wind power answer in times of water scarcity (presentation) · 2013-09-30 · water intensity of...

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Windpower 2010Dallas, Texas

Larry Flowers, Sandra Reategui

NREL

May 25, 2010

NREL/PR-7A2-47914

Wind Power Answer In Times of Water Scarcity

istockphoto.com # 7981376

The Energy-Water Nexus

Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for the Next 50 Years

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

Water is necessary to produce energy, and energy is necessary to obtain water

1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism & War7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population

Source: Nobel laureate Richard Smalley


“Global Warming, deforestation, pollution, and other environmental pressures are shrinking the planet’s clean water supply, making people look at fresh water as they never have before”

- National Geographic, April 2010

Istockphoto # 8471430

This pier used to reach the waters of Lake Mead. Now it is a long way from the lake and may never reach the waters again.

Photo Courtesy of Randy Udall


Important Facts

• Americans use about 100 gallons of water at home each day (per person)

• Millions of the world’s poorest subsist on fewer than 5 gallons

• 46% of the world’s people do not have water piped to their homes

• Women in developing countries walk an average of 3.7 miles to get water

• In 15 years, 1.8 billion people will live in regions of severe water scarcity


Source: National Geographic, April 2010

Istockphoto.com #3264601


Sustainable Withdrawal of Freshwater Is a National IssueHeavy reliance on irrigation in agriculture

50%

30%

30%

40%

10%

10%

15%

30%

5%

20%

35%

20%

15%

Source: USGS Circular 1200 (1995), EPRI 2003

Projected Population Growth (2000-2020)

Source: NETL (2002)

U.S. Water Withdrawals by Category, 2005

IrrigationMining IndustrialAquaculture

31 percent1 percent

<1 percent

Livestock

11 percent

Public Supply

49 percent

Thermoelectric

4 percent2 percent

1 percent

Domestic

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy FutureSource: USGS Circular 1344 (September, 2009)

U.S. Water Withdrawals and Consumption


Source: 1995 Data from USGS 1200

Policy Challenges:• Load vs. Resource Match• Energy/Demand Tariff Structure

Irrigated Lands Have Great Wind Resource


Water Transfers Out of Agriculture


Potential externalities include:

• Decreased food production

• Economic development stagnation

• Loss of agricultural productivity

• Water quality reduction

• Biological and environmental impact

• Outmigration

• Transitory or permanent income losses

• Job losses in sectors with linkages to irrigated agriculture

• Increased cost of goods from importing


0

200

400600

800

1,000

1,2001,400

1,600

1,800

Coal (w

et)

Nuclear (w

et)

Gas (s

team, w

et)

Gas (C

T)

Gas (C

C, wet)

Coal, IG

CC

Coal, IG

CC, with

CCS

Coal, P

C, with

CCS

NGCC, with

CCS

Solar C

SP (wet)

Solar C

SP (dry)

Solar P

VWind

Biomas

s (wet)

Geotherm

al, binary

(dry)

Geotherm

al, binary

(hyb

rid)

Geotherm

al, binary

(wet)

gal/M

Wh

Conventional Generation

Emerging Technologies

Renewables

Water Intensity of Electricity Generation

Coal Nuclear Natural Gas Solar Wind Biomass GeothermalSource: Western Resource Advocates “The Energy-Water Nexus: A Case Study of the Arkansas River Basin” (2008)

Wind & Hydro on the Grid

Wind PlantHydroelectric

Plant

Generation Data

IndependentControls

Transmission Control Area • Plants NOT co-located• Same transmission

control area (non-constrained area)

• Independent but “coordinated”

• “Firming” through grid; combined variations of load and wind

• Storage of water/energy

• Other potential benefits/detriments

Source: T. Acker, NAU



Desalination

US BRACKISH AQUIFER SYSTEMS

Wind energy could power desalination systems

Texas Wind - Desalination Pilot Project


Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Seminole, TX Integrated Wind-Water System Addressing Diminishing Potable Groundwater Aquifers

• Shallow, Potable Ogallala Aquifer Being Consumed• Access Deeper, Brackish Santa Rosa Aquifer• Lift Water and Purify Using Reverse Osmosis• Wind Turbine to Power Lift and RO Pumps• Integrate into Supply of Inland Municipality• Water Storage = Energy Storage and

Time-Shifting of the Wind Energy

Source: Texas Tech University, Wind Science and Engineering Research Center

Collaborators/funders

•Texas Tech University • Texas Water Development Board• Texas Department of Rural Affairs• Texas State Energy Conservation Office • City of Seminole, Texas • US Department of Energy, EERE

PI: Jamie Chapman [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]�

Climate Change Municipal Energy

Wind & energy efficiency could save more than 40,000 acre-feet per year in 2030 (13 billion gallons/yr)

Case Study in the Arkansas River Basin, CO

Source: Western Resource Advocates

Water Savings under wind & EE scenario (40,000 AF)



The Value of Water in the West

Water Sales to Municipalities: Colorado

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Ann

ualiz

ed C

ost

(200

8$/A

F/yr

)

2002 – 2003 Drought

Costs are not annualized but are adjusted to a common metric ($/AF)

Source: Western Resource Advocates

Installed Wind Power Capacity (Dec 2009)and Corresponding Annual Water Savings

Wind capacity data: AWEA Market Report Jan 2010

0

0-1

1-3

3-6

6-10

>10

Water Savings Billions of Gallons

AZ63

CA2,794

CO1,246

IA3,670

ID147

IL1,547

IN1,036

KS1,014

ME175

WA1,980

OR1,758

MT375

UT223

WY1,101

NM597

ND1,203

SD313

NE153

OK1,130

TX9,410

MN1,809

MO309

WI449 MI

143

TN29

OH7 WV

330

PA748

NY1,274

NJ8

RI1

MA15

NH26

VT6



Change in Annual Temperature (2035-2060)

Source: NOAA Change in Annual Evapotranspiration (2035-2060)

Climate Change Impacts

Cumulative Water Savings from 20% Scenario


If 20% of electricity in the U.S. were generated from wind, water consumption could be reduced by 4 trillion gallons by 2030.

Source: 20% Wind Energy by 2030 Report, NREL, May 2008


Conclusions• Sustained economic development depends on affordable, available

water and energy

• Water and energy demand are increasing, but water resources are regionally decreasing and uncertain

• Water resource management is a high priority for all U.S. regions (and the world)

• Appropriate allocation of scarce water resources is paramount to a secure energy and sustainable future

• Wind energy is an important piece of the answer to water scarcity and economics

Energy-Water Nexus


“There’s a two-thirds chance there will be a [water] disaster … and that’s in the best scenario.”

Steven Chu, U.S. Energy Secretary and Nobel Laureate


Carpe Ventem

www.windpoweringamerica.gov

(Servo Aqua)



References:

Slide # 7- USGSSlide # 8 - NETLSlide # 9 - Sandia National LaboratorySlide # 10 - USGSSlide #12 - USDA (first map only)Slide #14 - Western Resource AdvocatesSlide #15 - NAUSlide #17 - Texas Tech UniversitySlide #18 - Western Resource AdvocatesSlide #19 - Western Resource AdvocatesSlide #21 - NOAA

wind power answer in times of water scarcity (presentation) · 2013-09-30 · water intensity of...

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