1. Wilmot Provisio2. Compromise of 18503. Free Soil Party4. Fugitive Slave Law5. Kansas and Nebraska Act6. Bleeding Kansas7. Stephen Douglas8. Republican Party9. Abraham Lincoln10.James Buchanan • Do questions from pgs.

• 394: 2, 3, 4 and 5• 400: 3, 4 and 5

11.Dred Scott Decision12.John Brown13.Election of 1860 14.South Carolina15.Secession16.Confederacy17.Jefferson Davis18.Union19.Jefferson Davis20.Fort Sumter

Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-18601. New intellectual and religious movements.

2. Social reforms.

3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4. Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6. Increase in American nationalism.

7. Further westward expansion.

Free Soil PartyFree Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

WHY?

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

√

Results of the Mexican War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Map expansion

Wilmot ProvisionProhibit slavery from any territory captured from

Mexico in the war

Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

Wilmot Proviso

• David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA • Prohibit slavery from any

territory captured from Mexico in the war

• Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850

California resumes slavery question Southern “fire-eaters” threatening

secession if California becomes a free state.Abolitionists and several political parties

support California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.

Map 8 of 45

Most intense debate in U.S. History

• John C. Calhoun• North should honor the Constitution

and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law• South wanted California• threatened to secede from U.S.• U.S. should have two Presidents---one

from the North and one for the South

Comp of 1850

• Daniel Webster• Secession is impractical & impossible• How would we split the land? • The military?• Compromise at all cost• Preserve the Union

• Henry Clay• The Great Compromiser,

with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen

Douglas, propose this compromise.

•Solve the slavery issue through Popular

Sovereignty

•Let the people in each territory decide through

the process of voting whether they want slavery

or not.

Picture/S.Douglas

• U.S. Senator from Illinois, a

Democrat and author of Popular

Sovereignty.

Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850

Stephen Douglas

Map Comp of 1850

Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want

slavery to exist or not in their state.

Compromise of 1850 • California enters as a free state

• Create two new territories with Popular Sovereignty• Utah and New Mexico Territory

• End slave trade in Washington, DC.• Enforce the Fugitive Slave Law

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND

Denounced by Abolitionists

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s

Cabin is publishedAbolitionists refuse

to enforce the lawUnderground

Railroad becomes more active

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS“An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the

very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on

one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to

life……” Ralph Waldo Emerson

Fugitive Slave Law

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS“3 millions of the American people are crushed

under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The

Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent

blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William

Lloyd Garrison

Fugitive Slave Law

SOUTHERNERS RESPONDSoutherners

threatened secession and war

Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law.

5th AmendmentSupremacy Clause

Expansionist Young America in the 1850s

America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America…. This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars against

countries. If won, they would become slave territories for the South.

Map 8 of 45

• Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in

the South or North• Stephen Douglas wanted

the railroad built in the North but had to

convince the South otherwise.

• Proposed a plan to create two new

territories: Kansas and Nebraska

• Territories were allowed to decide the slavery

issue, Popular Sovereignty

• In return for building the railroad in the North.

Kan. & Neb Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas Nebraska Act• Create two new territories

• Open it up to popular sovereignty

“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery

Missourians) vs.

Radical Abolitionists who want to keep

Kansas free

Map Bleeding Kan

Attacks by free-states

Attacks by pro-slavery states

Led by Abolitionist John Brown who kills 5 pro-

slavery settlers.

• Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence

between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers.• First violent

outbreaks between north/south.

• First battles of the Civil War begin in

Kansas in 1856.• Over 200 killed

• Picture taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph,

Missouri.

• Like proslavery "Border Ruffians," many of these men also served in guerrilla bands during the Civil War and some went on to careers as

famous outlaws after the war was over.

“Bleeding Kansas”Armed Antislavery Men • Though no one would deny

that their cause was noble, many of the men who

flocked to Kansas to resist the expansion of slavery were no less violent than

their proslavery adversaries.

• "Free-staters" traveled through Iowa instead, often bringing arms with them. This small cannon, left over from the

Mexican War, helped create "Bleeding Kansas."

“Bleeding Kansas”Free State Battery, 1856• The slave state of Missouri

opposed the entry of antislavery advocates for years and, by the 1850s,

actively tried to prevent their passage through Missouri on

the way to Kansas.

Bleeding Kan

• Kansas territory became a battleground.• Pro-slavery vs. antislavery supporters

• Bitterly divided the nation • Led to the formation of the Republican Party.

• The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congressman Preston Brooks beats Senator Charles Sumner over the speech he gave about Kansas Territory being part of a

larger Slave Power Conspiracy……Outraged by the speech, Brooks nearly clubs Sumner to death.

BIRTH OF THEREPUBLICAN PARTY,

1854

Formed to stop the expansion of slavery and opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act

National Republican which become the Whigs.

Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery

NorthernDemocrats opposed the expansion of slavery

Abolitionists

Chart/Rep. Party

Know Nothing Party against immigration and expansion of slavery.

Abraham Lincoln re-enters politics and gives over 125 speeches against the expansion of slavery by 1860.

• Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states.

• His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave.

• He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time.

• Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue• Can a slave sue for his freedom?• Is a slave property?• Is slavery legal?

Picture/Dred Scott

Chart/Effect of Scott

Supreme Court’s decision:•Slaves cannot sue the for their freedom because they are

property.

•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution.

•Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that

•Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory

•Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional

Chart/Effect of Scott

National “fallout” from the Court’s decision:

• Republicans claim the decision is not binding• Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

• North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law• Free states pass personal liberty laws.

Reading/Scott decision

“They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with

the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no

rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the

white race.”

Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott

referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was

adopted.

• Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858.

• The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the

Presidency in 1860.• Slavery was the national issue

• Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other.

• was against the expansion of slavery• Douglas believed that slavery should be decided

by the people.• Popular sovereignty

Chart/L&D Debates

Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860

Picture/ L&D Debates

• Lincoln got Douglas to admit that

Popular Sovereignty could work against the

expansion of slavery…..

• This was called the Freeport Doctrine

Reading/Lincoln on slavery

Lincoln’s compares the black and white races during the 1858 debates.

“I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong, having the superior position. I have never

said anything to the contrary, but I hold that not with standing all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated (expressed) in the DOI, the right to life, liberty and

the pursuit of happiness.

I hold that he is as much entitled to those rights as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal

in many respects---certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without leave or anybody else, which his own

hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas and the equal of every living man”.

Under the operation of that policy (Kansas/Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Decision),

that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented (slavery has grown). In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have

been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand."

I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not

expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will

cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where

the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall

become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. Abraham Lincoln, 1858 during the

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

•Violent abolitionist• Involved in the Bleeding

Kansas•Murdered 5 pro-slavery

men in Kansas•Wanted to lead a slave

revolt throughout the South by raising an army

of freed slaves and destroying the South.

Picture/J.Brown

• On the night of October 16tth, 1859, Brown and

21 men, including 5 blacks raided the

government armory and arsenal at Harpers

Ferry to begin his slave revolt.

• Brown became trapped inside the fire-engine house and on the 18th

the building was stormed by US Marines.

• The fighting ended with 10 of Brown's people killed and 7 captured, Brown among them.

Picture/J.Brown

John Brown’s Raid

on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

• Brown is captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee• Put on trial for treason.

Picture/J.Brown

• He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.

• His last words were to this effect: “I, John Brown, am now

quite sure that the crimes of this guilty land will never be

purged away but with blood!!!”• Northerners thought of John

Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause.

• Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery.

• South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.Picture/J.Brown Hanging

Reading/Tubman on Brown

Upon hearing of John Brown’s execution, escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman paid him

the highest tribute for his self-sacrifice.

“I’ve been studying, and studying upon it and its

clar to me, it wasn’t John Brown that died on that gallows. When I think how he gave up his life for our people and how

he never flinched but was so brave to the end; its

clar to me it wasn’t mortal man, it was God in

Him.”

Not all opponents of slavery, however, shared Tubman’s reverence for Brown. Republican

presidential candidate Abe Lincoln dismissed Brown as deluded:

“The Brown affair, in its philosophy, corresponds with the many attempts, related

in history, at the assassination of kings and emperors. An enthusiast

broods over the oppression of a people till he fancies himself commissioned by

Heaven to liberate them. He ventures the attempt, which

ends in little else than his own execution.”

1860Presidential

Election

√ Abraham Lincoln

RepublicanJohn Bell

Constitutional Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860

1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a

disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the

Northwest].5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal

expense.6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for

farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming

Apart?

Election of 1860

Country is polarized

(divided) over the issue of

slavery. Once Lincoln is

elected as president, South

Carolina will secede from the U.S. along with several other

Southern States. They will form the Confederate

States of America---CSA

• 303 total electoral

votes and 152 to win.

Secession: SC Dec. 20,

1860

Secession

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity and

preserve the Union from a Civil War

• Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)•Extend the Missouri

Compromise 36, 30 line out to California.

Map 8 of 45

1848 Presidential Election Results

√

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

Nativists. Anti-Catholics. Anti-immigrants.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Election Results

1856 Presidential Election

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856Electio

n Result

s

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850

California resumes slavery question Southern “fire-eaters” threatening

secession if California becomes a free state.Abolitionists and several political parties

support a California as a free state. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

* Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)