wireless stove use monitors (wsums) for remotely...

Wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) for Remotely Measuring Cookstove Usage

Vodafone Project “100 Million Stoves” Final Report: May 2015

Ilse Ruiz-Mercado

Jenny Eav Pablo Venegas Mayur Vaswani

Tracy Allen Dana Charron Kirk R. Smith*

*contact at Environmental Health Sciences

School of Public Health University of California

Berkeley, California 94720-7360 [email protected]

Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors May 2015

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Research and Field Teams

University of California Berkeley: Jenny Eav, Ajay Pillarisetti, Rene Zazueta, Maria Teresa Hernandez, Kirk R. Smith.

Grupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural Apropiada (GIRA) and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM): Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Victor Berrueta, Omar Masera, Pablo Venegas, Alejandro Tavera, Gilberto Silva, Carmen Patricio, Felix Patricio, Evaristo Herrera.

At INCLEN Trust: Mahendra Yadav, Manikanta Reddy, Lalit Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Mayur Vaswani

At EME Systems: Tracy Allen, Mike McDonald.

At BioLite: Jonathan Cedar.

Business Canvas:

Berkeley Air Monitoring Group: Dana Charron, Michael Johnson

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the collegial guidance of Kalpana Balakrishnan of Sri Ramachandra University in the early stages of the project. We thank the study homes in Michoacan, Mexico and in Haryana, India for their patience and hospitality and for opening their homes to our research study. We thank the Zazueta family in Berkeley for hosting and helping us build the Patsari stoves. Most of all, we thank the Vodafone Americas Foundation for its patience and support.

Preface This is the final report of the 100 Million Stoves Project, which was supported through receiving the first-place prize of the 2010 Vodafone Americas Foundation Wireless Innovation Project. The Innovation Project selects three wireless projects each year with the potential to save lives and solve critical global challenges. The three winners in 2010 were chosen from a pool of nearly 100 qualified applicants from universities and nongovernmental organizations from throughout the United States. More information about the Vodafone Americas Foundation Wireless Innovation Project, including prize-winning projects each year, is available online at: http://vodafone-us.com/wireless-innovation-project/


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Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 5

1. PROJECT OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................... 6

1.1. Project goals and social needs addressed by the wSUMs ................................................ 6

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................. 6

2.1. Partnerships ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.2. Test sites and target stove types ....................................................................................... 7

2.3. Timeline ......................................................................................................................... 10

2.4. Changes in direction from the original plan ................................................................... 10

3. FINAL PROTOTYPE SPECIFICATION ............................................................................. 11

3.1. Device operation mode: ................................................................................................. 12

3.2. Hardware specs: ............................................................................................................. 14

3.3. Data packet: .................................................................................................................... 15

3.4. 1st and 2nd wSUMs generations ...................................................................................... 15

4. TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS ............................................................................................ 17

4.1. Differential temperature measurements to determine stove usage ................................. 17

4.2. Smart & flex on-board algorithms to quantify stove usage ........................................... 17

4.3. Real-time visualization of stove usage ........................................................................... 18

4.4. Power scheme ................................................................................................................. 19

5. PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND TESTING RESULTS ........................................................... 19

5.1. Specifications of the prototypes built ............................................................................. 19

5.2. Features tested ................................................................................................................ 20

5.3. Device performance results ............................................................................................ 21

5.3.1. Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module ............................................................. 21

5.3.2. Range ...................................................................................................................... 24

5.3.3. Battery Life ............................................................................................................. 26

5.3.4. Use of external thermocouple cables to monitor usage .......................................... 27

5.3.5. Measuring portable stoves (Philips woodstoves) .................................................... 30

5.3.6. Wireless collection of usage data ............................................................................ 31

6. IMPACT OF THE WIRELESS SUMs INNOVATION ....................................................... 34


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6.1. Expansion of the system to monitor usage of other household technologies................. 34

6.2. Local expertise and impact in the selected geographic areas ......................................... 35

7. OUTLOOK FOR OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE .......... 37

• Lower power communication protocol to enable use of the TEG module .................... 38

• Direct cellular or WiFi ................................................................................................... 38

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 38

ANNEX 1: BUSINESS CANVAS ............................................................................................... 40

1. Background ............................................................................................................................ 40

2. Market Size and Segmentation .............................................................................................. 41

3. Competitive Environment for Cookstove Usage Monitoring................................................ 42

3.1. Non-Wireless iButton SUMS Attributes ............................................................................... 43

3.2. SWEETSense and WiCS Attributes ...................................................................................... 43

3.3. wSUMS Attributes ................................................................................................................ 44

3.4. Product Comparison .............................................................................................................. 44

4. Value Proposition .................................................................................................................. 46

5. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 46

ANNEX 2: KEY PROJECT OUTPUTS ...................................................................................... 48

ANNEX 3: DETAILED REPORTING OF STOVE USAGE DATA .......................................... 50

ANNEX 4: PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ..................... 60


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of this project was to build a wireless sensor platform to verify stove use and enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects. The main expected market was investors and disseminators planning to tap funding in what was, at the time, a rapidly emerging carbon market in the past ten years. Expanding on previous implementations of non-wireless Stove Use Monitors (SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless version that could be deployed in a carefully selected subsample across millions of households to verify use in a statistically valid manner and provide information valuable to dissemination programs, donors, and investors. Before the SUMs, the methods available for determining adoption dynamics and use rates were limited to standard survey methods that relied on user’s recall or observations that are often intrusive, imprecise and expensive to carry out as they require frequent visits to the households. The standard type of SUMs are small metal buttons attached to stoves to datalog temperature changes over several months. Their data had to be downloaded to a computer by physical contact (e.g. data cable) and later the data files managed and analyzed. These non-wireless SUMs provide objective, quantitative and unobtrusive measures of stove use that have themselves revolutionized understanding of stove adoption and usage. They do, however, require significant resources to analyze the data and cannot be scaled to millions because they still require household visits. Our project evolved to develop wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) in which summary statistics of usage are transmitted to a handheld reader via a short-range wireless technique. The reader is carried by someone in the village making a monthly walk through. The summary usage instantaneously displayed does not require further analysis and can be uploaded to a central data repository. Extensive testing and modification through several versions occurred by an interactive process involving lab and simulated testing in Berkeley and several villages in Mexico and India. A number of technical obstacles, including those related to battery life, radio range, and efficient data algorithms were addressed. A thermal electric option (i.e. thermoelectric generator) was deployed for providing power for the wSUMs at the stove, but this proved to be inadequate and was abandoned. After a working technology was in hand, a business canvas was conducted to evaluate the potential for a sustainable business model for the wSUMS. Unfortunately, in the years immediately after the project started, the combination of the global economic downturn and the near collapse of the official carbon market, greatly reduced what had seemed to be a potential large demand for hands-off stove monitoring at large scale for stove carbon projects. In addition, two other wireless sensing technologies came onto the scene, each, however, focused on use of cell phones for real time monitoring from any distance, a route that we did not take and thus are not direct competitors. As we complete this report, however, there is perhaps an entirely new business opportunity through the growing recognition in the international clean stove community that interventions are most effective if pursued at the community (village) level, in combination with several national programs being promulgated. Our “walk-through” system would seem ideally suited for such an application.


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1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1. Project goals and social needs addressed by the wSUMs The objective of the project was to build a wireless sensor platform to verify stove use and enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects. Expanding on previous implementations of non-wireless Stove Use Monitors (SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless version that could be deployed in a carefully selected subsample across millions of households to verify use in a statistically valid manner and provide information valuable to dissemination programs and funders. As reliable access to electricity in remote rural homes seemed a severe limitation to power wireless applications, we tested powering the sensor platform using the energy from the stove itself. Before the SUMs, the methods available for determining adoption dynamics and use rates were limited to standard survey methods that relied on user’s recall or observations that are often intrusive, imprecise and expensive to carry out as they require frequent visits to the households. The SUMs that we had implemented when the project began were attached to stoves to datalog temperature changes over several months. Their data had to be downloaded to a computer by physical contact and later the data files managed and analyzed. These non-wireless SUMs provided objective, quantitative and unobtrusive measures of stove use that has revolutionized understanding of stove adoption and usage. Unfortunately, however, this mode requires significant resources to analyze the data and cannot be scaled to millions because they still require household visits. As described below, our project evolved to develop wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) in which summary statistics of usage are transmitted to a handheld reader via a short-range wireless technique. The reader is carried by someone in the village making a monthly walk through. The summary usage instantaneously displayed does not require further analysis and can be uploaded to a central data repository. Our project addressed the need for reliable verification of stove usage, informing the effectiveness of methods to promote the sustained use of the stoves, therefore enabling ongoing evaluation of potential long-lasting benefits for the users. Bringing down the barrier of routinely performing strict verification of use can also help stove programs to tap international carbon as well as health financing to cover the upfront costs of purchasing the stove that households otherwise could not afford or securing funds for monitoring their projects. As noted in the Business Canvas section ending this report, there are also emerging potential uses for community-level intervention strategies. 2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

2.1. Partnerships The partnerships established at the beginning of the project worked successfully.


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UC Berkeley directed and oversaw the project, carried out the field testing and analyzed the results, providing expertise in air pollution, rural energy, biostatistics, smart algorithms, behavior modeling and stove use monitoring. EME Systems designed and fabricated all the wSUMs prototype generations, developed the wireless communication platform, integrated it with the Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) energy harvester and implemented the on-board algorithms. BioLite performed the CAD and fluid dynamics simulations to develop the TEG module and fabricated the initial TEG mounts and heat exchangers. GIRA, our Mexican partner NGO, deployed the prototype units in rural households, providing local expertise and logistics, infrastructure and personnel for the field and controlled tests. UNAM, the National University of Mexico, provided research support for data analysis. INCLEN, our Indian partner, provided local expertise and research support in the field, helping to identify, hire, and supervise field staff who conducted household visits and database management.

2.2. Test sites and target stove types The project targeted the development of wSUMs for two stove types: fixed-platform chimney stoves and portable stoves without chimney. The first one is the most widely used in Latin America, and the second is a prototype commonly found in Asia and Africa. The Patsari® stove design disseminated in Mexico was the chimney stoves used to test the prototypes. The Biolite-StoveTec® portable stove was the fan-assisted design initially used for testing. Later, the Philips Woodstove HD 4012, a portable fan-assisted stove, was used for the field testing in India.

Image1. (A) Patsari brick and cement chimney-stove, (B) StoveTec rocket stove, (C) Philips semi-gasifier stove. Berkeley. Initial lab and controlled testing was done in Berkeley. For the portable stove, we initially used the StoveTec rocket stove design, since it was similar to the fan-assisted stove selected for dissemination in India and it allowed for integration of the TEG-powered fan with the wSUMs logging and transmitting module (yellow box in the pictures below).

A B C


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Image 2. (A-B) StoveTec rocket stove with the integrated TEG-powered fan and wSUMs module (yellow box). (C-D) Controlled tests to assess power available from the StoveTec. For the massive chimney stove, we built in our test space an exact replica of the Patsari chimney stove disseminated in Mexico. This helped guide the design, fabrication, integration and performance testing of the wSUMs under controlled conditions.

A

C D

B


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Image 3. Patsari chimney stove built at the Berkeley test site (top) and testing of the TEG-wSUMs 1st Gen attached to the chimney (bottom). The field testing focused on Mexico and India, where 20% and 70% of the population, respectively, still rely on biomass, and where important initiatives to introduce cookstoves have been launched and require systematic and cost-efficient verification. Mexico. Testing of our wSUMs prototypes occurred in the central state of Michoacán, a region where fuelwood represents 90% of total energy consumption for residential use. The patterns of stove usage in the region have been previously documented (Ruiz-Mercado, 2011). Three study communities (Santa Ana, Taretan and Tzurumutaro) collaborated with us to test the devices. The communities were also part of an ongoing health and stove adoption study conducted by our Mexican partners and by Mexico’s National Institute of Public Health, who already had field


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logistics in place. The traditional fires configurations include U-shapes made with mud, three stones or two parallel bricks to lift the cooking pots off the fire. The majority of the woodstoves being introduced by the National Stove Program in Mexico have fixed-platforms and chimneys. Testing the wSUMs on chimney stoves was therefore a high priority at this site. India. Our pilot study was located at the INCLEN SOMAARTH demographic, development and environmental surveillance site in Palwal District, Haryana. Villages at this study site use mainly wood and cow dung for cooking and have daily access to electricity. The traditional stove configurations include two primary types, a stationary hearth, or chulha, made of bricks that are covered on three sides with mud plaster, and a portable chulha that can be moved indoors or under cover during poor weather conditions. Two secondary stove types were also used. The angithi is a top-loading hearth made entirely of mud. The haaro is a top-loading fixed, mud and brick hearth. Both the angithi and the haaro were used for simmering items over long periods of time. The SOMAARTH site was chosen because it was also the location of the ongoing Newborn Stove (NBS) program. The NBS program was a feasibility study that provided pregnant women going to public pre-natal clinics with an improved fan-assisted portable stove and assessed their usage patterns (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2012; Pillarisetti et al. 2014). Testing wSUMs prototypes on both the improved portable stoves and the traditional hearths without chimney was the focus at this site.

2.3. Timeline We executed the project in the following timeline: Year 1: Design, fabrication and module integration to create wSUMs 1st generation for chimney and fan-assisted stoves. Lab and controlled tests in the US (Berkeley, California) to optimize design. Year 2: Lab and in-field supervised testing of wSUMs 1st generation chimney and fan-assisted version in Mexico (Santa Ana, Michoacan). Troubleshooting and optimization of chimney version to build wSUMs 2nd generation. Controlled tests and deployment of chimney units for long-term pilot (Taretan, Michoacan). Year 3: Continuation of the long-term pilot (Taretan, Michoacan). Redesign to fabricate wSUMs 3rd generation with external cables for any type of stove. Field testing in Mexico (Tzurumutaro, Michoacan) and India (Palwal District, Haryana), final assessment of results and report writing.

2.4. Changes in direction from the original plan We initially planned a parallel development of two communication modes from the wSUMs Stove Units to outside the homes: direct-wireless transmission and the short-range wSUMs modules. The former would stream the summary usage statistics directly from the stove to a cellphone tower. The latter would send the usage data to a reader unit as fieldworkers walked by the stove. We decided early in the project to focus first on achieving a proof of concept of the short-range wSUMs and on validating its algorithms, both of which are natural building blocks for the direct-transmission module. Finalizing the short-range wireless devices required more


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time than initially projected. Our sequential approach, initially motivated by technical reasons, was later encouraged by an analysis of the current needs for stove use monitoring. We are finding that very few research or community applications need real-time data and that understanding stove use and taking action to improve usage levels require household visits. We therefore focused on strengthening the smart on-board algorithms, which is one of the key innovations of our wSUMs. We initially proposed to power the wSUMs units from the excess heat of the stove using Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) modules. In the case of the chimney stoves, the heat from the pipe was not enough to make TEG operation feasible to maintain the logging and transmission power requirements. For the StoveTec fan-assisted stoves, the heating episodes did not seem to last long enough to fully charge a battery for one day of wSUMs operation. The mount for proper TEG operation requires an expensive heat exchanger and limits the potential to deploy wSUMs on different stove types. We did not pursue using the TEG modules any further. 3. FINAL PROTOTYPE SPECIFICATION The final prototype (3rd generation) included a Stove Unit and a Handheld Reader shown in the figures below. The Stove Unit can work on different stove configurations: traditional fixed and portable, with and without chimney, and fan-assisted portable designs.


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Image 4. (A) Stove Unit: a small polycarbonate enclosure with watertight ports for the thermocouple cables that measure ambient and stove temperatures to determine usage. The enclosure has an opening for access to the USB port, micro SD card, reset button, small rechargeable battery and an LED indicator. The flexibility to choose different lengths of the cables enables monitoring of any stove type and configuration including gas stoves. (B) Handheld Reader: a larger polycarbonate enclosure with LCD screen to display two lines of stove summary statistics and two buttons to navigate the device menu. The box encloses a full-sized SD card, four AA alkaline batteries and a USB port for data/firmware updates.

3.1. Device operation mode:

One thermocouple cable is placed on the stove surface (chimney or body) and a second cable is placed away from the stove to record ambient temperature. The difference in temperatures is used by the Stove Unit to quantify stove usage.

On power-up, the Stove Unit takes temperature measurements from both cables, performs on-board calculations of usage, updates the data packet by adding the new usage statistic to the current day and week intervals, and wirelessly transmits a one-line summary data packet to the Reader Unit. The data packet contains metadata, total usage for the full deployment and usage by week. The duration of a “week” and the frequencies for sampling and transmission are programmed by the user prior to deployment. These user-defined parameters should match the expected length of a deployment and the desired resolution of the dataset.

A

B


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When a person powers-up the Handheld Reader, the reader listens for incoming data packets from the stove units. When a packet from a Stove Unit within range is received, its stove ID number and signal strength are identified. The transmitted one-line data packet with the summary usage is stored as a text file on the full-sized SD card in the Reader. The stove ID number is used as its filename. The display interface of the Handheld Reader allows the operator to see which stove ID numbers have been received, select an individual stove, glance over the total percent of days in use and total hours of use in the full monitoring period, and navigate through its daily data fields for instant feedback on usage and stove performance. At the central office, the summary usage statistics retrieved from the SD card on the Handheld Reader are uploaded to a central database. Apart from the one-line summary wirelessly streamed to the Reader, the high-resolution data employed for computing usage are logged for research purposes on the micro SD card in the Stove Unit for later retrieval.

Image 5. (A) Placement of the wSUMs unit in a house: the Stove Unit is fixed to the roof to allow one thermocouple cable to be attached to the chimney and the second cable to be placed outside the home to measure ambient temperature. (B) After placement and before leaving the study home, a fieldworker tested signal communication with the Handheld Reader.

A B


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Image 6. Wireless collection of stove use data: (A) At the front door of a house (the working chimney can be seen on the roof). The Handheld Reader display shows that a packet from Stove Unit ID=2 has been successfully received. (B) On an empty lot neighboring the study house. The Handheld Reader display shows that the stove monitored by Stove Unit ID=12 has been in use for 1 day with a total usage time equal to 8% of the total deployment time.

3.2. Hardware specs:

Stove Unit. • XBEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver. • P8X32 microcontroller with wSUMS firmware version stove_0.35.spin • 8-channel 16 bit analog-digital converter configured with reference temperature sensor

for type T or type K thermocouples, resolution 7 µV, ~0.2°C. • Micro SD card. • USB port for data, setting parameter, updating firmware and battery charging

A B


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• 0.5Ah Li-Poly battery with energy harvesting charger set for 4.1V charge and 3.2V dropout.

• 2"x3"x1.5" polycarbonate enclosure, with watertight port for thermocouples, and for access to USB, SD card, reset button and indictor.

Handheld Reader.

• XBEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver • P8X32 microcontroller running wSUMS firmware version reader_0v32.spin • Full-size SD card • USB port for data/firmware updates • LCD screen, 2 lines x 20 characters, and two interface pushbuttons • Power from 4xAA alkaline batteries • Polycarbonate enclosure

3.3. Data packet:

The data packet from the wSUM Stove Unit is recorded in the Handheld Reader as line of text (*.txt) that looks this: 2012/08/0316:19:02,ABCD,0.33,4.4,25.0,04,11,4.3,5.0,37.5,24.0,13,27.5,6,379.14,9.5,1,148.14,35.5,6,453.96,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00 The packet contains metadata, current Stove Unit battery voltage and temperature for quick assessment, as well as usage for the duration of the deployment and by week:

3.4. 1st and 2nd wSUMs generations

The hardware for the 1st and 2nd generation, exclusively designed for chimney stoves, featured the same Handheld Reader and a larger Chimney Unit depicted below. They operate in a fashion similar to their predecessor but have options to be powered from alkaline batteries or from a Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module.


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Image 7. (A) Four TEG-wSUMs Stove Units ready for deployment (metallic cases) with spare circuit boxes (black) and a Handheld Reader. (B) TEG-wSUMs attached to a chimney. The orange thermocouple cables measure hot-side temperature at closest contact point with the chimney and the cold-side temperature at the outer side of the case. (C) Front view of the wSUMs module.

B C

A


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4. TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS

4.1. Differential temperature measurements to determine stove usage

The wSUMs algorithms to determine stove usage are based on differential temperature. Subtracting the ambient from the stove temperature signals leaves behind only the temperature changes due to heating or cooling of the stove. The figure below shows the temperature traces collected with the two wSUMs thermocouple cables: one placed on the stove and one placed to record ambient temperature. The black line is the hi-resolution differential temperature recorded on the Stove Unit. By directly measuring the differential temperature, the wSUMs greatly simplify signal analysis and processing to perform on-board instant calculations of stove usage.

Image 8. The differential temperature (stove minus ambient) shown in black enables on-board calculation of stove usage.

4.2. Smart & flex on-board algorithms to quantify stove usage

The wSUMs scheme for on-board analysis of stove usage centers around time intervals termed "giraWeek" and "giraDay". The flexible scheme allows the length of a "week" and also that of a "day" to be defined by the user to match the desired resolution of the data set. This allows relatively quick testing of the algorithms, and more importantly, enables a novel dual-capability of using the wSUMs in short lab experiments and in long-term field deployments.


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The wireless data packet holds up to 20 giraWeeks worth of data. These could be actual weeks of seven days (about 3 months of data), or for example, with a giraWeek of 24 days, and a giraDay of 1 hour, the system could store data for 20 real days, and within each of those giraWeeks count the number of 1 hour periods that the stove was in use. Instant access to and display of the summary usage results removes the significant burden of data managing, processing and interpretation, enabling real-time feedback during field monitoring or laboratory studies.

For on-board computation of stove usage, the data stored for each giraWeek consists of the percent total number of samples and the accumulated degree-hours that the stove was used during that period, and the total number of giraDays during the giraWeek that it was used. The classification of "used" vs "not used" and the threshold for accumulations are based on our previously published algorithms (Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2012; Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2013) and are preset when the device are launched for deployment, enabling real-time computation of stove usage.

4.3. Real-time visualization of stove usage

A key component of the wSUMs Handheld Reader is the menu interface available for the LCD and the two pushbuttons. The interface allows the operator to check which stove ID numbers have been received, select an individual stove to see the total percent of days in use and total hours of use during the full monitoring period, as well as navigate through its day-by-day data fields for instant feedback on usage and stove performance.

A B


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Image 9. Real-time display of stove usage information collected on the first day of the deployment for stove ID=05, which has been used for a total of 10.68 hours or 44.5% of the first day. The Handheld Reader instantly displays for every stove ID found within range: (A) battery voltage and firmware version of the Stove Unit, (B) start date and time of the deployment, and number of current day and week being recorded, (C) percent of hours used and days in use during the full deployment (“0 dy” is displayed since the first day is not finished and counted yet) , and (D) usage during the first day (the same as the total for this example).

4.4. Power scheme

A critical development of the project was to provide enough power for the sampling, logging and transmitting needs of the wSUMs. This required minimizing power consumption by four means: enabling selection of the sampling and transmission frequencies to match the least energy-intensive ones with the desired length of deployment; putting the device to sleep at micro-power levels in between samples; restricting the times of the day when fast transmission of data packets occurred to match the times when the person with the Handheld Reader is expected to walk-by and; and by limiting the size of the data packet transmitted.

5. PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND TESTING RESULTS

The specifications of the final prototype were the result of a continuous process of innovation, lab and field testing. This section details the most relevant features tested through this process.

5.1. Specifications of the prototypes built

The table below details the key feature of each wSUMs prototype:

C D


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Gen POWER STOVE READER STOVE UNIT

TEG AA batteries Recharge Chimney Portable

w/fan Open fires

Receives from multip. stoves

Measures 2 stoves simult.

Compact size

1st

1st

2nd

3rd

5.2. Features tested

Field testing in each community was carried out with the purpose of testing the following prototype features:

wSUMs Community Aspects tested Population

1st Gen

Berkeley USA

• Chimney and fan-assisted stoves: excess heat is enough to achieve required power levels

• Signals are sent and received

1 chimney stove (Patsari) 1 portable-fan assisted stove (StoveTec)

Santa Ana MEXICO

• Withstands conditions in real homes • Signal range in homes is sufficient • Fan-assisted stove: excess heat in real

conditions is enough to power TEG of fan

• Operates unattended • Quantified usage is accurate

5 chimney-stoves (Patsari) 1 portable fan-assisted stove (StoveTec) Fieldworker’s families and neighbors, long-term users of Patsari stoves and one family volunteering to test the StoveTec design.

1st Gen 2nd Gen

Taretan MEXICO

• Reliable long-term logging and transmission

• Complete data packet retrieval of weeks-long monitoring periods

• Lifetime of alkaline-battery pack • Stability of user-set configuration

parameters

5 chimney-stoves (Patsari) Participants in a health study receiving new Patsaris

3rd Gen

Palwal District Haryana INDIA

• External cable setup works in fixed and portable non-chimney stoves

• Stove units withstand outdoor placement

• Signal range in non-chimney configurations closer to the ground

• Complete data packet retrieval

4 traditional chullahs 3 haaros 4 Philips woodstove Participants in a newborn stove study receiving new Philips

Tzurumutaro • External cable setup works in 3 chimney stoves


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MEXICO chimney stoves and traditional fires • Signal range in non-chimney

configurations closer to the ground • Complete data packet retrieval

3 traditional fires 1 gas stove Women full time users of chimney stoves for selling hand-made tortillas.

5.3. Device performance results

5.3.1. Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module The TEG thermoelectric generator was sandwiched in between an aluminum block and a finned heat sink, and the aluminum block was strapped tightly to the Patsari chimney. The assembly was designed by Biolite after fluid dynamic simulations to determine the optimum geometry. The TEG was instrumented to record hot and cold side temperatures and TEG output voltage and current.

Image 10. (A) Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis to design (B) the TEG module casing (metallic case) of the wSUMs for the chimney stoves to generate the maximum temperature difference between the chimney surface and the cold side of the junction. The black box contains the electronics.

A

B


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We conducted experiments to test the power generated by the excess heat of the stoves. With the Patsari in full operation, the temperature difference was rarely more than 20°C across the TEG, and the resulting power available was in the range of 15 mW to 25 mW (Figure 11).

Image 11. Power output of the TEG-wSUMs attached to the testing Patsari chimney stove.

The power was generated at a low voltage, in the range of 20mV to 100mV, so it was necessary to step up the voltage to the 3.3V level necessary to operate the transmitter or the 4.2V level necessary to charge a Li-Poly battery. Accordingly EME designed a step-up energy booster based on newly available integrated circuits, the LTC3108 energy harvester and the LMC4071 micropower battery charge regulator. While the circuit could start operation at inputs as low as 20mV, the efficiency was poor, and the maximum power outputs on the Patsari were on the order of 5mW. The power outputs were insufficient compared with the operation of the wSUMS with the radio transmitting at 15 second intervals, an average requirement of 15 to 20mW.

The Patsari could not even keep up with that when at its highest operating temperature, much less supply enough to carry the system through cool periods. The data logger alone, recording to SD card, could operate on an average power of 0.4mW, which was more feasible. Operation from supplemental battery power, however, was necessary for transmitting the data from the Patsari. It may have been possible to supplement the battery with another source of harvested energy, such as a small solar panel on the roof above the chimney, but we did not pursue that path.


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The rocket stove was quite a different story. The temperature difference to the TEG on the rocket stove with its forced ventilation easily passed 100 °C in full operation, and generated power over 1W. Provided that the stove is used regularly, it could supply sufficient power to operate the transmitter and to charge a battery for operation during the cool periods. The voltage output was still low, 2.5V to 3V, and needed a boost to charge the 4.2V Li-poly battery and to operate the data logger and transmitter.

Image 12. Temperature difference between the cold and the hot side of the junction of the TEG module in the rocket stove (left axis) and the generated voltage (right).

Performance during regular use conditions could not be tested in Mexico since this stove type is not compatible with the local cooking practices. The test home used it only sporadically and as a complement to the traditional fire. When they tried to use it for more energy-intensive tasks like boiling water for bathing, the case of the first TEG module on the portable stoves melted due to overheating as shown in the pictures below.


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Image 13. (A) StoveTec stove with yellow TEG module being used as a complimentary stove in the study site in Michoacan. (B) Further use for more energy intensive tasks such as boiling water for bathing resulted in melting of the TEG casing.

In these types of fan-assisted stoves, long cool-down periods supply lower grade of energy that could be captured. This situation requires a dual technology, one to kick in at high energy levels to capture the full power when available, and another to kick in to harvest the low grade energy over longer periods. The two technologies use different parts and techniques. This is dependent of the tight integration of the TEG with the stove, per Biolite technology, and would not be well suited for ad-hoc addition to existing stoves of either high or low tech.

Use of the TEG for stove monitoring will depend on either lower power demand from the logger/transmitter, or an unreasonable improvement of TEG output. The need to transmit data several times a minute was the big power hog in this project that made TEG operation unfeasible.

5.3.2. Range

The range of the wireless transceivers used in the Stove Unit and Handheld Reader (standard XBee 802.15.4 modules) is stated to be 90 meters outdoor line of sight and 30 meters indoor/urban. The transmit power is 1mW (0dBm) and the receiver sensitivity is stated to be 92dB. The presence of walls and other obstructions, particularly metal, screen or moist objects, make a tremendous difference, as does the mounting position of the unit and the position of the Reader receiver. Generally placement high above the floor or ground is best. Weather conditions also make a difference.

We conducted experiments to assess the range of the units. On a Patsari stove inside a wooden test home, a wSUMs was placed on the chimney at one meter above the base. The home --regularly used for stove testing-- has the standard dimensions and configuration of a local kitchen (3x3 meters). The front side of the home has clear line of sight and the back borders a

A B


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concrete wall with chicken wire fence. The concrete wall extends to the right eight meters from the right side of the house. Few meters to the left there is a small one-floor office. The signal strength walking around the house is shown in the figure below.

Image 14. Signal strength of a wSUMs radially decreasing (red to grey) with distance. The Stove Unit was placed on a stove inside a wooden test-house and data packets were collected with a Handheld Reader in a 20m radius. The wSUMs signal could still be read from inside an office 5 to 10 meters from the stove but, as expected, did not go through the metallic fence on the right or through thick concrete walls.

On a cloudy day the range of the units was 35 meters outdoor line of sight. Signal was lost by the fence but successfully received inside the small office. These results suggested that it is best to place the wSUMs unit in elevated locations like chimneys or roofs to minimize obstacles. This can be done using large amounts of thermocouple wires to extend the distance between the point of temperature measurement and the location of the wSUMs Stove Unit. In actual homes, even following these guidelines, the results were quite different and range had to be assessed on a try it and see basis with each house configuration. In the end, successful signal reception was possible only when there was one wall between the Stove Unit and the Handheld Reader, the wall had no metal, and the distance between the transceivers was less than 5 meters.

wall fenc

e

office Test house


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Image 15. Range testing of the wSUMs at 15 meters in front of and behind a metal fence.

5.3.3. Battery Life

Average battery current to operate the data logger with XBee transmissions at 20 second intervals is calculated to be on the order of 4 milliamps (mA). The capacity of a set of 4 AA batteries is 2800 mAh, and a set of 4 AAA batteries is 1200 mAh. The calculated life of a set of 4 would accordingly amount to 2800/4 = 700 hours = 29 days for AA batteries, or 1200/4 = 300 hours = 12 days for AAA batteries. It was best to use a set of four alkaline batteries or a set of three LiSO4 batteries. A 0.5Ah single Li-poly cell should last 4 days before reaching the 3.2V cutoff from full charge. An operation cycle that cuts down the XBee transmission window to a 6 hour active period each day should roughly triple the service life to 12 days.

We analyzed the lifetime of the device batteries by looking at the battery voltages recorded in the high-resolution data on the Stove Unit. Careful scheduling of the walk-by times during testing of the 2nd generation enabled us to set the active window to 2 hours from 10am to noon. With transmission at 30 seconds intervals, the 4xAA alkaline batteries in this wSUMs version lasted for 45 days (black line). For the 3rd generation of wSUMs (red line) the compact rechargeable Li-poly cell lasted 15 days with transmission at 5 minutes intervals and an active window of 8 hours from 8am to 4pm. Transmission intervals longer than 5 minutes often caused significant time losses for the fieldworkers, especially when wSUMs monitoring was the only activity being carried out and several packages needed to be sent for successful reception when the line of sight was not optimum.


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Image 16. Battery life of the 2nd Gen wSUMs (AA alkaline batteries) and the 3rd Gen (Li-poly battery).

The desire to cut down the size of the Stove Unit for the 3rd wSUMs generation was unwarranted. A slightly larger Stove Unit package would have allowed room for a better set of batteries, an easier and more accessible layout, and the combination of a full size SD card and USB port. Most of the problems with data loss were due to battery power loss. The short battery life required more frequent visits and in the last deployment of the 3rd generation, a bug in the wSUMs firmware reset the data string when power was lost, causing missed data packages when the house visit occurred after battery depletion.

5.3.4. Use of external thermocouple cables to monitor usage

The 3rd Gen wSUMs has external thermocouple cables to monitor different stove configurations with and without chimneys. The circuit board in the Stove Units has a port enabled for a third thermocouple wire that can be placed on a second stove and obtain a second differential temperature.

In Mexico, the hot-side thermocouple cables were attached to the either the chimney with a metallic O-ring, to the side of a gas stove with metallic tape or to traditional fires using a metallic plate as a conductive holder. Monitoring of a single stove was successful when standardized placement protocols were followed. We tested the dual-stove capability of the 3rd Gen Stove Units using two thermocouple cables as hot-side temperatures and a third one to measure


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ambient temperature. Monitoring two stoves simultaneously with a single Stove Unit was only feasible when the kitchen area met the following criteria: (1) the two stoves are no more than eight meters apart, and (2) both stoves are located in the same kitchen space (indoors or outdoors). In addition, the Stove Unit had to be placed on a wall with nearly direct line of sight to the entrance of the home for the Handheld Reader to be able to receive data packets without entering the home.

Image 17. Stove usage monitoring with the wSUMs in a house that combines use of a gas stove and a Patsari chimney stove. The wSUMs stove unit is placed in the roof and the thermocouple cables run along the walls to reach each stove.

In India, most primary cooking spaces were separated from the main house. They were generally located in a courtyard outside. Courtyards were typically open spaces bound by mud-brick walls, storage areas and living quarters. When courtyards were not available, primary cooking spaces could be found on the roof.

Courtyard setups varied from household to household and Stove Units wiring had to be adapted to fit different scenarios. In situations where hearths were built near a tree or wall, Stove Units were hidden in wall crevices where available to minimize obtrusiveness, or hung on a nearby tree or wall to prevent easy access by young children. In large courtyards where hearths were four meters or more apart and the ground was made of dirt, wires ran underground. In courtyards where light excavation was not possible, i.e. the ground is concrete, wires were secured to the ground with hooks to prevent tripping. This would be problematic if wires need to run longer

wSUMs cable cable


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distances. Image 18 below provides two examples of wiring setups. In all situations, the Stove Units were placed in air-tight containers to protect them from rain.

Image 18: (A) Stove Unit secured to a tree with wires running down to the stove. (B) Two stoves connected to one Stove Unit; wires run underground to prevent people and animals from

A

B

cables

wSUMs

wSUMs


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tripping enter/exiting doorway. In both (A) and (B), the Stove Units were place in air-tight containers to protect them from rain.

Hand-made hearths presented additional unique challenges for monitoring usage with external thermocouple cables. The soldered wire ends were plastered to the side of the hearths with the same mud material used to build them to hold them in place. Ideally, when Stove Units need replacement, pre-wired stove units would be used. Removal of the wires from the stoves would require the field team break or crack the sides of participant’s stoves, which could be viewed as disrespectful and culturally insensitive, potentially leading to an unwillingness to continue participating. Instead, wires were removed from the thermocouple sensors held inside the devices. The current thermocouple connections design makes changing the wires on-site very challenging and time-consuming, and can lead to damage to the devices or wiring mistakes.

While adjustments could be made to adapt the Stove Units to some situations, important considerations, such as the rebuilding of stationary hearths and the use of mobile traditional hearths, need to be addressed. Participants occasionally breakdown their traditional hearths and rebuild them. Their new stoves may or may not be rebuilt in the exact same location. Issues related to re-wiring the cook area may arise. For this pilot study, participants were asked not to breakdown their stoves.

Lastly, during inclement weather, such as monsoon season, many households transition to portable hearths that could be moved indoors or under cover. To ensure that wires are not tugged and pulled out of the Stove Unit sockets during transport, the devices would need to be attached directly to the mobile hearths. Like the stationary hearths, this could be accomplished with mud. However, it is important to note that hearths were often re-plastered with new mud after each cooking event. Layers of mud covering the Stove Unit may damage the device, decrease transmission range, and hinder access to the Stove Units for data retrieval. Monitoring portable hearths was not explored in this study.

5.3.5. Measuring portable stoves (Philips woodstoves)

In India, we tested attaching the Stove Units to the Philips portable woodstove. To ensure that wires were not tugged and pulled out of the Stove Unit sockets, the devices needed to be attached directly to the Philips stoves. To protect the Stove Units from spillage and potential damage, they were placed inside air-tight containers with a sheet of metal attached to bottom. The metal sheet was used to hang off the metal band encasing the Philips woodstove. This also created space between Stove Units and the Philips cookstoves to prevent heat damage to the devices. Wires extended from the Stove Units and were secured under the metal band. Image 19 below shows an example of a Philips woodstove wired with a Stove Unit.


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Image 19: A Stove Unit enclosed within an air-tight container hangs off the side of a Philips woodstove using a metal sheet.

5.3.6. Wireless collection of usage data

At each visit, the Handheld Reader wirelessly collected stove usage data. The data packet streamed by the Stove Units contained the summary usage since the last visit and the hours of stove usage in every “week” of the deployment. The graph below shows both summary and weekly usage data collected in a house with the 2nd Gen wSUMs during the first three visits in Taretan Mexico (August to October 2012).


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Image 20. Usage data of a Patsari chimney stove collected with 2nd Gen wSUMs in the pilot study in Taretan, Mexico. The vertical lines indicate the dates and total usage times collected with the Handheld Reader. The intermediate points are the usage data by week. This monitored house used the Patsari stove an average of 6.2 hours every day.

The numbers of data packets sent by the Stove Unit and successfully received by the Handheld Reader at the end of each field campaign are shown in the tables below. For the lab and in-field supervised testing of 1st Gen wSUMs in Mexico, 90% of the data packets were successfully recorded by the Reader in the two visits. On each visit, the packet contained the summary usage for a two-week period and detailed usage by week. The nine data packets successfully received contained usage data for 154 stoves and days (stove-days).


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Santa Ana (July to August 2012) 1st Gen wSUMs

Number of visits 2 Total days monitored 35

Stoves monitored 5 wSUMs 5

Data Packets collected (%) 9 of 10 (90%) Total stove-days monitored 154

Stove-day packets recorded (%) 154 (100%)

Success rate with the 1st and 2nd Gen wSUMs in the long-term pilot in Mexico reached 74%. During this period four visits were done. The majority of the data losses were due to failure of two devices during the last monitoring period that lasted 3 months.

Taretan (August 2012 to May 2013) 2nd Gen wSUMs



Data Packets collected (%) 14 of 19 (74%) Total stove-days monitored 669

Stove-day packets recorded (%) 431 (64%) The percent of data packages successfully received with 3rd Gen wSUMs decreased to 40% during testing in Mexico and to 56% in India. The large majority of these losses were due to a bug in the Stove Units firmware that prevented the power scheme from working correctly. This caused early depletion of the Li-poly batteries and the unexpected reset of the data string when power was lost. When the fieldworkers walked by with the Handheld Reader, the Stove Units had lost power without retaining the data packet with stove usage for the deployment.

Tzurumutaro (December 2013 to March 2014) 3nd Gen wSUMs



Data packets collected (%) 22 of 55 (40%) Total stove-days monitored

1 channel 620

Stove-day packets recorded (%) 1 channel

218 (35%)


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Palwal District, Haryana (July 2013 to October 2013) 3nd Gen wSUMs



Data packets collected (%) 38 of 68 (56%) Total stove-days monitored (%)

1 channel 487

Stove-days packets recorded (%) 1 channel

330 (68%)

6. IMPACT OF THE WIRELESS SUMs INNOVATION

6.1. Expansion of the system to monitor usage of other household technologies

At the Eco-technology Unit of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the 3rd generation of wSUMs can be used to monitor the performance of the Zunix® solar water pre-heater (http://www.zunix.com.mx/especificaciones.html). The Zunix is a solar collector that pre-heats the water for bathing before it is sent to a water boiler, providing an alternative to save on fuel. Wireless SUM is a unique research tool that can provide closer thermocouple contact to specific parts of the solar collector, allowing for accurate input and output water, and ambient temperature readings to evaluate Zunix performance.

Image 21. 3rd Gen wSUMs used to monitor usage of a Zunix® solar water pre-heater.

wSUMs

http://www.zunix.com.mx/especificaciones.html


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6.2. Local expertise and impact in the selected geographic areas

In Mexico, we built local capacities through the project. Technicians: two field technicians learned to fully manage the wSUMs units, strengthening their quantitative and programming skills as well as getting experience with the field logistics required for stove use monitoring projects. Fieldworkers: the four fieldworkers that participated in the project became familiar with the field protocols for monitoring usage with SUMs. Masters student: one student participated in the project and gained experience with data collection. Partner NGO: the project allowed GIRA to further revise their methodologies for monitoring stove usage and stove performance. UNAM, the National University of Mexico, has expanded the use of wSUMs units to monitor usage of other ecotechnologies. The families that helped us test the 3rd Gen wSUMs had their chimney stove repaired or their open fire replaced with a Patsari chimney stove.

Image 22. Berkeley, GIRA and UNAM teams during prototype testing in Mexico, 2011.

In India, the INCLEN field team learned to fully manage the wSUM platform. The two fieldworkers who participated in the project became familiar with the wSUMs electronic components and field protocols. They developed basic electronic circuit skills that allowed them to rewire replacement wSUMs in the field as well as rudimentary programming skills that allowed them to utilize the associated wSUMs software. In addition to these skills, the field team supervisor gained experience with managing and maintaining a database of wSUMs data.


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Manikanta Reddy, a recent Masters of Public Health from Sri Ramachandra University (SRU) participated in the project and gained first-hand experience with field work and data collection. As a result of the collaboration between the INCLEN field team and the Berkeley team, a comprehensive field guide and protocol was written as a reference for wSUMs deployment in India and for troubleshooting.

Image 23. UC Berkeley and INCLEN field team during testing in India, 2013.

At Berkeley, California, a PhD dissertation (Ilse Ruiz-Mercado) and a MSc thesis (Jenny Eav) were associated with the project.


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Image 24. Ilse Ruiz-Mercado (left) and Jenny Eav (right).

7. OUTLOOK FOR OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE

The following tasks need to be completed for the current devices to be fully functional (hardware and firmware left dangling):

• Reset or power loss should not reset the data string • Modify the main data packet to include the data from the second and other data channels • Revise calculations of degree-hours, COV and slope • Reinstate and verify remote reset and change of parameters via the radio link (provided

adequate power) • Get a higher capacity battery charger, implement faster charging via USB. • Other operational details

The 3rd generation of wSUMs are unique tools that, with careful placement and transmission frequency configuration, deliver instant readings of stove usage without entering the household. Large-scale application of the devices will need the following enhancements to represent an alternative with lower cost to the current iButton technology:

1. Enhanced battery life to extend the length of the monitoring periods. Using a slightly larger battery package would allow for higher capacity batteries when the form factor of the Stove Unit does not need to be small.

2. Key hardware upgrades to facilitate field deployment including: a. A mechanism for battery replacement using bigger connectors that do not require

soldering, which is challenging to do inside people’s kitchens.


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b. Easier access to the thermocouple cable connections inside the Stove Unit with a latch or similar mechanism that does not need tools to unscrew small parts in the field. A different type of thermocouple cable connectors to the circuit is also needed. The current design makes it extremely challenging to replace or verify the connection of the thermocouples when the Stove Units are placed behind the stove to minimize obtrusiveness or in elevated locations to improve signal strength.

c. Waterproof casing is needed to safely monitor stoves placed outdoors.

For research purposes and pilot testing of other thermal ecotechnologies (solar water heaters, stoves or dehydrators) the current thermocouple logger is very useful even without radio transmission. Operating at very low power, in a small package and at a low cost, it can provide much greater data refinement than the usual SUMs (iButton), and closer contact of the thermocouples to different heat sources.

If direct transmission to cellphone or internet and/or power from a TEG module is required, the following features are worth further investigation:

• Lower power communication protocol to enable use of the TEG module

The need to transmit data several times a minute was the big power drain in this project that made TEG operation unfeasible. The same applies to an alternative strategy where the Stove Unit would listen for the Reader to walk by. Both transmission and reception take equal power, although the reception option might have to be ON less time for each cycle. One alternative would be to add a second wireless channel, a so-called wakeup receiver. These devices operate with a loopstick antenna at a very low frequency (~125kHz) and at microwatts of power. Their only function is to listen for a coded pulse, and that wakes up the main processor and data transceiver. Both the Stove Unit and the Handheld Reader unit would require a wakeup device, which adds complexity and increased costs. Also, the loopstick antennas are quite orientation sensitive, so the deployment protocol would have to take that into consideration.

• Direct cellular or WiFi

Cellular or WiFi are still options that could be explored. Cellular modems demand much greater instantaneous power than the XBees, and they are subject to many vagaries of coverage which cannot be brushed aside. On the other hand, they would have to be activated for transmission rarely and they would save a direct visit to the site. The embedded M2M cellular technology continues to advance to smaller and more power efficient devices and lower cost.

REFERENCES

Mukhopadhyay R, Sambandam S, Pillarisetti A, Jack D, Mukhopadhyay K, Balakrishnan K, Vaswani M, Bates MN, Kinney PL, Arora N, and Smith KR. (2012). Cooking practices,


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air quality, and the acceptability of advanced cookstoves in Haryana, India: an exploratory study to inform large-scale interventions. Global Health Action 5. doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19016

Pillarisetti A, Vaswani M, Jack D, Balakrishnan K, Bates MN, Arora NK, Smith KR (2014). Patterns of stove use after introduction of an advanced cookstove: the long-term application of household sensors. Environmental Science & Technology. Doi: 10.1021/es504624c

Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, and Smith KR (2012). Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors (SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47:459-468.

Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, Walker JL, and Smith KR (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57:136-148.

Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, and Smith KR (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 39:7557-7566.


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ANNEX 1: BUSINESS CANVAS

Prepared by: Berkeley Air Monitoring Group

The goal of the wireless SUMS (wSUMS) project was to create a device to track cookstove usage that could be deployed cost-effectively across large programs to provide managers and funders with a robust and statistically representative measure of adoption. At the time the project was started, carbon financing was expected to create large programs that would require this type of instrumentation. A subsequent change in the structure of the carbon markets, however, caused prices to fall, and fundamentally altered the commercial prospects for the wSUMS. Beyond the carbon arena, there continues to be a small but growing demand for cookstove usages monitoring devices for both monitoring and evaluation and research purposes. Based on its experience commercializing related monitoring products and services for the global cookstove sector, Berkeley Air Monitoring Group was invited to provide a preliminary business canvass to characterize the current market opportunity and the competitive environment. The findings suggest that the market size is approximately $150,000 annually, growing steadily but not exponentially, and with several devices already competing for market share. While the wSUMS brings some innovative features to the table, there does not appear to be sufficient support right now for full commercialization, unless an innovative partnership could be struck with a national-scale dissemination program that would find it worthwhile to make the investment necessary to bring wSUMS into production.

1. Background

At the inception of the wireless SUMS (wSUMS) initiative in January 2010, the project team aimed to build a product that would enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects, especially those expected to scale up using carbon financing. The goal was to create an instrument that would be more robust and less expensive than the existing usage monitoring alternatives. Expanding on previous implementations of non-wireless Stove Use Monitors (SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless version that could be deployed in a carefully selected subsample across millions of households to verify use in a statistically valid manner and provide information valuable to dissemination programs and funders. Although the Vodafone grant funding was targeted at overcoming technical obstacles and creating a proof of concept, it was also hoped that at the end of the funding period, wSUMS would be a suitable target for investment funding leading to the development of a commercial product. No formal business development activities were undertaken as part of the Vodafone project. However, Berkeley Air Monitoring Group was invited to partner with the team to provide general business development guidance based on its experience commercializing related monitoring products and services for the global cookstove sector. As a result, this analysis relies solely on publically available data combined with the authors’ informal observations of


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consumer preferences and behavior. It should be viewed as a pilot analysis of the position and potential business model for the wSUMS and a starting point for more rigorous investigation.

2. Market Size and Segmentation

The traditional cookstove sector is highly fragmented and active across Africa, Asia, Central and South America. It includes approximately 500-700 million households with a total of about 3 billion people, who rely on solid fuels to meet their daily cooking needs. The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves has identified at least 87 countries with 25% or more of the population reporting substantial solid-fuel use.1 These Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) consumers depend primarily on biomass fuels – wood, charcoal, and various agricultural residues – for energy, but the traditional sector also includes other solid fuels, most importantly coal. The sector’s scope is sometimes defined by what it does not encompass: mainly household using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or connected to central utilities (natural gas, electric grid) and stoves for first-world recreational use are excluded.

The vast majority of these BOP consumers meet their energy needs either without any commercial products or with technologies and fuels that are produced in small quantities by artisans using locally sourced materials and sold through informal distribution channels. Less than 5% of the market belongs to more sophisticated higher performing products, with industrial or semi-industrial design and/or manufacturing. This advanced biomass cookstove segment, however, is poised for significant growth over the next 5-7 years. For example, in November 2014, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves raised USD $413 million aimed at converting approximately 20% of the global market to clean and efficient solutions by 2020.

The extensive global dependence on solid fuels is the source of several critical global human problems. The health burden from solid fuel burning is currently estimated to be 4 million premature deaths per year. The climate impacts are also important, with approximately 20% of black carbon emissions attributed to household solid fuel use, for example. The magnitude of these impacts has created the need for ongoing scientific research, with health, climate, and social scientists all seeking to quantify and characterize both the nature of the risks from solid fuel combustion as well as the potential impacts of alternative technologies, fuels, and mitigation approaches. For all of these researchers, regardless of the nature of the final impacts of interest to them, it is critical to understand how households use the various types of stoves and fuels available to them. The wSUMS is, therefore, a potentially attractive product to this customer segment.

The advanced biomass cookstove industry has the potential to mitigate some of the harm resulting from the widespread dependence on biomass fuels. As a result, the sector has attracted support from a network of financial and third-sector enabling partners, including public and 1 http://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources_files/market-enabling-roadmap-phase-2-extended.pdf


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private granting agencies, lending and investment institutions, and global charities with a range of missions and programs. This heightened third-party interest in the cookstove markets has created a secondary market for monitoring and evaluation products and services, such as the wSUMS, that can provide data on the effectiveness of these investments.

While no formal data exists on the size of the market for cookstove usage monitoring devices, a back-of-the envelope estimate suggests approximately $150,000 was spent on these products in 2014 and an even larger amount spent by funding agencies to develop them. The market has been growing steadily but its total value is currently still small and cannot support much product development or differentiation. The excitement generated three to five years ago by cookstove carbon offset projects has largely died down due to the economic slowdown late last decade and then expiration of the Kyoto protocol and the consequent drop in international carbon prices. Current cookstove carbon projects operate almost entirely outside of the regulatory environment, where the monitoring requirements do not include usage measurements. However, other results-based financing initiatives focused on the health and biodiversity impacts of cookstoves are under development and could, if successful, significantly boost the demand for stove use monitoring products.

Though small, the market for cookstove usage monitoring is divided between a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and a research segment. Our informal observations suggest that they share certain characteristics while differing in some important ways. The M&E segment is the larger of the two, including grant-making entities, investors, lenders, and a broad spectrum of international charities. M&E customers demand products and services that measure pre-determined indicators of effectiveness and deliver reliable, cost-effective results. Researchers, on the other hand, often seek a wider range of detailed data, reflecting their focus on exploration of causal relationships. The M&E customers are often less accustomed to purchasing instruments to meet their M&E needs and many are also dependent on public funding, resulting in heightened price-sensitivity among these consumers. In contrast, while researchers are often dependent on grants and other public funding to launch a particular project, once funded, they tend to prioritize technical performance over cost.

3. Competitive Environment for Cookstove Usage Monitoring

Data on cooking patterns, including the frequency and duration of cooking as well the configuration of technologies used, is of primary interest to both market segments. These parameters can be assessed in several ways. Families can be asked to record their cooking activities. Similarly, surveyors can visit homes and ask families to recall their cooking patterns or they can observe cooking activities in real time. In the past several years, sensors have been introduced that can measure the changes in temperature on each cooking technology present in a home. The resulting temperature data can be converted into usage estimates. Based on Berkeley Air’s experience in the market, customers from both the M&E and research segments perceive


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usage data collected from sensors to be superior to that derived solely from self-reported logs, surveys, and observations (although a combination of sensor data and qualitative methods is often considered superior to either method alone.) Among the options for sensor-based measurement, customers groups may consider approximately the same product attributes (presented in Table 1), but tend to prioritize them differently.

Table 1 Cookstove Usage Monitoring Device Attributes by Customer Group

Attribute Illustrative priority for M&E group

Illustrative priority for research group

How much does the instrumentation cost? 1 5 How much human capacity is needed to collect and analyze the data?

2 6

How quickly are the end results available? 3 4 How reliable is the instrument/method 4 3 How long is the measurement period? 5 2 How accurate is the data? 6 1

The following section summarizes, from a consumer perspective, the attributes of the wSUMS with two other systems currently on the market.

3.1. Non-Wireless iButton SUMS Attributes

Based on its original development at UCB, for the past three years, Berkeley Air has been selling a non-wireless SUMS based on a commercially available iButton temperature sensor. These sensors, which were not originally designed to be used with combustion devices, are sold with fit-for-purpose software and advice and tools for successful placement. Loss rates are nonetheless significant because the sensors will burn out if they are placed too close to the fire. Particularly with traditional mud or 3-stone stoves, placement is often tricky and time consuming. After 2-8 weeks (depending on the frequency of the measurements), the sensors must be manually downloaded by a trained fieldworker, and the resulting data are processed off-site using separate software. The analysis process is relatively difficult and time-consuming (although improvements are in the pipeline), but the resulting home energy use information is accurate and easily understood. As the sensor’s battery cannot be changed, its overall lifetime is limited to about 2 years, depending on usage.

3.2. SWEETSense and WiCS Attributes

The SWEETSense TM Stove (Portland State University) and Wireless Cookstove Sensors (WiCS) (Nexleaf Analytics) monitoring systems offer wireless stove use monitoring by transmitting temperature data from individual household sensors over cell phone networks to a server. The server can process the incoming data and display summary household energy usage information in real time. These systems have had limited testing, and it is not clear whether they can be

http://www.sweetsensors.com/hardware/stove/

http://nexleaf.org/technology/cookstove-usage-sensor


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successfully deployed cost-effectively in rural areas, particularly those without strong cell networks.

3.3. wSUMS Attributes

Early on, the product development team decided to focus the R&D effort on creating a sensor that had a dedicated hand-held reader with sophisticated on-board algorithms. The robust fit-for-purpose sensors placed on the house walls and stoves provide a very accurate temperature record over 4-6 weeks, which is converted immediately by the reader into an easily understood record of the home’s energy use. Data collection is done by any individual carrying the reader either directly in front of, or in some case, into the home where stoves are being monitored. Summary statistics can be viewed and downloaded from the reader, while detailed data (suitable for research) can be recovered manually from the sensors.

3.4. Product Comparison

Table 2 summarizes the relative costs and features of the primary cookstove usage monitors currently on the market. Note that all of these devices except the iButton-based SUMS are relatively new or still in a Beta development phase, suggesting that features and costs will change over time as the devices’ field capabilities are fully documented. Further, all of the devices require tested signal-processing algorithms that may be customized based on stove type and operation; it is not known the degree to which tested algorithms are available for various scenarios.

An advantage of all three wireless products over the iButton-based SUMS is the potential ability to instrument an entire household using just one device. This efficiency is achieved by attaching multiple thermocouples to one logging device, which allows both a traditional fire or mud stove to be instrumented alongside the new stove, assuming both are located in the same area of the home and never moved. Our informal review suggests that the use of a single logger is apt to be more effective in households with a built-in traditional stove, where year-round cooking is already established in one location. In other environments where three-stone fires or portable charcoal stoves are routinely moved depending on weather and cooking needs, more devices will be needed to instrument a single household. The wireless SUMS devices also all measure the ambient temperature, removing the need for a separate sensor for that purpose.

One potential disadvantage of the wireless usage monitors relative to the iButton-based SUMS is their size. The iButton SUMS are approximately 1.75 cm in diameter and can usually be discretely affixed to the stove body with a piece of tape or other simple support. In contrast, other systems have housings for loggers and data transmissions several centimeters in width and height, making placement less discrete and impractical for some stove types.

Among the three wireless usage monitors -- SWEETSense TM Stove, WiCS, and wSUMS – the primary differentiators are whether the data are sent over cell phone or internet networks to a central server with processing capabilities or analyzed to some degree at the point of collection,


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as with the wSUMS. The on-site processing of summary statistics allows for smaller packets of data, which can be easily downloaded for immediate results, whereas the other systems require access to cell or internet networks to conduct the analysis. On the other hand, in locations where cell networks are reliably and cost-effectively available, the SWEETSense TM Stove and WiCS devices can potentially provide real-time data without the regular involvement of field personnel. The wSUMS summary data are collected through a hand-held reader carried through the village by a fieldworker, and the full data set is accessed by manually removing and downloading the SD card from the logger or can be uploaded to a cell phone or wifi system

Table 2 Summary Comparison of Usage Monitors

Instrumentation capital cost (for 10 households)

Time demands post-installation

Data processing speed

Usabilitya

Maximum time between visitsg

Device Life

SUMS (not wireless)

3000b High Low Moderate 2-8 weeks 2 years max

SWEET-Sense TM Stove

6250c Cell connection and automated analysis costs additional

Low Highd Low 1 to 6+ months

Indefinitely reusable

WiCS $1400e Cell phone & automated analysis costs additional

Low Highd Low N/A Indefinitely reusable

wSUMS $4000f Moderate Highd High 4-6 weeks Indefinitely reusable

Notes: a Defined as the degree to which this device can be successfully deployed across a range of developing country situations. b Assumes 3 sensors per household for traditional stove, new stove, and ambient, peripherals, 1 software license, plus 25% loss margin. c Assumes one third of the households need 2 units due to distance between new and traditional stove, 1 back-up unit and 10 1-year data plans. d Assumes that processing algorithms have been developed. Additional human capacity may be required to develop and validate automated analytical data processing. e Assumes one third of the households need 2 units due to distance between new and traditional stove, 1 back-up unit. No data or software costs included. fPer developer estimate. g All devices will likely require some checks for functionality, with the frequency depending on the stove type, location, physical environment, and development state of the instrumentation. 1 Assumes that processing algorithms have been developed. Additional human capacity may be required to develop and validate automated analytical data processing. 1 Per developer estimate.


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4. Value Proposition

The wSUMS currently faces a challenging value proposition. Demand for cookstove usage monitors is still quite modest, and there are at least three other competing products in the marketplace. SWEETSense TM Stove and WiCS, offer entirely wireless options (when cell networks are available), and promise to provide real-time data without requiring a lot of staff time or engagement. If they can deliver on these promises, especially at a slightly lower price point, they could have the edge with the monitoring and evaluation customer segment. If they cannot deliver, then the regular SUMS will likely continue to be the measurement product of choice, especially if the processing speed can be improved. It is difficult to see how the wSUMS can provide a high-value option to the M&E consumers at this time.

One external development that could disrupt the current situation and provide opportunities for the wSUMS would be the initiation of large-scale national programs that emphasize community-level support for adoption of advanced cookstoves. Such a program might find it cost-effective to send program personnel into communities regularly to check and potentially reward on-going usage. In addition, humanitarian operations may require a large group of people to transition to an unfamiliar stove technology and/or fuel source safely, requiring repeat training and support visits to achieve uptake. The availability of summary statistics on a hand-held device could provide an opportunity for behavior-change training and support via real-time feedback.

Further, the ability to collect usage data without actually entering homes can also be a plus in the formative research or evaluation stages of large health-based programs, where all data collection inside households must be reviewed by institutional review boards and comply strictly with protocols protecting human subjects. Collecting usage data from the exterior of the home, therefore, allows for greater flexibility. Finally, it is possible to imagine that a large national program, might be able to fund the further commercialization of the wSUMS and provide critical mass for the production of the sensors and readers.

5. Recommendations

Although the wSUMS still has some technical hurdles to overcome, there are some steps that could be taken to progress the commercialization of the instrument. The actions could be taken as part of a continuing partnership with Berkeley Air Monitoring Group or other entity or with the assistance of business consultants.

Market Research There is a need to conduct a systematic assessment of the size and nature of the market for stove use monitoring. This assessment should primarily investigate the monitoring and evaluation customers and their needs, as this segment is larger and potentially more diverse than the research group, but the preferences of the latter should be examined as well.


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Technology Transfer Another commercialization strategy worth evaluating would focus on transferring invocative components of the wSUMS design rather than the full instrument. The smart on-board algorithms could potentially be licensed to one of the competing products to create an enhanced device with more the full range of data processing options.

Partnership Investigation A targeted outreach campaign could be undertaken to present the wSUMS and its capabilities to the leaders of national-scale programs and explore the possibility of commercializing the wSUMS as a part of these programs. A program with a particular emphasis on village-level behavior change and support networks would be a potentially good match. For example, in Nepal, the semi-autonomous government institution AECP is currently implementing the integrated five-year National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP). The government of Nepal has added the aligned goal of providing ‘Clean Cooking Solutions for All by 2017 (CCS4All 2017)’ and thereby producing ‘IAP-free Nepal.’ The Nepalese programs will rely heavily on a community approach, where dissemination, training, and monitoring will be organized at the village level. Thus the magnitude of the NRREP together with the related interest in health outcomes creates the type of opportunity that might be able to support the final development and commercialization of the wSUMS. Funders with interests not only in cookstoves but also in community health and well-being could be recruited to support such a partnership.


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ANNEX 2: KEY PROJECT OUTPUTS

Scientific Conferences

2011 • Stove use monitors (SUMs): Energy use verification devices for biomass stoves.

Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Eduardo Canuz, Joan L. Walker, Kirk R. Smith, USA.

• Monitores de uso de estufas (SUMs) para contabilizar el proceso de adopción. VIII

Reunión Nacional de la Red Mexicana de Bioenergía, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Eduardo Canuz, Joan L. Walker, Kirk R. Smith, México

• Energy use behavior and cooking practices: The adoption and sustained use of biomass

stoves, Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Omar Masera, Kirk R. Smith, USA.

2012

• Understanding the patterns of cookstove adoption and sustained use and their impact in exposure reduction: Results from Guatemala and MExico. ISSN: 1044-3983, ISEE 24th Annual Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Omar Masera, Kirk Smith, USA

• Behavioral dimensions in the adoption and impacts of cookstoves disseminated in rural

households, Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Omar Masera, Kirk R. Smith, USA.

Published articles in journals and magazines

Mukhopadhyay R, Sambandam S, Pillarisetti A, Jack D, Mukhopadhyay K, Balakrishnan K, Vaswani M, Bates MN, Kinney PL, Arora N, and Smith KR. (2012). Cooking practices, air quality, and the acceptability of advanced cookstoves in Haryana, India: an exploratory study to inform large-scale interventions. Global Health Action 5. doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19016

Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, Walker JL, and Smith KR (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57:136-148.

Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, and Smith KR (2012). Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors (SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47:459-468.

Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, and Smith KR (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 39:7557-7566.


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UC Berkeley graduate theses

Ruiz-Mercado I (2012). The Stove Adoption Process: Quantification Using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) in Households Cooking with Fuelwood Thesis. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley.

Eav, Jenny (2014). Field Testing of Wireless Use Monitors in Haryana, India. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley.

Press coverage

Date Published Publication/URL Title December, 2010 Connected World Magazine.

http://www.connectedworldmag.com/ 10_2_magazinearticle.aspx?id=MAZ 0101129085315790

Tech meets social needs

September 28, 2010 Daily Californian. http://www.dailycal.org/article/11052 3/device_monitors_families_stove_u Sage

Device monitors families Stove usage

April 01, 2010 Partnership for Clean Indoor Air, Extranjero, Medios impresos, http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/04 /PCIA-Bulletin-Issue-23.pdf

How many Stoves are being used? Stove use monitoring systems (SUMS).

April 21, 2010 Bridges. http://coeh.berkeley.edu/bridges/spri ng2010/vodaphone_award.html

Stove sensor project takes top prize in Vodafone competition for wireless innovation

April 21, 2010 Household Energy Network. http://www.hedon.info/article1957

100 Millions stoves a wireless stove use monitoring system: winner of wireless innovation project

April 18, 2013 Reportaje Creadores universitarios, Foro TV. Televisa, Nacional, Television.

“Ecotecnologias en la UNAM”.


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of 66

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Visita 2 Fogon Gas Chimenea Ambiente Fogon Gas Chimenea Ambiente Fogon Gas Chimenea AmbienteInicio Final # Estufas 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 0 1

12-dic-13 19-dic-13 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 05 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton AEEB/AC87 0950 EA89 626C no - 09C6 E0D7 AE5E - 0A06 E7E9wSUM 221 (0.36) 225 (0.36) 225 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) - 226 (0.36) - 227 (0.35) - 227 (0.35) -Batería restante 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -Lectura inalámbrica no no no - no - no - no - no -Uso en porcentaje - - - - - - - - - - - -Observaciones

CTH=3.5 PTH=1 GNT=7 DNT=1440 CTH=3.5 PTH=1 GNT=7 DNT=1440 CTH=3.5 PTH=1 GNT=7 DNT=1440Visita 3 Fogon Gas Chimenea Ambiente Fogon Gas Chimenea Ambiente Fogon Gas Chimenea AmbienteInicio Final # Estufas 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 0 1

20-dic-13 02-ene-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 05 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton AEEB/AC87 0950 EA89 626C no - 09C6 E0D7 AE5E - 0A06 E7E9wSUM 220 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36) - 218 (0.35) - 208 (0.36) - 214 (0.36) - 214 (0.36) -Batería restante 0 0 0 - 0 - 3.6 v - 0 - 0 -Lectura inalámbrica no no no - no - si - no - no -Uso en porcentaje - - - - - - 96.5% - - - - -Observaciones


04-ene-14 14-ene-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton AEEB/AC87 0950 EA89 626C no - 09C6 E0D7 AE5E - 0A06 E7E9wSUM 226 (0.36) 224 (0.36) 224 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) - 221 (0.36) - 227 (0.35) - 227 (0.35) -Batería restante 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.7 v - 3.7 v - 3.7 v - 3.7 v - 3.7 v -Lectura inalámbrica si si si - si - si - si - si -Uso en porcentaje 0% - 78.5% - 35% - 97.5% - - - 82.5%Observaciones


15-ene-14 28-ene-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton AEEB/AC87 0950 EA89 626C no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 214 (0.36) 220 (0.36) 220 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) - 208 (0.36) - 205 (0.36) - 205 (0.36) -Batería restante 3.7 v 3.4 v 3.4 v - 0 - 3.6 v - 3.6 v - 3.6 v -Lectura inalámbrica si si si - no - si - si - si -Uso en porcentaje 43.5% - 76% - - - 99% - - - 80.5% -Observaciones


29-ene-14 19-feb-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 226 (0.36) 221 (0.36) 221 (0.36) - 227 (0.35) - 230 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) -Batería restante 0 0 0 - 0 - 3.6 v - 0 - 0 -Lectura inalámbrica no no no - no - no - no - no -Uso en porcentaje - - - - - - - - - - - -Observaciones

CTH=3.5 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60 CTH=3.5 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60 CTH=3.5 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60

TZURUMUTAROCasa 003 Casa 004 Casa 007

El botón del fogón tiene problemas de lectura

Se despegaron los cables del wSUM 226

Problemas en el wSUM 218

Está despegado el cable del wSUM 225

El botón del fogón desapareció

Están mal pegados los cables del wSUM 220

Se quemó el boton del fogón


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20-feb-14 05-mar-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 220 (0.36) 214 (0.36) 214 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) - 208 (0.36) - 205 (0.36) - 205 (0.36) -Batería restante 3.5 v 3.6 v 3.6 v - 3.7 v - 3.7 v - 3.6 v - 3.6 v -Lectura inalámbrica si si si - si - si - si - si -Uso en porcentaje - - - - - - - - - - - -Observaciones

CTH=5 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60 CTH=15 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60 PTH=24 GNT=24 DNT=60CTH=10 CTH=25 CTH=15


05-mar-14 07-mar-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 229 (0.37) 224 (0.36) 224 (0.36) - 226 (0.36) - 230 (0.36) - 221 (0.36) - 221 (0.36) -Batería restante 3.9 v 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 3.9 v - 3.9 v -Lectura inalámbrica si no no - no - no - si - si -Uso en porcentaje 62% - - - - - - - - - 34.5% -Observaciones



07-mar-14 12-mar-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 208 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36) - 220 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) - 221 (0.36) - 221 (0.36) -Batería restante 3.8 v 0 0 - 0 - 3.9 - 3.8 v - 3.8 v -Lectura inalámbrica si no no - no - si - si - si -Uso en porcentaje 64.5% - - - - - 58.5% - - - 37.0% -Observaciones



12-mar-14 27-mar-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 229 (0.37) 226 (0.36) 226 (0.36) - 230 (0.36) - 214 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) -Batería restante - 3.6 v 3.6 v - 3.7 v - 3.6 v - 3.6 v - 3.6 v -Lectura inalámbrica no si si - si - si - si - si -Uso en porcentaje - - 20.5% - 7% - 46.0% - - - 28.0% -Observaciones



12-mar-14 28-mar-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton 083A/9957 0BD8 0BF2 B2A8 no - 9986 737B B218 - E7C6 B0F2wSUM 229 (0.37) 226 (0.36) 226 (0.36) - 230 (0.36) - 214 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) - 224 (0.36) -Batería restante 3.6 v 3.6 v 3.6 v - 3.6 v - - - 3.5 v - 3.5 v -Lectura inalámbrica no si si - si - no - si - si -Uso en porcentaje - - 19.5% - 11% - - - - - 28.5% -Observaciones



28-mar-14 17-abr-14 Tipo de estufa 07 20 16 50 07 - 16 50 02 - 10 50iButton AEA6/0AC9 B1DA AD51 08B1 B213 - AE90 4769 98A3 - 0A51 5FC5wSUM 208 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36) - - - 220 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) - 225 (0.36) -Batería restante - - - - - - - - - - - -Lectura inalámbrica no no no - no - no - no - no -Uso en porcentaje - - - - - - - - - - - -Observaciones


Problemas en las baterías de los wSUMs Problemas en las baterías de los wSUMs El wSUM 221 fue el único que se dejó

El lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidosEl lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidos

Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs

Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente

El lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidos

Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs

Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente

No se recibió lectura del wSUM 229 No se volvió a colocar el wSUM al fogón


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Visit 1 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 1

26-Jul-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton BB221 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -

5-Aug-13 wSUM 219 (0.35) 219 (0.35) 215 (0.34) 222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 201 (0.34)Battery remaining - - 3.7 v 3.6 v 3.6 v 4.0 vWireless reader no no yes yes yes yesSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes

ObservationsCTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6 CTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6

DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 2 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 1

5-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton BB221 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -10-Aug-13 wSUM 206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34) 222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 216 (0.34)

Battery remaining 3.8 v 3.8 v 3.6 v - - 3.7 vWireless reader yes yes yes no no noSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 3 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 110-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton BB221 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -16-Aug-13 wSUM 206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34) 222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 201 (0.34)

Battery remaining 3.7 v 3.7 v - - - 3.7 vWireless reader yes yes no no no yesSD card data yes yes yes no no yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440

wSUM 215 SD card data stopped 8/13/2013

wSUM 222 was not replaced

M10I M47N

wSUM 219 reset itself on 7/28/2013

On wSUM 201 SD card data, error occurred on 7/30/2013 at 13:00. BV dropped from 3.6 to 3.3. Lots of headers between the previous

Mismatch between wSUM ID in reader data and file name


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Visit 4 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 116-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton BB221 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -24-Aug-13 wSUM 206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34) 219 (0.35) 219 (0.35) 201 (0.34)

Battery remaining - - - - - -Wireless reader no no no no no noSD card data yes yes - yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 5 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 124-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton - F2321 E1A21 0C721 -

5-Sep-13 wSUM 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 206 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)Battery remaining - - 3.8 v - - 3.6 vWireless reader no no yes no no yesSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes



5-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton B2A21 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -

9-Sep-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 212 (0.34)Battery remaining 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.6 v 3.8 v 3.8 v -Wireless reader yes yes yes yes yes noSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440

M10I M47N

wSUM 215 was not replaced last week

wSUM 206 was replaced with a battery-less unit; iButton damaged for TRD; reader shows 100% use but 0 days on for improved

wSUM 210 reset itself on 9/6, 9/7, 9/8


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9-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton B2A21 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -14-Sep-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 219 (0.35)

Battery remaining 3.7 v 3.7 v - 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.9 vWireless reader yes yes no yes yes yesSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 8 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 114-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton B2A21 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -20-Sep-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 212 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 219 (0.35)

Battery remaining 3.5 v 3.5 v 3.7 v - - 3.7 vWireless reader yes yes yes no no yesSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 9 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 1 1 1 1 120-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD HAR IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton BB221 F2321 E1A21 0C721 -

4-Oct-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 212 (0.34) 211 (0.34) 211 (0.34) 219 (0.35)Battery remaining - - - 3.6 v 3.6 v -Wireless reader no no no yes yes noSD card data yes yes yes yes yes yesObservations

CTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6 CTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6DNT=1440 DNT=1440

M10I M47N

No wireless data received from wSUM 206


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26-Jul-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - - D5621 DA321

5-Aug-13 wSUM 217 (0.35) - 211 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)Battery remaining - - 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.7 vWireless reader no - yes yes yes yesSD card data yes yes yes yes yesObservations



5-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 DA32110-Aug-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) - 211 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)

Battery remaining 3.8 v - - 3.6 v 3.6 v 3.6 vWireless reader yes - no yes yes yesSD card data yes no yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 3 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 0 1 1 1 110-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 DA32116-Aug-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) - 211 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)

Battery remaining 3.7 v - - - - -Wireless reader yes - no no no noSD card data yes no yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440

wSUM 211 was not replaced

M51N M55N

SD data for wSUM 211 stopped on 8/5/2013 even though BV was still at 3.7 V.


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Visit 4 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 0 1 1 1 116-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 -24-Aug-13 wSUM 207 (0.34) - 210 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)

Battery remaining - - 3.7 v - - 3.6 vWireless reader no - yes no no yesSD card data yes - yes yes yes yes


DNT=1440 DNT=1440Visit 5 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 0 1 1 1 124-Aug-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 B8E21

5-Sep-13 wSUM 222 (0.35) - 201 (0.34) 216 (0.35) 216 (0.35) 209 (0.34)Battery remaining 3.7 v - 3.7 v 3.6 v 3.6 v -Wireless reader yes - yes yes yes noSD card data yes - yes yes yes yes



5-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 B8E21

9-Sep-13 wSUM 222 (0.35) - 201 (0.34) 216 (0.35) 216 (0.35) 215 (0.35)Battery remaining 3.4 v - 3.6 v - - -Wireless reader yes - yes no no noSD card data yes - yes yes yes no

ObservationsCTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6 CTH=5 PTH=15 GNT=6GNT=7 DNT=1440 DNT=1440

wSUM 209 was replaced with a battery-less unit

M51N M55N

iButton on haaro malfunctioned


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9-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 B8E2114-Sep-13 wSUM 222 (0.35) - 201 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)

Battery remaining - - - 3.8 v 3.8 v 3.8 vWireless reader no - no yes yes yesSD card data no - yes yes yes yes


Visit 8 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 0 1 1 1 114-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 B8E2120-Sep-13 wSUM 216 (0.34) - 215 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)

Battery remaining - - 3.7 3.7 v 3.7 v 3.6 vWireless reader no - yes yes yes yesSD card data yes - yes yes yes yes


Visit 9 Chulha Haaro Improved Chulha Haaro ImprovedInitial # Stoves 1 0 1 1 1 120-Sep-13 Stove Type TRD - IMP TRD HAR IMPFinal iButton FBF21 - D5621 B8E21

4-Oct-13 wSUM 222 (0.35) - 215 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)Battery remaining 3.6 v - - - - -Wireless reader yes - no no no noSD card data yes - yes yes yes yesObservations


M51N M55N

wSUM 222 SD data file looks like the same file from 9/9/2013

For wSUM 215, several resets everyday. Always around 12:00, 13:00, 14:00. For wSUM 216, hundreds of lines of just the header occurred everyday until 3.3 BV.


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ANNEX 4: PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

1st Gen. Berkeley, USA: Construction of Patsari Stove


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1st Gen. Berkeley, USA: Controlled tests with Patsari (above) and rocket type (below) stoves.


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1st Gen Michoacan, Mexico: First controlled test at GIRA and UNAM Stove Testing Labs


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1st Gen Santa Ana – Michoacan, Mexico: In-field controlled tests.


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1st and 2nd GenTaretan – Michoacan, Mexico: Long-term pilot study.


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3rd Gen Mexico: Field deployment in chimney stoves, gas stoves and traditional fires.


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3rd Gen India: Field deployment in Philips portable woodstoves and traditional stoves.

wireless stove use monitors (wsums) for remotely...

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