winter break class x subject - hindi … ogh dÙkk mls vfr ^lqanj mkwxh^ yxus yxka og mls [kwclwjr...
TRANSCRIPT
WINTER BREAK
CLASS – X
SUBJECT - HINDI
Worksheet – I
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mÙkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,%&
1- nwljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ ds O;ogkj esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\
mÙkj% nwljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ ds O;ogkj esa ;g ifjorZu vk;k fd og LoPNan vkSj
?keaMh gks x;kA og ;g lkspus yxk fd vc i<+s ;k u i<+s] og ikl rks gks gh tk,xkA
bldkj.k og cM+s HkkbZ dh lgu”khyrk dk vuqfpr ykHk mBkdj viuk vf/kd le; [ksydwn
esa yxkus yxkA
2- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dks vius eu dh bPNk,¡ D;ksa nckuh iM+rh Fkha\
mÙkj% cM+s HkkbZ lkgc cM+s gksus ds ukrs ;gh pkgrs vkSj dksf”k”k djrs Fks f dos tks dqN Hkh djsa] og
NksVs HkkbZ ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k dk dke djsA mUgsa vius uSfrd drZO; dk cks/k Hkh Fk fd
Lo;a vuq”kkflr jgdj gh os NksVs HkkbZ dks vuq”kklu esa j[k ik,¡xsA bl vkn”kZ rFkk
xfjeke;h fLFkfr dks cuk,j[kus ds fy, mUgsa vius eu dh bPNk,¡ nckuh iM+rh FkhaA
3- dydÙkkokfl;ksa ds fy, 26 tuojh 1931 dk fnu D;ksa egRoiw.kZ Fkk\
mÙkj% 26 tuojh] 1931 dk fnu dydÙkkokfl;ksa ds fy, blfy, egRoiw.kZ Fkk] D;ksfd lu~ 1930
esa xqyke Hkkjr esa tc nqckjk Lora=rk fnol euk;k x;k Fkk] rc dydrk esa dqN [kkl ugha
gqvk Fkk] ftlls muds uke ij dyad yx x;k FkkA dydrk esa vkt+knh ds fy, dksbZ dk;Z
ugha fd;k tk jgkA bl o’kZ mldh iqujkofÙk Fkh] vkSj dydrkoklh bl dyad dks /kksus ds
fy, dfVon~/k Fks] ftlds fy, dkQh rS;kfj;k¡ igys ls gh dh xbZ FkhaA blds fy, yksxksa us
vius&vius edkuksa vkSj lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij jk’Vªh; >aaMk Qgjk;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa bl rjg
ls ltk;k x;k Fkk fd ,slk ekywe gksrk Fkk] ekuksa Lora=rk fey xbZ gksA
4- yksx vius&vius edkuksa o lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij jk’Vªh; >aMk Qgjkdj fdl ckr dk ladsr
nsuk pkgrs Fks\
mÙkj% yksx vius&vius edkuksa o lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij jk’Vªh; >aMk Qgjkdj bl ckr dk ladsr
nsuk pkgrs Fks fd os lHkh Lora=rk izkfIr ds vkanksyu esa fdlh ls Hkh ihNs ugha gSaA mUgsa Hkh
Lora=rk fnol gsrq [kqf”k;k¡ eukuh vkrh gSaA os fiNys o’kZ ds vk;kstu esa Hkkxhnkjh dh deh
dks iwjk djuk pkgrs FksA os vaxzstksa dks crkuk pkgrss Fks fd vc os mudk vius ns”k esa “kklu
lgu ugha dj ldrs rFkk vc os mudk t+cjnLr fojks/k djrs jgsaxsA
5- ^vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh Fkh^& fdl ckr ls ipk py jgk Fkk fd vkt dk fnu vius
vki esa fujkyk gS\ Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% okLro esa] vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh Fkh vkSj vkt dk fnu Hkh fujkyk FkkA
dydÙkkokfl;ksa us 26 tuojh] 1931 fnol dk cM+s mRlkg ls vk;kstu fd;k FkkA iwjs “kgj
dks fo”ks’k <ax ls ltk;k x;k rFkk gt+kjksa yksx tqywl fudky jgs FksA L=h&lekt us Hkh
vkanksyu esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;kA iqfyl ds fojks/k djus ds ckn Hkh yksxksa dk mRlkg
ns[krs gh curk FkkA tqywl esa gt+kjksa yksx ?kk;y gq, Fks] muesa 105 fL=;k¡ fxjQ~rkj gqbZ
FkhA vkt+knh ds izfr yksxksa ds tquwu dks pje lhek ij ns[kdj gh ys[kd us ,slk dgkA
6- izkphu dky esa euksjatu vkSj “kfDr izn”kZu ds fy, fdl izdkj ds vk;kstu fd, tkrs Fks\
mÙkj% izkphu dky esa euksjatu vkSj “kfDr&izn”kZu ds fy, ^Ik”kq&ioZ^ dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA
blesa g’V&iq’V Ik”kqvksa ds vfrfjDr Ik”kqvksa ls ;qodksa dh “kfDr&ijh{kk izfr;ksfxrk Hkh gksrh
FkhA lHkh xk¡oksa ds yksx blesa fgLlk ysrs FksA bl vk;kstu esa u`R;&laxhr vkSj Hkkstu dk
Hkh izca/k fd;k tkrk FkkA
7- :f<+;k¡ tc ca/ku cu cks> cuus yxsa rc mudk VwV tkuk gh vPNk gSA D;ksa\ Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% :f<+;k¡ tc ca/ku cu cks> cuus yxsa] rc okLro esa mudk VwV tkuk gh mfpr gS rFkk buesa
ifjorZu djuk Js;Ldj gksrk gS D;kasfd :f<+;k¡ O;fDr dks ca/kuksa esa tdM+ ysrh gSa] ftlls
O;fDr dk fodkl gksuk can gks tkrk gSA buds VwV tkus ls O;fDr ds fnyks&fnekx ij Nk;k
cks> gV tkrk gSA O;fDr dh mUufr rFkk Lora=rk gsrq bu :f<+;ksa dks rksM+ nsuk pkfg, ugh
arks os gekjh mUufr esa ck/kd cudj [kM+h jgsaxhA
8- ^rhljh dle^ fQ+Ye dks ^lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork^ D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
mÙkj% ^rhljh dle^ fQ+Ye dks lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork vFkkZr dSejs dh jhy esa mrkj dj
fp= ij izLrqr djuk blfy, dgk x;k gS D;kasfd ;g og fQ+Ye gS] ftlus fganh lkfgR; dh
,d vR;ar ekfeZd d`fr dks lSY;wykbM ij lkFkZdrk ls mrkjk] blfy, ;g fQ+Ye ugha]
cfYd lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork FkhA ftl izdkj ,d dfork fny dks xgjkbZ rd Nw
ysrh gS mlh izdkj bl fQ+Ye us Hkh yksxksa dks Hkkoqd gksus ij etcwj dj fn;kA
9- ^rhljh dle^ fQ+Ye dks [kjhnnkj D;ksa ugha fey jgs Fks\
mÙkj% ^rhljh dle^ fQ+Ye dks [kjhnnkj blfy, ugha fey jgs Fks D;ksafd blesa euksjatu lkekU;
dksfV dk ugha FkkA ;g ,d lkfgfR;d fQ+Ye FkhA bldh laosnuk dks /ku dekus dh bPNk
j[kus okys forjd le> ugha lds] ysfdu bl fQ+Ye esa jph&clh d:.kk iSls ds rjktw ij
rkSyh tk ldus okyh pht+ ugha FkhA forjd tksf[ke ugha ysuk pkgrs Fks] tcfd belsa
dykdkj Hkh mPp Lrj ds FksA
10- fQ+Yeksa esa =kln fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=kadu XyksjhQ+kbZ D;ksa dj fn;k tkrk gS\
mÙkj% fQ+Yeksa esa =kln fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=kadu XyksjhQkbZ blfy, dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd vf/kdrj
yksxksa dk HkkokRed “kks’k.k dj mudks fQ+Ye ns[kus ds fy, vkdf’kZr fd;k tk ldsA tcfd
lkekftd lq/kkj ,o LoLFk] ldkjkRed lans”k ds fy, muesa dqy ln~xq.kksa ,oa f”k{kkizn n”;ksa
dks XyksjhQ+kbZ djuk pkfg,A
11- vkspqesykWo ds pfj= dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks vius “kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
mÙkj% vkspqesykWo bl dgkuh dk lcls izeq[k ik= gS D;kasfd laiw.kZ gkuh lh ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA
og Hkz’V] pkiywl] yksHkh] voljoknh rFkk LokFkhZ baLisDVj ds :Ik esa ikBdksa ds lkeus vkrk
gSA [;qfØu o fiYYks ls tqM+h ?kVuk esa mlds pfj= dh ;s lHkh fo”ks’krk,¡ mtkxj gksrh gSaA
og dkuwu dks vius gkFkksa dh dBiqryh le>rk gSA og bruk yksHkh Fkk fd >jcsjh tSls
lk/kkj.k Qy ij Hkh mldh uh;r Mksy tkrh gSA og bruk Hkz’V gS fd tc og x”r ij
fudyrk gS] rc dksbZ fHk[kkjh Hkh mlds ikl ugha QVdrkA dgkuh esa og iy&iy fxjfxV
dh rjg jax cnyrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj varr% ;g tkuus ds ckn fd dqÙkk tujy lkgc
ds HkkbZ dk gS] og fiYys dks okil tujy lkgc ds ?kj Hkst nsrk gS rFkk [;wfØu dks
/kedkrs gq, vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA
12- ;g tkuus ds ckn fd dqÙkk tujy lkgc ds HkkbZ dk gS & vkspqesykWo ds fopkjksa esa D;k
ifjorZu vk;k vkSj D;ksa\
mÙkj% tc vkspqesykWo dks izks[kksj ;g crkrk gS fd ;g dqÙkk tujy lkgc ds HkkbZ dk gS] rks mlds
fopkjksa esa ,dne ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA og igys ftl dqRrs dks xank] efj;y dg jgk Fkk]
vc ogh dqÙkk mls vfr ^lqanj MkWxh^ yxus yxkA og mls [kwclwjr fiYyk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA
mls vc [;wfØu dk gh nks’k fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA mlds fopkjksa esa ;g ifjorZu blfy, vk;k
D;ksafd og LokFkhZ ,oa voljoknh O;fDr Fkk vkSj tujy lkgc dks ukjkt+ ugha djuk pkgrk
Fkk rFkk mu ij viuh LokehHkfDr dh Nki NksM+uk pkgrk FkkA
13- ^Msjk Mkyus^ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% ^Msjk Mkyus^ ls vk”k; gS fd vius jgus ds fy, vLFkk;h ?kj cukukA ikB esa crk;k x;k gS
fd leqnz ds fdukjs cfLr;k¡ cu tkus ls dbZ isM+ dVs] dbZ i{kh iyk;u dj x, vkSj tks u
tk lds] mUgksaus tgk¡&rgk¡ Msjk Mky fn;kA
14- ot+hj vyh ds vQ+lkus lqudj duZy dks jkWfcugqM dh ;kn D;ksa vk tkrh Fkh\
mÙkj% ot+hj vyh ds vQ+lkus lqudj duZy dks jkWfcugqM dh ;kn blfy, vk tkrh Fkh D;ksafd
ftl izdkj ot+hj vyh us ?kkxjk ds taxyksa esa viuh prqjkbZ o lkgl ls duZy dkfyat
rFkk mlds lSfud dh ukd esa nd dj fn;k Fkk vkSj muls fxjQ+rkj ugha gks ldk Fkk] mlh
izdkj baXySaM esa jkWfcugqM us lÙkk/kkjh lSfudksa dks ukdksa pus pcok fn, Fks] fdarq muds gkFk
ugha yxk FkkA
15- lvknr vyh dkSu Fkk\ mlus ot+hj vyh dks iSnkb”kdks viuh ekSr D;ksa le>k\
mÙkj% lvknr vyh vo/k ds uokc vkflQ+mn~nkSyk dk NksVk HkkbZ FkkA mls vk”kk Fkh fd uokc ds
?kj dksbZ larku rks gksxh ugha] blfy, og vo/k dk uokc cu tk,xk] ysfdu ot+hj vyh
dk tUe gqvk] rks lvknr vyh dks viuk Hkfo’; Mwcrk&lk ut+j vk;kA mlus ot+hj vyh
dks viuh ekSr ds leku le>k vkSj og mldk nq”eu cu x;k D;kasfd vo/k dks ot+hj vyh
ds :Ik esa mÙkjkf/kdkjh fey x;k FkkA
16- ys[kd us tkikfu;ksa ds fnekx esa ^LihM^ dk batu yxus dh ckr D;ksa dgh gS\
mÙkj% ys[kd us tkikfu;ksa ds fnekx esa ^LihM^ dk batu yxus dh ckr blfy, dgh gS D;ksafd
tkikfu;ksa ds thou dh jQ+~rkj cgqr c<+ xbZ gSA ogk¡ dksbZ pyrk ugha] cfYd nkSM+rk gSA
ogk¡ dksbZ cksyrk ugha] cfYd cdrk gSA tc os vdsys iM+ tkrs gSa rks Lo;a ls gh cM+cM+kus
yxrs gSaA os ,d eghu s dk dke ,d fnu esa djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA mUgksaus fo”o ds
fodflr ns”kk dh vxz.kh Js.kh esa vkus dh Bku dj gh thou dh jQ+~rkj c<+k yh gSA
17- izSfDVdy vkbfM;kfyLV fdls dgrs gSa\
mÙkj% os yksx] tks viuh uhfr;ksa] vius fl)karksa esa vkn”kksZa ds lkFk O;kogkfjdrk dks feyk nsrs gS
vkSj vius rFkk lekt esa mls mrkjuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa ^izSfDVdy vkbfM;kfyLV^ dgrs gSaA
18- ^eV~Vh ls eV~Vh feys] [kks ds lHkh fu”kkuA
fdlesa fdruk dkSu gS] dSls gks pgpkuAA
& bu iafDr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ys[kd D;k dguk pkgrk gS\ Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% ys[kd bu iafDr;ksa ds ek/;e ls nks ckrsa dguk pkgrk gSA igyh&e`R;q gksus ij lHkh izkf.k;ksa
ds “kjhj feV~Vh esa feydj feV~Vh gh cu tkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ fQj dksbZ igpku ugha jgrh fd
fdl feV~Vh ls fdldk “kjhj feyk gSA nwljh& vk/;kfRedrk dh nf’V ls( ftl izdkj leqnz
esa cw¡n ds feyus ij mldh igpku [kks tkrh gS] mlh izdkj lHkh vkRek,a e`R;q ds ckn dgk¡
tkrh gSa] eqDr gksrh gSa vFkok ijekRek esa fey tkrh gSa( ;g le>uk Hkh vfr nq’dj gSA
lalkj dk jpf;rk vius vuqlkj lcdks jprk gS] blesa fdlh dh pkgr ;k bPNk dk;Z ugha
djrhA thou ds var esa lHkh bl feV~Vh esa fey tkrs gSaA lcdh ,d gh xfr gksrh gSA
5 vad
1- ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc uked dgkuh ls vkidks D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\ lksnkgj.k Li’V djsaA
mÙkj izsepan }kjk jfpr dgkuh ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc^ ,d izsj.kknk;h dgkuh gS tks gesa vkuh {kerkvksa]
ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa dh O;ogkfjdrk dks le>us ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA
O;fDr dks dksbZ Hkh mins”k nsus ls iwoZ Lo;a dh rFkk Jksrk dh lgh fLFkfr lksp rFkk {kerk
dks vo”; le> ysuk pkfg,A ;fn lkeus okyk Hk;o”k ;k vknjo”k pqi jgrk gS rks ;g
gekjh fot; ugha gSA gekjh ^dFkuh^ vkSj ^djuh^ dk varj gekjh fLFkfr dks gkL;kLin cuk
ldrk gSA
bl dgkuh ds nksuksa ik= Lo;a dh vknrksa ls etcwj gSaA cM+k HkkbZ vkRefo”okl ls iw.kZ]
v/;;u”khy] /kqu dk iDdk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mins”kkRed izo`fÙk dk gSA og vius NksVs
HkkbZ dks ftu ckrksa ds fy, Mk¡Vrk&QVdkjrk gS] mu “kjkjrksa ds djrs gq, Hkh NksVk HkkbZ
Ik<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa mlls vOoy jgrk gSA blds ckotwn “kkyhurk dk ikyu djrs gq, og
vius cM+s HkkbZ dks iyV dj tokc ugha nsrk gSA ;g dgkuh gesa fl[kkrh gS fd ge vius
mins”kksa okys fl)karksa esa Lo;a Hkh fl|ku gksa] NksVksa dks lnSo jkSc ls ugha j[kk tkuk pkfg,
rFkk i<+kbZ ds lkFk&lkFk [ksy&dwn Hkh Nk=&thou ds vko”;d vax gksus pkfg,A
2- ^Mk;jh dk iUuk^ ikB ds vk/kkj ij crkb, fd iqfyl us dSlk neupØ pyk;k vkSj D;ksa\
yksaxksa us fdl izdkj mldk eq¡grksM+ mÙkj fn;k\
mÙkj% ^Mk;jh dk iUuk^ ikB esa ys[kd lhrkjke lsdlfj;k us 26 tuojh 1931 dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
26 tuojh 1931 dks xqyke Hkkjro’kZ esa nwljk Lora=rk fnol euk;k x;k FkkA
dydÙkkokfl;ksa us vktknh ds bl t”u esa c<+&p<+dj Hkkx fy;kA cM+s cktkj ds izk;% lHkh
edkuksa ij >aMs Qgjk jgs FksA iwjs dydÙkk dh jkSud ns[krs gh curh FkhA ftl jkLrs ij
euq’; tkrs Fksmlh jkLrs esamRlkg ,oa uohurk ekywe gksrh FkhA nwljh rjQ+ vaxst ljdkj Hkh
bl vkanksyu dks foQy djus esa iwjh rkdr ls tqVh gqbZ FkhA bl vkanksyu dh lQyrk
ljdkj dh foQyrk Fkh] vr% iqfyl dh rjQ+ ls Hkh dM+s lqj{kk izca/k fd, x, FksA cM+s&cM+s
ikdksZa rFkk eSnkuksa dks iqfyl us losjs ls gh ?ksj fy;k FkkA vkanksyu T;ksa&T;ksa mxz gksrk tk
jgk Fkk] R;ksa&R;ksa iqfyl dk neu pØ Hk;adj :Ik ysrk tk jgk FkkA iqfyl us tqywl ij
ykBhpktZ fd;kA bl ykBhpktZ esa vusd yksx ?kk;y gq,A f{krh”k pVthZ dk flj QV x;kA
o`tyky xks;udk dks ,d vaxzst ?kqM+lokj us ykBh ls ekjk vkSj idM+ dj nwj rd ?klhVkA
L=h dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ij Hkh tedj ykBhpktZ fd;k x;kA vaxzstksa ds bl vR;kpkj ds pyrs 160
ls Hkh vf/kd vkneh cqjh rjg ls ?kk;y gks x, FksA yxHkx 105 fL=;ksa dks yky cktkj
ykWdvi esa ys tk;k x;kA ij dydÙkkokfl;ksa us vaxsztksa ds bl vR;kpkj dk eq¡g rksM+
tokc fn;kA iqfyl }kjk fueZerk ls ykBhpktZ djus ij Hkh fofHkUu ikdksZa ,oa eksuqesaV ij
Hkkjh rknkn esa igq¡pdj] >aMk Qgjk;k rFkk “kiFk&i= i<+dj dydrkokfl;ksa us ;g fl)
dj fn;k fd vc os ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa ls ugha MjrsA
3- iklk xk¡o esa fdl ioZ dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k Fkk\ ml fnu ogk¡ ij D;k ?kVuk ?kVh\
^rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk^ ikB ds vk/kkj ij fyf[k,A
mÙkj% xk¡o esa Ik”kq&ioZ dk vk;kstu euksjatu rFkk “kfDr&izn”kZu ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk blesa
g`’V&iq’V Ik”kqvksa ds izn”kZu ds vfrfjDr Ik”kqvksa ls ;qodksa dh “kfDr dk izn”kZu gksrk FkkA
blesa lHkh xk¡o ds yksx “kkfey gksrs FksA lHkh ds fy, u`R; vkSj Hkkstu dk Hkh vk;kstu
gksrk FkkA ysfdu bl Ik”kq&ioZ esa ,d ?kVuk ?kVhA rrk¡jk Ik”kq&ioZ esa okehjksa dks <w¡< jgk
FkkA okehjks rrk¡jk ds lkeus vkrs gh QwV&QwV dj jksus yxhA rrk¡jk cM+h gh nqfo/kktud
fLFkfr esa FkkA rHkh ogk¡ okehjksa dh ek¡ vk xbZ vkSj mlus rrk¡jk dks cgqr viekfur fd;kA
xk¡o okys Hkh rrk¡jk ds fojks/k esa vkokt+s mBkus yxsA rrk¡jk ds fy, ;g lc vlguh; FkkA
og Hkh xqLls Hkh Hkj mBk vkSj mlus viuh ryokj dks iwjh “kfDr ls /kjrh esa ?kksai fn;k vkSj
[khaprs gq, nwj rd pyk x;kA blls }hi nks fgLlksa esa c¡V x;kA
4- ^rhljh dle^ lHkh xq.kksa ls iw.kZ gksus ds ckn Hkh turk dh HkhM+ D;ksa ugha tqVk ikbZ\ rdZ
laxr mÙkj nhft,A
mÙkj ^rhljh dle^ fQYe ,d egku fQYe Fkh] ijarq bl fQYe dks vf/kd forjd ugha fey
ldsA ;|fi bl fQYe esa uketkns flrkjksa us dke fd;k Fkk fQj Hkh bl fQYe dks [kjhnus
okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA njvly] bl fQYe dh laosnuk nks ls pkj cukus dk xf.kr tkuus okys
dh le> ls ijs FkhA bl fQYe esa nq[kksa dks XyksjhQkbZ djds ugha fn[kk;k x;kA bl fQYe
esa n”kZdksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk “kks’k.k ugha fd;k x;kA bl fQYe esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds
vuko”;d elkys ugha Mkys x, Fks blfy, bl fQYe ds fy, HkhM+ tqV ugha ikbZA ;gh
vuko”;d elkys tks fQYe ds iSls olwy djus ds fy, vko”;d gksrs gSa] bl fQYe esa Mkys
ugha x, FksA ;g ,d “kq) lkfgfR;d fQYe Fkh ftlesa yksdfiz;rk ds lLrs gFkdaMksa dk
vHkko gksus ds dkj.k forjdksa us bl fQYe dks [kjhnus esa :fp ugha fn[kkbZA oLrqr% forjd
iSlk dekus dks egRo nsrs FksA os vPNh fQYe dks egRo ugha nsrs FksA “kSysanz us fQYe esa
d:.kk o laosnuk dh xgjkbZ ij rks /;ku fn;k] ijarq blsvf/kd vkd’kZd cukus ds fy,
mUgksaus fdlh mFkysiu dk lgkjk ugha fy;kA tcfd ;g ,d dVq lR; gS fd yksxksa dh HkhM+
tqVkus ds fy, fQYe baMLVªh esa ,sls lLrs gFkdaMs viukus iM+rs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
mRd`’V dykRedrk] vR;ar yksdfiz; laxhr] izfl) vfHkusrk o vR;ar uket+n vfHkus=h ds
ckotwn ;s fQYe yksxksa dh HkhM+ ugha tqVk ikbZA
5- ^fxjfXkV^ dkuh esa “kkld vkSj iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds fdl :Ik dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gS\ D;k
og :Ik vkidks Hkh vius ifjos”k esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
mÙkj% ^fxjfXkV^ dgkuh ds vuqlkj ns”k dh “kklu&O;oLFkk cqjh rjg pjejkbZ gqbZ FkhA ml le;
tkj”kkgh “kklu pkiywlksa] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn ds iks’kd vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Hkjksls py jgk FkkA
“kklu O;oLFkk ;fn Hkz’V gksxh vFkok neudkjh gksxh] rks lkekU; tu&ekul esa dkuwu ds
izfr vknj rFkk fu’Bk ;k rks gksxh gh ugha ;k os dkuwu ls Mjs&lges gkasxsA os U;k; dh ek¡x
djrs gq, Hkh MjrsA izLrqr dgkuh esa ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd “kklu&O;oLFkk iwjh rjg
pjejk;h gqbZ gS] iqfyl ra= ,oa iqfyl vf/kdkjh iwjh rjg Hkz’V gSaA ;fn baLisDVj vkspqesykWo
dks gh ns[kk tk, rks leLr “kklu&ra= dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA og Hkz’V]
voljoknh] pkiywl] fj”or[kksj rFkk Øwj gSA dqÙks ds ekfyd dh vkfFkZd&lkekftd fLFkfr
ds vuqlkj mldk izfriy cnyrk gSA iqfyl dk ;g :Ik izk;% gesa vius vklikl fn[kkbZ
nsrk gS] gkykafd cgqr&ls yksx bZekunkj rFkk dRkZO;fu’B Hkh gSaA
6- ^vc dgk¡ nwljs ds nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys^ ikB dk ys[kd ^eVwVh ls eVwVh feys] [kks dslHkh
fu”kku^ & mfDr ds ek/;e ls D;k dguk pkgrk gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% izLrqr iafDr dk vk”k; ;g gS fd ekuo&”kjhj feV~Vh ls gh fufeZr gS vkSj bldh vkRek
fudy tkus ds ckn ;g “kjhj feV~Vh esa gh fey tkrk gSA blfy, bl “kjhj ;kuh feV~Vh
ij vfHkeku ugha djuk pkfg,A vc euq’; esa fdruh euq’;rk gS vkSj Ik”kqvksa esa fdruh Ik”kqrk
;g dguk vR;ar dfBu gSA bldh lgh igpku rks mlds xq.kksa }kjk gh dh tk ldrh gS
fd dkSu ekuoh; xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gS vkSj iFoh ds LkHkh izkf.k;ksa ds izfr ln~Hkkouk j[krk gS
rFkk euq’; ds Nn~e :Ik esa dkSu Ik”kq gS vFkkZr Ik”kqvksa dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA euq’; vkSj
Ik”kq esa Hksn djuk vR;ar dfBu g SA dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd lHkh izk.kh leku gSa] muesa Hksn
djuk dfBu gS] cl muds xq.kksa vFkok voxq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij gh ge ;g dg ldrs gSa dkSu
D;k gSA “kjhj u’V gksus ds ckn og feV~Vh esa fey tkrk gS] ysfdu mlds xq.k yksxksa ds chp
thfor jgrs gSaA
7- ^lksuk ihNs jgdj rk¡ck gh vkxs vkrk gS^& ;g okD; fdl lanHkZ esa vk;k gSA xk¡/kh th ds
fo’k; esa ;g fLFkfr foijhr dSls Fkh\
mÙkj% v“kq) lksuk vkSj “kq) vkn”kZ ,d leku gksrs gSa] ijarq O;ogkjoknh yksxksa ds fy, mudk dksbZ
fo”ks’k mi;ksx ugha gSA os rks izR;sd oLr q dks mlds gkfu&YkkHk] mi;ksfxrk vkfn ds vk/kkj
ij viukrs gSa rFkk vko”;drkuqlkj mlesa feykoV djds mls vius ;ksX; cuk ysrs gSaA ,sls
yksxksa ds le{k rks volj ij lgh ,oa mi;ksxh fl) gksus okyk rk¡ck gh loksZifj jgrk gS]
D;ksafd og lksus dks etcwrh nsrk gSA vkn”kksZa dh ckr Hkh muds fy, vFkZghu gS D;ksafd muds
vuqlkj vkn”kksZa ls ;FkkFkZ thou ugha pyrsA vr% muds mi;ksx esa] O;ogkj esa rFkk ckrksa esa
ges”kk rk¡ck vkxs jgrk gS] lksuk ughaA
xk¡/kh th ds fo’k; esa ;g fLFkfr vFkkZr rk¡cs dk vxz.kh gksuk rFkk lk sus dk fiNM+uk( blfy,
foijhr Fkh] D;ksafd os O;kogkfjdrk ds egÙo dks igpkurs FksA mldk ewY; le>rs Fks] ijarq
vius vkn”kksZa dks R;kx ugha ldrs FksA mUgksaus vius “kq) lksus vFkkZr vkn”kksZa dk voewY;u
ugha fd;k] oju O;ogkfjdrk dks vkn”kksZa ds Lrj rd Å¡pk mBk;k vkSj bl fLFkfr esa lnSOk
lksuk gh vkxs jgrk FkkA
8- ^>su dh nsu^ ikB esa tkikuh yksxksa dks ekufld jksx gksus ds D;k&D;k dkj.k crk, x, gSa\
vki buls dgk¡ rd lger gSa\ rdZ lfgr fyf[k,A
mÙkj% ^>su dh nsu^ ikB esa tkikuh yksxksa dks ekufld jksx gksus ds fofHkUu dkj.kksa esa thou dh
vf/kd jQrkj] ekufld ruko] mPp Lrj dh izfrLi/kkZ vkfn crk, x, gSaA tkiku us
rduhdh {ks= esa fo”o esa “kh’kZ LFkku ik;k gS] ijarq og vU; LkHkh {ks=ksa esa Hkh vesfjdk ls
izfrLi/kkZ dj mlls vkxs fudyuk pkgrk gSA yksxksa dks blds dkj.k yxkrkj ekufld ruko
>syuk iM+rk gSA bl ruko ds dkj.k os eghus Hkj ds dke dks ,d fnu esa fuiVkus dk
iz;kl djrs gSaA jQ~rkj us muds fnekx dks :X.k dj fn;k gSA fdlh ds ikl Hkh ,d&nwljs
ls ckr djus dk le; ugha gSA yksx vdsys iu ds f”kdkj gSa vkSj Lo;a ls ckrsa djrs gSa
vFkok yxkrkj cM+cM+krs jgrs gSaA ;g ckr iw.kZr;k lR; gS fd rukoxzLr O;fDr vius
vklikl ds okrkoj.k ls vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkrk gS vkSj vthc xfrfof/k;k¡ djus yxrk gS]
ftuesa ls cM+cM+kuk izeq[k gSA lq[k] pSu o vkjke ls jfgr thou dHkh larqfyr gks gh ugha
ldrkA vr% tkikuh ekufld jksxh gksrs tk jgs gSaA
9- ot+hj vyh us vaxzstksa dh xqykeh D;ksa ugha Lohdkj dh\ mldh fdUgha rhu pkfjf=d
fo”ks’krkvksa ij ikB ds vk/kkj ij izdk”k Mkfy,\
mÙkj% ot+hj vyh ,d iDdk ns”kHkDr FkkA og vaxzsth “kklu dks ilan ugha djrk FkkA og ek=
ik¡p ighuksa rd vo/k ds r[+r ij cSBk Fkk vkSj bruh&lh vof/k esa gh mlus njckfj;ksa rFkk
turk ds eu&efLr’d ls vaxzsth izHkko dks iw.kZr;k fu’dkflr dj fn;k FkkA og vaxzstksa dh
xqykeh dHkh Lohdkjdj gha ugha ldrk Fkk D;ksafd ns”kfDr ds lkFk&lkFk mlesa lkgl] cy]
ijkØe] fu’Bk vkfn dwV&dwV dj Hkjs FksA Lons”k ls vaxzstksa dks [knsM+us ds fy, mlus dbZ
ekxZ viuk, Fks] tSls vQ+xkfuLrku ds ckn”kkg dks fganqLrku ij vkØe.k djus ds fy,
vkeaf=r djuk rkfd vaxzsth lsuk dh “kfDr de gks lds( usiky dh vksj Hkkxu s dk iz;kl
djuk rkfd viuk lkSU;&cy c<+k lds vkfnA cl] mldk ,d gh y{; Fkk] vaxzt+ksa dh
xqykeh Lohdkj u djds mUgsa vius ns”k ls ckgj fudkyukA bu lc ?kVukvksa ds izdk”k esa
mlds pfj= dh eq[; fo”ks’krk,¡ mHkj dj vkrh gSaA og ,d lPpk ns”kHkDr FkkA lkFk gh
lkgl] ijkØe rFkk cqf)eÙkk ls Hkjiwj mldk O;fDrRo Fkk rFkk dq”ky “kkld dh uhfr;ksa
vFkkZr~ lke] nke] naM] Hksn bR;kfn ls Hkh og Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr FkkA
Worksheet – II
ikB~;iwLrd Li”kZ ¼dkO; [kaM½
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mÙkj la{ksi esa nhft,% ¼2 vad½
1- e/kqj&e/kqj esjs nhid ty dfork ds ek/;e ls dof;=h us fdl ckr dh izsj.kk nsus dk
iz;kl fd;k gS\
mÙkj% dkof;=h us thou :ih nhi dks fujarj tyus dh izsj.kk nsus dk iz;kl fd;kgSA og pkgrh
gS fd ;g nhid fiz;re ds ekxZ dk va/kdkj nwj djs] lcdks viuk izdk”k vkSj l qxa/k nsA
gj BaMs vkSj dksey inkFkZ dks vius Tokyk d.k nsA mldk thou nhi [kq”kh&[kq”kh feBkl o
jksekap ls Hkjdj izfr{k.k tysA
2- ^rksi^ dfork ls vkidks rks ds fo’k; esa D;k tkudkjh feyrh gS\
mÙkj% rksi 1857 bZo esa vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ yM+s x, Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke ds fnuksa esa cM+h
dkjxj vkSj “kfDr”kkyh jgh FkhA mlus fdrus gh Hkkjrh; j.kck¡dqjksa dks ekSr ds eq¡g esa ?kdsy
fn;k FkkA iwoZtksa dh xyrh dk Lej.k djkus ds fy, bl rks dks /kjksgj ds :Ik esa daiuh
ckx ds izos”k }kj ij j[k fn;k x;k rkfd Hkkoh ih<+h bZLV bafM;k tSlh daiuh ds izfr lrdZ
jgsA
3- ^euq’;rk^ dfork esa euq’; dh lcls cM+h iw¡th fdls crk;k x;k gS\
mÙkj% ^euq’;rk^ dfork ds vuqlkj euq’; dh lcls cM+h iw¡th ekuo&ek= ds izfr mldh lgkuqHkwfr
gSA tks euq’; nwljksa ds nq[k dks vius nq[k dh Hkkafr eglwl djrk gS] og nqfu;k dk lcls
/kuh O;fDr gSA
4- ehjk d’.k dks ikus ds fy, D;k&D;k djus dks rS;j gS\
mÙkj% ehjk d`’.k dks ikus ds fy,os lkjs dk;Z djus dks rS;kj gS] ftlls d`’.k dks [kq”kh feys vkSj
ehjk dks d`’.k dk lkFk o n”kZuA os mudh pkdj cuus dk s rS;kj gSA muds fy, cxhpk
Å¡ps&Å¡ps egy cuk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd os vk/kh jkr dks ;equk rV ij d’.k ls feyus
ds fy, Hkh rS;kj gS muds n”kZu dh bPNqd gSA
5- dfo fcgkjh ds vuqlkj xksfi;k¡ Jhd`’.k dh ck¡lwjh D;ksa fNik ysrh gSa\
mÙkj% dfo fcgkjh ds vuqlkj xksfi;k¡ vius fiz;re d`’.k ls vf/kd ls vf/kd nsj rd ckr djus
dh bPNk gSA ck¡lqjh fNikus esa mUgsa ;g volj fey ldrk gSA d`’.k ck¡lqjh ds fcuk ugha jg
ldsaxsA os mls vo”; <w¡<asxs vkSj bl izfØ;k esa mUgsa etcwj gksdj xksfi;ksa lsckrsa djuh gh
iM+sxhA
6- ^vkRe=k.k^ “kh’kZd dh lkFkZdrk dfork ds lanHkZ esa Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% vkRe=k.k dk vFkZ gS& vkRej{kk] viuh j{kk Lo;a djus dk HkkoA dfork esa vkin&foin esa]
fdlh Hkh la?k’kZ esa viuh j{kk Lo;a djus dh “kfDr ikus dh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA dfo dk
vkxzg ;gh gS fd foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa og viuh j{kk Lo;a djsaA laiw.kZ dfork esa ;gh Hkko
O;kIr gSA bl izdkj ^vkRe=k.k^ “kh’kZd dfork ds fy, iwjh rjg lkFkZd gSA
7- ^,dS vkf’kj iho dk] i<S lq iafMr gksbZ& bl iafDr }kjk dfo D;k dguk pkgrk gS\
mÙkj% lar dfo dchj bZ”oj ds izfr izse dks loksZifj ekurs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd <+sj ljh iqLrdas
i<+ ysus ls euq’; Kkuhugha cu tkrk] cfYd ijefiz; ijEkkRek ds izse dk ,d v{kj i<+ ysus
ls vFkkZr bZ”oj ds izfr eu esa lPpk izse txus ls euq’; Kkuh gks tkrk gSA
8- ^dj pys ge fQnk^ xhr esa /kjrh dks nqYkgu D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
mÙkj% ,slk blfy, dgkx;k gS D;ksafd lu 1962 ds ;q) esa Hkkjrh; lSfudksa ds cfynku ls muds
jDr ls ?kjrh yky gks xbZ Fkh] ekuks /kjrh us fdlh nqygu dh Hkkafr yky iks”kkd igu yh
gksA ekr`Hkwfe ds lEeku dh j{kk ns”kokfl;ksa }kjk mlh izdkj dh tkrh gS ftl izdkj nqygu
ds lEeku dh j{kk djuk ?kj okyksa dk dÙkZO; gSA
9- >jus fdldks xkSjo dk xku dj jgs gSa\ cgrs gq, >jus dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZ gS\
mÙkj% >jus ioZr ds xkSjo dk xku dj jgs gSaA >juksa dk m|xe&LFky vkSj izokg&LFky ioZr gh
gSA blfy, yxrk gS] tSls cgrs gq, >jus ioZr dh xfjek dk xku dj jgs gSaA cgrs gq,
>juksa dks eksrh dh yfM+;ksa ds leku lqanj cryk;k gSA
10- dchjnkl us fdl O;fDr dks lq[kh vkSj fdldks nq[kh ekukgS\
mÙkj% dchjnkl ds vuqlkj og O;fDr lq[kh gS tks fnu esa [kkdj vkSj jkr dks lksdj lkalkfjd
lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa esa fyIr vkuUn dh izkfIr dj jgk gSA nq[kh og Lo;a gS vkSj muds tSls
O;fDr ftUgksaus ?kj&?kj esaclus okys bZ”oj ls izse dj fy;k gSA lkalkfjd fyIlkvksa esa mudh
dksbZ :fp ugha vkSj izHkw ds fo;ksx esa nq[kh gSaA
11- ehjk dksd’.k dk dkSu lk :Ik eksfgr djrk gS\
mÙkj% d`’.k ihys oL= ?kkj.k fd, gq, gSaA eqdwV esaeksj ia[k lq”kkfHkr gSa rFkk xys esa oSt;arh ekyk
igus gq, gSA os Xoky&ckyksa ds lkFk xk; pjkrs gq, eqjyh ctk jgs gSaA
12- fcgkjh us txr dks riksou D;ksa dgk gS vkSj blls D;k lans”k nsuk pkgk gS\
mÙkj% ftl izdkj riksou esa bZ’;kZ] }s’k] cSj] “k=qrk vkfn Hkko ugha jgrs vkSj ogk¡ jgus okys riLoh
budk R;kx dj nsrs gSa] mlh izdkj xzh’e dh dM+h ?kwi esa lk¡I ,oa eksj rFkk fgj.k o ck?k
rd dks vkilh “k=qrk Hkqykdj ,d gh BaMs LFkku ij jgus I;kl cq>kus ds fy, foo”k dj
fn;k gSA blfy, ,slk yxrk gS ekuks leLr txr gh riksou cu x;k gSA fcgkjh us blds
}kjk ;g lans”k nsuk pkgk gS fd foifÙk ds le; viuk oSeuL; Hkqyk nsus esa gh HkykbZ gSA
13- ^euq’;rk^ dfork ds vk/kkj ij fdUgha rhu ekuoh; xq.kksa dsckjs esa fyf[k,A
mÙkj% rhu ekuoh; xq.k bl izdkj gSa& izFke] O;fDr esa LokFkZ ugha cfYd ijekFkZ dh Hkkouk gksuh
pkfg,A nwljs O;fDr dks /keZ] tkfr] laiznk; ds ladh.kZ ca/kuksa ls Åij mBdj mnkj eukso`fÙk
okyk gksuk pkfg, vkSj rhljk] euq’; esa lHkh yksxksa dks viuk le>us dh Hkkouk gksuh
pkfg,A
14- lkxj dks ^tye;^ dgus dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ mldk g~n; D;ksa tyrk gS\ ^e/kqj&e/kqj esjs
nhid ty^ dfork ds vk/kkj ij mÙkj nhft,A
mÙkj ty vkSj vkx nksuksa ,d nwljs ds fojks/kh gSaA ty vkx dks cq>k nsrh gS] fdarq dof;=h] ty
ls iw.kZ gksdj Hkh lkxj tyrk gS] bl varfoZjks/k ls dfork esa lkSan;Z iSnk djuk pkgrh gSA
lkxj esa Hkh xeZ ty /kkjk,¡ gksrh gSa] blds vfrfjDr lkxj dk g`n; bZ’;kZ ls Hkh tyrk gS
D;ksafd og Hkh laHkor% vius fiz;re ds Lusg ls oafpr gSA
15- fojklr esa feyh phtksa dks l¡Hkkydj D;ksa j[kk tkrk gS\ ^rksi^ dfork ds vk/kkj ij fyf[k,A
mÙkj% fojklr esa feyh phtksa dh cM+h laHkky gksrh gS D;ksafd ;s phtsa gekjh /kjksgj gSa] ftUgsa
ns[kdj ;k tkudj gesa vius ns”k vkSj lekt dh izkphu miyfC/k;ksa dk Kku rFkk eku gksrk
gSA ;s phtsa gesa crkrh gSa fd gekjs iwoZtksa ls dc vkSj D;k pwd gqbZ Fkh] ftlds dkj.k ns”k
dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa dks Hk;adj ifj.kkeksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
16- dj pys ge fQnk dfork es fdl dkfQysa dks vkxs c<+krs jgus dh ckr dgh gS\
mÙkj% dfo us bl dfork esa ns”kHkDrksa] ns”kizsfe;ksa] lSfudksa] ;qokvksa vFkkZr~ ns”kokfl;ksa :ih dkfQys
dksns”k dsfy, gj le; viuk loZLo dqckZu dj nsus dsfy, rS;kj jgus dks vFkkZr~ vkxs c<+rs
jgus dh ckr dgh gS] D;ksafd dqckZfu;ksa dks jkgsa lqulku ugha jguh pkfg,A cfynku dk
jkLrk rks lnSo izxfr”khy jguk pkfg,A dqckZfu;ksa ds dkfQys gh ns”k dks vejrk iznku djrs
gSa vkSj ,slk us gksus ij nq”eu vius ukikd bjknksa esa dke;kc gks ldrk gSA
17- ^rqe ij d:¡ ugha dqN la”k;^ dkO;&iafDr }kjk dfo D;k dguk pkgrs gSa\
mÙkj% izLrqr dkO;&iafDr ds ek/;e ls dfo dguk pkgrs gSa fd thou esa fdruh Hkh fo’ke
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gks] pkjksa rjQ nq[k ds ?kus ckny Nk, gq, gksa] nq[k dh jkf= esa laiw.kZ txr Hkys
gh eq>s /kks[kk ns] ysfdu rc Hkh izHkq ij dksbZ lansg mRiUu ugha gksA izHkw! rqe bruh “kfDr
nsuk fd rqEgkjs izfr esjk gn; dHkh Hkh la”k; ugha djs] rqEgkjs izfr gn; esa dHkh Hkh vukLFkk
dk Hkko ugha vk,A
18- ehBh okuh cksyus lsvkSjksa dks lq[k vkSj vius ru dks “khryrk dSls izkIr gksrh gS\
mÙkj% dfo dh n`f’V esa ehBh ok.kh og gS] ftlesa fdlh izdkj ds vgadkj dh cw u vkrh gksA
vgadkj ls Hkjh ok.kh Jksrk dks rks d’V igq¡pkrh gh gS] oDrk dks Hkh Ik”pkrki ls Hkj nsrh gSA
vgadkj jfgr ok.kh Jksrk dks vkuan nsrh gSA mlesa mls oDrk ds ^eSa^ dh Hkkouk ut+j ugha
vkrhA og oDrk dsfy, Hkh lq[k dk dkj.k curh gS D;ksafd oDrk tkurk gS fd viuh ok.kh
}kjk mlus Jksrk dsfny dks pksV ugha igq¡pkbZ gSA
19- cPpksa vkSj fpfM+;ksa dk f[kykSuk cuh rksi ls thou dk dkSu&lk rF; izdV gksrk gS\
mÙkj% lu 1857bZ- dh ;g “kfDr”kkyh rksi iwjh rjg fu’izHkkoh gks pqdh gSA mldk eq¡g can gks pqdk
gSA vc yM+ds mlij ?kqMlokjh djrs gSaA fpfM+;k ml ij cSBdj xi”ki djrh gSaA bl n`”;
ls ;g rF; izdV gksrk gS fd geykoj pkgs fdruk “kfDr”kkyh vkSj cM+k D;ksa u gks ,d
fnu mldh “kfDr vo”; pqd tkrh gSA
20- pkdjh esa gjl.k ikL;w¡ --------- rhu ckrka ljlh dkO; lkSan;Z Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% ^Hkko Hkxrh tkxhjh^ rFkk rhuw ckrka ljlh esa :id vyadkj dk iz;ksx gSA dof;=h HkfDr
Hkko :ih tkxhj dh ekyfdu cuuk pkgrh gS vkSj rhu ckrsa pkdjh] n”kZu vkSj izHkq Lej.k
:Ikh ryS;k esa Mqcdh yxkuk pkgrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mÙkj foLrkj esa dhft,A ¼05 vad½
1- ikol _rq esa izdfr esadkSu&dkSu ls ifjorZu vkrs gSa\ dfork ds vk/kkj ij Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% ikol _rq esa ioZrh; bykdksa esa vusd ifjorZu vkrs gSaA eSnkuh bykdksa esa tgk¡ gok esa ueh
vktkrh gSA fjef>e o’kkZ gksrh gSA ufn;ksa esa ck<+ vk tkrh gSA vkdk”k cknyksa ls Hkjk jgrk
gSA
ioZrksa ij cknyksa ds n`”; iy&iy esa cnyrs jgrs gSaA vusd txg fueZy >jus >jrs
jgrs gSaA ty d.k eksfr;ksa ds leku izrhr gksrs gSaA ?kus cknyksa ds Nk tkus ds dkj.k ioZr
dk fn[kykbZ iM+uk cangks gkrk gSA vkdk”k vkSj /kjrh feyrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ,slk yxrk gS
vkdk”k /kjrh ij VwV iM+k gSA o’kkZ dh /kaq/k esa “kky dsisM+ Hkh ?kals ls izrhr gksrs gSaA rkykc
vn`”; gks tkrs gSa] tSls o sty mBs gksa vkSj muls mBus okyk /kqvk¡ vkdk”k esa mM+ jgk gksA
ckny ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij mM+rs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd ekuks banz
tyn ;ku ij cSBdj tknwxjh fn[kk jgkgksA
2- ^euq’;rk^ dfork esa lPps euq’; dh D;k fo”ks’krk crkbZ xbZ gS\
mÙkj% euq’;rk dforkds vuqlkj lPpk euq’; mls dgk x;k gS tks thou Hkj nwljksa ds fy,
dY;k.k djsA euq’; Hkh ej.k”khy izk.kh gS ysfdu mldh fo”ks’krk bl ckr esa gS fd og ,slh
ekSr ejs ftls lc ;kn j[ks euq’; dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djrs gq, gh lqe`R;q dks izkIr dj
ldrk gSA dsoy vius fy, thuk] [kkuk lksuk nwljksa dh fpark u djuk Ik”kq&izofÙk gSA
lPpk euq’; nwljksa dslq[k&nq[k dh fpark djrk gSA nwljs ds lq[k&nq[kdks viuk lq[k&nq[k
ekudj mlesa gkFk cVkrk gSA lPpk euq’; ogh gS tks nwljksa ds dke vk,A nwljksa ds fy,
ft, vkSj ejsA fu’d’kZr% ijksidkjh euq’; dks gh dfork esa lPpk euq’; dgk tkrk gSA
3- ^vkRe=k.k^ dfork vFkok izkFkZuk vU; izkFkZukvksa ls dSls vyx gS\
mÙkj vU; izkFkZukvksa eas tgk¡ HkDr dk Loj ;kpuk Hkjk gksrk gS ogha ^vkRe=k.k^ dk dfo ;g ugha
pkgrk fd izHkq gh mlds fy, lc dqN dj nsA og ugha pkgrk fd izHkq mls vkifr&foifÙk
ls cpk,aA og dsoy bruk pkgrk gS fd vkifÙk&foifÙk ls og Mjs ugha cfYd Lo;a mudk
MVdj lkeuk djsA og nq[k ds {k.kksa esa Hkh izHkq ls lkaRouk ugha pkgrk] Lo;a nq[kksa dks
thruk pkgrk gSA ugha pkgrk fd ladV esa mldk dksbZ enn djs og vius cy ij ladV
ls tw>uk pkgrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd gkfu mBkus ij Hkh mldk eu detksj u iM+sA lalkj
lkxj dks vius cy ij ikj djsA vius nq[kksa dk cks>k og Lo;a mBk ldsA lq[k esa Hkh izHkq
dks u Hkwys vkSj izHkq dh “kfDr esa mldk vVwV fo”okl cuk jgsA
4- ^e/kqj&e/kqj esjs nhid^ ty dfork esa ^nhid^ vkSj ^fiz;re^ fdlds izrhd gSa\ bu nksuksa ds
ek/;e ls dof;=h us thou ds fdl n”kZu dh vksj ladsr fd;k gS\
mÙkj% nhid vkRek dk izrhd gS vkSj fiz;re ijekRek dk izrhd gSA ;g vkRek :ih nhid
dof;=h dh vkLFkk dk nhid gSA ;g nksuksa ,sls fujkys laca/k dk izrhd gS] ftlesa ykSfdd
izse lh rhozrk gS vkSj vkykSfdd izse dk ladsr HkhA dof;=h dk ekuuk gS fd tyu ihM+k
;kruk vkfn loZO;kih gSA vr% bl ;kruk ls ?kcjkus dh vko”;drk ugha gSA bl nhid dk
;g dÙkZO; gS fd thou dh fo’k; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw>rs gq, mRlkg] meax ds lkFk ijekFkZ
ds fy, fujarj tyrk jgsA lc va/kdkj :ih vKku dks gVkus ds fy, tyus vFkkZr ihM+k
mBkus ;k ;kruk lgus ds fy, rS;kj jgsA ;gh bl dfork dk n”kZu gSA
5- ;qokoLFkk@tokuh dh lkFkZdrk fdl ckr esa gS\ ^dj pys ge fQ+nk^ dfork ds vk/kkj ij
mÙkj fyf[k,A
mÙkj% lSfud ns”k ds uo;qodksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ftanxh dks vusd ekSdksa ij ft;k
tk ldrk gSA fdarq ns”k ij izk.k U;kSNkoj djus dk ekSdk dHkh&dHkh vkrk gSA tks ;qod
ns”k ds fy, vius izk.k mRlxZ djus dks rRij ugha jgrk og lkSan;Z vkSj izse nksuksa dks
cnuke djrk gSA tokuh dsoy lkSan;Z vkSj izse ls ugha tqM+h gS cfYd bldk ,d vU; i{k
Hkh gS tks tks”k] mRlkg vkSj lkgl ls ;qDr gSA ;fn ns”k dk lEeku nko ij yxk gks vkSj
;qod lkSan;Z vkSj b”kd dk ne Hkjsa rks mudh tokuh dks fujFkZd gh dgk tk,xkA tks
;qokoLFkk ns”k ds fy,] [kwu esa ugkus ds fy, vFkkZr~ vius thou dk cfynku djus ds fy,
Lo;a dks rS;kj ugha j[krh og iz;kstughu gSA mlds thou dk dksbZ egRo ughaA
6- ehjk fdu&fdu :iksa esa d`’.k dh fudVrk pkgrh gS\ ehjk dh HkfDr fdl izdkj dh gS\
mÙkj% ehjk d`’.k dh fudVrk ikus ds fy, dqN Hkh djus o cuus ds fy, rS;kj gSA og mudh
lsfodk cuus dks rS;kj gSA cxhpk yxkdj n”kZu izkIr djuk pkgrh gSA d’.k dh yhyk dk
xku dj mls d`’.k ls fudVrk dk vuqHko gksrk gSA Jhd`’.k dk ihrkacj o eksj eqdqV :Ik
eksfgr djrk gS mud s n”kZu ds fy, og dqlqach lkM+h igudj ;equk ds fdukjs vkus dks
RkS;kj gSA d`’.k ds fy, egy cukuk pkgrh gS rkfd d`’.k mlesa fuokl djsa vkSj og nklh
cudj mldhlsok djsA ehjk dh HkfDr ^nkL; HkfDr^ gS ftlesa HkDr nkl vFkok lsod :Ik
esa Hkxoku dh Lrqfr djrk gSA nkL; HkfDr ^uo/kk HkfDr^ dk ,d izdkj gSA uo/kk HkfDr ukS
izdkj dh gksrh gS ftlesa Jo.k] dhrZu] Lej.k ikn lsou] vpZu] oanu] l[; nkL; vkSj vkRe
fuosnu “kkfey gSA
7- dchj us jke ds lPps fo;ksx dk HkDr ds “kjhj esa D;k izHkko crk;k gS\ jke dk fo;ksxh
vU; lkalkfjd yksxksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gksrk gS\
mÙkj% dchj us jke ds fo;ksx dh rqyuk lk¡Ik ls dh gSA tc HkDr ds “kjhj esa jke dk fcNksg :ih
liZ fuokl djus yxrk gS rks og bl HkkSfrd “kjhj dks vius fo’k ls gh ekj Mkyrk gSA
lisjs lk¡iksa dks ea= ls vius o”k esa dj ysrs gSa fdarq bl fo;ksx dh vuqHkwfr dks dksbZ ea= Hkh
gVk ugha ikrkA bl fo;ksx :ih liZ dk fo’k /khjs&/khjs iapHkwrksa ls cus bl “kjhj dks ekj
Mkyrk gS vkSj vkRek bl “kjhj dks NksM+dj ijekRek esa foyhu gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj jke
ds ftl HkDr esa jke ls feyus dh lPph rM+Ik iSnk gks tkrh gS og bl lkalkfjd thou dks
ugha th ikrk vkSj ;fn thrk Hkh gS rks mldk lkjk /;ku mlh ijekRek esa yxk jgrk gSA
lkalkfjd ruksa ds chp og ikxy dgykrk gSA
8- ^rksi^ dfork dk izfrik| vius “kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
mÙkj% izLrqr dfork ohjsu Maxoky }kjk fy[kh xbZ gSA Hkkjro’kZ esa O;kikj djus ds mÌs”; ls vkbZ
bZLV bafM;k daiuh /khjs&/khjs gekjh “kkld cu xbZA mlus dbZ txg vkx yxok, vkSj rksisa
Hkh cuokbZZA ckn esa blh rksi }kjk Hkkjrh; tkacktksa dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k x;kA bl
rksi dks geus /kjksgj ds :Ik esa laHkkyk gSA daiuh ckx ds eqgkus ij j[kh ;g rksi vkt
^”kksihl^ cudj jg xbZ gSA ftls lky esa nks ckj pedk;k tkrk gSA ftlesa cPPks cSBdj
?kqM+lokjh dk vkuan ysrs gSa vkSj fpfM+;k xi”ki djrh gSaA ;g rksi gesa ,d vksj lpsr vkSj
lko/kku djrh gS lkFk gh ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd pkgs fdruk gh cM+k Øwj vR;kpkjh “kkld
D;ksa u gks mldk var ,d u ,d fnu vo”; gksrk gSA
9- ^euq’;rk^ dfork dk dsanzh; Hkko vius “kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
mÙkj% ^euq’;rk^ dfork leLr ekuo tkfr esa ln~xq.kksa dh LFkkiuk djus dk lans”k nsrh gSA euq’;
dks muds mnkgj.kksa ,oa rdksZa }kjk ;g le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd leLr fHkUurkvksa dk
R;kx dj leLr fo”o dks viuk ca/kq eku ysa rFkk ,d nwljs ds nq[k esa Hkkxhnkj cusA dfork
dk lans”k gS fd O;fDr LokFkZ ls Åij mBs rFkk ijkeFkZ ds fy, thou dk mRlxZ dj ns
dfo us d.kZ] n/khfp] jafrnso vkfn dk mnkgj.k nsdj ekuo&tkfr gsrq loZLo nku dj nsus
okys egku O;fDr;ksa dk ifjp; fn;k gS rFkk leLr euq’;rk dks R;kx vkSj cfynku dk
egRo crk;k gSA vkReR;kx gks rks ekuo dh lsok gsrq gksA ;gh bl dfork dk ewy Hkko gSA
/ku tSlh rqPN oLrq dk vfHkeku R;kx dj] v/kS;ZZ dks /kkj.k u djrs gq, leLr ekuo&tkfr
dk mn~/kkj fd;k tk,A euq’; nu ln~xq.kkas dks viukdj gh ekuo gksus ds Js’B in dks
lkFkZd dj ldrk gSA
Worksheet – III
lap;u
1- ^gfjgj dkdk^ dgkuh lekt ds fdl dVq lR; dks mtkxj djrh gSA D;k ek= iSlk gh
vkt ikfjokfjd fj”rksa dh feBkl dk vk/kkj jg x;k gS\ vius fopkj Li’V dhft,A
mÙkj% ?kj curk gS ikfjokfjd fj”rksa ekrk&firk HkkbZ cgu pkp rkÅ] cqvk] ekek vkfn ls bu
fj”rksa esa feBkl] viuRo vkSj ,d nwljs ds fy, R;kx dh Hkkouk gh ?kj dks LFkkf;Ro nsrh
gSA nsoLFkku gS& ijekFkZ vkSj vius vkfn lzksr bZ”oj ds lkFk ,dkdj gksus ds ifo= LFky ds
:Ik esaA vkt nksuksa dk gh pfj= cny x;k gSA vkt ifjokj ds fj”rksa dh feBkl vkSj
nsoLFkkuksa ds egar vkSj iqtkjh dh HkfDr&izsj.kk Hkh /ku&fyIlk esa cny pqdh gSA nksuksa gh
gfjgj dkdk tSls fu%larku fdarq tk;nkn /kkjh ds fy, ,d leku izk.kysok fl) gks jgs gSaA
;g lgh gS fd iSlk ,d vko”;d rRo gSA ifjokj dk ikyu&iks’k.k] ifjokj ds
leLr lnL;ksa dh t:jrksa vkSj ysu&nsu ds fy, iSlk ,d vko”;d lk/ku g SA exj iSlk
I;kj dk LFkku ugha ys ldrkA oLrqr% iSlk gh og dkjd gS tks fj”rksa esa bZ’;kZ] }s’k] LokFkZ
tSls udkjkRed Hkkoksa dks tUe nsrk gSA gekjs fopkj ls /ku ,d dkjd gks ldrk gSA exj
ikfjokfjd feBkl dk iwjd ughaA
2- ih- Vh- lj ds LoHkko dh dkSu lh ckrs a thou&ewY;kas dh nf’V ls orZeku f”k{kk iz.kkyh esa
Lohdk;Z ugha gS vkSj D;ksa\
mÙkj% ih- Vh- lj cgqr gh dBksj LoHkko ds O;fDr FksA os tjk&tjk lh ckr ij yM+dksa dh peM+h
m/ksM+ fn;k djrs Fks ;k yM+dksa dks eqxkZ cuk fn;k djrs FksA ih- Vh- lj dk dBksj LoHkko
NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ij cPPkksa dks naM nsus dh izofr orZeku f”k{kk iz.kkyh esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA
fdlh Hkh “kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nsM+ cPpksa ds ckyeu vkSj dksey “kjhj ds fy, Bhd ugha
gSA “kkjhfjd naM dk cPpksa ds “kjhj o eu ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gS tks muds “kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld fodkl ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkyrk gSA “kkjhfjd naM ds dkj.k cPps Ldwy ls
nwj Hkkxrs gSa vkSj f”k{kk dks gkSOok le>us yxrs gSaA vuq”kklu esa j[kus ds fy, cPPkksa dks
“kkjhfjd naM nsuk loZFkk vuqfpr gSA cPpksa dks vuq”kkflr djus ds fy, muesa Lo&vuq”kklu
dk chtkjksi.k djuk pkfg,A bUgha lc dkj.kksa ls orZeku le; esa cPPkksa dks “kkjhfjd naM
nsuk vijk/k ekuk tkus yxk gSA
3- Qsy gksus ds dkj.k Vksih fdu HkkoukRed pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\ ijh{kk i)fr esa
mÙkh.kZ&vuRrh.kZ ds ekunaM dks vki fdruk lgh ekurs gSa\ Vksih ds izfr dSlk O;ogkj gksuk
pkfg, Fkk\
mÙkj% Vksih dks vusd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA igys rks ?kjokyksa ds rkus lquus iM+sA nwljs
og vius ftu lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk Fkk] Qsy gksus ij muls fcNM+ x;kA vxys lky mls mu
yM+dksa ds lkFk cSBuk iM+k tks mlls ,d lky ihNs vkBoh d{kk esa i<+ jgs FksA v/;kid Hkh
d{kk esa mldh felky nsus yxs Fks fd i<+kbZ ugha djksxs rks cyHknz dh rjg ,d gh d{kk esa
iM+s jgksxsA nwljs lky Qsy gksus ij rks og feV~Vh dk ykSank gh cu x;kA yM+ds mls rkuk
ekjrs fd rqe gekjs lkFk D;ksa vkrs gks\ fupyh d{kk okyksa ds lkFk jgksA ekLVjksa us ml ij
/;ku nsuk NksM+ fn;k os mldh mis{kk djrs vkSj mldk mÙkj ugha lqursA bu lcdk Vksih
ds fnyks&fnekx ij xgjk vlj iM+kA og ?kj vkSj Ldwy nkssuksa esa vdsyk iM+ x;kA
gekjs fopkj ls ijh{kk i)fr esa mÙkh.kZ&vuqÙkh.kZ dk ekunaM lgh ugha gSA izR;sd
ckyd&ckfydk esa dqN dfe;k¡ rks dqN fo”ks’krk,¡ gksrh gSaA t:jh ugha fd dsoy iqLrdksa dks
jVuk gh ckyd&ckfydk dh miyfC/k dh dlkSVh cusA i<+kbZ ds vfrfjDr vU; ekunaMksa ij
Hkh ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Vksih ds lkFk mlds v/;kidksa ?kjokyksa vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk O;ogkj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ gksuk
pkfg,A ;fn Vksih dks lcdh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lg;ksx feyrk rks fu”p; gh og viuh dfe;ksa
ij fot; ik ysrkA
4- izk;% vfHkHkkod cPpksa dks [ksyus ds fy, cgqr gh lhfer le; nsrs gSaA [ksydwn dks thou
dk vko”;d vax fl) djus ds fy, vki D;k rdZ nsaxs\
mÙkj% f”k{kk dk mÌs”; dsoy ekufld fodkl djuk gh ugha cfYd O;fDrRo dk lokZaxh.k fodkl
djuk Hkh gSA i<+us i<+kus ls tgk¡ ekufld fodkl gksrk gS] ogk¡ [ksydwn ls “kkjhfjd
fodklA lkFk gh [ksy dwn ls ,d Vhe&Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA ge fey&tqydj [ksyrs gSa
rks ,d nwljs dks lg;ksx djus dh vuq”kklu esa jgus dh Hkh lh[k feyrh gSA [ksy dwn ls
LoLFk euksjatu Hkh gksrk gSA vPNs f[kykM+h [ksy&dwn dks viuk dfj;j Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA
vfHkHkkod [ksy&dwn dks le; dh cjcknh blfy, ekurs gSa D;ksafd cPps [ksydwn esa
brus je tkrs gSa fd viuh i<+kbZ NksM cSBrs gSaA [ksyus ds ckn og brus Fkd tkrs gSa fd
fdrkc gkFk esa vkrs gh mUgsa uhan lrkus yxrh gS vkSj bl izdkj os i<+kbZ esa ihNs jg tkrs
gSaA ge [ksyasxs rks vo”; fdarq bruh nsj ugha fd ge brus Fkd tk,¡ fd viuh i<+kbZ gh
Hkqyk nsaA ge igys viuh i<+kbZ dks eu yxkdj iwjk djsaxs vkSj ,d fuf”pr le; esa gh
[ksyasxsA
5- Vksih vkSj bQ~Qku dh nknh vyx&vyx etgc vkSj tkfr ds gksrs gq, Hkh ,d vutku
vVwV fj”rs esa ca/ksa Fks tkfr vkSj et+gc dh nhokjsa vkids fy, D;k ek;us j[krh gSa\ vius
fopkj fyf[k,A
mÙkj% Vksih vkSj bQ~Qku dh nknh ds chp I;kj dk fj”rk FkkA ckyiu dsoy I;kj ij fj”rk gSA
tkfr] etgc] Hkk’kk vk;q vkfn dksbZ Hkh rRo mlds I;kj esa :dkoV ugha curk bQ~Qku dh
nknh Vksih dks I;kj djrh FkhA mldh cksyh Vksih ds thou esa feBkl ?kksy nsrh gSA og Vksih
ls Hkh th Hkjdj I;kj djrh FkhaA njvly ge lc ,d gSa] bulku gS ftls ,d gh bZ”oj us
cuk;k gSaA ysfdu geus tkfr /keZ vkfn dh nhokj [kM+h dj nh gSA balku ds chp I;kj dk
fj”rk gh gesa tksM+rk gS] mls vius ladh.kZ LokFkZo”k geus detksj cuk fn;k gSA fdarq
ckyiu bu nhokjksa dks udkj nsrk gS vkSj og dsoy I;kj ds fj”rs dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
Vksih vius ?kj okyksa }kjk cgqr jksds tkus ij Hkh bQ~Qu ds ?kj tkus ls ugha :drk FkkA
gekjs fopkj ls izse vkSj viusiu dk fj”rk tkfr vkSj et+gc dh nhokjksa ls dgh Å¡pk vkSj
lqn<+ gSA
6- gfjgj ds xk¡o esa ;fn ehfM;k dh igqap gksrh rks mudh D;k fLFkfr gksrh\ ,d i=dkj ds
:Ik esa vki gfjgj dkdk dks mudk lgh gd dSls fnyok ldrs Fks\
mÙkj% gfjgj dkdk ds xk¡o esa ;fn ehfM;k gksrh rks igyh ckj egar vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa }kjk fd;k
x;k dkdk dk mRihM+u xk¡o dh bruh cM+h nq?kZVuk cu tkrk fd Hkfo’; esa dksbZ Hkh egar
fdlh O;fDr dks bruh ;kruk ugha ns ikrkA egar vkSj mlds lkFkh bruh vklkuh ls iqfyl
ds paxqy ls NwV ugha ikrs D;ksafd v[k+ckjksa vkSj Vh-oh pSuyksa }kjk egar vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa
dh uh;r dh okLrfodrk ns”k&fons”k esa mtkxj gks tkrhA dkdk ds lkFk muds Hkkb;ksa us
Hkh ckn esa ogh O;ogkj fd;k tks egar us fd;k FkkA dkdk ds HkkbZ dHkh ,slk nqLlkgl ugha
dj ikrsA ,d i=dkj ds :Ik esa eSa gfjgj dkdk dh vkokt+ gj [kkl vkSj vke rd
igq¡pkrkA Vh- vkj- ih- vFkok fcuk fdlh izflf) dh bPNk ds eSa gfjgj dkdk dh gj laHko
lgk;rk djrk gks ldrk gS bl dkj.k eq>s egar vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds Øks/k dk lkeuk Hkh
djuk iM+rk ysfdu eSa gkj ugha ekurkA
7- ^liuksa ds ls fnu^ ikB esa of.kZr gsMekLVj lkgc vkidks vuq”kkflr yxs vFkok laosnu”khy\
mÙkj% Ldwy dh izkFkZuk&lHkk esa tc os yM+dksa dks dn ds vuqlkj lh/kh drkjksa esa vuq”kkflr <ax
ls [kM+k ns[krs Fks rks mudk xksjk pgsjk f[ky tkrk FkkA muesa xjhc cPpksa dh lgk;rk djus
dh Hkkouk FkhA ys[kd dks os vius ,d fo|kFkhZ ls lkr lky rd iqjkuh fdrkcsa ykdj nsrs
jgsA os cPpksa ds izfr ccZjrk dks fcydqy lgu ugha djrs FksA Qkjlh dh d{kk esa tc
mUgksaus ih-Vh- ekLVj izhrepan dks cPpksa dks ltk nsrs gq, ns[k fy;k rks ih-Vh- lkgc dks
cgqr QVdkjk vkSj varr% Ldwy ls eqvÙky dj fn;kA bl izdkj gsMekLVj lkgc vuq”kkflr
Hkh Fks vkSj laosnu”khy HkhA
8- gfjgj dkdk ds izfr eagu dk [kkSQ ns[kdj Bkdqjckjh o vU; /kkfeZd LFkyksa ds izfr vkids
eu esa dSls fopkj mBrs gSa\ D;k ikB i<+dj bZ”oj ds izfr vkidh vkLFkk esa dksbZ deh vkbZ
gS\
mÙkj% Bkdqjckjh ds egar us gfjgj dkdk ds izfr tSlk O;ogkj fd;k og fdlh Hkh nf’V ls mfpr
ugha dgk tk ldrkA ysfdu blds fy, Bkdqjckjh vFkok blh izdkj ds vU; /kkfeZd LFkyksa
dks nks’k ugha fn;k tk ldrk ldrkA Bkdqjckjh gks ;k vU; dksbZ /kkfeZd LFky lHkh
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dgha Åij gSA og bZ”oj dh dik gh Fkh] ftlds dkj.k gfjgj dkdk egar vkSj vius Hkkb;ksa
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REVISION WORKSHEETS WITH ANSWERS
CLASS : X
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
WORKSHEET 1
SECTION A (READING SKILL)
1. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
For four days, I walked through the narrow lanes of the old city, enjoying the
romance of being in a city where history still lives- in its cobblestone streets and in
its people riding asses, carrying vine leaves and palm as they once did during the
time of Christ.
This is Jerusalem, home to the sacred sites of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This
is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulcher, the place where Jesus
was finally laid to rest. This is also the site of Christ‟s crucifixion, burial and
resurrection.
Built by the Roman Emperor Constantine at the site of an earlier temple to
Aphrodite, it is the most venerated Christian shrine in the world. And justifiably so.
Here, within the church, are the last five stations of the cross, the 10th station
where Jesus was stripped of his clothes, the 11th where he was nailed to the cross,
the 12th where he died on the cross, the 13th where the body was removed from
the cross, and the 14th, his tomb.
For all the weighty tradition, even to the devout Christian pilgrims walking along to
Via - Dolorosa- the Way of Sorrows - first nine stations look clueless. Then a
courtyard appears, hemmed in by other building and a doorway to one side. This
leads to a vast area of huge stone architecture.
Immediately inside the entrance is your first stop. It‟s the stone of anointing: this is
the place, according to Greek tradition, where Christ was removed from the cross.
The Roman Catholics, however, believe it to be the spot where Jesus‟ body was
prepared for burial by Joseph.
What happened next? Jesus was buried. He was taken to a place outside the city of
Jerusalem where other graves existed and there, he was buried in a cave.
However, all that is long gone, destroyed by continued attacks and rebuilding; what
remains is the massive- and impressive- Rotunda (a round building with a dome)
that Emperor Constantine built. Under this, and right in the centre of the Rotunda, is
the structure that contains the Holy Sepulcher.
a. The writer found the city attractive because _____________
b. Greek belief about the „stone of anointing‟ is __________________
c. Two reasons why Jerusalem is sacred are _____________ and _______________
d. Jerusalem was earlier a site for ___________________
e. After Christ was removed from the cross, he was ___________________
f. Find the words from the passage which means the same (2 marks)
(i) The act of rising from the dead.
(ii) To regard or treat with reverence.
2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had
admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer‟s showroom, and knowing his father could well
afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had
purchased the car.
Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His
father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he
loved him. He handed his son a beautifully wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat
disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with
the young man‟s name embossed in gold. Angry, he raised his voice to his father and said
“With all your money, you give me a Bible?” and stormed out of the house, leaving the
Bible.
Many years passed and the Young man was very successful in business. He had a
beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realized that his father was very old, and
thought perhaps he should go to him. He had not seen him since that graduation day.
Before he could make arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had
passed away, and had willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home
immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father‟s house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He
began to search through his father‟s important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as
he had left it years ago. With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. And
as he did, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer‟s
name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of
his graduation, and the words PAID IN FULL.
How many times do we miss Spirit‟s blessings and answers to our prayers because they
do not arrive exactly as we have expected?
a. What did the young man want from his father?
b. Why did his father call the young man in his private study?
c. What was the reaction of the young man on seeing the present?
d. After many years, what did the young man realize?
e. What is the moral imparted by the story?
f. Find a word from the passage which is closest in meaning to „engraved.‟ (Para 3)
g. Find a word from the passage which is opposite in meaning to „satisfaction.‟ (Para 5)
ANSWERS
1.
a. he found traces of history still alive everywhere.
b. it is the place, where Christ was removed from the cross. The Roman
Catholics, believe it to be the spot where Jesus‟ body was prepared for burial
by Joseph.
c. It is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulcher and is also the
site of Christ‟s crucifixion, burial and resurrection.
d. temple to Aphrodite.
e. taken to a place outside the city of Jerusalem where other graves existed
and there, he was buried in a cave.
f. (i) resurrection
(ii) venerated
2.
a. The young man wanted a beautiful sports car that he had seen in a dealer‟s
showroom.
b. The father called the young man in his study because he wanted to tell him
that he was proud to have him as his son, that he loved him a lot and wanted
to give him a gift.
c. On seeing the gift the young man first felt disappointed, then became angry,
raised his voice at his father, left the gift and stormed out of the house.
d. The young man realized that his father was very old, and that perhaps he
should go to him.
e. We should be grateful for what life gives us. We should not weigh our
relationships in material terms. We should not be hasty in our judgment. (Any
one point will suffice)
f. embossed
g. regret
REVISION WORKSHEET – II
CLASS X
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
SECTION B (WRITING SKILL)
1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper against the use of unfair means by
students in examinations. Your name is Pankaj Walia and you live at 17, Model
Town, Nawanshahar.
17, Model Town
Nawanshahar.
November 25 , 2018
The Editor
The Tribune
Chandigarh.
Dear Sir
Through the esteemed columns of your newspaper, I seek to express my views on
the use of unfair means by students in examinations.
The use of unfair means by students has become very common. But the menace
has assumed dangerous proportions now. Reasons are numerous. Students do not
study throughout the year and look for easy means to clear the exam. There are
also few people including teachers who have made assisting students to cheat,their
means of earning money. The evil has become deep-rooted.
Impact is also very evident. Deserving students lose out to these unfair means. The
standard of performance also goes down.
The system of examination needs, complete overhauling. Among the reform in the
examination system, introduction of internal assessment, setting of objective type
questions and dealing firmly with defaulters should bring about a positive change.
It is hoped that these views will go a long way in making examinations meaningful.
Yours faithfully,
Pankaj Walia.
( PANKAJ WALIA)
2. The world celebrates International yoga day on 21 June every year. Millions of yoga
enthusiasts across the world come together to mark this day. Being a yoga
enthusiast yourself, you support this initiative.
Write a letter to the Health Minister, expressing your thoughts about this noble
initiative, drawing attention to the importance and need of physical and mental
health. You can take ideas from MCB unit „Health and Medicine.‟ Follow the format
and the word limit (100-120 words)
3. You are Hemlata of 191 Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi. You have purchased a music
system from a reputed showroom but within a week of the purchase, it has started
giving trouble. Write a letter of complaint in 100-120 words to the Manager, Sangam
Electronics, Yusuf Sarai, New Delhi.
4. You are Trishir Kumar, Librarian, Little Learner‟s School, Pitampura, New Delhi.
You have placed an order for books for the library of your school. You have not
received the books so far. Write a letter to the sales Manager of Taksons Book
Company, M-55, Greater Kailash, Part II, New Delhi, about the noncompliance of
the order.
5. You are PrishitaSharan of 47, Model Town, New Delhi. You have appeared for
class X board examination. You want to improve your spoken English. You saw an
advertisement about a course in spoken English. Write a letter of inquiry in about
100-120 words to the Director of The School of English Language, 123 F, Pusa
Road, New Delhi.
6. Ms M. Sofat, the Physics Department head, Cambridge School, wants to [lace an
order for some lab equipment like lenses, prisms, galvanometers, glass, cubes etc.
write this letter in 100-120 words, placing the order with M/s NuAire Laboratory
Equipment, NaiSarak, New Delhi.
7. Write a story in 200-250 words on the basis of the following inputs.
a. At a park one day, a woman sat down next to a man on the bench of the
playground…
b. A man has a little daughter, an only and much loved child. He lived only for her.
So when she fell ill…
c. Here is the middle of a story-
……She went on, “I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing in
this garden and helping these little guys out. It‟s my way of making a difference
…..
REVISION WORKSHEET – III
CLASS : X
ENGLISH
SECTION B (GRAMMAR)
1. Fill up the following blanks with appropriate answers. Write the answers in your
answer sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the passage.
Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (a) _______ was
one of (b) _________ greatest fiction writers of America. He grew up in a small
town (c) _________ the bank of the Mississippi River.
2. Read the following dialogue and complete the report
Doctor : How do you feel now?
Patient : Slightly better.
Doctor : Did you take the medicines regularly?
Patient : Yes.
The doctor asked the patient how (a) _____________ . The patient replied (b)
___________ better.
When the doctor asked him (c) _______________ the medicines regularly, he
replied in affirmation.
3 The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against
which a blank is given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer
sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example.
Incorrect Correct
In the process to learning Example to of
Self-help is the better help (a) ______ _______
Depend always on others, (b) ______ _______
even on teachers or parents (c)______ _______
is an sign of weakness. (d)______ ______
4. Read the following instructions for making Popcorn and complete the passage:
Put 3 tablespoons of oil in a large pot and place it on the stove for 2 minutes
Add a quarter cup of popcorn into the pot and cover it with a lid for the next 4-5
minutes
Empty the pot in a large bowl and add melted butter and salt.
Firstly, 3 tablespoons of oil (a) ___________ in a large pot and placed on the
stove for 2 minutes. After that a quarter cup of popcorn (b)__________ into the
pot and then covered with a lid for 5 minutes. Lastly the pot (d)_________ into a
large bowl where melted butter and salt are added.
5. Rearrange the following words and phrases to form meaningful sentences. The first
one has been done as an example.
the watermelon/thirst quenchers/in summers/is/one of the best.
One of the best thirst quenchers in summers is the watermelon.
a) around/it is/96 countries/cultivated in/the world.
b) say that/at the/it was grown/some researchers/same time/in India.
c) the travellers/across a desert/it was/when they/used by/travelled.
6. On the basis of the headlines complete the following passages.
a. MAN HACKS OBAMA‟S TWITTER ACCOUNT; HELD
An unemployed Frenchman _________________________
b. DRUNK MAN SLEEPING IN PLANE ENGINE QUIZZZED
An allegedly drunk man _______________________of an Indian Airlines plane. He
was _________ security personnel.
c. WOMEN RESCUE CHILD
Two brave women of Rampur village __________ kidnaped by his father‟s distant
relative.
d. FOUR HURT IN BLAST
Four ______ in a gas cylinder ________ in Sultanpur on Friday afternoon.
ANSWERS (Worksheet 3)
1. a. who
b. the
c. on
2.
a. he felt then
b. that he felt slightly better
c. if he had taken
3. Incorrect Correct
a. better best
b. Depend Depending
c. even whether
d. an a
4.
a. are put
b. is added
c. is emptied
5.
a. It is cultivated in 96 countries around the world.
b. Some researchers say that it was grown at the same time in India.
c. It was used by the travellers when they travelled across a desert.
6.
a. who hacked Obama‟s twitter account was held yesterday.
b. was found sleeping in the engine , quizzed by
c. rescued a child who was
d. people, including a two year old child, were hurt, blast
REVISION WORKSHEET - IV
CLASS : X
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
SECTION C (LITERATURE)
1. A. Read the following lines and answer the questions that follow.
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
But you shall shine more bright in these contents
Than unswept stone, besmear‟d with sluttish time.
a) What does the poet mean by „marble‟?
b) What two things is the poet talking and comparing in these lines?
c) Which poetic device has been used in these lines? Give an example.
B. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow.
As for LoonaBimberton, she refused to look at an illustrated paper for weeks,
and her letter of thanks for the gift of a tiger-claw brooch was a model of
repressed emotions. The luncheon party she declined; there are limits
beyond which repressed emotions become dangerous.
a) Why did LoonaBimberton refuse to look at an illustrated paper for weeks?
b) Which luncheon party is being referred to here?
c) Who gifted LoonaBimberton a tiger-claw brooch?
C. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Elizabeth‟s that sharp that she‟ll see I‟m after it, and she‟ll drive a hard
bargain over it. Eh, what it is to have a low money grubbing spirit!
a) Over what will Elizabeth drive a hard bargain?
b) What does the phrase „drive a hard bargain‟ mean?
c) What is revealed about the character of the speaker of the above lines?
D. He must have been wandering
What does „wandering „ here mean?
E. Than unswept stone, besmear‟d with sluttish time
Name the literary device used in this extract
F. The newly-wakened father‟s heart in him was reproaching him…
Why does the post master feel guilty?
2. Answer the following questions in not more than 20-30 words each.
(a) A.J. Cronin does not question the two boys any further after seeing them
with their sister. What does this tell you about A.J. Cronin‟s character?
(b) Highlight the relationship between Mrs. Packletide and Miss
LoonaBimberton. Support your answer with at least one instance from the
story „Mrs. Packletide‟s Tiger‟.
(c) Why do the other sailors get punished?
(d) Why is the frog‟s joy both sweet and bitter?
(e) What is the attitude of Mrs. Slater and Mrs. Jordan on discovering that their
father had passed away?
(f) What is Shakespeare‟s tone in Sonnet 55? How does he challenge the great
powers?
(g) Why have the candles and the moon been called liars in the poem „Mirror‟?
(h) How does Mark Antony instigate the mob?
(i) How is Mrs. Slater a hypocrite?
3. Answer the following questions in 100-120 words
a. Comment on the pretentious nature of human beings as symbolized by the
frog and the nightingale
b. Comment on the use of dramatic irony in the play „The Dear Departed‟
c. Imagine are the postmaster of the story „The Letter‟ and you have just gone
and laid Miriam‟s letter on Ali‟s grave. You come back home and reflect on
whatever‟s happened, feeling sad and remorseful. As postmaster write a
diary entry in about 120-150 words describing your feelings of guilt and your
determination to be more humane in future.
d. The nightingale has scaled the heights of success. But now the audience to
her concerts is gradually declining. The frog is unhappy and scolds her all
the time. She is mentally and physically exhausted and fears failure. As the
nightingale, write a diary entry in about 120-150 words highlighting her fears
and the reasons.
e. Overconfidence and arrogance will always lead one to downfall. Comment in
the light of the play „ Julius Caesar‟
4. The Story of My Life by Helen Keller
(a) A teacher is always referred to as the guiding light, a person who burns like a
candle to light the paths of her pupils. Who was this guiding light in the life of
Helen Keller? How did this person become the guiding lamp in Helen Keller‟s
life?
HINT: Write all that Ms Sullivan did for Helen like teaching her, supporting
her, believing in her, teaching her to overcome adversities, understanding
her shortcomings etc.
(b) Helen is an epitome of courage and faith. Comment
HINT: Perseverant, hard working, always positive, looked for positivity in
adverse situations also, looked on everything as a learning experience,
never gave up, took challenges, challenged life, etc
(c) Helen Keller is an effective ambassador for disabled persons worldwide.
Write a character sketch of Helen in the light of the above statement
HINT: Points same as ques 4(b) , relate the ans to the question.
(d) What subjects had Helen studied in 1893?
HINT: The question addresses chapter 16.
Please pay close attention to dates mentioned on other occasions in the long
reading text as such questions are expected in the exam.
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 1: TRIGONOMETRY
CLASS – X
SUBJECT - MATHEMATICS
1. If sec𝜃-tan𝜃=x,show that sec𝜃+tan𝜃=1
𝑥 and hence find the values of cos𝜃 and
sin𝜃
2. 7sin2A +3cos2A =4, show that tanA=1
3
3. Find sin75°by using the formula :sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+sinBcosA
4. Evaluate: cosec39°.cos51° + tan21°.cot69° – sec221° (Ans.=0)
5. If cosA = 4−𝑥2
2 find the value of
i) secA.tanA
ii) cosecA.cotA
6. If cot𝜃 =2𝑥
9−4𝑥2 then find the value of
i) sin𝜃+ cos𝜃
ii) cosec𝜃 - tan𝜃
7. At a point A ,20 metres above the level of the water in a lake, the angle of
elevation of the cloud is 30°.The angle of depression of the reflection of the
cloud in the lake , at A is 60°.Find the distance of the cloud from A.
8. If sec A =x+1
4𝑥 ,prove that secA + tanA = 2x or
1
2𝑥
9. If √3 sinθ = cosθ, find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
10. Prove that: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴+
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
11. From a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is
observed to be 60°.From a point 40m vertically above the first point of
observation, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30°.Find the
height of the tower and its horizontal distance from the point of observation.
12. Prove that:
i) 1 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
ii) (√3 + 1)(3-cot30°) =tan360°- 2sin60°
iii) If 2sin2θ- cos2θ =2, then find the value of θ.
iv) 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
13. If 1+ sin2θ =3sinθcosθ ,then prove that tanθ=1 or ½
14. If sinθ +2cosθ =1 ,then prove that 2sinθ – cosθ =2
15. If tan A + secA =l, then prove that secA = 𝑙2 +1
2𝑙
16. The lower window of a house is 2m above the ground and its upper window is
4m vertically above the lower window .At a certain instance the angles of
elevation of a balloon from these windows are observed to be 60° and 30°,
respectively. Find the height of the balloon above the ground.
17. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is surmounted by a vertical
flagstaff of height h. At a point on the plane , the angles of elevation of the
bottom and the top of the flagstaff are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 respectively.Prove that the
height of the tower is ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
18. Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate : 7𝑐𝑜𝑠70°
2𝑠𝑖𝑛20°+
3𝑐𝑜𝑠55°𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 35°
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 5° 𝑡𝑎𝑛 25°𝑡𝑎𝑛 45°𝑡𝑎𝑛 85°𝑡𝑎𝑛 65°
19. Prove that : (tanA - tanB)2 + (1+tanAtanB)2 = sec2Asec2B
20. Prove that : 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃+ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 1
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 2: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
CLASS – X
SUBJECT - MATHEMATICS
1. A vessel in the form of an inverted cone, open at the top, of height 11cm and
radius as 2.5 cm, is full of water. Metallic spherical balls each of diameter 0.5
cm are put in the vessel due to which 2/5th water in the vessel flows out. Find
how many balls were put in the vessel.
2. A cone, a hemisphere and a cylinder stand on equal bases and have the
same height .Find the ratio of their volumes.
3. From a cuboidal solid metallic block of dimensions 15cmx10cmx5cm, a
cylindrical hole of diameter 7cm is drilled out. Find the surface area of the
remaining block.
4. A bucket is in the form of a frustum of a cone and can hold 28.49 litres of
water. Find the height of the bucket if the radii of the top and the bottom are
respectively 28cm and 21cm.
5. An ice cream cone having radius 5cm and height 10cm is filled with ice cream
as shown in the figure. If its 1/6th part is left unfilled with ice cream, find the
volume of ice cream in the cone.
6. Marbles of diameter 1.4cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter
7cm containing some water. Find the number of marbles that should be
dropped into the beaker so that the water level rises by 5.6cm.
7. Two cones with same radius 8 cm and height 15 cm are joined together along
their bases .Find the surface area of the shape so formed.
8. A wall 24m long ,0.4 m thick and 6m high is built with bricks each of
dimensions 25cmx16cmx10cm.If the mortar occupies 1/10 th the volume of
the wall, find the number of bricks used in the wall.
9. A rectangular tank of base 11m x6m contains water upto the height of 5m.If
the water is transferred to a cylindrical tank of radius 3.5m, find the height of
water level in the tank.
10. A shuttle cock has the shape of frustum of a cone mounted on a hemisphere
as shown in the figure. The external diameters of the frustum are 5cm and
2cm, the height of the entire shuttle cock is 7 cm .Find its external surface
area.
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 3: PROBABILITY
CLASS – X
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
1. Cards marked with number 3,4,5....... till 50 are placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. A card is drawn random from the box. Find the probability that the
card bears a perfect square number.
2. In a single throw of a pair of different dice, what is probability of getting:
a. A prime number on each dice.
b. A total of 9 or 11.
3. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. Find
the probability of having neither a red card nor a Queen.
4. Three different coins are tossed together find the probability of getting:
a. Exactly 2 heads
b. At least two heads
c. at least two tails.
5. A number „x‟ is selected at random from 1,2,3,4. Another number „y‟ is selected
at random from the numbers, 1,4,9 and 16. Find the probability that the product
of x and y is less than 16.
6. King, Queen and Jack of diamonds are removed from the pack of 52 cards and
then the pack is well shuffled. A card is drawn from the remaining cards, find
the probability of getting a card of:
a. Diamonds
b. Jack.
7. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing card. Find the
probability of finding:
a. a black card
b. a jack or a queen or a king
c. a card which is either a heart or a King
d. A card,which is neither a spade nor a King.
8. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a
blue ball from the bag is 4 times that of a red ball find the number of blue balls
in the bag.
9. In a single throw of two dice,what is probability of getting a prime number on
each dice?
10. A jar contains 24 marbles some are green and others are blue. If a marble is
drawn at random from the jar, the probability that it‟s green is 2/3. Find the
number of blue balls in the jar.
11. A box has cards numbered 14 to 99. Cards are mixed thoroughly and a card is
drawn from the box at random. Find the probability that the number on the
cards, drawn from the box is:
a. Odd number.
b. Perfect square
c. Number divisible by 7.
d. A multiple of 6 or 7.
12. Out of 300 bulbs in the box, 35 are defective. One bulb is taken out at random
from the box. Find the probability that the bulb drawn is not defective.
13. A bag contains tickets numbered 11,12,13….30. A ticket is taken out of the
bag at random. Find the probability that the number on the drawn ticket is
greater than 15 and a multiple of 5.
14. 2 dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
15. A box contains 35 blue,25 white and 40 red balls. If a ball is drawn at random
from the box, find the probability that the drawn ball is:
a. white
b. not blue
c. neither white nor blue.
16. A bag contains cards bearing numbers from 6 to 70. If a card is drawn at
random from the box, find the probability that it bears:
a. Single digit number
b. A number divisible by 5.
c. Add number less than 30
d. A composite number between 20 and 30.
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 4: Quadratic Equation
CLASS – X
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
1. For what value of k ,x= √5 is a solution of the equation k x2+√5x-15=0?
2. Find the values of p for which the quadratic equation 4x2-3px+9=0 has equal
roots.
3. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equations:
a. √2x2 -3√5x + √18 = 0.
b. 3√3x2+10x+√3=0 .
c. x2 -4x +1 = 0.
d. 9x2 -30x +25 = 0.
4. Find the values of p such that the quadratic equation px2+6x+1=0 has no real
roots.
5. For what value of p does the quadratic equation px2+(p-1)x+(p-1)=0 has
repeated roots.
6. Without finding the roots, comment on the nature of the roots of the quadratic
equation 9x2-6x+1=0.
7. Represent the following situation as a quadratic equation:
A motorboat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go
24km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed
of the stream.
8. Solve x² + 5x – 300 = 0.
9. Solve the quadratic equation
(x – 1)² – 5(x – 1) – 6 = 0
10. The sum of the squares of two natural numbers is 52. If the first number is 8
less than twice the second number, find the numbers.
11. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for Rs 80. If he had bought 4 more
books for the same amount, each book would cost Rs 1 less. How many
books did he buy?
12. Two numbers differ by three and their product is 504. Find the numbers.
13. A two digit number is 7 times the sum of its digits and is also 12 less than
three times the product of its digits. Finds the numbers.
14. A two digit number is such, that the product of its digits is 18. When 63 is
subtracted from the number,the digits interchange their places. Find the
number.
15. A motorboat whose speed is 18kmph in still water takes one hour more to go
24 km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed
off the stream.
16. In a class test the sum of Ajeet‟s marks in Math and English is 40, had he got
three more marks in Math and four marks less in English, the product of his
marks in the two subjects would have been 360. Find his marks in both
subjects.
17. The sum of areas of two squares in 640m2 the difference of perimeter is 64m.
Find the sides of the two squares.
18. The perimeter of a rectangle is 82 metres, and its area is 400m2, find the
breadth of the rectangle.
19. Places A and B are a 100Km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and
another from B at the same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at
different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If they travel towards each other, they
meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of these two vehicles?
20. Find two consecutive odd numbers such that the sum of their squares is 202.
21. The sum of the numerator and denominator of a fraction is 8. If 1 is added to
both numerator and the denominator,is the fraction is increased by 1/15. Find
the fraction
22. The sum of two numbers is 15. If sum of their reciprocals is 3/10. Find the two
numbers.
23. A train travels at a certain average speed for a distance of 54 km and then
travels a distance of 63 km at an average speed of 6 kmph more than the first
speed. If it takes 3 hours to complete the total journey, what is its first speed.
24. The area of an isosceles triangle is 60 cm² and the length of each one of its
equal sides is 13 cm. Find its base
25. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence the product of their ages
(in years) will be 160.Find their present age.
26. Solve each of the following equations by:
a. Method of factorisation
b. Completing the square
c. Using quadratic formula.
1. 2x2 -7x +3 = 0.
2. x2 -3x -10 = 0.
3. 2x2 +5
3x -2 = 0.
4. 21x2 -2x +1
21 = 0.
5. 9x2 -30x +25 = 0.
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 5: Solved
CLASS – X
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 9x2 +15x +6 = 0 by using the
method of completing the square
Solution: Given, 2x2 -15x +6 =0
⇒ x2 - 09
6
9
15
x
⇒ x2 - 03
2
3
5
x
⇒ x2 -3
2
3
5
x
⇒ x2
3
2
6
5
6
5
3
522
x
⇒ x 2
x
6
52
3
2
6
5
6
522
⇒ 3
2
36
25
6
52
x
⇒ 36
165
2
x
⇒ x - 6
1
6
5
⇒ x = 6
5
6
1
⇒ x = 16
6
6
1
6
5 or x =
3
2
6
4
6
1
6
5
2 ]If 𝜶 and 𝟏
𝜶are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x)=4x2 -2x+k-4 , then find
the value of k
Solution: Since α and1
𝛼 are the zeros of the polynomial P(x)= 4x2 -2x+k-4
Product of zeros=𝑘−4
4
𝛼.1
𝛼=
𝑘−4
4
1=𝑘−4
4
4=k-4
K=8
3. The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their
reciprocals is 10
1.Find the numbers.
Solution :Let the two natural numbers be x and y such that x>y.
x –y = 5 ⇒x=y+5
Also,10
111
xy
10
1
5
11
yy
10
1
5
5
yy
yy
5y +y2=50
y2 +5y-50=0
y2 +10y-5y-50=0
y(y+10)-5(y+10)=0
(y+10)(y-5)=0
(y+10) =0 or (y-5)=0
Y=-10 or y = 5
4. If Asha was 5 years younger than what she really is , then the square of
her age would have been 11 more than 5 times her actual age .What is
her age now?
Solution :Let the present age of Asha be x years
Her age 5 years back = x-5 (x-5)2 =5x+11
x2-10x+25-5x -11=0
x2-15x+14=0
x2-14x -x+14=0
x(x-14)-(x-14) =0
(x-1)(x-14) =0
(x-1) = 0 or (x-14) =0
x=1 or x=14
Hence present age is 14 years
5. A motor boat whose speed in still water is 18km/h,takes 1 hr more to go
24km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the
speed of the stream.
Solution :Let speed of stream be x km/h
speed of boat in still water = 18 km/h
speed of boat upstream=(18-x) km/h
speed of boat downstream =(18+x) km/h
Distance travelled = 24 km
Time taken by the boat upstream= x18
24
Time taken by the boat upstream= x18
24
x18
24=
x18
24+1
24(18+x) = (18-x)(24+18+x)
434+24x= 756 +18x-42x-x2
x2 +48x-324=0
x2 +54x-6x-324=0
(x -6)(x+54)=0
(x -6)=0 or (x+54)=0
x =6 or x = -54
Speed of still water = 6 km/h
6 Find the sum of first 15 terms of an A.P whose nth term is 3-2n.
Solution: 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒏
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟏
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟒 = −𝟏
d=-1-1=-2
𝑺𝟏𝟓 =𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝟐.𝟏 + 𝟏𝟒 −𝟐
𝑺𝟏𝟓 =𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙 −𝟏𝟑 = −𝟏𝟗𝟓
7. Determine the value of k for which the following equation has equal roots:
(k-24)x2 +2(k-24)x +2=0
Solution:
Given quadratic equation is: (k-24)x2 +2(k-24)x +2=0
⇒ Discriminant D = b2 - 4ac =[2(k-24)]2 - 4 × (𝑘 − 24) × 2
=4(k-24) [(k-24) -2 ]
=4(k-24) (k-26)
equation has equal roots if D=0
⇒ D =4(k-24) (k-26)=0
⇒ 4(k-24)=0 or (k-26)=0
⇒ k=24 or k=26
8 Determine the value of k for which the following equation has real and
distinct roots:
kx2 -6x-2=0
Solution :
Discriminant D = b2 - 4ac =(-6)2 - 4 × 𝑘 × (−2) =36+8k
equation has real and roots if D>0
⇒36+8k>0
⇒36>-8k
or -8k<36
⇒8k > -36
⇒k >-36/8 or k> -9/2
9 Solve the following quadratic equation:
Solution: 1,0;1
151
16
x
xx
16−𝑥
𝑥=
15
𝑥+1
16−𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑥= 15
16x+16-x2-x=15x
x2 -16x+16x-16=0
x2-16=0
x2=16
x=4 or x=-4
10 Find the value of x for which 8x+4,6x-2,2x+7 are in AP
Solution: As 8x+4,6x-2,2x+7 are in AP
6x-2-(8x+4) =2x+7- (6x-2)
6x-2-8x-4 =2x+7-6x+2
4x- 2x =6+9
2x=15
x =15/2
11 Find the 6th term from the end of the AP 17,14, 11,….- 40
Solution :
common difference = a2 - a1 = 14-17=-3
6th term from the end = l-(n-1)d
= - 40 – (6-1)(-3)
=- 40- 5(-3)
= -40 +15= - 25
12 Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle
are equal.
Given: A circle with centre O, P lying outside
the circle & two tangents PQ, PR on
the circle from P.
To prove: PQ = PR.
Construction: Join OP, OQ and OR.
Proof:Then ∠ OQP =∠ ORP = 90⁰
(these are angles between the radii
and tangents)
In ΔOQP and ORP,
OQ = OR (Radii of the same circle)
OP = OP (Common)
∠ OQP =∠ ORP = 90⁰
Therefore, Δ OQP ≅ Δ ORP (RHS)
⇒PQ = PR (CPCT)
13 Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.
Given: a circle with centre O and a tangent XY to the circle at
a point P.
To prove: OP ⊥ XY
Proof:
Let us take a point Q on XY other than P and join OQ. As the
point Q lies outside the circle, therefore, OQ is longer than the
radius OP of the circle. That is, OQ > OP.
Since this happens for every point on the line XY except the
point P, OP is the shortest of all the distances of the point O to
the points of XY. So OP ⊥ XY, as in a right angle triangle,
base and perpendicular are always smaller than the
hypotenuse.
14 If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each
other at angle 80⁰, then find the value of ∠POA.
Solution: As PA and PB are tangents,
⇒OA⊥PA and OB⊥PB
⇒∠OBP = 90⁰ and ∠OAP = 90⁰
In quadrilateral OABP,
∠APB + ∠BOA + ∠OAP + ∠OBP = 360⁰
⇒∠BOA = 100⁰
In ΔOBP and ΔOAP
OA = OB (radius)
AP = BP (Tangents from a point are equal
in length)
OP = OP (Common)
Therefore, ΔOBP ≅ΔOAP (SSS
congruency)
⇒∠POB = ∠POA (CPCT)
⇒∠POA = 1
2∠BOA = 50⁰.
15 Divide a line segment of length 10 cm internally in the ratio 3:2.
Solution:
Step 1: Draw a line segment AB= 10 cm making an
acute angle with ∠BAX.
Step 2: Starting with A, mark off 5 points A1 , A2 , A3 , A4
and A5 on AB at equal distances from the point A.
Step 3: Join A5 and B.
Step 4: Through A3 (i.e. the third point), draw A3 D
parallel to A5 B.
Then AC : CB = 3 : 2
16 Construct a triangle with sides 5cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. Construct another
triangle similar to this triangle such that each of its sides is 𝟐
𝟑 times of the
corresponding sides.
Solution:
Step1: Draw of a line segment BC = 7 cm
Step 2: Through B draw an arc of radius 6
cm.Through C draw another arc of
radius 5 cm to intersect the first arc at
A.
Step 3: Join AB and AC to get ΔABC.
Step 4: Draw a ray BX making an acute angle
withBC.
Step 5: Locate 3 points B1, B2 and B3 on BX
suchthat
BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3
Step 6: Join B3C and through B2 draw a line
parallelto B3C to meet BC in C′.
Step 7: Through C′, draw a line parallel to CA
to meet AB at A′.Then A′BC′ is the
required triangle.
17 Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45⁰, ∠A= 105⁰. Then
construct a triangle whose sides are 𝟒
𝟑times the corresponding sides
of ΔABC.
Solution:
Step 1: Draw BC = 7 cm.
Step 2: At B construct ∠CBX = 45⁰ and at C
construct ∠BCY = 180⁰ - (45⁰ - 105⁰) = 30⁰.
Suppose BX and CY intersect at A. ΔABC so
obtained is the given triangle.
Step 3: Construct an acute angle ∠CBZ at B on
opposite side of vertex A of ΔABC.
Step 4: Mark off four (greater of 4 and 3 in 4
3)
points B1, B2, B3, B4 on BZ.
Step 5: Join B3 C and draw a line through B4C‟
B
parallel to B3C, intersecting the extended line
segment BA at C‟.
Step 6: Draw a line through C‟ parallel to CA
intersecting the extended line segment BA at A‟.
ΔA‟BC‟ so obtained is the required triangle such
that 𝐴′𝐵
𝐴𝐵 =
𝐵𝐶′
𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴′𝐶′
𝐴𝐶 =
4
3
18 To construct the tangents to a circle from a point outside it:
If we are given a circle with centre O and a point P outside it, then to construct two
tangents from P to the circle we follow the following steps:
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 1: Join PO and bisect it. Let M
be the mid-point of PO.
STEP 2: Take M as center and MO as
radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the
given circle at the points Q & R.
STEP 3: Join PQ and PR.
Then PQ and PR are the required two
tangents.
19: Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 3 cm, which are inclined to
each other at an angle of 60⁰.
Solution: STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 1: Draw a circle of radius OA = 3cm.
STEP 2: At O construct radii OA and OB such
that ∠AOB = 120⁰i.e. supplement of the
angle between the tangents.
STEP 3: Draw perpendiculars OA and OB at A
and B respectively intersecting at P.
Then PA and PB are the required tangents
inclined to each other at angle of
60⁰.
20 In the given figure AA1 = A1 A2 = A2 A3 = A3 B. If B1A1 || CB then find the
ratio in which A1 divides AB.
Solution: 1:3
21 A ladder of length 6 m makes an angle of 45° with the floor while leaning
against one wall ofthe room. If the foot of the ladder is kept fixed on
the floor and it is made to lean against the opposite wall of the room, it
makes an angle of 60° with the floor. Find the distance between these
two walls of the room.
Solution:Let AB be the width of the
room and C be the foot of the
ladder.EC and FC are the two positions
of the ladder.
ECA = 45° and FCB = 60°
In right ΔEAC, we have
Cos 45° = 6
x
2
1 =
6
x
x = 2
6
………………..①
In right Δ FBC, we have
Cos 60° = 6
y
2
1 =
6
y
y = 3
……………………②
Now, using ① and ②, we have
AB = x+y =(2
6 + 3) m
AB = ( 3√2 + 3) m = 3 (√2 +1) m = 3 (1.414+1) m = 7.242 m
Hence the distance between these two walls of the room is 7.242m
22 A kite is flying at a height of 50 𝟑m from the horizontal. It is attached
with a string and makes an angle 60° with the horizontal. Find the length
of the string.
Solution: In right triangle ABC,
Sin60°=𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶=
50 3
𝑥
3
2=
50 3
𝑥
x=25 m
23 A box contains 60 discs, numbered from 1 to 60.If one disc is drawn at
random from the box, find the probability that it bears a prime- number
less than 30.
Solution :Number of possible outcomes of the experiment = 60
Prime numbers less than 23 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17, 19,23,29
Number of favourable outcomes of the event = 10
P ( disc bears a prime number less than 30) = 60
10
6
1
24 From numbers 3,5,5,7,7,7,9,9,9,9 one number is selected at random.
Find the probability that the selected number is the mean.
Solution :The mean of the given numbers = 710
70
10
9999777553
Total no. of outcomes =10
Let A denote the event “the selected no. is mean”
No. of outcomes favourable to the event A = 3
P ( A ) =10
3
25 Find the probability of getting 53 Sundays in a leap year.
Solution :
Leap year = 366 days = ( 52 ×7 + 2 ) Days = 52 weeks and 2 days.
Thus a leap year always has 52 Sundays .
The remaining 2 days can be:
1) Sunday & Monday 2) Monday & Tuesday 3) Tuesday &
Wednesday
4) Wednesday & Thursday 5) Thursday & Friday 6) Friday &
Saturday
7) Saturday & Sunday
Out of these 7 cases, we have Sunday in 2 cases
Therefore, P ( 53 Sundays ) =7
2
26 Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability of getting the product
of two numbers on top of the dice is 6.
Solution: total number of outcomes =36
Favourable outcomes are :(1,6),(2,3), (3,2),(1,6)
Number of favourable outcomes=4
Probability of getting the product of two digits as 6=4
36=
1
9
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET – 6: Solved
CLASS – X
SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS
1 Prove that 𝟓 is irrational.
Solution:
On the contrary let us assume 5 is rational
5= a/b where a and b are coprime.
5 b = a by cross multiplication
5 b² = a² (by squaring) ____________ ①
Therefore, 5 divides a²
Hence 5 divides a (by theorem)___________②
Let a = 5c for some c
Substituting in ①
5b² = (5c)²
5b² = 25c²
b²= 5c²
Therefore, 5 divides b²
Hence 5 divides b by theorem ______________③
From ② and ③, a and b has a common factor 5 which contradicts they are coprime.
Hence our assumption is wrong . Or 5 is irrational.
2 Prove that 6+√2 is an irrational number.
Solution: Let 6+√2 be a rational number of the type p/q where p,q are coprime
numbers and q≠ 0.
𝑝
𝑞− 6 = 2
𝑝−6𝑞
𝑞= 2
Since p,q are integers,so 𝑝−6𝑞
𝑞 being quotient of two integers is a rational number.
Which implies 2 is rational.But this is a contradiction as 2 is irrational.
Hence our assumption that 6+√2 is rational is incorrect.
∴ 6+√2is an irrational number.
3 Find the LCM and HCF of 336 and 54 by prime factorisation method and
verify that LCM. HCF=product of the two nu mbers.
Solution:336=2x2x2x2x3x7
54=2x3x3x3
HCF=2x3=6
LCM=24x33x7=3024
LCM. HCF= 6x3024=18144
product of the two numbers=336x54=18144
∴ verified
4 Find the hcf of 2993 and 2419 by using Euclid’s Algorithm
Solution: 2993 =2419x1+574
2419=574x4+123
574=123x4+82
123=82x1+41
82=41x2+0
As the remainder is zero,
∴ HCF=41
5 Explain why 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 x 2 is a composite number.
Solution: 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5
Taking 5x2 common, we get
=5x2(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 1 +1)
=5 x 2(504+ 1)
=5 x 2(505)
The given number has factors other than 1 and the number itself so it is a composite
number.
6 Without actual division, state whether the following rational numbers are
terminating or non-terminating, repeating decimals:
Solution:
7 For what value of k ,(-4 ) is a zero of the polynomial x2 –x - (2k+2)?
Let p(x) = x2 –x - (2k+2)
As -4 is the zero of the polynomial
∴p(-4) = 0
p(-4) = (-4)2 +4-2k-2=0
16+4-2k-2=0
18-2k=0
18=2k
K=9
For k=9 ,polynomial has -4 as its zero.
8 Find a quadratic polynomial with sum and product of zeroes as 1/4and -1
respectively.
Solution: Polynomial = x2 – (sum of the zeroes) x + product of the zeroes
= x2 – 1
4 x + (-1)
= x2 – 1
4x -1
9 Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 3x + 2 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and coefficients.
Solution: The zeroes are given by p ( x ) = 0
⇒x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
⇒x2 + 2x + 1 x + 2x1= 0
⇒( x + 2) ( x + 1 ) = 0
⇒( x + 2) = 0 or ( x + 1 ) = 0
⇒x = -2 or x = -1
Therefore the zeroes are 𝛼 = −2𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = −1
Sum = 𝛼 + 𝛽= (- 1) + (- 2) = -3 = −3
1=
−𝑏
𝑎
Product=𝛼𝛽= (-1) (-2) =2 =2
1 =
𝑐
𝑎
Hence verified.
10 If 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 be two zeroes of p(x) = 2x2- 3x +7, evaluate
i. 1
𝜶+
1
𝜷
ii. 𝛼2 + 𝛽2
Solution: α + β = 3/2 and αβ = 7/2
i. 1
𝜶+
1
𝜷 =
α+ β
𝛼𝛽 =
3
7
𝑖𝑖 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 = (α + β )2 - 2 𝛼𝛽 = 9
4 -
7
2 =
−5
4
11 For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no
solution?
3x + y = 1
(2k – 1)x + (k – 1)y = 2k + 1
Solution:. We have,
3x + y = 1 => 3x + y – 1 = 0
(2k – 1)x + (k – 1)y = 2k + 1
=> (2k – 1)x + (k – 1)y – (2k + 1) = 0
Here, 𝑎1 = 3, 𝑏1 = 1, 𝑐1 = - 1
𝑎2 = 2k - 1, 𝑏2 = k – 1 , 𝑐2 = - (2k +1)
For no solution, we must have
a1
a2 =
b1
b2 ≠
c1
c2 =>
3
2𝑘−1 =
1
𝑘−1 ≠
1
2𝑘 + 1
Now, 3
2𝑘−1 =
1
𝑘−1 and
1
𝑘−1
1
2𝑘+1
=> 3k – 3 = 2k -1 and 2k+1 k-1
=> 3k – 2k = 3 – 1 and k -2
=> k = 2
Hence, the given system of equations will have no solutions for k=2
12 Solve: 4x-3y-8=0; 6x-3y-29/3=0
Solution: Given,
4x-3y-8=0
6x-3y-29/3=0
4x-3y=8 …………………………..(1)
18x-9y=29…………………….(2)
12x-9y=24
18x-9y=29
On eliminating y,
-6x=-5
X=5/6
Putting the value of x in second equation, we get
15-9y=29
-9y=14
Y=-14/9
13 The sum of a 2-digit number and the number formed by intercganging
the digits is 110.If 10 is subtracted from the first number , the new
number is 4 more than 5 times the sum of the digits, find the first
number.
Solution:
Let x be at unit place and y at the ten‟s place
So the number is 10y+x
On interchanging the digits the number is 10x+y
∴ 10y+x+10x+y=110
11x+11y=110
x+y=10……………………………(1)
Also,10y+x-10 =5(x+y)+4
4x-5y+14=0…………………….(2)
From (1) , x=10-y
Using the above value in (2)
4(10-y) -5y +14 =0
40-9y+14=0
9y=54
Y=6
So,x=10 - 6=4
Number is 64
14 Solve 2x + 3y + 8 = 0 and 4x + 5y + 14 = 0
Solution.. The given system of equation is
2x + 3y + 8 = 0
4x + 5y + 14 = 0
By cross multiplication we get
= > 𝑥
3 𝑋 14− 5 𝑋 8 =
𝑦
8 𝑋 4− 14 𝑋 2 =
1
2 𝑋 5− 4 𝑋 3
= > 𝑥
42−40 =
𝑦
32−28 =
1
10−12
= > 𝑥
2 =
𝑦
4 =
1
−2
= > 𝑥
2 =
1
−2 = > 𝑥 = -1 and
𝑦
4 =
1
−2 = > y = -2
Therefore, solution is x = - 1, y = -2
15 A boat goes 8 km downstream in 40 minutes and comes back in 1 hour.
Determine the speed of the boat in still water and speed of the current.
Solution:. Let speed of boat = 𝑥 km/hr
And speed of current = 𝑦 km/hr
Therefore speed upstream = (𝑥 – 𝑦) km/hr
Speed downstream = (𝑥 + 𝑦) km/hr
According to the given condition 8
𝑥+𝑦 =
40
60 =>
8
𝑥+𝑦 =
2
3 => 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 ... (i)
And 8
𝑥−𝑦 = 1 => 𝑥 - 𝑦 = 8 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) , we get
2 𝑥 = 20 => 𝑥 = 10
Putting 𝑥 = 10 in (i) , we get 𝑦 = 2
Therefore speed of boat = 10km/hr
Speed of current = 2km/hr
16 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of triangle to intersect the other
two sides at distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio. (Basic Proportionality Theorem.)
Given: A triangle ABC in which DE || BC , and intersect AB in D and AC in E.
To Prove:
Construction: Join BE, CD and draw EF ⊥ BA and DG ⊥ CA
Proof: Here EF ⊥ AB , Therefore, EF is the height of triangles ADE and DBE.
But, Δ DBE and ΔDEC are on the same base DE and between the same
parallels DE and BC.
17 ∆ABC~∆DEF, if DE: AB = 2:3 and ar ∆DEF = 44cm 2 . Find the value of ar
∆ ABC.
Solution: As ∆ABC~∆DEF,
𝑎𝑟∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑎𝑟∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 =
𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐸
2
𝑎𝑟∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑎𝑟∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 =
3
2
2
𝑎𝑟∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
44 =
9
4 ar∆ABC=
9
4 x 44= 99cm 2
18 . . Prove that:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 +
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 =
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟐
Solution: LHS = sin 2 A
cos 2 A +
cos 2 A
sin 2 A =
sin 4A+cos 4A
cos 2 A sin 2 A
By adding and subtracting 2 sin2 A cos2 A in the numerator, we get
=
AA
AAAA
22
222
22
cossin
cossin2cossin
= (1)2− 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A
cos 2 A sin 2 A [ . sin2θ + cos2θ = 1]
= 1− 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A
cos 2 A sin 2 A
= 1
cos 2 A sin 2 A −
2 sin 2 A cos 2 A
cos 2 A sin 2 A =
1
cos 2 A sin 2 A − 2
LHS = RHS.
19 Evaluate: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟕°
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟑° 𝟐
+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟑°
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟕° 𝟐
Solution: 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟗𝟎°−𝟔𝟑°)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟑° 𝟐
+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟗𝟎°−𝟐𝟕° )
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟕° 𝟐
[ . (sin (90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 and cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin𝜃]
= cos 63°
cos 63°
2
+ sin 27°
sin 27°
2
= 1+1 = 2.
20. Prove that ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square
of the ratio of their corresponding sides
Solution: Given- ABC ~ DEF
To prove-arABC
arDEF =
𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝐷
2
= 𝐵𝐶
𝐸𝐹
2
= 𝐴𝐶
𝐷𝐹
2
Construction: draw AM and DN perpendicular on BC and EF respectively
Proof: As ABC ~ DEF
Corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are proportional
A=D; B=E ;C=F and 𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐸=
𝐵𝐶
𝐸𝐹=
𝐴𝐶
𝐷𝐹 ……….(1)
arABC
arDEF =
1
2𝐵𝐶𝑥𝐴𝑀
1/2𝐸𝐹𝑥𝐷𝑁
arABC
arDEF =
𝐵𝐶𝑥𝐴𝑀
𝐸𝐹𝑥𝐷𝑁 ………………….(2)
In ABM and DEN
B=E
AMB=DNE
Therefore, ABM ~ DEN
Hence ,𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐸=
𝐵𝑀
𝐸𝑁=
𝐴𝑀
𝐷𝑁………(3)
BY (1), (2), (3)
arABC
arDEF =
𝐴𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐸𝑥𝐷𝐸=
𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝐷
2
= 𝐵𝐶
𝐸𝐹
2
= 𝐴𝐶
𝐷𝐹
2
Hence proved
21 Find the mean of the following data:
Classes 0-50 5-100 100-150 150-200 200-250
Frequency 15 20 35 20 10
classes frequency 𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
0-50 15 25 -100 -1500
50-100 20 75 -50 -1000
100-150 35 125 0 0
150-200 20 175 50 1000
200-250 10 225 100 1000
Mean=a + 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
𝑓𝑖= 125 −
500
100 = 125 − 5 = 120
22 Find the mean of the following data:
Classes 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85
Frequency 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
Solution:
Classes Frequency 𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑖= 𝑥𝑖−𝑎 𝑢
𝑖=𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
15-25 6 20 -30 -3 -18
25-35 11 30 -20 -2 -22
35-45 7 40 -10 -1 -7
45-55 4 50 0 0 0
55-65 4 60 10 1 4
65-75 2 70 20 2 4
75-85 1 80 30 3 3
𝑓𝑖=35 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖=-36
Mean=a + 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
𝑓𝑖𝑥ℎ = 50 −
360
350 𝑥10 = 50 −
36
35𝑥10 = 39.71
23: Find the number of integers between 50 and 500 which are divisible by
7.
Solution: As 56 is the 1st and 497 is the last integer between 50 and 500 which is
exactly divisible by 7
The required AP is 56,63,70,77,…..,497.
an =497
a+(n-1)d=497
56+(n-1)=497
7n+49=497
7n=448
n=64
24: Find the 6th term from the end of the AP 17,14, 11,….- 40
Solution:
common difference = a2 - a1 = 14-17=-3
6th term from the end = l-(n-1)d
= - 40 – (6-1)(-3)
=- 40- 5(-3)
= -40 +15= - 25
25: Find the ratio in which the line joining the points A(-3,10) and B(6,-8) is
divided by P(-1,6)
Solution : Let the point P divide AB in the ratio of k:1
Then by section formula , coordinates of P =
1
108,
1
36
k
k
k
k
But the coordinates of P are (-1,6)
On equating x- coordinate, 11
36
k
k
6k-3=-k -1
6k+k=3-1
7k=2
K=7
2
Ratio=2:7
26: Find the area of the triangle ABC whose vertices are A(3,2),B(11,8)
C(8,12)
Solution:
Area = 213132321
2
1yyxyyxyyx
=1/2[3(8-12+11(12-2)+8(2-8)]
=½[-12+110-48]=25 sq. Unit
27. A solid cylinder has a total surface area 462 sq cm. Its curved surface area is one-third of the total surface area. Find the volume of the cylinder.
Solution Let r be the radius of the base and h be the height of the cylinder. Total surface area = 462 cm2...(i)
And curved surface area = 1
3 x 462 = 154 cm2...(ii)
From (i) we have 2𝜋rh +.2𝜋r2 = 462 ⇒ 154 + 2𝜋r2 = 462 [ From (ii)] ⇒ 2𝜋r2 = 462 – 154
= 308
⇒ r2 = 308 𝑥 7
2 𝑥 22= 49
⇒ r = 7 cm From (ii) we have, the curved surface area,
2𝜋rh = 2 x 22
7 x 7 x h = 154 ⇒ h =
7
2 cm
∴ Volume of the cylinder = 𝜋r2h = 22
7 x 7 x 7 x
7
2
= 539 cm3 28. If the slant height of the frustum of a cone is 10 cm and the perimeters
of its circular base are 18 cm and 28 cm respectively, what is the curved surface area of the frustum.
SolutionLet r and R be the radii of the two circular ends of the frustum of the cone
Then, 2𝜋r = 18 and 2𝜋R = 28
⇒r = 18
2𝜋 and R =
28
2𝜋
⇒r = 9
𝜋 and R =
14
𝜋
Now, curved surface area of the frustum = 𝜋(r + R)l
= 𝜋(9
𝜋+
14
𝜋 ) x 10
= 23 x 10 = 230 cm2
29: In figure sectors of two concentric circles of radii 7cm and 3.5 cm are shown. Find the area of the shaded region.
Solution LetA1and A2 be the areas of sectors OAB and OCD respectively.
Then A1 = area of sector of angle 30° in a circle of radius 7 cm.
A1 = 30
360 X
22
7 X 7 X 7
= 1
12 X
22
7 X 7 X 7 =
77
6 cm2
A2 = area of sector of angle 30° in a circle of radius 3.5 cm
A2 = 30
360 X
22
7 X 3.5 X 3.5
= 1
12 X
22
7 X
7
2 X
7
2 =
77
24 cm2
∴ Area of the shaded region = A1-A2 = 77
6-
77
24 =
77
8 cm2
= 9.625 cm2
Basic concepts
Diagonal of cuboid = 𝑙2 + 𝑏2 + ℎ2
Diagonal of cube = 3 l
REVISION WORKSHEET -1
CLASS-X (2017-18)
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
1. What is the function of retina in the human eye?
2. What is the function of the crystalline lens of the eye?
3. What happens to the image distance from the eye lens in the normal eye when
we increase the distance of the object from the eye?
4. Name any two causes of Myopia and Hypermetropia each.
5. In which direction does a ray of light bend while emerging out of a prism?
6. Why do we get colours when white light passes through a prism?
7. How does the focal length of the eye lens change as per the distance of the
object in front of the eye?
8. At noon the sun appears as white but in morning or evening appears as reddish.
Why?
9. Draw a neat diagram to show refraction of a light ray through a triangular glass
prism. Label the angle of incidence, angle of emergence, incident ray, refracted
ray, emergent ray and angle of deviation.
10. What phenomenon is depicted in the given diagram .Explain the phenomenon
and label A and B in the diagram.
ANSWER - REVISION WORKSHEET -1
1. The retina behaves like a light sensitive screen, on which real and inverted image
of any object situated in front eye is formed.
2. The crystalline lens provides the fine adjustment of focal length of eye lens
system so as to focus images of objects situated at different distances of the
retina.
3. The image distance remains unchanged.
4. The two causes of Myopia are:
(a) Excessive curvature of Eye lens
(b) Elongation of the eyeball.
Causes of Hypermetropia:
(a) the focal length of eye lens is too long
(b) Eye ball has become too small.
5. The ray of light emerging out of a prism always bends towards the base of the
prism.
6. We get dispersion of colours when white light passes through a prism because
light of different colours bends through different angles while passing through a
prism.
7. The crystalline eye lens consists of a fibrous, jelly like material. Its curvature can
be modified to some extent by the ciliary muscles. The change in the curvature of
eye lens can change its focal length. When the muscles are relaxed, the lens is
thin and its focal length is more (about 2.5 cm). When the ciliary muscles
contract, the eye lens becomes thicker, consequently the focal length of the eye
lens decreases.
8. At noon the sunlight would travel relatively shorter distance before reaching us.
As a result, scattering of blue and violet light is very less and sun appears white.
In early morning or evening, sun is near the horizon and sunlight passes a
longer distance in earth’s atmosphere before reaching us. So most of the blue-
violet light is scattered away. It gives reddish appearance to the sun.
9. The LABelled diagram has been shown in fig in which
10. The diagram depicts the phenomenon of dispersion of light. Label A indicates
incident white light. Label B indicates the screen with the spectrum consisting of
VIBGYOR of seven colours.
REVISION WORKSHEET - II
CLASS-X
SUBJECT - PHYSICS
Q1. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal
length?
Ans. Given that radius of curvature of the mirror R = 20 cm.
Focal length f = 𝑅
2=
20 𝑐𝑚
2= 10 𝑐𝑚.
Q2. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
Ans. Only a concave mirror can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
Q3. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
Ans. We prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because a convex
mirror gives an erect and diminished image. As a result, convex mirror helps the
driver to have a much wider field of view.
Q4. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of
an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
Ans. Distance of object from concave mirror u = - 10 cm.
Q5. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this
statement?
Ans. When we say that refractive index of diamond is 2.42, it means that speed of light
in diamond
= 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
2.42=
3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
2.42= 1.24 𝑥 108 𝑚
𝑠.
Q6. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a
convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. Find the position of the image,
its nature and size.
Ans. As radius of curvature of mirror R = 30 cm, hence f = R/2 = 30/2 = 15 cm. It is a
convex mirror. Therefore, f = + 15 cm, u = -20 cm, h = 5.0 cm
As 1
𝑣+
1
𝑢=
1
𝑓 ⇒
1
𝑣+
1
−20=
1
15 ⇒
1
𝑣=
1
15+
1
20 ⇒
1
𝑣=
7
60
𝑣 = + 60
7 𝑐𝑚 = +8.6 𝑐𝑚.
The image is virtual and erect and is formed behind the mirror.
𝑚 = −𝑣
𝑢= −
60
7
−20=
3
7
The size of image, h’ = m.h = 3
7x 5 𝑐𝑚 =
15
7 cm = 2.2 cm.
Q7. Find the focal length of a lens of power -2.0 D. What type of lens is this?
Ans. Given that power of lens P = 2.0 D.
As power P = 1
𝑓 , hence focal length of lens f =
1
𝑝 =
1
−2.0 𝐷= −0.5 𝑚.
The –ve sign of focal length means that the lens is a concave lens.
Q8. Give a formula to find refractive index of a glass slab in terms of angle of
incidence and angle of refraction.
Ans. Refractive index n = sin 𝑖
sin 𝑟 , where i = angle of incidence in air and r = angle of
refraction in glass slab.
Q9. Refractive index of water with respect to air is 1.33. What is the refractive
index of air with respect to water?
Ans. 𝑛𝑎𝑤 =1
𝑛𝑎𝑤=
1
1.33= 0.75.
Q10. Complete the following diagram [Fig. 10.11] :
Ans:
Q11. If a light ray IM is incident on the surface AB as shown, identify the correct
emergent ray.
Ans. The correct emergent ray is NQ which is parallel to the incident ray IMbut is
laterally displaced.
WINTER HOLIDAY HOME WORK SHEET
CLASS – X
SUBJECT – CHEMISTRY
WORKSHEET NO. 1
1. Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its
molecule.
Ans. Butanal
2. The position of eight elements in the modern periodic table is given below
where atomic numbers of elements are given in the paranthesis.
Period no.
2 Li(3) Be(4)
3 Na(11) Mg(12)
4 K(19) Ca(20)
5 Rb(37) Sr(38)
(i) Write the electronic configuration of Ca.
(ii) Predict the number of valence electrons in Rb.
(iii) What is the no. of shells in Sr?
(iv) Predict whether K is a metal or a non metal.
(v) Which one of these elements has the largest atom in size?
(vi) Arrange Be, Ca, Mg and Rb in the increasing order of the size of their
respective atoms.
Ans. (i) Electronic configuration of Ca- 2,8,8,2
(ii) Valence electrons in Rb -1
(iii) No. of shells in Sr- 5
(iv) Metal
(v) Rb
(vi) Be, Mg, Ca, Rb
3. An element ‘X’ belongs to 3rd period and group 13 of the modern periodic
table.
(i) Determine the valence electrons and the valence of ‘X’.
(ii) Molecular formula of the compound formed when ‘X’ reacts with an
element ‘Y’ (Atomic no. =8)
(iii) Write the name and formula of the compound when ‘X’ combines with
chlorine?
Ans. (a) Eleement ‘X ‘is Aluminium
Valence electrons =3
Valency= 3
(b) When ’X’ reacts with an element ‘Y’
(Here X is Aluminium and Y is oxygen)
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Molecular formula = Al2O3
(c) When X combines with chlorine
Compound name= Aluminium chloride
Formula = AlCl3
4. A carbon compound ‘P’ on heating with excess conc. H2SO4 forms another
carbon compound ‘Q’ which on addition of hydrogen in the presence of nickel
catalyst forms a saturated carbon compound ‘R’. One molecule of ‘R’ on
combustion forms two molecules of carbon dioxide and three molecules of
water. Identify P,Q, R and S. Write chemical equations for the reaction
involved.
Ans. The compound ‘P’= ethanol
Compound Q = Ethene
Compound R= Ethane
CH3CH2OH 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 .𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 C2H4 + H2O
(compound P)
Addition reaction
Combustion
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat and light
5. A student adds a spoonful of powdered sodium hydrogen carbonate to a flask
containing ethanoic acid. List two main observations, he must note in his
notebook about the reaction taking place. Also, write chemical equation.
Ans. CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
The two observations are:
(i) A brisk effervescence is observed.
(ii) An odorless and colorless gas carbon dioxide is released. This can
be checked as the CO2 is send through lime water which turns it
milky.
6. State reasons:
(i) Stain curry on a white cloth becomes reddish brown when soap is
scrubbed on it and turns yellow again when cloth is washed with
plenty of water.
(ii) Curd should not be kept in copper and brass vessels. What is done
to protect it?
(iii) Ammonia is a base but does not contain hydroxyl group
(iv) Tap water conducts electricity whereas distilled water does not.
Ans. (i) Turmeric reacts with sodium hydroxide present in soap to form red
colored compound. It turns yellow again because sodium hydroxide
becomes very dilute on adding lot of water and reaction stops.
(ii) Curd contains lactic acid which reacts with copper or brass vessel and
taste changes. Curd should be kept in glass, steel or ceramic container
which does not react with lactic acid present in it.
(iii) Ammonia dissolves in water forms OH- . Therefore, it is basic.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
(iv) Tap water contains ions which conduct electricity; distilled water does
not contain ions.
7. What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can be prevented.
Ans. The process by which taste and smell of food gets spoiled is called rancidity.
It happens due to oxidation.
PREVENTION FROM ACIDITY:
(I) Antioxidants are added to fatty acids to prevent oxidation, e.g chips are
packed in presence of nitrogen gas which prevents spoilage by
oxidation.
(II) Food should be kept in air tight container in refrigerator.
8. Why do we store silver chloride in dark colored bottles?
Ans. 2AgCl (s) 𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g)
9. What are strong and weak acids?
Ans: Strong acids are those which are completely ionized in aqueous solution, e.g
H2SO4. Weak acids are those which do not ionize completely in aqueous
solution. E.g CH3COOH
10. What is an alloy? State the constituents of solder. Which property of solder
makes it suitable for welding electrical wires?
Ans: Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. One of them can be a
non metal also. Solder consists of lead and tin. It has low melting pint which
makes it suitable for welding electrical wires.
WORKSHEET NO.2
1. Chlorine, bromine and iodine forms a Dobereiner’s triad. The atomic masses
of chlorine and iodine are 35.5 and 126.9 respectively. Predict the atomic
mass of bromine.
Ans. Atomic mass of Bromine = 35.5 + 126.9/ 2 = 162.4/2 = 81.2
2. Why the system of classification of elements into triads was not found
suitable?
Ans. It is because all the elements discovered at that time could not be classified
into triads.
3. What were the limitations of Newland’s law octaves?
Ans. Limitations:
(i) It was found that law of octaves was applicable only up to calcium
because after Ca, every eighth element did not posses properties
similar to first.
(ii) New elements discovered could not fit into the law of octaves on the
basis of their properties.
(iii) Newland adjusted two elements in same slot e.g. Co and Ni which
entirely from halogens. Iron resembles with Co and Ni, has been
placed far away from the elements.
4. Why blue colour of copper sulphate solution becomes faded when iron
fillings are added to it?
Ans: This is because iron being more reactive than copper will displace copper
from its salt which make blue colour faded away.
5. (i) Name the compound which is obtained from baking soda and is used
to remove permanent hardness of water.
(ii) Write its chemical formula.
(iii) What happens when it is recrystallised from its aqueous solution?
Ans: (i) Sodium carbonate is obtained from baking soda and is used to remove
hardness of water.
(ii) Na2CO3
(iii) It changes to washing soda. Na2CO3.10H2O
6. A sulphate salt of group 2 element of the periodic table is a white, soft
substance, which can be moulded into different shapes by making its dough.
When this compound is left in open for some time, it becomes a solid mass
and cannot be used for moulding purposes. Identify the sulphate salt. Why
does it show such a behavior? Give the reaction involved.
Ans: Salt is CaSO4.1/2H2O, plaster of paris, white soft substance. It can be dough,
moulded into different shapes, as 2 moles of CaSO4 share 1 mole of H2O
molecule.
CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2 H2O CaSO4.2H2O
When it is left in open, it becomes solid mass CaSO4.2H2O (GYPSUM) which
cannot be used for moldings purposes as it is hard solid mass.
7. Write the respective chemic al equations to show what happens when
(i) Methane is burned in presence of oxygen?
(ii) Ethanol is heated with conc. Sulphuric acid at 443K?
(iii) Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid acting as a
catalyst?
Ans: (i) CH4 + O22H2O + CO2
(ii) CH3CH2OH 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 .𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 CH2= CH2 + H2O
The conc. H2SO4 can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which
removes water from ethanol.
(iv) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 .𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
Esters are sweet smelling substances.
8. List two tests for experimentally distinguishing between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid describe how these tests are performed?
Ans: (i) NaHCO3 TEST: Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to alcohol and a
carboxylic acid separately. Alcohols will not react, whereas carboxylic acid will
give brisk effervescence. Pass the gas gently through lime water. It will turn
milky.
(ii) Blue litmus TEST: Add few drops of alcohol and solution of carboxylic
acid on blue litmus appear separately. Blue litmus will remain as it is in
case of alcohol, whereas it will turn red in carboxylic acid.
9. What is hydrogenation? Explain it with the help of example. What is the
role of catalyst?
Ans. During hydrogenation, unsaturated hydrocarbon adds hydrogen in the
presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated
hydrocarbons.
Catalysts are the substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceed at
a different rate without the reaction itself being affected.
10. What are soaps? Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Ans: Soap Structure: Soaps are long chain sodium or potassium slats of
carboxylic acids. E.g sodium stearate. A soap molecule has two parts. A long
hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (soluble in oiland grease) and a
short ionic part which is hydrophilic (soluble in water)
Cleansing action of soap: When soap is dissolved in water, it forms spherical
structure called micelle. In each micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially
such that hydrophobic part is towards centre ( i.e oil or dirt) and the ionic part
or hydrophilic part is towards outside. The hydrophobic part dissolves the oil
or dirt and forms an emulsion at the centre of micelle which can be washed
away with water.
Winter Break
Class – X
Subject - Biology
Worksheet – I
1. Name the green dot like structures in some cells observed by a student
when a leaf peel was viewed under a microscope. What is this green
colour due to?
Ans.: The green dot like structures in some cells observed by a student when the
leaf peel was viewed under a microscope are chloroplasts. The green colour
is due to the presence of green pigment, chlorophyll
2. Mention two structural features of small intestine which add to the
absorptive capacity
Ans: Two structural features of small intestine are:
i) Villi is present to increase the absorptive surface area
ii) Lacteals in the villi receive the products of fat digestion
3. Give one reason why multicellular organisms require special organs for
exchange of gases between their body and their environment
Ans: Multicellular organisms need more O2 to perform various body functions.
They therefore, have special organs for exchange of gases.
4. Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient
Ans: Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose and produces
less energy, so it is less efficient
5. What will happen if the diaphragm of a person gets ruptured in an
accident?
Ans: Immediate death due to failure of respiration
6. Why is plasma of blood straw- coloured
Ans: Because red blood corpuscles are absent
7. What is translocation in plants
Ans: Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is known as translocation
8. Why is Urine yellow in colour
Ans: Urine contains urea, uric acid and ammonical salts which impart yellow colour
9. How is carbon dioxide obtained by (a) Aquatic plants and (b) Terrestrial
plants
Ans:
(a) Aquatic plant take up carbon dioxide dissolved in water
(b) Terrestrial plants use carbon dioxide present in air
10. Why is the inner wall of alimentary canal not digested although the
digestive enzyme cn digest all the materials that make cells
Ans: The inner wall of alimentary canal is not digested because it has the following
protective mechanisms
(i) The gastric mucin secreted by the gastric mucosa acts as buffer, which
reduces high gastric acidity and prevents injury to the inner wall of the
alimentary canal
(ii) The enzymes are secreted only when food is present in the alimentary
canal and they are in an inactive form
11. State two functions performed by bile juice
Ans: Bile juice is secreted by the liver. (i) It contains bile pigments, bile salts that
emulsify fats to fatty acids. (ii) Bile juice also neutralizes the acidic food in the
stomach and makes it alkaline so that it can react with the enzymes of
pancreatic juice
12. Why do the walls of a trachea not collapse when there is less air in it.
Ans: The walls of the trachea does not collapse when there is less air in it as it is
supported by rings of cartilage
13. What is a synapse ? In a neuron cell how is an electrical impulse created
and what is the role of a synapse in this context?
Ans: Synapse is the junction between two adjacent neurons or nerve cells i.e.
between axon ending of one and the dendrite of the next
Transmission of of Nerve Impulse: The information acquired at the end of the
dendritic tip of a neuron sets off a chemical reaction which creates an
electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cyton along
the axion to its end. At the end of the axion, the electrical impulse sets off the
release of some chemicals, which cross the synapse and start a similar
electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. In this way nerve impulses
travel in the body. Synapse helps in transmitting impulses from one neuron to
another.
14. Young boy met an accident while riding a bike. Patrol police found the
boy and brought him to a hospital for treatment. After the accident, the
boy lost his memory completely. Left side of his body also suffered from
paralysis.
(a) What values were shown by the police
(b) Which injured body part can cause paralysis
(c) What precaution should one take while riding a two wheeler
Ans:
(a) The values shown by police were truthful to duty and humanity
(b) Injury to Brain or Spinal cord can cause paralysis
(c) Riders must wear helmets while riding a two wheeler. One must in a
controlled speed to avoid accident
15. Mr. Bora has a habit to iron his shirt every morning before going to
office. One morning he forgot to keep the hot iron in proper place and
left for office. His two years old daughter touched the iron and got her
hand got burnt. Mrs. Bora immediately put the hand of her daughter
under running tap as a first aid
(a) What value was shown by Mrs. Bora
(b) How do we react when we touch a hot object
(c) What other materials commonly cause burn injury
Ans:
(a) Mrs. Bora showed the value of adequate knowledge on a subject and
capability to use it when required
(b) We immediately remove the hand from the hot object due to reflex
action
(c) Hot running water , hot tea/coffee, hot cooking ware, hot food items
and hot electrical appliances are other common materials which
commonly cause burn injury
16. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the
reproduction process
Ans: DNA copying is not perfectly accurate and the resultant errors are a source of
variations in populations of organisms
17. In a bisexual flower inspite of the young stamens being removed
artificially, the flower produces fruit. Provide a suitable explanation
Ans: Removal of stamens of a bisexual flower will not affect pollination of its intact
pistil and information of fruit. Cross pollination has occurred leading to
fertilization.
18. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solution.
Give one reason
Ans: Energy is essential for any activity in living organisms. Sugar provides this
energy for sustaining ll life activities in yeast. In water, it fails to reproduce
because of inadequate energy in its cells. So, colonies of yeast fail to multiply
in water but multiply in sugar solution.
19. In tobacco plant and the male gametes have twenty four chromosomes.
What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete? What is the
number of chromosomes in the zygote
Ans: The number of gametes in the female gamete is 24. The number of
chromosomes in the zygote is 48.
20. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its
zygote? How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Ans: The ration of chromosome between the egg and the zygote and its zygote is
1:2Sperm is genetically different from the egg in the way that it contains either
X or Y chromosome whereas the egg always contains an X chromosome.
21. The human hand, cat paw and the horse foot, when studied in detail
show the same structure of bones and point towards a common origin.
What do you conclude from this?
What is the term given to such structures?
Ans: In course of evolution they have been modified to perform different functions.
These are called Homologous organs
22. How do Mendel’s experiment show that traits are inherited
independently
Ans: Mendel performed an experiment in which he took different traits like tall and
dwarf plant and round and wrinkled seeds. In second generation (F2) some
plants were tall having round seeds and some dwarf with wrinkled seeds.
There would also be dwarf plants having round seeds. Thus, the tall/short
traits and round/wrinkled seed traits are independently inherited.
23. A group of grasshoppers- some green and some brown lived in a
grassland having dry bushes and dry grass
(a) Which one would normally be picked up by predatory birds and
why?
(b) Population of which grasshoppers will increase.
(c) Name this phenomenon.
Ans:
(a) Green grasshoppers , because they stand out against brown
background of dry bushes
(b) Population of brown grasshoppers will increase
(c) This phenomenon is called natural selection.
24. What will be the amount of energy available to the organism of the 2nd
trophic level of a food chain, if the energy available at the first trophic
level is 10,000 joules.
Ans: 100 Joules of energy will be available to the organism of the 2nd trophic level.
25. The first trophic level of in a food chain is always a green plant. Why?
Ans: Only green plants can make their own food from sunlight. Green plants
therefore always occupy the 1st trophic level in a food chain.
26. In a food chain 10,000 joules of energy is available to the producer. How
much energy will be available to the secondary consumer to transfer to
the tertiary consumer
Ans: 10 Joules of energy will be available to the secondary consumer to transfer to
the tertiary consumer
27. Consider the following food chain which occurs in a forest
Grass Deer Lion
If 10000 J of solar energy is available to the grass, how much energy
would be available to the deer to transfer to the lion?
Ans: 10 J energy will be available to the deer to transfer it to the lion.
28. What will be the impact on ecosystems if bacteria, fungi/microorganisms
are removed from the environment
Ans: Complex organic molecules will not breakdown into simple inorganic
substances, preventing replenishment of soil
Worksheet - II
1. In terms of evolution what is the significance of homology between a human
hand and a wing of a bird
2. Name the scientist who established the laws of inheritance
3. Define inheritance
4. What is the function of genes in an organism
5. What is gene
6. Give the respective scientific terms for studying
a. The mechanism by which variations are created and inherited
b. The development of new type of organisms from the existing ones
7. No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population. Why
8. Variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will only survive
in a population. Justify
9. State the importance of chromosomal difference between sperms and egg of
humans
10. Genotype of a plant bearing purple flowers is PP and one with white flowers is
pp. When these are crossed:
a. What colour of the flowers would you find in F1 progeny
b. Give the percentage of white flowers if F1 plants are selfpollinated
c. In what ratio you would you find PP and Pp in F2 progeny. Draw flow
chart in support of your answer
11. a. In a monohybrid cross of cross of tall Pea plants dented by TT and
short pea plants denoted by tt, Preeti obtained only tall plants ( denoted
by Tt) in F1 generation. However in F2 generation she obtained both
tall and short plants. Using the above information explain the law of
dominance.
b. What is generic drift
12. a. Why traits such as intelligence and knowledge cannot be passed on to
next generation
b. How can we say that birds are closely related to reptiles and have
evolved from them?
13. Why are some pea plants tall and others short in nature? Explain with
reference to the role of genes in controlling characteristics.
Answer Key
1. Homology indicates that there is common ancestry between a human
hand and a wing of a bird. They have the same functional structure but
are different in external morphology and functions.
2. Gregor Johann Mendel
3. The transmission of characters from parent to offspring is known as
inheritance
4. Genes are the carrier of the genetic information for body functions and
passage from one generation to another
5. Gene is a unit of inheritance which consists of a linear segment of
chromosome or DNA that takes part in expressing a particular character
6. a. Genetics
b. Speciation
7. Due to appearance of variations caused by caused by reshuffling of
genes, mutations and acquired traits
8. Useful variations give advantage to individuals in obtaining more food,
adaptation to environmental changes and higher success in the struggle
for existence. They give benefit in survival and reproduction. Differential
reproduction increases the useful variations in the populations. Other
individuals with harmful variations will be eliminated. For example some
bacteria have ability to tolerate higher temperature. In warm environment
non-tolerant bacteria will be killed. Others with tolerance to high
temperature will survive and multiply
9. Human eggs are of one type with a chromosomal compliment of of 22+X.
Human sperms are of two types with chromosomal complement of 22+X
and 22+Y. Sex of the child will be determined by which sperm type fuses
with the egg. Sex of the child will be male if 22+ Y sperm fuses with the
egg (22+Y,22+X). It will be female if 22+X sperm fuses with the ovum
(22+X,22+X)
10. a. Purple
b. 25%
c. 1:2
11. a. Appearance of trait of shortness in F2 generation shows that the
trait was present in F1 generation but was not expressed while
the trait of tallness expressed while the trait of tallness
expressed itself. The trait which expresses itself in the presence
of contrasting form is called Dominant. The other trait which is
unable to express its effect in the presence of its contrasting trait
is known as Recessive
b. Genetic Drift: Is the random change in gene frequency in small
isolated population owing to factors other than natural selection
that results in fixation of certain alleles and elimination of some
others.
12 a. Traits like intelligence and knowledge are acquired characters.
They do not modify the DNA of germ cells. Therefore, they are
not passed on to progeny.
b. Cleidoic eggs and scales are found in both reptiles and birds,
indicating their close relationship. Birds have evolved from
reptiles as they have developed completely four –chambered
heart( instead of incompletely four-chambered heart of reptiles),
a toothless beak, fore –arms modified into wings and covering of
feathers (as found in dromaesaurs)
13. Genes control characters through the synthesis of specific proteins.
The proteins take part in formation of body structures, enzymes,
hormones and other biochemicasl. In case of height in Pea , the protein
takes part in producing hormone for growth in height. If the protein is
working efficiently, more hormone would be produced and pea plants
become tall. However, if the protein is less efficient, small quantity of
hormone would be formed and the Pea plant will remain short.
WINTER BREAK
REVISION WORKSHEET 1
CLASS – X
SUBJECT - HISTORY
L- THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
L- NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1. What is meant by forced recruitment ? (1)
2. Who formed the Swaraj party ? (1)
3. What is a nation-state ? (1)
4. Why was zollverein formed ? (1) 5. Highlight the role played by Giuseppe Mazzini in unification of Italy. (3) 6. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people? (3)
7. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they
were portrayed? (3)
8. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in
the territories ruled him? (3)
9. What is meant by the idea Satyagraha? (3)
10. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against
colonialism. (3)
11. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? (3) 12. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? (5)
13. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? (5)
ANSWER KEY
HISTORY
L- THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
L- NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1. A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.
2. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the swaraj party.
3. The nation – state is one where the great majority is conscious of a common identity and
share a common culture
4. To create unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, capital
and people.
5. Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807.
He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into
exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies amed
„Young Italy‟ in Marseilles and „Young Europe‟ in Berne, whose members were like-minded
young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German States.
6. The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people which were:
→ Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasising the notion
of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
→ A new French flag, a tricolour replaced the royal standard.
→ The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a
group of active citizens.
→ New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
→ A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation.
→ Discouraging regional dialects and promoting French as a common language of the
nation.
7. Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German
nation. They stood as personifications of ideals like 'liberty' and 'the republic'. The
importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could
identify with their symbolic meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them.
8. Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in
the areas ruled by him:
→ He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away
with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the
right to property.
→ He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues.
→ In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems
were improved.
→ Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.
9. Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized
upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was
true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight
the oppressor. Through non-violent methods a Satyagraha could appeal the conscience of
the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to win.
10. The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was
done in revolt against a commodity- salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The tax on
salt, and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive
administrative move. The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large
number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj
and non-violence. By peacefully defying a law and making salt against government orders,
Gandhiji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted
in a non-violent manner.
11. Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of
differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits
believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others
like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their
integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would
gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class
would then ask for separate representations.
12. The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:
→ In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or
revolution.
→ The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones -
such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
→ The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of
the 'United Kingdom of Great Britian' meant that England was able to impose its
influence on Scotland. Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were
systematically suppressed.
→ The Scottish highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their
national dress and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
→ The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a
largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were
suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
→ The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag, the national anthem, the English
language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate
partners in this union.
13. Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic
nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over
this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent
rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the
expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation
worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more control over this area.
These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.
REVISION WORKSHEET 2
CLASS – X
HISTORY
L- WORK, LIFE, LEISURE
L- PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
1. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the
eighteenth century.
2. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the
nineteenth and the twentieth century? Explain the factors which led to this change.
3. Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth
century.
4. Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.
5. What led to the major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century?
6. What forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure
activities for the people.
7. Give reasons why Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
8. Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
9. The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-
sixteenth century.
10. Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and
freedom of association.
11. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to:
(a) Women
(b) The poor
(c) Reformers
12. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
ANSWER KEY
WORKSHEET – II
HISTORY
L- WORK, LIFE, LEISURE
L- PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
1. → The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. So, the population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
→ During the first world war, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increased the number of people coming to the city in search of work.
2. Between the nineteenth and the twentieth century were primarily based on industrial and
technological advancements. Consequently, women had to work in households for a living, and this led to an increase in the number of domestic servants. Some women also began to earn by lodging out rooms, tailoring, washing or making matchboxes. With the coming of the First World War though, women once again joined the industrial sector.
3. Well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth
century on account of three reasons: → one-room houses of the poor came to be seen as the breeding ground of diseases,
and hence, a threat to public health → Fire hazards became a worry in these over-crowded, badly ventilated, unhygienic
homes → There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the 1917 Russian
Revolution. Housing schemes were undertaken to avoid a rebellion by the poor. 4. Bombay became an attractive destination for people seeking jobs after the British
administration replaced Surat with Bombay as its principal western port. The consequent increase in trade and industries led to a great influx of people. Thus, migrants were (and still are) an important facet of Bombay. Most of the people in the film industry were migrants themselves, and wanted to portray the plight of this class of people through films. Thus, a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.
5. In mid-seventeenth century, Bombay became East India Company's principal western port,
replacing Surat. Later, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had become an important administrative as well as industrial centre. All through these years, the prospects for trade and commerce, and employment kept increasing, thereby making Bombay an attractive destination for migrants.
6. There were many forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England:
→ For the upper classes, an annual "London Season" comprised of opera, the theatre and classical music events was one of the sources of leisure.
→ For the working classes, pubs, discussions and meetings for political action served the same purpose.
→ Libraries, art galleries and museums were new types of entertainment brought about through the utilisation of state money.
→ Music halls and cinema theatres too became immensely popular with the lower classes.
→ Industrial workers were encouraged to undertake seaside vacations to rejuvenate from the banes of working in the polluting environment of factories.
7. Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe, along
with Marco Polo, in 1295. Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China, and he brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return.
8. Through the publications of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox
practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther‟s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. He also translated the New Testament of which 5000 copies were sold within a few days. These were impossible without the printing technology. Deeply grateful to the print, Luther said, “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.” This is the reason why Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
9. The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents from mid-16th century onwards.
People had written many books that interpreted the God and the creation in their own ways or as they liked. Therefore, the church banned such books and kept the record of such banned books. It was called the Index of Prohibited Books.
10. Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association
were three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. Therefore, he said the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press, and freedom for association.
11 a) The spread of print culture in 19th century India benefitted Indian women through
learning and education. The liberal families supported the education of women to study or read as they believed education and reading would make the women corrupt. This led to the counter reaction, as most of the oppressed women began to study and read books and learnt writing in secrecy. Some literate women started to write books and their autobiographies. Rashasundari Devi, a young married girl wrote her autobiography “Amar Jiban” which was published in 1876. Overall, the print culture in 19th century India helped in spread of the feeling of self-reliance among Indian women
. (b) The poor people benefitted from the spread of print culture because of the availability
of books at a low price. The readership among them increased due to the publication of low priced books. Public libraries were also set up from the early 19th century, expanding the access to the books where all people could gain knowledge. Encouraged and inspired by the social reformers, the people like factory workers too set up their libraries and some even wrote books. Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker wrote and published „Chote aur Bade Ka Sawal‟.
(c) Indian reforms of 19th century utilized print culture as the most potent means of
spreading their reformist ideas and highlight the unethical issues. They began publishing various vernacular and English and Hindi newspapers and books through which they could spread their opinions against widow immolation, child marriage, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry to the common people of the country. In this way the spread of print culture in the 19th century provided them a space for attacking religious orthodoxy and to spread modern social and political ideas to the people of different languages across the country.
12. The print culture immensely helped the growth in the growth of nationalism in India in the
following ways - → Through vernacular press, oppressive methods of colonial rule were reported. → The misrule of government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press spread
the nationalist ideas that demanded freedom of press. → Nationalist feelings and revolutionary ideas were secretly spread by the dailies like -
The Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Indian Mirror, Kesri, The Hindu, Bombay Samachar etc.Through these newspapers national leaders always tried to mobilize public opinion of Indian masses and unite them for the cause of nationalism.
→ The print culture helped in educating the people who then started to be gradually influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the various Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Tilak, Subhas Bose and Gandhiji etc.
Winter Break
Class – X
Subject - Geography
Q.1 ―The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries‖. Justify this statement with four examples.
Ans i. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture;
ii. They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income
by providing them jobs.
iii. Industrial development reduces unemployment and poverty:
iv. It also brings down regional disparities.
v. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings
foreign exchange.
vi. Prosperity of our country depends on transforming raw materials into
furnished goods of higher value and diversifying our industries.
vii. Industrial sector contributes 27 % of GDP and manufacturing contributes
17 % of GDP.
Q.2 ―Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in
hand.‖ Justify this statement with 4 examples.
Ans. The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture -
i. Agro-based industries have given a boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
ii. Agro-based industries depend on the agriculture for their raw materials
such as cotton, sugarcane, jute etc.
iii. Agriculture depends on industries for products such as irrigat ion pumps,
fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, machines and tools, etc.
iv. Industrial development helps agriculture in increasing their production and
make production processes very efficient.
Q.3 Explain the any 4 factors which influences the locat ion of an industry.
Ans. Industries maximize profits by reducing costs therefore industries are located
where the costs are minimum. The factors influencing are:
i. Access to Market: Areas/regions having high purchasing power provide
large market therefore such as luxury items producing industries are
located in these regions.
ii. Access to Raw Material:
Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport.
a. E.g. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material
(ores) are located close to the sources of raw material such as
steel, sugar, and cement industries.
b. E.g. Industries using perishable raw material are located closer to
the source of the raw material such as Agro-processing and dairy
industries.
iii. Access to Labour Supply: Some types of manufacturing require skilled
labour therefore IT industries are located near urban-educational centres
where skilled labours are easily available.
iv. Access to Sources of Energy: Industries which use more power are
located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminium
industry.
v. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities:
Speedy and efficient transport facilities reduce the cost of transport.
Therefore industries are attracted in regions having good transport
facilities.
vi. Government Policy: Governments adopt ‗regional policies‘ to promote
‗balanced‘ economic development and hence set up industries in
backward and tribal areas.
vii. Access to Agglomeration Economies: Many industries takes benefit from
nearness to a leader-industry and other industries.
Q.4 State the importance of cotton textile industry in India.
Ans.
i. Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture.
ii. It provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers.
iii. It provides income to workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
iv. This industry creates demands and supports many other industries, such
as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering
works.
v. India exports yarn to Japan and other cotton goods to U.S.A., U.K., and
Russia.
Q.5 Explain why 60% of sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Ans. Sugar industry is located in the sugarcane growing regions because:
i. The raw material (sugarcane) used in this industry is bulky and difficult to
transport at low costs.
ii. The sucrose content in the sugarcane reduces during its transportation.
iii. Cooler climates allows the longer crushing season.
iv. Sugar industry is ideally suited for cooperative sector because it‘s a
seasonal industry.
v. Sugarcane grows well during hot and humid climates only.
Q6. ‗Energy saved is energy produced‘. Justify the statement by giving any six
measures to conserve the energy resources.
Ans.
(i) use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) switching off electricity when it is not in use.
(iii) using power saving devices.
(iv) using non-conventional sources of energy.
(v) use of power saving electrical appliances.
(vi) Minimum use of high power consuming electrical gadgets ie, Air
conditioner, room heaters etc.
Q7. State the importance of petroleum as an energy resource. Mention any four oil
fields of India.
Ans. Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal. Petroleum
provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for
number of manufacturing industries – synthetic textiles, fertiliser ad numerous
chemical industries.
(i) Mumbai High.
(ii) Ankeleshwar, Gujarat.
(iii) Digboi, Assam.
(iv) Bassien, Arabian Sea.
Q.8. Explain four points of distinction between conventional and non-conventional
sources of energy.
Ans. Conventional Sources of Energy
(i) This sources of energy is used for quite a long time.
(ii) It‘s use is expensive in the long run.
(iii) It is now extensively used.
(iv) Coal, petroleum Natural gas etc, are mostly fund energy sources.
Non-Conventional sources of Energy
(i) It is recently used as a source of energy.
(ii) It‘s use is cheaper in the long run.
(iii) It is used in a limited manner.
(iv) Wind, solar, Tidal, Biogas etc are Flow energy sources.
Q.9. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? What are its three
major forms? Write main features of each form. (2008)
Ans. Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It provides a
substantial part of the nation‘s energy requirement. India has vast and rich
reserves of coal, distributed in different regions of India.
The Peninsular Plateau region, especially the Damodar Valley Region of
Jharkhand and West Bengal, the Son, Mahanadi, Godavari and Wardha Valleys
of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
have rich deposits of Gondwana coal. In the north-eastern states of Meghalaya,
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, tertiary coal is found. In Tamil Nadu,
lignite deposits are found.
The three major forms of coal are anthracite, bituminous and lignite.
Anthracite is the highest quality coal with more than 80 percent carbon content
and very low moisture content. It is hard, compact and deep-black in colour. It is
found in the Jharia coalfields of Jharkhand in small quantities. Bituminous is the
most widely used coal. High grade bituminous coal is used in metallurgical
industries, especially for melting iron in blast furnaces. So it is also known as
metallurgical coal. Bituminous coal contains 60 to 80 percent carbon, low
moisture, and has high heating capacity. It is formed when coal has been buried
deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is found in large quantities in
Jharia coalfield of Jharkhand and Raniganj coalfields of West Bengal.
Lignite contains about 60 percent carbon and has high moisture content. It is
low grade brown coal which is soft and has low heating capacity. It is used in
thermal power stations. Principal reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
Q10. ―Solar energy has a bright future in India‖ Support the statemen ts with three
facts.
Ans.
(i) Solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households
on firewood and dung cakes.
(ii) Contribute to environmental conservation.
(iii) Supply adequate manure in agriculture.
Q.11. What is rainwater harvesting? Explain any two different methods of rainwater
harvesting in different regions of India.
Ans. Rainwater harvesting is a system in which rain water is collected through
various techniques and then collected water is used in many ways.
(i) Hill region - In hilly region people built diversion channels like the ‗‗guls‘‘
or ‗‗kuls‘‘ in the western Himalayas for agriculture. With these channel
rainwater is used in meaningful ways.
(ii) Arid region - In Rajasthan almost all houses had underground tanks.
These tanks were part of well developed rooftop rainwater harvesting
system. They were connected to the sloping roof of the houses through a
pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and get
stored in these underground ‗tankas‘.
Q.12. What is a multipurpose river valley project? Give any four objectives of the
multipurpose river valley project.
Ans. The multipurpose river valley project is a river project in which a dam is
constructed on the river and stored water is then used in a number of for like
irrigation, power generation etc.
Four objectives of multipurpose projects are :—
(i) To check floods by regulating flow of water.
(ii) To generate hydropower for our industries and homes.
(iii) To provide irrigation facilities. This helps in increasing agriculture
productivity and bringing more area under cultivation.
(iv) To check soil Erosion.
Q.13. Describe three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting practised in India.
Ans. In India traditionally rainwater harvesting is done in the following ways:—
(i) In hilly regions people built diversion channels like the guls or kuls for
agriculture.
(ii) In Rajasthan rooftop rainwater harvesting is practised.
(iii) In Bengal people built inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
(iv) In arid and semi-arid regions people convert their agricultural fields into
rainfed storage structures.
Q.14. ‗Three-fourths of the earth‘s surface is covered with water but there is still
scarcity of water across the globe.‘ Explain giving three reasons.
Ans. Water scarcity is due to the following causes :—
(i) Water availability varies over space and time mainly due to the variation in
seasonal and annual precipitation.
(ii) Rapid urbanisation is another factor for water scarcity.
(iii) Rapid increase in population that demand more and more water.
(iv) Industrialisation is another cause, large industrial houses are using more
and more water, they also require more water to generate electricity.
(v) Rising income levels also create more demand for water.
(vi) 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world‘s water is estimated to exist as
oceans and only 2.5 per cent as fresh water. Nearly 70 per cent of this
freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers, while a litlle less than 30 per
cent is stored as groundwater in the world‘s aquifers.
Q.15. Explain any three disadvantages of multipurpose projects.
Ans. Three disadvantages of multipurpose projects are :-
(i) A large area is submerged with water causing destruction of wildlife and
forests.
(ii) A large number of people living in the affected areas are displaced, so
their rehabilitation remains a problem.
(iii) Aquatic life and natural course of rivers get affected. Multipurpose
projects had to destruction of flora and fauna.
Q.16. Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both
socio - economically and environmentally in a country like India?
Ans. No single method can be applicable everywhere. It is true in rain case of water
harvesting system too, as geographically there are different regions. Different
regions have different methods.
(i) In Hilly region:- Through kuls or guls it is very easy to divert water for
irrigation. It is a low cost method.
(ii) In Arid region:- Like in Rajasthan rainwater is collected on roofs, then
piped into ground storage system. That method is also economical,
needing no extra effort.
(iii) In villages agricultural fields are converted into ponds where rainwater is
collected. All these methods are very easy and viable
Q.17. What are the main cropping seasons of India? Distinguish between them.
Ans. There are three cropping seasons in India–rabi, kharif and zaid.
Q.18. Explain briefly any four features of intensive subsistence farming in India.
Ans. Four features of intensive subsistence farming in India are as follows :
(i) This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on
land, mainly in the east and south of India. Intensive Subsistence farming
is dominant in West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh
and coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. There is
tremendous pressure on agricultural land in these areas.
(ii) Farmer and his family produce mainly cereal crops like rice and millets for
subsistence and for local market.
(iii) Ceiling on ownership:- Now there is limit on the ownership a farmer can
have land in his name.
Q.19. Compare the geographical conditions, required of the two major cereal crops in
India, rice and wheat. Give one major area where they are grown.
Ans. Two major cereal crops of India are – Rice and wheat Geographical condition for
growing Rice:-
Temperature — high temperature above 25° C and high humidity.
Rainfall — Above 100 cm annually or assured irrigation
Soil — Alluvial types of soil is good
Region — Coastal region Haryana and Punjab, Bihar, W. Bengal, Orissa
Wheat :-
Temperature — It requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the
time of ripening.
Between 15°C To 30°C
Rainfall — 50 to 75 cm annual rainfall
Soil — Alluvial soil
Region — U.P., Haryana, Punjab
Q.20. What geographical conditions are required for the cultivation of sugarcane?
Name two largest producing states of sugarcane.
Ans. Geographical requirement for sugarcane :-
(a) Climate :- It is a tropical crop and it grows well in hot and humid climate
with a temperatures of 21°C to 27°C.
(b) Rainfall :- Annual rainfall should be between 75 cm and 100 cm, irrigation
needed where low rainfall takes place.
(c) Soil :- Alluvial soil is best suited Region :- Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
are the two largest producers of sugarcane.
Q.21. Describe any four features of Agriculture in India.
Ans. Four features of Indian agriculture :-
(i) Indian agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Its share in overall
employment job is more than 60%
(ii) Most of agriculture fields are small and scattered.
(iii) Indian agriculture is largely dependent on Monsoons. A good Monsoon
ensures
(iv) Most of the agriculture is subsistence type. Large plantation farming is
absent.
Q.22. Explain any four features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India.
Ans.
(i) This type of farming is practised on small patches of land with the help of
primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks and family labour.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon Monsoons, natural fertility of soil and
environmental suitability.
(iii) It is a ‗slash and burn‘ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and
produce crops for their sustenance.
(iv) When the soil fertility decreases, farmers shift to new area, clear forest by
burning and again sow crops.
Q23. What is resource planning? Give three phases of resource planning.
Ans. Resource planning is proper and judicious planning of resources. Three
processes are involved. Resources are put to use according to availability and
needs for development of the Economy.
The three processes are :-
(a) Identification and inventory of resources across various regions of the
country. It involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of the resources.
(b) Evolving a planning structure, endowed with appropriate technological
skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(c) Synchronizing the resource development with overall national
development plans.
Q.24. Explain any three steps that can be taken to solve the problem of land
degradation.
Ans. (a) Contour ploughing :Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the
flow of water down the slopes.
(b) Terrace cultivation : Steps can be cut out on the slopes, making terraces.
Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
(c) Strip cropping : Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are
left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind
reducing its effect.
Q.25. Highlight any three problems associated with the indiscriminate use of resources
by the human beings.
Ans. Indiscriminate use of resources creates following problems :–
(i) Global ecological crises such as global warming.
(ii) It has also led to depletion of the ozone layer.
(iii) It has also caused environmental pollution and land degradation.
The resultant threat to ecology and environment has put the future of our planet
in danger. Natural disasters have become very frequent. Many species of flora
and fauna have already become extinct.
Q.26. Describe any three types of soil available in India.
Ans. Three important soils of India are :—
(i) Alluvial Soils :- It is most important and widespread soil of India. The
entire northern plain is made of this soil.
Alluvial have been deposited by three important Himalayan rivers —
Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus. These soils consist of various proportions
of sand, silt, and day.
These are of two types :Khadar and Bangar. They contain potash,
phosphoric acid and limestone.
(ii) Black Soil :- These soils are black in colour and are also known as Regur
or cotton soils. This type of soil is found in Deccan plateau region and is
made up of lava flows. They are well known for their capacity to hold
moisture. They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and
lime.
(ii) Laterite Soil :- Laterite soil develops in areas of high temperature and
heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching. Humus content of soil
is very low. These are found in Karanataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam
Q.27 ―Efficient means of transport and communication has converted the world into a
large village‖. Explain this statement with the help of examples.
OR
Explain why the means of transport and communication are called lifelines of our
national economy?
OR
Explain why a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a
pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today.
Ans. a. Through transport and communication we are well -linked with the rest of
the world
b. India is united despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio -
cultural plurality.
c. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and
internet, etc. have been contributing to India‘s socio-economic progress in
many ways.
d. The trades from local to international levels have added to the strength of
our economy.
e. It has enriched our life and added amenities and facilities for the comforts
of life.
OR
a. They help in increasing cooperation and assistance between countries by
easy movement of goods and material between countries.
b. They help in trade and commerce within country.
c. They have reduced distances thus bringing the world closer.
d. They help in both production and distribution of goods and movement of
large number of people and over long distance.
e. They provide important links between producers and consumers of goods.
f. They bring people very close to one another by promoting
interdependence among people.
Q.28 Why the importance of road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is growing in India?
Ans. In India, roadways have preceded railways. The growing importance of
road transport is due to the following reasons –
i. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
ii. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating
topography
iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can
traverse mountains such as the Himalayas,
iv. Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and
relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances,
v. It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and
unloading is much lower,
vi. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such
as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
Q.29 What are super highways? Name 3 major super highway projects.
Ans. Super highways are six lane highways connecting major cities and ports of
the country for speedy movement of goods and passengers. They are developed
by NHAI for reducing time and distance. 3 super highways are:
1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-
Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
2) The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu)
3) East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat)
Q 30. Describe the importance of Pipelines in India.
Ans. Pipelines are important for -
i. They are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas
from oil fields and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big
thermal power plants.
ii. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
iii. Because of pipelines, refineries at Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas
based fertilizer plants, could be located in the interiors of India.
iv. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
v. Pipelines rules out trans-shipment (during transportation) losses or delays.
ECONOMICS
Q.1. On the basis of the given table answer the following questions:
(a) Calculate the average income of country A and B.
(b) Are both the countries equally developed?
(c) Which country is better and why?
Ans.
(a) Average income of country A is – Rs. 10,000
Average income of country B is – Rs. 10,000
(b) No – Both the countries are not equally developed
(c) Country ‗A‘ is better because distribution of income is more or less equal.
Q.2. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any
four public facilities.
Ans. Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development.
Economic development and social development are both dependent on public
facilities such as education, health etc. Without these people cannot achieve
their full potential. Some important public facilities are –
(i) Construction of roads, railways, generating electricity, developing ports
etc. These are used by people so they have to be developed.
(ii) Providing essential goods at cheap rates or below their cost price so that
even poor people can afford them. Such activities have to be undertaken
by the government.
(iii) Providing adequate health and education facilities to each and every
citizen is a primary duty of any government. Such services are essentia l
because a healthy and educated citizen is an asset for the country.
(iv) Providing safe drinking water, housing and nutritious food to children etc.,
are other such public facilities which are essential.
Q.3. What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three
components?
Ans. Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to
compare the country‘s development out of 177 countries.
The main components of Human Development Index are :-
(i) Educational levels of the people.
(ii) Health status of the people.
(iii) Per capita income.
Q 4.. Why is sustainability important for development? Give two suggestions to achieve the
sustainability of development.
Ans. Sustainability is very important for development because if all development activities are
carried out without paying attention to environment and other natural factors then
development itself will become a danger for mankind. For example, if forests are cut
relentlessly then global warming will destroy everything on the Earth. In that scenario
what would be the use of development.
To achieve sustainability
(a) We must be less dependent on non-renewable resources.
(b) We must live according to natural conditions and use natural produce as far as
possible.
Q 5. ‗For development people look at a mix of goals.‘ Support the statement with suitable
examples.
Ans. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and
society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of household work and a greater acceptance of women working
outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of
jobs or run a business.
Q.6. Explain the difference in employment condition in organised and unorganized
sectors?
Ans.
Q.7. Explain the objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Ans.
(i) To provide work to those who are able and are in need of work, in rural
areas.
(ii) They are to be provided guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year.
(iii) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give
unemployment allowance to the worker.
(iv) The types of work that would in future help to increase agricultural
production will be given preference under the Act.
Q.8. Explain the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors by giving examples of each.
Ans. Primary Sector :- All those economic activities that are undertaken by directly
using natural resources are included in primary sector. For example, mining,
forestry, fishing, poultry etc.
Secondary sector :- It cover activities in which natural products are changed into
other forms through ways of manufacturing that we generally associate with
industrial activities. For example, after obtaining a crop, say cotton, we need
machines to change it into yarn and cloth.
Tertiary Sector :- These are the activities that help in the development of the
primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves do not produce
any good but they are an aid or a support for the production process. For
example, any good produced in primary or secondary sector need to be
transported to the market. That will be done by tertiary sector. It is also called
service sector.
Q.9. Write any three ways to increase employment opportunities for people in India.
Ans. Employment opportunities for people can be increased in the following ways :–
(a) In villages more irrigational facilities should be provided so that farmers
can grow more crops and they would be engaged thoughout the year.
(b) Agro-based industries should be set up in villages so that farmers could
get good prices for their products. For example, sugar mills.
(c) People should be given easy loan facilities which would help them to start
their own enterprises.
Q.10. Suggest any three ways to create more employment avenues in Urban sector.
Ans. (i) Industrialisation – Developing private sector industries by giving more
incentives
(ii) Creating Special Economic Zones in urban areas.
(iii) Laying more emphasis on export of goods.
(iv) Developing new sectors like tourism-promoting regional craft industry.
(v) Expanding IT sector.
Q 11. What steps should be taken to create more employment? Explain.
Ans. Following steps can be taken to create more employment :—
(i) Increase in irrigation facilities :- Without irrigation only a single crop is
grown in most agricultural fields. It means less working opportunities, but
if irrigation is provided two or three crops can be grown on the same field.
So more people will be employed.
(ii) Improved Roads and Transportation: - If village roads are better built,
good transportation facilities are provided then, surplus produce could be
sold in city market. This would fetch more income.
(iii) Provide them easy loan: - If people are provided easy bank loans then
they could start small business which will make them self dependent.
Q.12. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of India.
Ans. Public sector is an important sector for the development of economy.
(i) There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the
private sector will not provide at a reasonable cost. As huge sum of
amount is needed which private sector cannot afford, so public sector is
needed there. For example, building bridges, railway etc.
(ii) There are several basic activities which government has to support, for
example, selling electricity at lower cost, providing drinking water at
affordable rate etc.
(iii) There are some activities which government has to perform like providing
health and education facilities. So public sector is needed.
Q13. What do you mean by tertiary sector? Explain the role of this sector in the Indian
economy.
Ans. The economic activities that support primary and secondary sectors are included
in tertiary sector. This includes transport facilities, banking facilities, medical
facilities, education facilities etc. This sector is very important for an economy.It
is going to be more important for India because due to rapid industrialisation
several activities are needed like, transport, banking, marketing, insurance etc.
Skilled educated class is required for all sector which has to be provided by
education sector. When income level increase people demand more services
like catering, tourism etc.Several new services like information technology have
come up which are providing great employment opportunities.
Q.14. Explain how a shift has taken place between sectors in developed countries?
Ans. About more than 100 years ago new methods of manufacturing and
technological revolution took place. People who worked in farms began working
in factories in large numbers in new urban centres. Secondary sector gradually
became the most important in terms of production and employment. Hence, over
a time, a shift had taken place from primary to secondary sector. In the past 100
years there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in
developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in
terms of total production. Most of the working people are currently employed in
the service sector. This is the general pattern observed in developed countries.
Q.15. Explain any three ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other
countries.
Ans. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units
close to markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at
low costs along with other factors of production. After ensuring these conditions
MNCs set up production units in the following ways:
(a) Jointly with some local companies of the existing country.
(b) Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of
modern technology.
(c) They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their
own brand name to the customers worldwide.
Q.16. Why did India put barriers on foreign trade and investment after independence?
Why was the policy changed in 1991? Mention any two reasons.
Ans. Soon after independence India put barriers on foreign trade and independent to
create a large industrial base which helped in increasing the industrial
production. Policies were changed in 1991 because:
(a) Global competition of Indian producers will improve the quality of Indian
goods.
(b) Reduce the problems like unemployment, poverty, inflation etc. and
support industrialisation.
Q.17. Suggest any three measures to make globalisation just and fair ?
Ans. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the
world economy through trade, capital and technology flows.
Government can ensure fair globalization to its people in the following ways:
(a) Government needs to care about the labour laws so that workers get their
trade union rights and support small producers to improve their
performance.
(b) Government can negotiate with world trade organisation for fairer rules
and can align with developing countries to stand against the domination of
developed countries.
Q.18. What is WTO? What are its main aims? Mention any one of its limitation.
Ans. World Trade Organisation (WTO) : It is an international organisation which was
established on 1st January, 1995 by the members of the UN to promote trade
among countries.
The main aims of WTO are :
(a) To act as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations.
(b) Resolve trade disputes.
(c) Liberalise international trade and follow free trade for all.
One limitation of WTO is :
Developed countries unfairly impose trade barriers whereas WTO forces
the developing countries to follow completely free trade.
Q.19. Why is ‗tax‘ on imports known as a trade barrier? Why did the Indian
Government impose barriers to foreign trade and foreign investments after
independence? Give three reasons.
Ans. Tax on imports imposed by the government to regulate foreign trade and
investment is known as a trade barrier.
Government imposed barriers on foreign trade and investment for the following
reasons :
(i) The competition from importers would have crippled the new-born
industries of India.
(ii) To protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
(iii) Imports of only such commodities were allowed which were quite
necessary, for example, machinery and petroleum.
Q 20. Explain any two features each of formal sector loans and informal sector loans.
Ans. Formal Sector Loans:
Formal sector loans include loans from banks and cooperatives. Features of
formal sector loans are :
(i) Formal sectors provide cheap and affordable loans and their rate of
interest is monitored by RBI.
(ii) Formal sector strictly follows the terms of credit which includes interest
rate, collateral, documentation and the mode of repayment.
Informal Sector Loans : Informal sector loans include loans from moneylenders,
traders, employers, relatives, friends etc. Features for informal sector loans are :
(i) Their credit activities are not governed by any organisation, therefore they
charge higher rate of interest.
(ii) Informal sector loan providers know the borrowers personally, and hence
they provide loans on easy terms without collateral and documentation.
Q.21. What are the two main reasons for formal credit not being available to the rural
poor? Why is there a need to expand rural credit?
Ans. The two main reasons for formal credit not being available to rural poor are :
(i) Absence of collateral and documentation is the main reason which
prevents rural poor from getting bank loans.
(ii) The arrangements of informal sector loans are flexible in terms of
timelines, procedural requirements, interest rates etc. They are adjustable
according to the needs and convenience of the borrower.
There is a need to expand rural credit from the side of formal sector because:
(i) Informal sectors exploit rural poors by putting them in debt-traps.
(ii) Cheap and affordable credit for rural poors is important for the country‘s
overall development.
Q.22. ‗Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country‘s development‘. Explain
the statement with four points.
OR
Why do we need to expand formal source of credit in India ? Explain any four
reasons.
Ans. If the loans are cheap and affordable, this can lead to countries development in
the following ways :(i) Cheap loans results in higher incomes and higher profits
which can help in the expansion of business.
(ii) More and more people can be benefitted by the loans in their businesses.
(iii) This can help in making more and more agricultural activities, small -scale
industries etc. Credit can be distributed more equally which helps in
benefitting the poors by the help of cheaper loans.
Q.23. Describe four features of Self-Help Group (SHG).
Ans. The features of Self-Help Group (SHG) are :
(i) People form their personal groups for the purpose of savings and also
lend money among themselves.
(ii) Rate of interest is lower than imformal service providers.
(iii) They can also avail loans from banks if their savings are regular.
(iv) Decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by group
members.
Q.24. What are the modern forms of money currency in India? Why is it accepted as a
medium of exchange? How is it executed?
Ans. Modern forms of money include currency (paper notes) and coins. It is accepted
as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government
of India. No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupee. Any
person holding money can easily exchange it with any commodity or service that
he desires. It acts as intermediate in the exchange process of different
countries.
Q.25. Explain any three ways by which people may be exploited in the market.
Ans. Consumer may be exploited in the market in the following ways:
(a) Substandard quality: Selling of medicines beyond their expiry date, supply
of defective home appliances etc. are the activities by traders in which
they sell substandard quality of goods.
(b) Higher prices: Traders sometimes charge a price higher than the reteil
price (MRP).
(c) Duplicate Articles: Many false and duplicate products are being sold to the
consumers.
Q.26. What are the rights given under COPRA for the redressal of grievances?
Explain.
Ans. The rights given under COPRA for the redressal of grievances are as follows:
(i) Right to safety: This is the right to be protected against the marketing of
goods which are hazardous to health and life.
(ii) Right to be informed: Consumers have the right to get all information
about the product or service before making a choice or a decision. This
will enable the consumers not to fall prey to the sellers tactics.
(iii) Right to choose: Consumers the right to choose from amongst a variety of
goods and services available in the market at competitive prices.
(iv) Right to be heard: Every consumer‘s complaints or grievances regarding
any product or services will be considered.
(v) Right to seek redressal : When consumers are cheated or exploited, they
have a right to get claims settled against the manufacturer.
(vi) Right to consumer education: A consumer can protect himself against
various malpractices when he knows his rights and the remedies available
to him.
Q.27. Briefly explain the three-tier quasi-judicial machinery set up under the Consumer
Protection Act of 1986.
Ans. The government enacted a specific law called the Consumer Protection Act,
1985. Most important feature of the Act is the provision for setting up a three -tier
system as follows:
(i) National Consumer Commission (ii) State Consumer Commission (iii) District
Forum
These courts look into the grievances and complaints of the consumers against
the traders and manufacturers and provide the necessary relief and
compensation to the consumers.
Q.28. What is the rationale behind the enactment of Consumer Protection Act, 1986?
Ans. Consumer exploitation has given rise to consumer organisations which started
writing articles, publicity through media and holding exhibitions at various areas
to make the consumer aware. Consumer groups were formed to look into the
malpractices at the ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger
transport. Government started taking initiatives to correct, faulty business
practices which are against the consumers. A major step taken by the
government in 1986 was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
Q.29. ―There is a need for rules and regulations to ensure protection of consumers.‖
Give two arguments in support of the statement.
Ans.
(i) There is a need for rules and regulations to protect the consumers from
unfair trade practices. For example – A shopkeeper weighs less than the
actual quantity and charges more.
(ii) In order to make high profit, some manufacturers of oil, ghee, butter,
khoya etc. stoop to adulteration. Such things prove very injurious to the
health of the customers. Hence, rules and regulations protect the
consumers from such unethical trade practices.
Q 30. Analyse the functions of Consumer Protection Councils.
Ans. Consumer Protection Councils help the consumers against any harassments or
cheating from any business or economic agency. If any businessman resorting
to unfair means he shall be taken to task by councils set up at the district, state
and national level. Consumers‘ compla ints are heard by them and with their
cooperation, the councils try to get the culprits duly punished and the grievances
of the consumers redressed. The councils educate the consumers to be aware
of their rights and how to protect them. (The rights, for example, of information,
right to choose, right to be heard, right to be protected against goods hazardous
to life and property etc.) The councils see to it that the customers are
compensated for the loss they incurred in buying defective goods or getting poor
services. For example, a bank was fined for sloppy services, a hospital had to
pay compensation to a patient for medical negligence etc.
REVISION WORKSHEET (WINTER BREAK)
CLASS – X
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Explain the meaning of ‘Political Party.
Ans. Political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and
hold power in the government.
2. Suggest any three reforms to make political parties more democratic.
Ans. Efforts to reform for political parties in India:
i. The constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from
changing parties to stop defection.
ii. The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money
and criminals.
iii. It is mandatory for every candidate who contests election to file an
affidavit giving details of his properly and criminal cases pending
against him.
iv. The election commission paved an order making it necessary for
political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their
Income tax return.
v. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public.
vi. Any other relevant point.
3. Describe any five features of democracy.
Ans. i. Provides equality among citizens.
ii. Enhances the dignity of the individual.
iii. Improves the quality of decision making.
iv. Provides methods to resolve conflicts.
v. Allows to correct mistakes.
vi. Guarantees rights of citizens.
vii. Any other relevant point.
4. Describe any five functions of political parties.
Ans. Main function of political parties:
i. Contest election.
ii. Put forward different policies and programmes.
iii. Making laws.
iv. Form and run the government.
v. Role of opposition.
vi. Shape public opinion.
vii. Any other relevant point.
5. Why is there an overwhelming support to democracy all over the world ? Explain
one reason.
Ans. Democractic Government known as legitimate government:
i. Democracy produce a government that follows and is accountable to
the people.
ii. It provides mechanism for citizens to hold the government accountable
and allows citizens to take part in decision making whenever they
think fit.
iii. If you wanted to measure democracies on the basis of this expected
outcome you would look for the following practices and institutions
regular free and fair election, open public debate on major policies.
iv. Any other relevant point.
6. What is democracy?
Ans. Democracy is a form of government in which:
Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions;
Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the
current rulers;
This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal
basis; and
The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of
the constitution and citizens' rights.
Hence, in a democracy all powers does not rest with any one organ of the
state. It means that, there is (or should be) power sharing among different organs
of the government in all democracies.
7. Explain the features of the Belgian model.
Ans. BELGIAN MODEL
Some of the elements of the Belgian Model:
Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking
ministers shall be equal in the central government.
Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each
linguistic group.
No single community can make decisions unilaterally.
Many powers of the central government have been given to state
governments of the 2 regions of the country.
The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have
equal representation.
Apart from the central and the state government, there is a 3rd kind of
government: Community Government.
Community Government: (i) It is elected by people belonging to 1 language
community - Dutch, French and German speaking - no matter where they live.
(ii) This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and
language - related issues.
8. Explain the features of the majoritarian policy adopted in Sri Lanka.
Ans. Policy of Majoritarianism
The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the major political parties led by the
Buddhist Sinhala leaders were not sensitive to their language and culture.
They felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them: -
equal political rights,
- discriminated against them in getting jobs.
- and other opportunities and ignored their interests.
The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the: -
recognition of Tamil as an official language.
- for regional autonomy and ;
- equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.
But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils
was repeatedly denied.
By the 1980s, several political organisations were formed demanding an
independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri
Lanka.
9. Why power sharing is desirable (or needed) ?
Ans. 1. PRUDENTIAL REASON: power sharing is good because it helps to
reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
2. MORAL REASON :
- power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
- A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its
exercise, and who have to live with its effects
PRUDENTIAL REASONS stress that power sharing will bring out better
outcomes, MORAL REASONS emphasise the very act of power sharing is
desirable.
10. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an
example of each of these.
Ans. Forms of power sharing in modern democracies: -
(i) Horizontal distribution of power:
Power is shared among different organs of government such as :
Legislature , Executive and Judiciary.
It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to
exercise different powers.
Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited
power.
This arrangementis called a system of checks and balances.
Examples : legislature - parliament and state assemblies.
Executive - post of prime minister, president and civil servants.
Judiciary - post of chief justice and other judges.
(ii) Vertical distribution of power: -
Power can be shared among governments at different levels:
(a) A general government for the entire country and;
(b) governments at the provincial or regional level.
Division of powers involves higher and lower levels of government in a
hiererchical manner.
Such a general government for the entire country is usually called federal
government.
The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by different
names in different countries.
Examples: In India, we have central (or union), state and local
governments.
(iii) Distribution of power among different social groups: -
Power can be shared among different social groups such as the religious
and linguistic groups.
This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and
administration to diverse social groups.
This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.
Examples: - “community government “in belgium is a good example.
-"reserved constituencies" in parliament and assemblies.
(iv) Distribution of power among political parties, pressure groups, and movements: -
Power can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups, and
movements control or influence those in power.
In a democracy, the citizens must have the freedom to choose among
various contenders for power.
In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among
different parties.
They also will have a share in governmental power, either through
participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the
decision making process.
Examples: interest groups; such as those of traders, businessmen,
industrialists, farmers, and industrial workers.
11. Describe the main features of federalism
Ans. Key features of federalism
● There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
● Different tiers of government govern the same citizens but each tier has its own
jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
● The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in
the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is
constitutionally guaranteed.
● The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by
one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of
government.
● The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of
government in the exercise of their respective powers.
● Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure
its financial autonomy.
● The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of
the country and to accomodate regional diversity.
12. Explain the power sharing arrangements in our country.
Ans. According to the constitution of India –
● UNION LIST
● This list includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country,
foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this
list because we need a uniform policy on these matters.
● The union government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned.
● State list
● Contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce,
agriculture and irrigation.
● Concurrent list
● This list includes subjects that are of common interest of both the Union
government and the State government such as education, marriage, adoption
and succession.
● Both the governments can make laws on the subject mentioned above.
● If their laws conflict with each other , the law made by the union government will
prevail
● Residuary subjects
● According to our constitution, the union government has the power to legislate on
these ‘residuary ‘subjects.
● For example computer software.
13. How federalism is practiced?
Ans. The real success of federalism in India can be amounted to the nature of
democratic policies in our country.
● This ensured that the spirit of federalism and desire to live together became a
shared ideal for our country.
● Linguistic state –
● The creation of the Linguistic state was the first and major test for democratic
politics of our country
● In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to
create new states.
● This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the
same state.
● Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize
differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
● These includes states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
● Some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the
country.
● But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic states has actually
made the country, more united. It has also made administration easier.
● Language policy
● Second test for India federation is the language policy.
● Our constitution did not give the status of national languages to any one
language.
● Hindi was identified as the official but it is mother tongue of only 40% Indians.
● Beside Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as scheduled languages
by the constitution.
● States too have their own official languages.
● Continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purpose.
Centre – State relations
● Restructuring the Centre- state relations is one more way in which federalism has
been strengthened in practice
● How the constitutional arrangements for sharing power work in reality depends
on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements.
● Earlier the central government would often misuse the constitution dismiss the
state governments that were controlled by the rival parties.
● All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional
parties in many states of the country. It was called the era of COALITION
GOVERNMENT at the center.
● This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of state
governments.
14. List the factors which lead to the origin of social differences?
Ans. Origins of social differences
● Based on accident of birth –
● Normally we don’t chose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply
because we are born in it.
● We all experiences social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday
lives.
● People around us are male or female; they are tall and short etc.
● But all kinds of social differences are not based on accident of birth.
● The differences based on our choices –
● For example, people are atheist, they don’t believe in God or any religion. Some
people chose to follow a religion.
● Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to do .
● All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.
● Every social difference does not lead to social division –
● Societal differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite
very different people.
● People belonging to different social groups sharing differences and similarities
cutting across boundaries of their group.
15. Discuss three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions.
Ans. Three determinants
● First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities.
● If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms it becomes very
difficult to accommodate.
● It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple and are
complementary with the national identity.
● This is how most people in our country see their identity: they think of
themselves as Indians as well as belonging to a state or language too
● Second it depends on how political leaders rise the demands of any
community.
● It is easier to accommodate demands that are within constitutional framework
and are not at the cost of another community
● The demand for ‘only Sinhala ‘was at the cost of the interest and identity of
the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
● Thirdly, it depends on how the government reacts to demands of different
groups.
● In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can
be healthy.
● History shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also
to accommodate diversity.
16. Describe the political participation of women in India?
Ans. political participation of women in India: -
The proportion of women in legislature has been very low.
The percentage of elected women members in lok sabha has crossed
10% of lts total strength only by 2009.
Their share in state assemblies is less than 5%.
In the government, cabinets are largely all - male dominated even though
we had women prime minister and chief ministers.
India is among the bottom group of nations in the world in terms political
participation of women.
17. What are the suggestions given to improve political participation of women in
India?
Ans. Suggestions to improve political participation of women in India:
To have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
For Instance, 1/3 seats are reserved for women in local government
bodies: both rural and urban.
There is a need to increase the number of women leaders in national
parliament and state assemblies also
18. Write the constitutional provisions which states that India practices the concept of
secular state?
Ans. Concept of secular state: -
Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
There is no official religion for the Indian state.
The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in
order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans
untouchability.
19. Describe the various forms taken by caste in Indian politics
Ans. Various forms taken by caste in politics: -
When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate and ;
Nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary
support to win elections.
When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that
representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
20. Why do we need political parties?
Ans. . Necessity :-
Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative
democracies.
Large societies need representative democracy.
as societies became large and complex, they needed :
Some agency to gather different views on various issues.
To present these to the government.
some way to bring various representatives
Together so that a responsible government could be formed.
A mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or
oppose them.
In short, political parties fulfill these needs that every representative government
has.
We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.
21. Explain the following party systems :
(a) one party system
In this system, only 1 party is allowed to control and run the
government.
Legally, people are free to form political parties.
But it does not happen because the electoral system does not
permit free competition for power.
for example : china , only communist party is allowed to rule
(b) two party system
In this system, power usually changes between 2 main parties.
Several other parties may exist, contest elections and win a few
seats in the national legislatures.
But only the 2 main parties have a serious chance of winning
majority of seats to form the government.
For example : the united states of america and the united kingdom.
22. Explain the 3 challenges faced by democracies in today's world?
Ans. 1. FOUNDATIONAL CHALLENGE: -
Different countries face different kinds of challenges.
At least one - fourth of the globe is still not under democratic government.
The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark.
these countries face the FOUNDATIONAL CHALLENGE OF : -
making the transition to democracy and ;
Then instituting democratic government.
this involves : -
Bringing down the existing non - democratic regime.
Keeping military away from controlling government.
Establishing a sovereign and functional state.
2. CHALLENGE OF EXPANSION: -
Most of the established democracies face this challenge.
THIS INVOLVES : -
Applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the
regions.
Different social groups and various institutions.
Ensuring greater power to local governments.
extension of federal principle to all the units of the
Federation.
Inclusion of women and minority groups, etc.
less decisions should remain outside the arena of
Democratic control.
Most countries including India and other democracies like the US face this
challenge.
3. CHALLENGE OF DEEPENING OF DEMOCRACY: -
It is faced by every democracy in one form or another.
THIS INVOLVES : -
strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy
Ordinary people have different expectations from democracy.
So, it takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world.
It usually means strengthening those institutions that help people's
participation and control.
this requires an attempt to bring down the control and ;
influence of the rich and powerful people in making governmental decision