wind energy for the eesp 2009. two 800 pound gorillas climate crisis oil crisis
TRANSCRIPT
Wind Energy for the EESPWind Energy for the EESP20092009
Two 800 Pound GorillasTwo 800 Pound Gorillas
Climate Crisis
Oil Crisis
Two major issues that our students will Two major issues that our students will be left to deal with:be left to deal with:
Climate Crisis
Oil Crisis
Why Teach & Learnabout Wind Power?
Wind is Fastest Growing Energy Source Wind is Fastest Growing Energy Source
US Installed Wind CapacityUS Installed Wind Capacity
And because of:And because of:
Rising Fuel Price and Rising Fuel Price and UncertaintyUncertainty
Declining Wind CostsDeclining Wind Costs
Federal and State Federal and State Policies & IncentivesPolicies & Incentives
Local Economic Local Economic DevelopmentDevelopment
Environmental Environmental StewardshipStewardship
Energy SecurityEnergy Security
Consumer DemandConsumer Demand
What is KidWind?What is KidWind?The KidWind Project is a team of teachers, students, engineers and practitioners exploring the science behind wind energy in classrooms
around the US. Our goal is to introduce as many people as possible to the elegance of wind power through hands-on science activities which
are challenging, engaging and teach basic science principles.
What is KidWind?What is KidWind?
You can teach many Learning Standards • Concept #1 - Identify and explain the
role of alternative energy sources and their conversion for use in society.
• Concept #2 - Give examples of how energy can be transferred from one form to another.
• Concept #3 - Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa.
• Concept #4 - Explain and utilize the steps of the engineering design process including the use of methods for representing solutions to a design problem. Recognize the parallel nature of the scientific method and the engineering design process.
• Concept #5 - Identify and map aspects of the earth’s surface that would be applicable to engineering alternative energy conversion systems
• Concept #10 - Explain the way in which an electromagnet can be used to convert forms of energy into electrical energy harnessed in a circuit
• And MANY, MANY MORE…!
Typical Wind Lessons(Before KidWind)
•Beaufort Scale•Pinwheels•Student Reports•Discussion Activity
All very interesting but very little of the science and technology related to the current wind industry is presented.
In fact most text books are pretty negative about the future of wind and misrepresent the technology miserably.
Elementary• Engineering is Elementary• Wind Chimes• Wind Art• Building simple blades
Middle • Building Wind
Turbines• Testing Blade
Parameters• Assessing Wind
Resource• Mathematics
balloon
streamers
Kite or balloon string
~3m
Secondary• Advanced Blade
Design• School Siting Projects• Data Analysis• Build Model (or full
scale!) wind turbines
Basic Words (Nomenclature)Basic Words (Nomenclature)
Wind Machine Wind Machine – Kinetic device used to Kinetic device used to
capture the wind and put it capture the wind and put it to workto work
Wind SystemWind System– Wind machine, tower, and Wind machine, tower, and
all ancillary equipmentall ancillary equipment
WindmillWindmill– Wind machine that Wind machine that
generates mechanical generates mechanical motion (ie. water pumping, motion (ie. water pumping, grain grinding, etc.)grain grinding, etc.)
Wind TurbineWind Turbine– A device that produces A device that produces
electricityelectricity from the kinetic from the kinetic energy of windenergy of wind
Wind Energy has been Wind Energy has been Popular for a long timePopular for a long time
The pilgrims arrived under the power of wind. Cape Cod was home to the first windmill in America. Wind helped fuel our country’s early economy.
Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)
Dutch Style Windmills used for Dutch Style Windmills used for 100s of years across the World100s of years across the World
Water Pumping Windmills Water Pumping Windmills helped settle the American helped settle the American
WestWest
Early Electric Wind Turbines helped Early Electric Wind Turbines helped Electrify Remote Farms in the early Electrify Remote Farms in the early
1900’s1900’s
Birth of the Modern Wind TurbineBirth of the Modern Wind Turbine
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW TurbineVermont, 1940's
California Wind Turbines 1980’s
Wind BasicsWind Basics
How Wind WorksHow Wind Works
Wind energy is created by uneven Wind energy is created by uneven heating of the earth’s surface.heating of the earth’s surface.
Also, “Geostrophic” WindsAlso, “Geostrophic” Winds
Land-Sea BreezesLand-Sea Breezes
Land-sea breezes Land-sea breezes created by created by temperature temperature differentialsdifferentialsWinds also stronger Winds also stronger near shore because near shore because of long of long unobstructed fetchunobstructed fetchSea breezes Sea breezes typically strongest typically strongest in late afternoonin late afternoon
Valley BreezeValley Breeze
Mountain BreezeMountain Breeze
Mountain-Valley BreezesMountain-Valley BreezesTypically strongest in summerTypically strongest in summer
Nighttime mountain breezes are stronger than Nighttime mountain breezes are stronger than daytime valley breezesdaytime valley breezes
Mountain-valley winds can be enhanced by Mountain-valley winds can be enhanced by prevailing winds and convective flow between prevailing winds and convective flow between interior and coastsinterior and coasts
Where is the Wind?Where is the Wind?
Wind Varies AnnuallyWind Varies Annually
Average annual wind speeds may vary as much as 25% from year to year
Wind Varies SeasonallyWind Varies Seasonally
Wind Varies DailyWind Varies Daily
Wind varies daily not Wind varies daily not only because of only because of weather but because weather but because of convective heatingof convective heatingWinds typically Winds typically strongest in mid-late strongest in mid-late afternoonafternoonConvective heating is Convective heating is less of an influence in less of an influence in winter, when storms winter, when storms dominate wind dominate wind patternspatterns
Wind Varies InstantaneouslyWind Varies Instantaneously
Who is using the Wind?Who is using the Wind?
Here is Germany’s growth:Here is Germany’s growth:
Source: U.S. DOE
Our own Wind Potential
What is Wind Power Used What is Wind Power Used For?For?
Wind Turbine ApplicationsWind Turbine ApplicationsGenerating electricity Generating electricity at Remote Sitesat Remote Sites
Producing electricity Producing electricity in parallel with utilityin parallel with utility
Water PumpingWater Pumping
Electricity for Electricity for Remote SitesRemote Sites
North American North American Farms in 30’s & 40’sFarms in 30’s & 40’sBackcountry Backcountry homes/cabinshomes/cabinsResearch StationsResearch StationsTelecommunicationsTelecommunicationsBoats & RV’sBoats & RV’sNomadic peopleNomadic peopleCathodic protectionCathodic protection……
Hybrid Systems & Hybrid Systems & Rural ElectrificationRural Electrification
Private Merchant Private Merchant Electricity GenerationElectricity Generation
Net MeteringNet Metering
Where can we find Where can we find Wind Power Stations? Wind Power Stations?
Wind FarmsWind Farms
Offshore WindOffshore Wind
Types of Wind TurbinesTypes of Wind Turbines
Small• Homes & Farms• Remote Applications
$5,000-$50,000+
2-20 ft. diameter
10 kW
Large (250 kW – 5 MW)• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
$750,000 - $3,000,000 (per turbine)
150 – 300 ft. diameter
Medium• Village Power• Hybrid Systems• Distributed Power
$80,000-$500,000
20-150 ft. diameter10-250 kW
Small & Medium Small & Medium TurbinesTurbines
MicroMicro<4 ft rotor diameter<4 ft rotor diameter
Mini / Cabin-sizeMini / Cabin-size3-10 ft rotor diameter3-10 ft rotor diameter
Household Household 13-33 ft rotor diameter13-33 ft rotor diameter
MediumMedium
33-33-200200 ft rotor diameter ft rotor diameter
Medium & Large Medium & Large Wind TurbinesWind Turbines
Hub height : Hub height : – 160’ - 260’160’ - 260’
Blade tip height: Blade tip height: – 240’ - 390’240’ - 390’
Wind Turbine PerspectiveWind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle56 tons
Tower3 sections
Workers Blade112’ long
Wide SweepWide Sweep
231 ft.231 ft.
211 ft.211 ft.
Turbine TechnologyTurbine Technology
OrientationOrientationTurbines can be categorized into Turbines can be categorized into twotwo overarching overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotorclasses based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical AxisVertical Axis Horizontal AxisHorizontal Axis
Lift vs Drag: Lift vs Drag: Vertical Axis Wind Vertical Axis Wind
TurbinesTurbinesLift Device Lift Device
““DarrieusDarrieus””– Low solidity, Low solidity,
aerofoil bladesaerofoil blades– More efficient More efficient
than drag devicethan drag device
Drag Device Drag Device ““SavoniusSavonius””– High solidity, cup High solidity, cup
shapes are shapes are pushed by the pushed by the windwind
– At best can At best can capture only 15% capture only 15% of wind energyof wind energy
VAWT’s have not been VAWT’s have not been commercially successful, yet…commercially successful, yet…
Every few years a new Every few years a new company comes along company comes along promising a revolutionary promising a revolutionary breakthrough in wind breakthrough in wind turbine design that is low turbine design that is low cost, outperforms anything cost, outperforms anything else on the market, and else on the market, and overcomes all of the overcomes all of the previous problems with previous problems with VAWT’s. They can also VAWT’s. They can also usually be installed on a usually be installed on a roof or in a city where wind roof or in a city where wind is poor.is poor.
WindStorMag-Wind
WindTree Wind Wandler
Horizontal Axis Horizontal Axis Wind TurbinesWind Turbines
Rotors are usually Rotors are usually Up-wind of towerUp-wind of tower
Some machines Some machines have down-wind have down-wind rotors, but only rotors, but only commercially commercially available ones are available ones are small turbinessmall turbines
It all starts with Blade Design
Airfoil NomenclatureAirfoil Nomenclaturewwind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as ind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as
aircraftaircraft
Pitch Control vs. Stall ControlPitch Control vs. Stall Control• Pitch ControlPitch Control
– Blades rotate out of the Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed wind when wind speed becomes too greatbecomes too great
• Stall ControlStall Control– Blades are at a fixed pitch Blades are at a fixed pitch
that starts to stall when that starts to stall when wind speed is too greatwind speed is too great
– Pitch can be adjusted for Pitch can be adjusted for particular location’s wind particular location’s wind regimeregime
• Active Stall ControlActive Stall Control– Many larger turbines today Many larger turbines today
have active pitch control have active pitch control that turns the blades that turns the blades towards stall when wind towards stall when wind speeds are too greatspeeds are too great
Inside a Wind TurbineInside a Wind Turbine
Active & Passive YawActive & Passive YawActive Yaw (all medium & Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines produced large turbines produced today, & some small today, & some small turbines from Europe)turbines from Europe)– Anemometer on nacelle tells Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point controller which way to point rotor into the windrotor into the wind
– Yaw drive turns gears to Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into windpoint rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)turbines)– Wind forces alone direct rotorWind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanesTail vanes
Downwind turbinesDownwind turbines
Environmental & Other Environmental & Other Concerns about WindConcerns about Wind
Some Concerns about WindSome Concerns about Wind(that can be addressed with proper information)(that can be addressed with proper information)
Visual / AestheticVisual / Aesthetic
Property ValuesProperty Values
NoiseNoise
BirdsBirds
SafetySafety
Are benefits real?Are benefits real?
Visual ImpactVisual ImpactMany people think wind Many people think wind turbines are graceful, kinetic turbines are graceful, kinetic sculptures.”sculptures.”People who have never seen People who have never seen modern wind turbines in modern wind turbines in person are more likely to think person are more likely to think they will be an eyesore.they will be an eyesore.There are always people who There are always people who complain about visual impacts complain about visual impacts before a project is built.before a project is built.Approval rates are higher after Approval rates are higher after projects are built and in areas projects are built and in areas that already have turbines.that already have turbines.
Similar Similar StructuresStructures
Utility PolesUtility Poles
Radio TowersRadio Towers
Cell Phone TowersCell Phone Towers
Water TowersWater Towers
Similar Similar StructuresStructures
Utility PolesUtility Poles
Radio TowersRadio Towers
Cell Phone TowersCell Phone Towers
Water TowersWater Towers
65%
31%
4%
86%
5%10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1
Percentage of Respondents
Do you support the presence of a wind turbine in close proximity to your home or school?
Support close proximity
Undecided
Oppose close proximity
Approval Rates Increase with Approval Rates Increase with Actual Exposure to TechnologyActual Exposure to Technology
What about What about the birds?the birds?
Wind Turbines kill very few birds Wind Turbines kill very few birds compared to other human compared to other human activitiesactivitiesEstimates are ~1-2 bird deaths Estimates are ~1-2 bird deaths per turbine per yearper turbine per yearGlobal warming is the single Global warming is the single biggest threat to wildlife todaybiggest threat to wildlife todayA recent study in Nature found A recent study in Nature found that more than 1/3 of species that more than 1/3 of species worldwide will be extinct by worldwide will be extinct by 2050 if global warming trends 2050 if global warming trends continuecontinue
““As responsible citizens, stewards, As responsible citizens, stewards, and advocates, and advocates, Mass AudubonMass Audubon strongly supports public policies and strongly supports public policies and private projects that advance energy private projects that advance energy conservation and efficiency. We also conservation and efficiency. We also support the development of wind support the development of wind farms, as a renewable energy source farms, as a renewable energy source to offset the effects of global climate to offset the effects of global climate change produced by the burning of change produced by the burning of fossil fuels.fossil fuels.”” Sept. 21, 2004 Sept. 21, 2004
Bird deaths in perspectiveBird deaths in perspective
Turbines are noisy, right?Turbines are noisy, right?Older wind turbines Older wind turbines are louder. Newer are louder. Newer machines turn slower machines turn slower and are much quieterand are much quieter
It is possible to hold a It is possible to hold a quiet conversation at quiet conversation at the base of a modern the base of a modern wind turbinewind turbine
Go to MMA or Hull and Go to MMA or Hull and listen!listen!
Do wind farms impact tourism Do wind farms impact tourism and property values?and property values?
Yes -- Positively.Yes -- Positively.
There is There is NONO evidence from evidence from
existing wind facilities anywhere existing wind facilities anywhere in the world (including in the world (including locations very similar to Cape locations very similar to Cape Cod that have offshore Cod that have offshore turbines) that wind turbines turbines) that wind turbines have a negative impact on have a negative impact on property values or tourism.property values or tourism.
In fact, the majority of In fact, the majority of studies conducted after wind studies conducted after wind farms have been built show farms have been built show that both tourism and that both tourism and property values increase!property values increase!
Are Wind Turbines Unsafe?Are Wind Turbines Unsafe?
Not a single passerby has Not a single passerby has ever been injured by wind ever been injured by wind turbinesturbinesThere have been no There have been no collisions with turbines by collisions with turbines by any type of vehicleany type of vehicleIce shedding is very rareIce shedding is very rare– When it occurs Ice falls near When it occurs Ice falls near
base of turbine -- not thrown base of turbine -- not thrown far distancesfar distances
Only one member of the Only one member of the public has been killed by a public has been killed by a wind turbine (a German wind turbine (a German parachutist on her first solo parachutist on her first solo jump)jump) Wind turbine at Exhibition Place,
Downtown Toronto
Are the benefits real?Are the benefits real?Back up Power?Back up Power?– Turbines do not require any new Turbines do not require any new
back up generation or spinning back up generation or spinning reserves. reserves.
Emission reductions?Emission reductions?– Wind energy is accepted on the Wind energy is accepted on the
grid before any other source grid before any other source when it is available, offsetting when it is available, offsetting the need for more polluting the need for more polluting sources. Each MWh of wind is sources. Each MWh of wind is one less MWh of electricity from one less MWh of electricity from a fossil fuel planta fossil fuel plant
Economics?Economics?– Wind provides long-term price Wind provides long-term price
stability and is competitive with stability and is competitive with today’s energy costs. Economic today’s energy costs. Economic benefit is realized by whoever benefit is realized by whoever buys (and sells) the power.buys (and sells) the power.
Power in the WindPower in the Wind
Kinetic Energy in the Kinetic Energy in the WindWind
Kinetic Energy = Work = ½mVKinetic Energy = Work = ½mV22
Where:Where:
M= mass of moving object M= mass of moving object
V = velocity of moving objectV = velocity of moving object
What is the mass of moving air?What is the mass of moving air?
= density (ρ) x volume (Area x distance)= density (ρ) x volume (Area x distance)
= ρ x A x d= ρ x A x d
= (kg/m= (kg/m33) (m) (m22) (m)) (m)
= kg= kg
V
A
d
Calculation of Wind PowerCalculation of Wind Power
Power in the wind Power in the wind = ½ = ½ A V A V33
– Effect of air density, Effect of air density, – Effect of swept area, AEffect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, VEffect of wind speed, VR
Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).
Importance of Rotor DiameterImportance of Rotor Diameter
Swept are is Swept are is proportional to square proportional to square of the rotor diameterof the rotor diameter
20% increase in rotor 20% increase in rotor diameter increases diameter increases area by 44%area by 44%
Doubling diameter Doubling diameter increases area 4 increases area 4 timestimes
Importance of Importance of Wind SpeedWind Speed
No other factor is more No other factor is more important to the amount important to the amount of power available in of power available in the wind than the speed the wind than the speed of the windof the windPower is a cubic function Power is a cubic function of wind speedof wind speedVV X X VV X X VV
20% increase in wind 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more speed means 73% more powerpowerDoubling wind speed Doubling wind speed means 8 times more means 8 times more powerpower
Importance of Importance of DistributionDistribution
“Because speed distribution plays such an important role in determining power, it’s always preferable to use an actual measured distribution.”
Paul Gipe, Wind Power
Wind Speed & HeightWind Speed & HeightHigher means stronger, smoother windHigher means stronger, smoother wind
““Micro-Siting”Micro-Siting”
TurbulenceTurbulence
Side ViewTop View
Economics & JobsEconomics & Jobs
There are lots of exciting career possibilities
Developers
Turbine Technicians
Manufacturing
Sales & Marketing
Utility Engineers
Geophysical Engineers
Concrete/Structural Engineering
Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace)
Site/Civil Engineering
Microelectronic/Computer Programming
Business Expertise (Financial)
Legal Expertise
Meteorologists
Does Small Wind Energy Pay?Does Small Wind Energy Pay?Does wind energy have to pay for itself?Does wind energy have to pay for itself?– We often buy items of equivalent cost that provide no We often buy items of equivalent cost that provide no
monetary value, and often cost money to usemonetary value, and often cost money to use– Off grid customers are looking for least cost option Off grid customers are looking for least cost option
(connect to grid, diesel generator, solar/wind hybrid, (connect to grid, diesel generator, solar/wind hybrid, etc..)etc..)
Comparing initial costs is not usefulComparing initial costs is not useful– Wind has no fuel costWind has no fuel cost– Generators are cheaper per kW, but not necessarily Generators are cheaper per kW, but not necessarily
cheaper at producing energy over the entire lifecheaper at producing energy over the entire life
““You’re paying for a wind machine whether you You’re paying for a wind machine whether you want to or not, every time you mail your check want to or not, every time you mail your check to the utility.” – Mike Bergeyto the utility.” – Mike Bergey
Economic FactorsEconomic FactorsInstalled CostInstalled CostOperation & MaintenanceOperation & Maintenance– Typically ~ 1 cent per kWhTypically ~ 1 cent per kWh
FinancingFinancing– (equivalent to lost interest if paying cash)(equivalent to lost interest if paying cash)
InsuranceInsuranceTaxesTaxesRevenues: Savings & SalesRevenues: Savings & Sales– Savings worth more value because not taxedSavings worth more value because not taxed– Sales may generate taxable incomeSales may generate taxable income– REC’s may be able to be soldREC’s may be able to be sold– Must account for rising cost of electricity Must account for rising cost of electricity
as it compares to inflationas it compares to inflation
Economic IncentivesEconomic IncentivesTax CreditsTax Credits
Tax ExemptionsTax Exemptions
RebatesRebates
Production Incentives & RebatesProduction Incentives & Rebates
Accelerated DepreciationAccelerated Depreciation
Grants & LoansGrants & Loans
Net Metering ArrangementsNet Metering Arrangements
www.dsireusa.orgwww.dsireusa.org
www.masstech.orgwww.masstech.org
1981 1985 1990 1996 1999 2001
Rotor (Meter) 10 17 27 40 50 70KW 25 100 225 550 750 1,500Total Cost $65,000 $165,000 $300,000 $580,000 $730,000 $1,300,000Cost/kW $2,600 $1,650 $1,333 $1,050 $950 $790MWh 45 220 550 1,480 2,200 5,600
Growing Economies of ScaleGrowing Economies of Scale
Larger turbines are more cost effective per kW.
But the value of each kWh depends on whether it is used behind the meter (12-15 ¢/kWh )or sold to the grid (3-5¢/kWh).
Cape Cod Regional Cape Cod Regional Technical SchoolTechnical School
African Windpower AWP 3.6 African Windpower AWP 3.6 Turbine (installed June 2005)Turbine (installed June 2005)• 1.5 kW capacity1.5 kW capacity• ~250-350 kWh/month~250-350 kWh/month
(about half of an average household’s (about half of an average household’s demand)demand)
127 foot, tilt-up, guy-wired tower127 foot, tilt-up, guy-wired tower
SMA WindyBoy InverterSMA WindyBoy Inverter
Installed as an educational toolInstalled as an educational tool(It’s a demonstration of small wind energy (It’s a demonstration of small wind energy
technology, not necessarily an example of technology, not necessarily an example of what to do)what to do)
Upper Cape TechUpper Cape Tech
Aircon 10 turbineAircon 10 turbine• 10 kW capacity10 kW capacity• ~1250-1750 kWh/month~1250-1750 kWh/month
(2½ - 3 times an average (2½ - 3 times an average household’s demand)household’s demand)
Freestanding, tubular, Freestanding, tubular, counterbalancing towercounterbalancing tower
2 SMA WindyBoy Inverters2 SMA WindyBoy Inverters
Cape TechCape Tech UCTUCT
Design & PermittingDesign & Permitting $1,500$1,500 $1,500$1,500
TurbineTurbine $3,350$3,350 $36,000$36,000
TowerTower $8,550$8,550 $20,000$20,000
InstallationInstallation $10,000$10,000 $13,000$13,000
Installed CostInstalled Cost $22,400$22,400 $70,000$70,000
Rebate from MTC*Rebate from MTC* $5,825$5,825 $50,000$50,000
Cost to SchoolCost to School $16,575$16,575 $20,000$20,000
Expected OutputExpected Output 300 kWh/m300 kWh/m 1500 kWh/m1500 kWh/m
Savings/year@22¢/kWhSavings/year@22¢/kWh $792$792 $3,960$3,960
Simple PaybackSimple Payback 21 years21 years 5 years5 years
* Rebate structure improved from Cape Tech to UCT example; rebate will be different for other applications, and additional incentives may be available.--All prices are provided for example only – actual prices may vary--
