\ Circular submerged jet
"'5lX~ \, /
~t~~~ )0( f)X g. X
fJ 0 0
g ~~
)(
~o-~ Xo 00 0 XOIh X 0 0 00 o 0 U'"
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
"0 o cu
..r:::. ~ -u a -~ ...... "0 o OJ
..r:::. 1...1
E d c: ~ "0
c: 'I;j OJ
L
'-0
o-a
0-6
0-4
0-2
o o
~ Submerged slot jet
----"""-... '"
~ (Albertson)
.......... / ........................................
Fi t of rec tangular jet data "",,-""'-(Castillo :-L/Ls=O·65-0·65) " __ _
2-5 7-5 12-5 17-5
(YI Oi )
22.5 [h/Bl
. Fig.6-2S Comparison of mean dynamic head for rectangular jet (L/Ls= 0-65-0-85) \lith submerged slot jet case_
~
..0 ::-
Q « ~ :z::
~ ~ ::>
.990
, .190
~ « ~ :z:: (,) .590 to4
:E <r:: Z )t ~ .399
z (C
~ :E .199
9.19 < Ci < 9.40 + Cb°lr~o ~~+,
x -() - 9. 49 < C i < 9.50
+ Xv.o+ \ X ')f:O '
X
X \ + - 9.59 < Ci < 9.10 +, -\
)( 10 1i, \ \ fig _ 6-26 Mean dynamic eressure head
)0(1" ~ 8 t) \~ variation with plunge pool depth o X I~ at various air concentrations . .x& '.f)
,.. XXh \ >< Circular submerged jet values f( ~, ~\ (f ,
., + \ .. lt~. 0 «Ci = 29:1. \ )0(, X~ . ~
Ci = 79:1. ., t ...v 0 .... . ----ICi = 59,. . ~~ .... ~
---:», , -0 ..... 9-- ~ ..... ~ ... /...~ ....... + 0....... L.-'" '-.- "'3~::""~o."" __ -~
-+ - .... - ::I- -"1! - - X + --------+
POOL DEPTH I IMPACT DIAMETER (V~Di)
FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 7
1Q~
0·08 DEVELOPED Fr. • 5-98
0·06 Cpl
0·04
0-02
o 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Fi g. 7·1 RMS pressure fluctuation ((pi) versus position in the
hydraulic jump {Toso].
0·12
0·10
o-os
0·06
0·04
0·02 Rouse et ale - Fr1 = 6
ViI IU,
X/Y1 o -+----~ ____ ~ ____ _L ____ _L ____ ~ ____ ~_
24 4 8 12 16 20 .
Fig. 7·2 Components of turbulent velocity in hydraulic jump {Rousel
---Flow --u,
Pressure pulse
Fig. 7· 3 Large scale flow s.tructures in the hydraulic jump.
2 2 C 0 -N
X ""'-"" I-t.a..
It) 0 0 , 0 2 - E Ref. X IY1 w 0 C H} ~ t- O 10·4 Fr.=6 z C) E 17·2 ~ 0
0 8 16 24 FREQUENCY (HZ)
Fig.7·4 Power Spec tra versus location in hydraulic jump. ( Toso )
--- FLOW
y
Ur = 0 at this point
'.2 , Fig.7·S Recirculation Velocity
0.5 ~--r---"-T--""-----"":'---r---"-----r--'---"
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
o 0···
~ ••• ,. D... NEGATIVE ..... ~ 0 •••••• ~ FLUCTUATIONS
". O '. o _ ••
0 ·•·· '. .... 0 '·0 o 0 ". '. '. -··8
POSITIVE ••••
O~~~----L---~--~~--~--~----~--~
o 4 8 . 12 16
X/Y1
20 24 28 32
Fi g. 7, 6 Maximum pressure fluctuations beneath hydraulic jump. [ Toso 1 .
Q Falling t water
,-, droplet
l < < < Q < Sptld <s~rfa(e
Pressure AM pulse ~ ean
( a)
Flow
Pressure pulse at
A
__ \+--+-C __ Mean
V ( b)
Fig.7·7 Situations for cause of pressure flue tuations.
198
droplet ejec ted from roller
\
roller ) ~ ... _//~
-...---,---- - -~ --..I _ _ _ ~ _ :) -~- ~ expansion
..> ---...: -If!' .;J ................
,.)
Max. production Xfl2= 1
Max. convection X/~=1·5
Max. dissipation X/Y2 c!2
fig.7·S Mechanisms for fluctuations in hydraulic jumps.
III
:i a:
x X 0 X
0 X X x - ALL NOZZLES
o - 2S mm ORIFICE 0
x x
X>sc x x x
x X l)( X
Xx )( x x x x It
~ ,x I'
l I(
x
x
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
Fig.7·9 Mean value of je~ centre line r.m.s. pressure fluctuations.
1QQ
E o '-
4-
u. ~!~ .' \ Iy
, \. \ .
Intensi ty
/ /
/ /
/~ --.Jl~ \ --=;;;F"/ \7""1
!mpinging I \ ~ Y free Jet / \ Mckeogh
Submerged )/ free jt?t Corrsin Fig_ 7-10 Turbulence intensity along
4Di
y
jet centre line.
Ui l jet
I
luO'" . t I +
4 \ \
1
large scale eddies
Fig.7·11 Vortex structures 10 plunge pool.
__________ 200 __ _
Ui -y
o o
o
5
10
20 Xx
X 30
x
40
45
Dominon t frequency (Hz)
5
X
X
x X
10
X - Exp. results
0- Morrow Pain t
x X
Prototype
15
fOOM = 0·25 JJl / y
x x
Fig.7·12 Relation of dominant frequency wi th Ui IY .
__ __ lQt_. __ . _______ . _______ -----
Cp
0·8
/ Cp+
0·6 Cp-
\: ........ , , I, \
:' I ... \
! / .... \
Averaged values of pre ssure C oe ffic ien ~ s
0·4
0·2
: I '. \ .: I ... \ : '. \
:,: I ..... \ ./ 3.Cp' . I . '\ ~
./ / ..... \ / .... / ". , . . "-
.' / --.... .... "-" " .. ........... I. // /'...... ..... ........_--. / Cpl/" ............ - ...... ---" -- .......
/ ----~~ o
o 4 Y/Di 8 12 16 20
Fi g. 7·13 Comparison of maximum and minimum instan taneous fluctuations in plunge pool wi th Cpl.
I~I ~'II------...........
. :, " I 't 1'1 I . \ , I \
'1 i ' I 'l I I \
_ ... ~ I "-_ I -
" " "" '" '"'''' "
Fig.7·14 Recirculating eddy at boundary.
Ui Vertical
Flow
1 I /\
I I \
Core 1/0 \ Y/Di=4
Y/Di> 4 I A
!, I "'-
Jet centre line
Fig.7·15 Predominant anti-clockwise eddies
Ui l !.J ~i.: ...... :ii\-. ~I~~~;: '::.~':': >U' / - \
•• I. •• • ,
. c~r~:. './ . \ . . . . / I
: .' .• '/i "-. .... \
.' :.: .. / Shear --A ..... :::.'1 layer .: 'I ./
Jet centre line
\/,Edge of \ shear layer
\ \ \
\
in plunge pool.
Outer region
---P\--\ \
\
\
Fig.7·16 Likely flow struchJres in plunge pool.
Region 3
A---
Outer jet edge ~
I ,/
/ \ / \
Region 1
----AI
~----t~ .......... "1 U:nner core
Region 2 %i Fig.7·17 Radial distribution of axial turbulence intensity
(I P
0·2
0·1
o
Jet centre line
R/D.IlfO·S
Zone of established fkJw
YI Oi > 4
Non-dimensional radius
Fig.7·18 Radial pattern of pressure head fluc tuations.
Cp'
0·2
0·1
o o
Presenf expo dafa • _ YI Do = 2.56 -{
x - YI Do = 1·28
(Ui = 6·3-6,9 m/sl ,_ YI Do = 4.49
+
1
• x j
+ -Y/Da = 4·4 (H.R.Ltd. -Ui = 6·6m/s)
+ I Rp/Do
2 3
Fig.7·19 Comparison of radial disfribution of Cpl wi~h H.R.Ltd. dafa.
HfTlax -Y ,Hmin -Y Ui2/2g Max. Min.
1·2 X Y/Da = 1·28 * ',0 • YI Do = 2·56 ... 0·8
, YI Do = 4·49 .... , Y/Do:: 6·41
""" . 0·6 Ui = 7-95 - 8·43 m/s
0·4 y • j
0-2 x , 0
-0,2 l t Rp/Do ..
0 , 2 3
Fig.7·20 Distribution of dynamic peak and minimum head of
plunge pool floor.
205
@ L A ~7
00
Em
Fig.7·21 Experimental set- up and acquisition system [Castillo].
0
= 8(1/,,) N · 0
tD -· 0
N ... · ---- Author's 0
c- o W 0 · 0
dutu (mean val ue )
'<t 0 · 0
:;) :;) · 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
[ h / B ] (y/ Oi)
Fig.7·22 Variation of Cpl with pool depth [CastilloJ:
I Author's data \ Cp-
I/) --- Cp-· 0 I Cp+ _._0-..to I + •
c- o
I I u r-W) · 0
I N
I · 0 c-
/ u ... •
0
0 4 8 12 I' 20 24 Z8 52 36 40 [h/81 (YI Oi)
Fig.7-23 Variation of Cp+ and Cp-.\t'ith pool depth [Castillo 1.
Maxima 0 . ... III
"0 • dO
Media
OJ .&:.IQ . . Minima co ~ c. - . 0 -.= N ~o
... '0
)( . do ~
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 21 32 36 40
[ h I B ] ( YI 0 i )
Fig.7·24 Maximum I minimum and mean dynamic pressure envelope_ [Castillo 1
2
Cpl
0.3 Cpl resul ts - - - Cpl based on turbulence data from Mckeogh and Corrsin
0·2
0·1
o o
(Do= 52'5mm , L=2126-2526mm ) 0- U j = 8·2 - 8· 6 m/s x- Ui =12,7-13 m/s
o
2 4 6
o
Y/Di
8 10 12
Fig.7·25 Comparison of centre line Cpl result's with values computed from jet turbulence data.
Hydraulic
Front face
Fig.7·26 Baffle block wi thin hydraulic jump.
0·4 0·3 0'2 0·1
Cpl
Max. value of Cpl at front face -e- _ _ / (Average max.· 0'2 ) --.... -- ... -- .. -- .... -.. -
O~--+-__ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ -+ __ -+ __ ~ __ ~F~ , 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig.7·27 Cpl values at front face of baffle block
208
0·2
0·1
o
0·2
0·1
o
A (pi { O-Fri~17 Exp. Resul ts X - Fri ~ 8
o
x o
x (Frif!17) Expansion-Boundary wall " ---....... ~-
o Cen tre line - Bounded je t (Fri~17 )
Jump (Fri = 3·7 )
/ Jump (Fri = 8 l ----- I--- ----- -- -- -- - - --- -- --- ---- - - - - - - ,=Tu. Boundary layer --
.....................................................................................................................................................................
2 4 6 8 10 12 Y/Di
Fig. 7' 28 Comparison of centre line (pi results with values obtained at 0 ther hydraulic s true ture s.
o
Cpl
o}J , : " .:
, ... 0 0 06
4
.. , x .6
All nozzles-small droplength ( L = 513-'125 mm)
If . 0, \ 2 , '~ -x- Ui 12g= 1-1,5
~ , Ui2/2g=3'1-3'7 c 'l ········· .. 0····· .. Ui2/2g=6·7-7·3
\~ low impact veloci ty
..... x I /
.....• ~)flf-----D ... A
High impact ........... "0. A
velocity Y/Di
8 12 16 20 24
Fig.7·29 Comparison of (pi results at tow droptength.
209
All nozzles -large dropleng th
0·2 x (L = 2018-2630 mm) p.j............ -x- Ui2/2g = 2·6 -3,1
x ri \ /Low ~:': "Ui2/2g = 4·7 - 5· 6 .:' ~ veloti ty jjo o~ ® .. · .... 0 ........ Ui2/2g=8·2- 10·4
~! ~ )C
. . 0"
!... Orifice:
jA lri........ ............ (l=10~}-'420mm~2 c. \.~ j ~ Same U'/2g ~ .t. 6 High ...... 0 as nozzles -0"0 velocity "b~ ~
. ®
o o 4 8 16 24 Y/Di 20
Fig.7·30 Comparison of Cpl results a~ larger dropleng~h.
0·4
Tu % 0.3
Jet cen~re line
0,2
210
0-3 Tu %
je~ centre line 0-2
0-1
o o 0·2
Smooth nozzles
0-4 0-6 0'8
• 78 mm nozzle
X 25 mm nozzle
1
Fi g. 7, 31 (b) Jet centre line ~urbulence near nozzle outlet .
Uo (m/s) . Ui2 /2g (m)
x - 3.0-3.2 I 1.3-1.5
5.0 I
2.0-2.~ o - I I , - 7.0-7.2/ 3.4-3.7
M - 9.0 I ~.8-5.2 SMOOTH NOZZLE I
.225 v - :~~~~~~ I 7.0-7.3
+ - 9.1-9.7 x
.175
o
, v" Uo=11-13 m/s o
.000 2.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH / IHPACT DIAHETER (Y/DJ)
Fig.7·32 (p' with Y/Di (00=78 mm I L=725 -1125 mm)
211
I-
~ ..... II .....
~ 0 II
0
~ Lu
~ til
fa It til
x a:
I-
~ .... II .... It ~. II
0
~ ~ ~
~ til
X
a:
. a
. a
.225
Uo = 5 m/s 0
'" .175
+
L .125 I
v v II' +
.075
'" Uo=13-15m/s
.025
.000 4.00 B.OO
Uo em/5) Ui2 /2g em)
x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 o - 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 f - 9.0-9.2 I 6.3-6.6 I II - 11.0-U.2 I 8.2-8.7 I v - 13.0-13.1 I 10.6-11.2 + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
SMOOTH NOZZLE
v '* __ , x~x 12.0 16.0 20.0
POOL DePTH / IMPACT DIAMeTeR 24.0
(Y/Di)
Fig.7·33 Cpl with Y/Di (Do=25mm, L=2018-2418mm)
.225
.175
.125
.075
.025
.000
Uo 11-13 m/s
\ v
1\ ' Uo
5-7mls
Higher velocity
ORIFICE Ue em/51 U1 2/2g em)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1.6-1.8 I
e - 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.8 I , - 6.9-7.3 I 3.5-4.0 I
* - 8.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 I
v - 10.8-11.21 7.3-7.4 + - 12.9-13.0 I 9.6-10.1
/ Lower velocity
Uo= 3-5 rnls x--_____ -x
,- o
8.00 16.0 24.0 32.0
POOL DfPTH / IMPACT DIAMfTfR (Y/Dj)
Fi g.7·34 (pi with Y/Di (Orifice: 00= 2S mm, L= 1020 -1420 mm)
'1'
." '
(pi
0,2
0'1
o o
Corrsin Cpl = 10 (Tu )2 Su bmerge d free je ~
Mansoori Cpl = 10 ( Tu)2 Bounded submerged free jet
Wi ~hers data: Do = 78 mm , Uo = 11-13 m/s
/ /
/
-- .... /' , •••• 1. • • • • ,
.' I .... \
,,/ '. '''y''
J \~""" / \
/ \ / \
/ \
J /
/
5
Y/Di 10
Fig.7·35 Comparison of fluctuations for intact plunging jet wi th submerged je ts.
, Tu J
I ,
~78mm-, I
\ I
Je t boundary layer
, , Poor I ~ Hig~ :IOC~
Fig,7'36 Growth of boundary layer and jet condition ot impact for high velocity jet (Do=78mm).
213
Uneven--. jet edge
\ \ I I I
Thicker boundary layer
Fig.7·37 Growth of boundary layer and jet condition at impact for low veloci tyjet (Do = 78 mm )
Fig.7·38 Turbulence intensity o.long centre line of orifice jet.
0·25
0·2
0·15
0,'
0·05
o
(pi
.. ...... . '
o 2 4
2Smm Orifice I L/Do=41-S7 / L/Ls=0·3-0·4 I TUi(~)=40f0
--78 mm Nozzle I LIDo = 9~3-14·4 L/La= 0·04 I TUi(t) = 0·4%
6 a 10 12 14 Y/Di
Fig.7·39 Variation of (pi for constant high impact velocity (Ui2/2g=9-10) for 78mm nozzle, 25mm nozzle and 25 mm orifice ..
------.~ ....... . '11:;
Cpl
0·25
0·2
0·15
~, 25 mm Nozzle, L/Do=81- 97 . / " L/LB = 0·55 .... ~ .' . / "', ,T U', ( rl-) = 1 % :/ ..... \ 1:
"
0·1
/'---78 Nozzle, L/Do=9·3-14·4 (}OS ......... L/LB=0·1,Tuj{f)=0·40J0
25 mm Orifice . L/Do=41-57
o
.,' L/LB = 0·4 ,.'
TUi(~)< 10/0
o 2 4 6 B 10 12 14 Y/Di
Fi g. 7· 40 Varia tion of Cpl for a constant lower impac t vetocUy (Ui2/2g = 3,3-4) for 78 mm nozzle, 25 mm nozzle' and 25 mm orifice.
16
NOZZLES
00 r I R. 1·0
Tu LI D = 0
Tu
1% I 1% 0 0
Tu Tu
1%1 1%
0 0
L1D=5)(~ Tu Tu
1% 10/ 0
ct. jet development in nozzle jets at high velocity
o r/R. ',0
°t 0-0 ..........
Tu LJD=17.2 i\ Tu 1°1 ' 1%
I Fig.7·41 (a)
Typical grow th in boundary layer in smooth nozzle jets plunging through atmosphere.
217
ORIFICE
0 r/R. 1
TUo~ L--13mis---" I I LI D =2
Jet centre line
o r IR. 1 o r----~__, .. 7·rr;/5· .... ·· ...... · 1 ....... ..---,. 1
" Tu Ofo :,... .... 13 mls· 2 2
3
1
'---------..II 3 LID =10
I
1. 1 I
I o r I Ro 1 o .-----------,0 1 ·· .. yc~·~~·~~~.,· 1
/ 2 f 2
Tuo,o I
3 Uo= 13 m/sl 3 \ /
4~_;4' 4
LID ~ 17 Fig.7·41(b) Turbulence levels in plunging orifice jet at two veloci ties.
'-ffi .... (.) .... \&. In 0 (.)
0
~ + fr
~ til
~ a:
; ).(
~
Uo Im/s)
x - 3.0-3.2
o - 5.0 , - 7.0-7.2
.900 II - 9.0
v - 11-11.1
+ - 12.8-13
.700
, o
.100 V If
V'-- .... . 000
Ui2 /2g 1m)
1.3-1.5
2.0-2.4
3.4-3.7
4.8-5.2
7.0-7.3
9.1-9.7
4.00
SMOOTH NOZZLE
x /UO =-3 m/s
0 I * 0
"" Uo= 13 m/s
6.00 B.OO
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER
10.0
(Y/Di)
Fig.7·42 Cp+ withY/Di (Do=78rMl" L=72S-1125mm)
x SMOOTH NOZZLE Uo=S-7m/s
.700 "- Uo em/5) U12
/2g (m)
x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 o -
f - 9.0-9.2 6.3-6.6
".0-".2 I B.2-B.7 M -v - S3.0-S3.1 10.6-11.2 .500 f + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
+ .300 +v \
v\ UO= 13-1Sm/s II f x
0 .100
.000 4.00 B.OO 12.0 16.0 20.0 . 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
Fig.7·43 Cp+ with Y/Di (00=25 mm, L= 2018 - 2418 mm)
?1A
.900 -I- Uo 'em/5) Ui 2/2g (m)
~ + 3.0-3.4 1.6-1.6 1-4 UO=13X/~
x -lJ o - 5.3-5..4 2.4-2.6 ... It .700 \ I v " I - 6.9-7.3 3.5-4.0 ~
, I 'l II - 6.9-9.0 5.1-5.4
lJ ,+-+ I II
0 I v - 10.6-11.2 7-.3-7.4
~ v I + + - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1 v x ,\ :t .. / II Lu 8 .500 / § ..... /
~
~/\ ~ v\ 0;
~\ ~ ~ .300 \ ORIFICE >< Uo= 3-Sm/s \ ~ 0 ,
" II ........ ............. -x
.100 , -o-------x
.000 8.00 16.0 24.0 32.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Dj)
Fig.7·44 Cp+ \li~h Y/Di (Orifice: Do=25mm, L=1020-1420 mm)
1·0
0·8
0·6
0-4
(}2
o
2Smm Orifice LI Do =41-57, L/La= O' 3-0'4
Tui rt)=4 %
r-- ... .... / ... "
.. ' ./ ' 2Smm Nozzle ;/ '\
'-... \ /./' ~.". ..
L/Do=81-97 ."" L/Ls= O' 3 ........
Tui (t) = 1 % .. ····--78 mm Nozzle .'
................. L/Do=9'3-14'4,LlLs=O'04, Tui{t)=O'40f0
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Y/Di
Fig.7·45 Variation of Cp+ for a fixed high impact velocity (Ui2/2g: 9-10) for 78 mm nozzle, 25mm nozzle and orifice.
?1Q
1·0
0·8
0·6
0,4
0·2
o
... ffi 1-4 u
i U
Q
~ ... I Sf}
~-§ ~
~
o
Cp+
. . ,.
.. p' .' .. ' ...... ~
....... '-.......78 mm nozzle
/
.' .' LlDo=9·3-14·4 I L/LB= 0,1 .' Tui {V = 0,4 %
2 4 6 8
25 mm Orifice LJDo=41-57, L/LB= 0·4
'~ I Tui ({)<1 0/0
'" , }"''''-. 25mm Nozzle
L/Do=81-97, L/LB =O'55 Tui (<<!) = 1%
Y/Di
10 12 14
Fig.7·46 Variation of Cp+ for a fixed lower impact velocity (Ui2/2g= 3· 3-4) for 78 mm nozzle I 25 mm nozzle and orifice.
Uo= 3m/s x~x
\ 0
.500 "'r+" f v
0 +
f x, II
.300 0
Uo Im/s) U12 /2g 1m) x f
/ x - 3.0-3.2 I 1.3-1.5
5.0 I 2.0-2.4 o - I I
* f - 7.0-7.21 3.4-3.7 0 I
II - 9.0 I 4.B-5.2 .100 I
f v - 11-11.11 7.0-7.3 * _______ 11 + - 12.8-13 9.1-9.7
.000 2.00 4.00 6.00 B.OO 10.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAHETER (Y/D1J
Fig.7·47 Cp· with Y/Di (Do=78mm I L=725-1125mm)
??n
... ~ .... t.J .... It 0 t.J
0 -~ I
8 IU §
.... U)
13 If ~ X
~ ~
... ~ .... t.J .... It ~ t.J
0 ~ :c -§
I
8 I/)
fa If
....
~ ~ ~
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
v/ higher velocity
I
Uo=13-15 m/s
Uo (m/s) U12 /29 (m)
x - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 o - 6.9-7.3 I 4.7-4.9 I - 9.0-9.2 '6.3-6.6
I M - 11.0-11.2 I 8.2-B.7 v - 13.0-13.1' 10.6-11.2 + - 14.9-15.3 I 13.7-14.3
SMOOTH NOZZLE
/ Uo = 5-7m/s
, ---;:0----- x
12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Dj)
Fig.7·48 Cp- with Y/Di (Do=25mm l L=2018-2418mm)
.700
.500
.300
.100
.000
\
Uo = 13 m/s
/ \ \ \M \ x~
i:\.0
" of ........
/ v ...... x __
UO= 13 m/s
ORIFICE Uo (m/s) U1
2/2g 1m)
x - 3.0-3.4 I 1.6-1.8 I o - 5.3-5.4 I 2.4-2.B I
I - 6.9-7.3 I 3.5-4.0 I ,
* - B.9-9.0 I 5.1-5.4 v - 10.8-11.2, 7.3-7.4 + - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1
Uo= 3- 5 m/s / x -_ _x o --0---,
B.OO 16.0 24.0 32.0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/DJ)
Fi g. 7 ·49 Cp· wi th Y IOi (Orifice: Do = 2 5 mm I L = '020 -1420 mm )
.,.,1
Cp-O'B
0·6
______ 25 mm Orifice L/Do=41-57 L/L = 0,3-0,4
-~ I B /~ TUi(()=4 0f0
/
0·4
0'2
....... ~ .' ~
.... ~ .' : .' ~,25mm Nozzle
~ L/Do=81-971 L/La= 0·3
"" '" Tui(t) = 1 °/0 :'" " I .... 78mm Nozzle ~_
........... L/Do=9-3-14·4,L/LB=0·04 I TuH()=0·4°/0 ::---
o o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Y/Di
Fig.7·50 Variation of Cp- for a fiXed high impac t velocity (Ui2/2g= 9-10) for 78 mm nozzle, 25 mm nozzle and orifice.
0·8
0·6
0-4
0·2
o o
25mm Orifice L/Do=41-57, L/LB=O'4, Tui{()<1°/0
~, 2Smm Nozzle ~ L/Do=81-97, L/LS: 0·55
.................. ", ....... .
....... '" ...... 78 mm Nozzle
" . .... ... ~ Tui (t) = 1°1o
'~ ...
......... LIDo = 9·3 -14'4, L ILs= 0'1, Tui tV = 0·4 °/0
2 4 6 8 10 12 Y/Di
14
Fig. 7· 51 Variation of Cp- for a fixed lower impac t velocity (Ui2/2g:
3'3-4) for 78 mm nozzle ,25 mm nozzle and orifice.
'"
1.60 ~ ~ fII' fII' .... .... ::l ::l , , ):: ):: 1.20 I I l( c: III ... ~ ~ Q Q
~ ~ .BOO
.... .... U U 00(
~ i loot , , .400
~ ~ :x: !Ie
~ ~ a.; X -.000 U U Uo= 3m/s loot ~ ~
~ ~ .000 ).; ); Q Q
2.00 4.00
Uo Im/5) Ui2 /2g 1m)
x - 3.0-3.21 1.3-1.5
0 - 5.0 I I I
2.0-2.4
I - 7.0-7.21 3.4-3.7 I
If - 9.0 I 4.B-5.2 I
v - 11-11:11 I
7.0-7.3
+ - 12.B-13 I 9.1-9.7 -x
o x
SMOOTH NOZZLE
....... X---- --x_ - ---I
6.00 B.OO
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER 10.0
(Y/D1)
Fig.7·52 Extreme pressures with Y/Di (Do=78 mm, L=72.5-1125 mm)
Uo (m/s) U1a /2g 1m)
)( - 5.0-5.3 I 3.3-3.7 o - 6.9-7.3 4.7-4.9
+ o /Uo=5-7 m/s
f - 9.0-9.2 6.3-6.6 If - H.0-11.2 B.2-B.7 v - 13.0-13.1 10.6-11 .2
/ + - 14.9-15.3 13.7-14.3
Uo=13-15m/s I
SMOOTH NOZZLE
0 0
~ ~ :.:
~ -.000 ~ a.; u u ~ loot
X
~ v\ \ 0
'~+v If jUO =13-15 rnls' x ~"",,-f +
x ... -:v- -IL -I-v- ~ , U 5 7 I "' 0 - - - -x - _0 -0= - m s/ - - -x - - - - --.)(-.
~ ~ .000 ); );
0 0 4.00 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 B.OO
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/D1J
Fig.7·S3 E~treme pressures with Y/Oi (Oo=25mm"L=2018-2418 mm)
??':2
1.60 01 01
'" '" 111'111' :; ....
::l , , >: >: I I )( c: III .... e ! ~
+~ Uo=13 m/s Ua em/5) Ui 2/2!1 em)
x - 3.0-3.4 1.6-1.B
<~ a - 5.3-5.4 2.4-2.B
1.20 f - 6.9-7.3 3.5-4.0
f 0 II - B.9-9.0 5.1-5.4
+ v - 10.B-11.2 7.3-7.4
+ - 12.9-13.0 9.6-10.1 0 0 x ~ ~ :t J:
.BOO
.... .... I.J I.J
"" "" ~ ~ ORIFICE
.... ....
" " .400-0 0
~ ~ :t :t ~ :c:
Uo= 3- Sm/s 'M~ t'I • II X_a /I _x
.... ~ X -.000
v ~_ II f 0 / -+/- - ·+v-~ -......t~- ...JI_I.~-v II
--lL 0' a I.J I.J .... .... x x
Uo = 13 m/s - - - - - - x - - - - - --x
"" ~ ~ .000 B.OO 16.0 24.0 32.0 0 0
POOL DEPTH / IMPACT DIAMETER (Y/Di)
Fig.7·54 Extreme pressures with Y/Di (Orifice, L=1020-1420mm)
1·2
0·8
0·4
o
25 mm Orif ice
--~'''~ , .' ~ . ...... ....... ...........
.... ··f·· ~
·····r·······... r '", 25mm Nozzle '~ '--- ...... !
~-.. ... ----------- ..... ---
78mm Nozzle
t --25 mm Orifice
Note:·Parameters LiDo etc. as Fig.7·39
-0' 4 '----I---_I----....-.----I----.f------I---~ o 2 4 6 12 14
Y/Di 10 8
Fi g. 7· 55 Variation of ex ~reme pressures for a fixed high impact vel. (Ui2/2g::9-10) for 78mm nozzle, 25mm nozzle and orifice.
,)"1
Hmax-Y I Hmin-Y
Ui 2/2g Ui2/2g
',2
0·8
0·4 25 mm Orifice
25 mm Nozzle ~, ~
f ~,~-:o--............. T ...... r. ••• .-~.:: .... .... 78 mm Nozzle
............. ...1
o ~.. I ~.
--~-===----~---------~--Ir-" N-o-~e-:'-P-ar-a-m-e~-er-s-L-l-0-0 -e-tc-. -a-s-F-ig-.7-·-4---,O I 2~ mm Nozzle
-0' 4 ~--t------il------it----lt----It-----+--~ o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Y/Oi fig. 7·56 Varia~ion of extreme pressures for a fixed lower impac ~ vel.
(Ui 12g =3-3-4) for 78 mm nozzle I 25 mm nozz Ie and orifice.
Cpl
0·2
0·15
0·1
0-05
./0 'e-o•
0 0 2
{o 52'5 fi = 0·6
NOZZLES • 78.0 r3=0.5 Reo =7x105
Reo = 7·S x 195
L/LB= 0·04 - 0·07
. Y/Di 4 6 8 10 12
Fig.7·57 Pressure fluc~uations (Cpl) for L1Ls= 0·04 -0,07
725
14
{
X 25mm/0= 0·8 Re.=3x105
NOZZLES 0. 52·5mm,O=O·42 Re.=2·9x105
7Smm, 0= 0·29 Re.=2·6x105
0,2
0·15
0·1
I LlLa=0·08-0·14 I 0'05
x
Y/Di o
o 2 4 6 B 10 12 14
Fig.7·58 Pressure ftuc~ua~ions (Cpl) for L/LB= 0·08 - 0·14
(pi
0·2
0·15
0 0·1
• 0·05 • 0
0 2
Fi g.7·59 Pressure
;,.-' --
X
•
{
X 25mm I (3= 0·66 ·Re.=1-Sx105
NOZZLES 0 52·5mm,O=0·31 Reo=1'7x105
• 78mm 10= 0·84 Reo= 8x 105
o 'x
0
I L/ Ls= 0·11- 0·18
Y/Oi 4 6 8 10 1i
flue ~ua~ions (Cp I) for LI LB= 0,11- 0·18
226
x_
14
0'2
0·1
0·05
o
I NOZZLES I X-25mm n=1·5 Re.=3·5x105
- . 0-52'5mm n=0·85 Re o=2'8x105
.-78mm (3=0·67 Reo=2'5x105 0
o --, • x
x
x
L/LB=- 0,27-0,32
o
x
Y/Di o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig.7·60 Pressure fluctuations ((pi) for L/LB=0'27-0'32
(p' X-25mm (3=1·33 Reo=2)(105 0-52'5mm r3 = 0·8 Re.=1·7)(105
0·2 I NOZZLES I
0·15
0·1 x L/La= 0·41
0,05
o Y/Di o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig.7·61 Pressure fluduations ((pi) for L/LB= 0·41
227
0-25
0-20
0-15
0·10
0·05
o o
NOZZLES ONLY Tu :t 1 0/0
. .,
: ... ::.: .. :.:: .. ;~ ..... :;. ""L/L 0 04 :.' - .,' ." . B= . . ... . . .,
• ..' I" I •• '. • : ........... . . .. ' . " .. .. '.
2 4 6 8
Fig.7·62 The influence of jet break-up
flue tuations in a plunge pool.
228
Y/Oi
10 12
( LI La) on pressure
+ L/LB= 0,04- 0·07
{~ L/LB= 0,08- 0·14 LI Ls= 0·11 - 0·18
(pi NOZZLES ONLY. {~ L/Ls= 0·27 - 0·32 YI Di = 4 L/Ls= 0·41
0·20 ---.,
......... X. '0 " ....... 0·15
0·10
• "" 'ba " " " 0' " ........ -- A
" --- U X, -=--- 0 ........ -X - -'.~ .---
" ... . '+, .... -
0·05
Air/ Water o
0·2 0·4 0·6 0'8 1·0 1'2 1·4 1'6
Fig.7·63 Varja~ion of Cpl with air/water ratio (~i) for a
pool dep th of Y/Oi = 4
229
0'2 (pi
0·1
o o 2 4
--, , X,
\
78 mm nozzle
\ 25 mm nozzle, Fro =14· 3 " L/Do= 21-36 "" Reo = 1·8x 10
5
" "-........... ........ ......... Fr. =14'3, L/Do=29-34
6 Re.=10 --X
6 8 10 12 14
Fig.7·64 An impinging je~ Froude comparison I Fr.=14.31
0·2
0·1
o o 2
.~.
~/'-'<:" /,1 \
X \ ..1 \
/ \ \ ''x 2S mm nozzle I Fr. = 6· 8
........ L/Do=21-36, Reo=(}8x105
76 mm nozzle Fro = 6'6, L/Do=29-34
Reo= O'5x106
4 6
........
8
......... --
10
------X
Y/Do
12 14
Fig.7·65 An impinging jet Froude comparison I Fro = 6·8 I
Hmax-Y I Hmin-Y
Ui 2/2g Ui2/2g
1· 0 /Maxi mum ex~reme
----, \
"-"-
"-"- " . Mean dynamic
0·2 " / ~ --__ Minimum -----0
-0·2
0 4 8 12 16 20
Fig.7-66 Envelope of maximum and minimum dynamic
discharge
.,rSma{( discharge
pressure head
--Y/Di
24
head.
Fig.7·67 Proposed stilling basin design below free-falling jets. ! Hor tung and Hausler)
731
~ I
/Example loadings
,
(a)
AAII...4 "A A It. ~ --,,- ~T'lme n~ F ·:·";"
'." T r-":""
J------,.----i
(b) Pressure trace
Fig.7·68 Load combinations for downward and upward pressure application.
Structure
f (Hz)
Fig.7·69 Overlap of fluid and structures natural frequency .
.,';l.,
. .",..
1· 6
1·2
0·8
0·4
o
!L ~ /\ ,': ';' \
/ \ .\ / :;:;\ I;::', / :" .\ /" .\ /':~":·': V'::: " '\
. , \ / , ' . ,'" ':;' :.: " .,','. \ / ' . v· .. · \ /' ':~,~:.:::: ~,:, :.: " \ / . '.' .. . \ . / " " ":'::-::.: '. '\
/ '. '. ' . . : : .: : . / " " ,, ' ,
~7-7"7"'-17"T"'~7r-' --;/....-. ""'7>-7""T' ->-r---l.\,-r- 77' >::;. 'j "j :; .. ) 7
Fig.7·70
DclDi~1'0 Dc/Di~O·375
Pressure reduc tion at same pool depth due to
highly diffused jet in the atmosphere. .
233