wireless telephony
TRANSCRIPT
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Comparative Telecommunications Law
Brooklyn/Loyola Summer ProgramUIBE - 2006
Prof. Karl Manheim
6: Wireless Telephony
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Wireless Telephony - A PrimerA form of 2-way radio communication Each handset is a transmitter and receiver Low-power, short-range
Base stations (cell towers) must be closely spaced
Private networks (PMRS) E.g., transportation companies; public safety
Common carriers (subscribers) (CMRS) Connected to Public Switched Telephone NetworkWhich serves as the hub for most calls
Except those between subscribers on same network
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Comparison of Wireless & Radio
Wireless Telephony Radio CommunicationPoint-to-point Point-to-multipoint
Connects to PSTN Not networked
End user not licensed End user licensed
Secure frequency Open & shared frequency
Duplex (2 channel) Half-duplex (1 channel)
Wireless Telecom Bureau
Mass Media Bureau
Official Glossary
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Evolution of Wireless Telephony
Remote PatchesMobile TelephonesCellular (AMPS)Personal Communications Service (PCS)Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)Third Generation Wireless (3G)
Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3
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Remote Patch (repeater)
2-way radio connected to a phone 47 CFR § 22.573 widely used by ham (amateur) radio telephone side:
private line connected to PSTN radio side:
private radio service; limited to non-commercial traffic
single frequency use half-duplex
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Cell Concept
Frequency reuse low power transmitters allow same frequency to be reused in small nearby areas
1973 Motorola Patent
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Modern Cell NetworkComputerized cell networkbase stations (mobile telephone switching office - MTSO) linked by land lines to form a network;
MTSO intercon-nects with PSTN
graphic
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Cell Splitting
• Typical cell sizeTypical cell size• Analog: 1-50kmAnalog: 1-50km• PCS & GSM: < 10kmPCS & GSM: < 10km
Macro, Micro, Pico cells
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Wireless TerminologyPMRS Private Mobile Radio Svc (not PSTN connected)
CMRS Commercial Mobile Radio Svc (common carrier)
Cellular (1st Generation) Analog CMRS (800 Mhz band)
PCS (2nd Generation) Digital CMRS (1900 Mhz band)
IMT-2000 (3rd Generation - 3G) Broadband wireless (Int’l Mobile Telecom 2000)
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Early cellular regulationCellular treated as common carrier at first, extension of ILEC monopoly “duopoly” after MFJ
2 “facilities-based” cell carriers per market
2 licenses per market (A band, B band) A Band reserved for non-wireline carriers B Band reserved for wireline (i.e., ILECs)
Restrictions on resale prohibited Encourage competition by “value-added” telcos
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Advanced Mobile Phone Svc (AMPS)
Cellular (47 CFR § 22.900) analog band: 824.04 MHz - 893.7 MHz (70 MHz)
Control channels (forward and reverse) forward: paging channel reverse: registration (ESN, tel #) other control data
Voice channels (forward and reverse) frequency modulation (FM) AMPS - 30KHz wide (compare FM stereo 150 KHz) NAMPS - 10KHz wide (same as AM) full duplex Graphic
frequency division duplexing (FDD) Graphic mobile & base on different frequencies separated by a “guard band”
simultaneous 2-way
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Cellular Frequencies
800 MHz band800 MHz band
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Cellnet v. FCC (6th Cir. 1998)
FCC requires facilities-based mobile carriers to lease network components to resellers Cellnet challenges 1993 (5-yr) sunset provision
Reluctant to make its own capital investments as reseller if likely to be shut out in 5 years
FCC rationale: PCS development will be competitive w/ cellular so that regulation will become unnecessaryPredictive judgment based on market growth
Court defers To superior agency expertise (esp. wrt predictions)
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Personal Com’n Service (PCS)Broadband PCS 120 MHz in 6 blocks (A-F) Telephony plus other servicesdata (paging, text)internet (graphics, email)
Narrowband PCS 3 MHz in 12.5-50 KHz blocks general uses
paging & messagingtelemetry (remote monitoring of field equipment)
other data
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Broadband PCS Frequencies
2 GHz band2 GHz band
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Cellular & Digital MultiplexingFDM (frequency division multiplexing) [AMPS] FDD (frequency division duplexing)
TDMA (time division multiple access) DSI (digital speech interpolation)
CDMA (code division multiple access) Analagous to packet switching over internet
GSM (Global System for Mobil Communication) Form of TDMA used in Europe & Asia (also US)
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Frequency Comparison
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TCA § 101 (Interconnection)47 USC § 251 - Interconnection (a) GENERAL DUTY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CARRIERS-
Each telecommunications carrier has the duty-- (1) to interconnect directly or indirectly with the facilities and equipment of other telecommunications carriers; and
(2) not to install network features, functions, or capabilities that do not comply with the guidelines and standards established pursuant to section 255 or 256.
What are the LEC – CMRS interconnection obligations? Are they even covered by § 251
Yes; CMRS providers are “telecom carriers”
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CMRS - LEC Interconnection
Mutual exchange of traffic Calls originating on mobile (wireless) unit unless calling another mobile unit, MTSO must interconnect with PSTN
Calls originating on wireline (LEC) if calling a mobile unit, LEC must intercon w. MTSO
Compare Europe FPTN & PMTS interconnection obligations
Fixed Public Telephone Network (comp. PSTN)Public Mobile Telephone Service (comp. CMRS/MTSO)
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Other LEC - CMRS obligations
LEC Obligations - § 251(b) Number portability - sub §2 Dialing parity - sub §3 Reciprocal compensation - sub §5
Additional ILEC Obligations - § 251(c) Interconnection (to enable competition) - sub §2
CMRS/MTSO Obligations None under 251(b) or (c)
not LECs (see §§ 3(26) & 3(44)) unless FCC so declares
What should FCC do?
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Deploying Wireless in USReport & Order and FNPRM (2000) How FCC acts
In re Extending Wireless to Tribal Lands Low penetration rates in low-income areas
Also impedes access to advanced servicesWireless buildout lower than wireline (comp. 3d world)
Bidding credits for targeted deployment Universal Service funding (wireline & wireless)
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Cellular Regulation in the EUCouncil Directive 87/372/EEC Recommendation by CEPT; allotment by ITU Specifying common (pan-EU) frequency band
900 MHz (905-914, 950-959) (890-915, 935-960)Common standards - GSM
Implemented by member states
Council Resolution 90/C 329/09 Urging coordination on network facilities And facilitating roaming agreements
Interoperabilty via national licensing = high roaming rates
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Cellular and EU Open NetworksCouncil/Parliament Directive 97/33/EC Interconnection requirements
Interoperability, non-discrimination, privacyCompare interconnection in US - cell/PSTN
Right of accessNegotiated terms, rates (both FPTN & PMTS)Unbundled access if telco has >25% market share
Principles of transparency & cost orientation (unbundled)
Limited exceptions; not for anti-competitive purpose
Universal Service Subsidy obligations of telcos for public telecom svcs
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Third Generation Wireless (G3)Features Bandwidth on demand
Asymmetric rates up to 2 Mbits/sec Multi-use wireless
Data, multimediaNTIA 3G web site
Frequency allotment in US Current (approx 210 MHz in various bands)
New (likely in 2500-2690 MHz band)Public Notice NOI
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NPRMs on 3G (2001, 2002)Band Clearing (reallocation & relocation) Lower 700 Mhz (TV channels 52-59) 1710-1755 MHz band relinquished by fed gov’t 2110-2155 MHz previously for fixed microwave These bands have good characteristics for 3G
See ITU report and coordination request
Creating a new Band Plan Flexible uses to facilitate growth & innovationLicensees (not FCC) will mediate interferences
Development of Secondary Markets (R&O 2003)
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Deploying 3G in EuropeDecision 128/1999/EC (Parliament & Council) Member states to authorize UMTS by 1/1/2000 And deploy UMTS by 1/1/2002 (coord. by CEPT) Interoperability/interconnection (roaming)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom’n System) Mobile multimedia capabilities IP-based services (bandwidth on demand) Full convergence with FPTN
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Comparing 3G in US, Europe, AsiaUS (as of 2001) Advanced CMRS up to 144 Kbs (typically 25-60)EDGE, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
Band clearing required for further deployment
Japan WCDMA (wideband CDMA) up to 384 Kbs
Europe GPRS UMTS
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CoverageTues (6/6), Broadband & VoIP: 336-374 Weds (6/7), Internet: 375-410Thurs (6/8), VisitsFri (6/9), Catchup & ReviewSat (6/10), Final