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WIND ENERGY BASICS
NWCC Fall MeetingMilwaukee, WisconsinOctober 27, 2008
When and where does the wind blow?
SOURCE: US DOE Wind Powering America
• Our sun delivers 174 Million gigawatts of energy to earth (instantaneous output)
• Solar energy heats the earth
• Hot air rises, cold air (in the form of wind) moves to fill the areas left behind by the rising air
How do turbines generate power?
Wind energy is a factor of three things
• Air Density • Dense air packs more power
•Lower Temperatures • Lower Humidity
• Rotor Area
• Bigger Area, More Power• Double the Rotor Diameter• quadruple the power
• Wind Speed
•Exponential increases in energy•Doubling the wind cubes power
•2³ = 2x2x2 = 8• 8 mph has 8X more energy
than 4 mph
Source: Joe Rand The Kidwind [email protected] St Paul MN
SOURCE: OSHA
How is that power delivered to the grid?
SOURCE: Generation Energy, Inc.
SOURCE: ABB, Inc.
SOURCE: Ridgeline Energy
What if the wind stops blowing or blows too much?
SOURCE: US DOD Archives
WIND GENERATION BASICS• CAPACITY FACTOR
– Average CF: 25-45%
– Most run 65-90%
• ANNUAL VARIATION
– Less than 10%
• SEASONAL VARIATION
– Less than 30%
• DAILY VARIATION
– Follows the Pattern of the sun: diurnal
• NIGHTTIME JETSTREAM
– Drops as temperature falls
SOURCE: AWEA, WindPower.org, Edison, DOE
WIND AS BASELOAD
• Geographic distribution & Interconnection
– 47% Baseload maximum annually
– 33% baseload average yearly
• Percentage Ownership
• Forecasting
• Transmission Planning
• Better Managed Markets
• Broader Control Area Access
• THE BASE LOAD FALLACY by Mark Diesendorf of Energy Science: http://www.cana.net.au/documents/Diesendorf_TheBaseLoadFallacy_FS16.pdf
•
• SUPPLYING BASELOAD POWER AND REDUCING TRANSMISSION REQUIREMENTS BY INTERCONNECTING WIND FARMS by Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobsen, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Volume 46 Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology November 2007 http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/aj07_jamc.pdf
•
• COMPARING COAL IGCC WITH CCS AND WIND-CAES BASELOAD OPTIONS IN A CARBON-CONSTRAINED WORLD by Samir Succar, Jeffrey b. Greenblatt, Robert H. Williams of Princeton, http://www.princeton.edu/~ssuccar/recent/Succar_NETLPaper_May06.pdf
• Spinning Reserves
– Some level of spinning reserves is always required
• Unexpected generator failure
• Transmission constraint
• Transmission failure
• Cost depends on fuel type
– Can be as high as $5 per megawatthour at penetrations greater than 20%
– Can decrease cost by better forecasting and expanding control area
– Transmission planning and cooperation
IS THERE AVAILABLE TRANSMISSION?
Rich Rayhill, Vice PresidentRidgeline Energy, LLC720 W Idaho #39
Boise, ID 83702(208) [email protected]