wildland-urban interface abstracts - university of florida · november 5-8, 2001 z university of...

The Wildland-Urban Interface: Sustaining Forests in a Changing Landscape

Program & Abstracts

University of Florida Hotel and Conference Center Gainesville, Florida November 5-8, 2001

Co-sponsored by:

Urban Forestry Institute School of Forest Resources and Conservation

Florida Cooperative Extension Service

USDA Forest Service

Southern Region and Southern Research Station

Southern Group of State Foresters


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November 5-8, 2001 University of Florida Hotel & Conference Center Gainesville, Florida

Welcome to the conference B The Wildland Urban Interface: Sustaining Forests in a Changing Landscape. The steering and field trip committees have developed an ambitious and diverse program to help us learn about and work together to solve the challenges at the interface.

The Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), the area where urban lands meet and interact with rural lands, presents many challenges and concerns for natural resource managers as well as its residents. Sustaining forests in this rapidly changing landscape is one of the main and most complex challenges, involving an array of issues ranging from managing growth to managing forest health. Natural resource professionals are directly involved with land conservation and management, and with additional knowledge, skills, and tools they can also be active players and leaders in policy-making, land-use planning, and developing partnerships with the varied stakeholders in order to more effectively sustain our forests.

You are a diverse group B planners, land managers, educators, researchers, consultants, and all kinds of natural resource professionals. And you are from government agencies (cities, counties, state and federal), non-profit organizations, universities, and private companies in over 26 states and the Virgin Islands. This is the kind of diverse group that we need to solve the challenging issues arising at the interface.

The purpose of this conference is to provide current information and tools to enhance natural resource management, planning, and policy-making at the WUI. John Gordon from Yale University will first present a thought-provoking challenge for us to maintain working forests at the interface. Then, results from the USDA Forest Service Southern WUI Assessment will be debuted. In concurrent sessions invited speakers will deliver overviews of major issues in four main areas related to the wildland-urban interface: Conserving and Managing Forests for Ecological Services and Benefits, Planning and Managing Growth, Tools to Reach, Educate and Involve People, and Conserving and Managing Forests under Different Ownerships. Contributed oral and poster presentations will give new research results and illustrate examples of successful programs, approaches, and case studies. In addition, discussions in break-out sessions will provide an opportunity for us to share concerns and knowledge about WUI issues and to formulate research and education needs.

Our thanks go to the many sponsors, committee members, speakers, and poster presenters whose work made this event possible. Our thanks also go to Larry Korhnak for his beautiful photos of the interface. And finally thanks to the fantastic and well-organized staff of the Office of Conferences and Institutes at UF/IFAS.

We look forward to a stimulating and meaningful conference. Thank you for participating.

Mary Duryea and Susan Vince School of Forest Resources and Conservation Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida

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Table of Contents Welcome ................................................................................... iii

Conference Sponsors.............................................................. vii

Conference Committee Members ........................................ viii

Agenda...................................................................................... xi

Poster Directory ..................................................................... xx

Abstracts

Introduction ......................................................................... 1

Keynote ................................................................................. 5

Assessment............................................................................ 9

Concurrent Sessions .......................................................... 19

Poster .................................................................................. 77

Author Index........................................................................... 91

Notes ........................................................................................ 93

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Conference Sponsors

Institute

SchoF

South

Additional

Institute

Coo

Foley

University of Florida of Food and Agricultural Sciences

Urban Forestry Institute ol of Forest Resources and Conservation lorida Cooperative Extension Service

USDA Forest Service Southern Region

Southern Research Station

ern Group of State Foresters

scholarship support was provided by:

University of Florida for Food and Agricultural Sciences

Center for Natural Resources

perative Extension Service Southern Region

Timber and Land Company

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Conference Committee Members Conference Steering Committee Southern Wildland-Urban Interface Council:

Bill Carothers, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC

Sharon Dolliver, Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon, GA

Mary Duryea, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

John Giedraites, Texas Forest Service, College Station, TX

James Harrell, Florida Division of Forestry, Tallahassee, FL

Annie Hermansen, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA

William Hubbard, CES Southern Region, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Bruce Hull, College of Natural Resources, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Marsha Kearney, USDA Forest Service, Tallahassee, FL

Edward Macie, USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Atlanta, GA

Pat McDowell, State of Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Oklahoma City, OK

Martha Monroe, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Bettina Ring, Virginia Department of Forestry, Charlottesville, VA

Jill Schwartz, American Farmland Trust, Washington, DC

Phillip Schwolert, Colorado State Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO

Pete Smith, Texas Forest Service, College Station, TX

Sue Stewart, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Evanston, IL

Bill Sweet, USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Birmingham, AL

Susan Vince, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Dave Wear, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC

Wayne Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Syracuse, NY

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Field Trip Committee

Ramesh P. Buch, Alachua County Forever Land Conservation Program, Gainesville, FL

Duane Durgee, Florida Division of Forestry, Gainesville, FL

Jim Meeker, Florida Division of Forestry, Gainesville, FL

James Weimer, Florida Department of Environment Protection, Micanopy, FL

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Agenda Sunday, November 4, 2001 PM

6:00–8:00 Registration Desk Open

6:00–8:00 Poster Presenters to Set-up Displays; Conference Center Lobby

Monday, November 5, 2001 AM


9:00–5:00 Field Trip: Issues at the Interface Organizers: Mary L. Duryea and Susan W. Vince Guides: Ramesh P. Buch, Alachua County Forever Land Conservation Program, Gainesville, FL; Duane Durgee, Florida Division of Forestry, Gainesville, FL; Jim Meeker, Florida Division of Forestry, Gainesville, FL; James Weimer, Florida Department of Environment Protection, Micanopy, FL

9:00–5:00 Poster set-up; Conference Center Lobby PM


5:30–7:30 Welcome Reception and Poster Session; Conference Center Lobby

Tuesday, November 6, 2001 AM


Plenary Session: The Wildland-Urban Interface: Sustaining Forests in a Changing Landscape

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Mary L. Duryea, University of Florida

8:30–9:00 Welcome and Opening Remarks – Michael V. Martin, Vice President for Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Florida; Peter Roussopolous, Station Director, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station; L. Earl Peterson, Director, Florida Division of Forestry

9:00–9:30 Introduction to the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) – Mary L. Duryea and Susan W. Vince, University of Florida (p. 3)

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9:30–10:15 Keynote: The Challenge of Maintaining Working Forests at the WUI – John C. Gordon, Pinchot Professor of Forestry Emeritus, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; R. Neil Sampson, The Sampson Group; Joyce K. Berry, Colorado State University (p.7)

10:15–10:45 Refreshment Break

Plenary Session: USDA Forest Service Southern Wildland-Urban Interface Assessment

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Edward Macie, USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA

10:45–11:00 Introduction – Edward Macie and L. Annie Hermansen, USDA Forest Service, Atlanta and Athens, GA

11:00–12:00 Panel Presentations and Discussion: Population and Demographic Trends in the South – H. Ken Cordell

and Edward Macie, USDA Forest Service, Athens and Atlanta, GA (p. 11)

Economic and Tax Issues in the Wildland-Urban Interface – Steverson O. Moffat and John L. Greene, USDA Forest Service Law and Economics Research Unit, New Orleans, LA (p. 15)

Land Use Planning and Policy Issues at the Wildland-Urban Interface – James E. Kundell, Margaret Myszewski, and Terry DeMeo, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (p. 17)

PM

12:00–1:30 Lunch - Albert’s Restaurant 1:30–2:40 Panel Presentations and Discussion: Urban Influences on Forest Ecosystems – Wayne C. Zipperer, USDA

Forest Service, Syracuse, NY (p. 18) Challenges to Forest Resource Management and Conservation at

the Interface – Mary L. Duryea, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; L. Annie Hermansen, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA (p. 12)

Social Consequences of Change in the Wildland-Urban Interface Forest – R. Bruce Hull, College of Natural Resources, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Susan I. Stewart, North Central Research Station, USDA FS R&D, Evanston, IL (p. 13)

Fire in the Wildland-Urban Interface – Martha C. Monroe, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 16)

2:40–3:00 The Wildland-Urban Interface: Summary Observations and Research and Information Needs – Edward Macie and L. Annie Hermansen, USDA Forest Service, Atlanta and Athens, GA (p. 14)


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Concurrent Session I: Conserving and Managing Forests for Ecological Services and Benefits

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Wayne C. Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY

3:30–4:00 An Ecosystem Based Management Approach to Land-Use Decisions in the Urban-Wildland Intermix – Wayne C. Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY (p. 76)

4:00–4:30 Managing Hydrological Impacts – Larry Korhnak and Susan Vince, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 52)

4:30–4:50 Managing Forests in Urbanizing Landscapes – Richard V. Pouyat and Wayne C. Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Syracuse, NY (p. 68)

4:50–5:10 The Evaluation of Urban Stream Corridor Reforestation Efforts – Judith A. Okay and J.M. Foreman, Virginia Department of Forestry, Fairfax, VA (p. 65)

5:10–5:30 Analysis of Two Reforestation Methods: Direct Seeding vs. Planting Tubelings – Joy D. Klein, Miami-Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Management; Elizabeth Mayo, Florida International University, Miami, FL (p. 51)

Concurrent Session II: Planning and Managing Growth - Policies and Economics

Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: Janaki R.R. Alavalapati, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

3:30–4:00 Policies Influencing Forest Conservation at the Wildland-Urban Interface – Janaki R.R. Alavalapati, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 21)

4:00–4:30 Economic Values at the Interface: Forestry as a Peri-Urban Land Use – David W. Marcouiller, University of British Columbia and the University of Wisconsin – Madison, WI (p. 57)

4:30–4:50 Influences on Public Support for Stringent Local Timber-Harvesting Permits: Lessons from St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana – Margaret A. Reams, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; James E. Granskog, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, New Orleans, LA (p. 71)

4:50–5:10 Value of Oak Woodland Open Space on Private Property Values – Richard B. Standiford, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Thomas Scott, University of California, Riverside, CA (p. 73)

6:00 Dinner on your own

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Wednesday, November 7, 2001 AM


Concurrent Session I: Tools to Reach, Educate and Involve People Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Martha Monroe, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

8:00–8:30 Tools to Reach, Educate and Involve People: Overview – Martha Monroe, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 60)

8:30–8:50 Using Local Groups to Inventory Forested Riparian Areas – Sally L. Butler, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Bangor, ME (p. 27)

8:50–9:10 Georgia’s Wildland/Urban Interface Pilot Project - Camden County – Robert F. Campbell, Georgia Forestry Commission, Woodbine, GA (p. 28)

9:10–9:40 “The Missing Fires”: A Video Designed to Promote Understanding of Prescribed Fire Use – Darren McAvoy, Utah State University Extension’s Forest Landowner Education Program, Logan, UT (p. 58)

9:40–10:00 Effective Fire Education in Florida: The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems Program – Christine Denny and Susan Marynowski, Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL (p. 32)

Concurrent Session II: Conserving and Managing Forests for Ecological Services and Benefits

Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: Charles Nilon, Fisheries and Wildlife Department, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO

8:00–8:30 Managing for Wildlife at the Wildland-Urban Interface – Charles Nilon, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO (p. 64)

8:30–8:50 Managing Coyotes in Urban/Suburban Areas – Tommy S. Parker, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Michael L. Kennedy, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN (p. 66)

8:50–9:10 Land Use, Scale, and Bird Distributions in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area – Mark Hostetler, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kim Knowles-Yanez, California State University, San Marcos, CA (p. 46)

9:10–9:40 The Spread of Invasive Plants in the Wildland-Urban Interface – Sarah H. Reichard, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (p. 72)

9:40–10:00 Trying to Reach Consensus on Which Non-native Plants Are Invasive in Natural Areas – Alison M. Fox, Doria R. Gordon, and Randall K. Stocker, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 39)


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Concurrent Session I: Tools to Reach, Educate and Involve People, continued

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Martha Monroe, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

10:30–11:00 Empowering the Public to Face Wildland Fire – Martha C. Monroe and Alison W. Bowers, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 26)

11:00–11:20 Community-based Conservation Planning for the Endangered Houston Toad in Bastrop County, TX – Stacey Allison, Markus J. Peterson, Tarla Rai Peterson, and Neal Wilkins, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (p. 22)

11:20–11:40 Wildlife Road Kills at the Interface: a Project to Reach Middle-School Students – Jeffrey L. Kirwan, John R. Seiler, Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources, Blacksburg, VA and Laura Zyglocke, Midlothian Middle School, Midlothian, VA (p. 50)

11:40–12:00 A Community-Level Process for Adoption of Forest Restoration and Fire Mitigation Programs – David R. Betters and Christy L. Higgason, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (p. 45)

Concurrent Session II: Conserving and Managing Forests for Ecological Services and Benefits - Forest Health

Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: George Blakeslee, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

10:30–11:00 Managing for Forest Health in the Wildland-Urban Interface – George Blakeslee, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 25)

11:00–11:20 Forest Health in Florida’s Sprawling Wildland-Urban Interface – Edward L. Barnard, James R. Meeker, and Andrea N. Van Loan, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), Division of Forestry, Forest Health Section, Gainesville, FL (p. 23)

11:20–11:40 GIS in the Interface: Using Spatial Analysis to Assess Risk and Accomplishment in an Oak Wilt Management Program – Thomas Eiber and Dave Schuller, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN (p. 36)

11:40–12:00 Minimizing the Impacts of Sudden Oak Death in Coastal California – Doug McCreary and Richard Standiford, University of California, Berkeley, CA (p. 59)

PM

12:00–1:30 Lunch - Albert’s Restaurant

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Concurrent Session I: Conserving and Managing Forests under Different Ownerships - Industrial and Public

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: John F. Dwyer, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Evanston IL

1:30–2:00 The Challenges of Managing Public Lands on the Urban Wildland Interface – John F. Dwyer, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Evanston IL and Deborah J. Chavez, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA (p. 34)

2:00–2:20 Managing Wilderness in an Urban County – Craig N. Huegel, Pinellas County Department of Environmental Management, Tarpon Springs, FL (p. 48)

2:20–2:50 Managing Industrial Forestlands at the Interface – Kenneth Munson and Sharon Haines, International Paper Company, Savannah, GA (p. 62)

2:50–3:10 Conservation Easements to Sustain Working Forests at the Interface – Elizabeth S. Crane, USDA Forest Service State & Private Forestry, Atlanta, GA; Tony Doster, International Paper Company, Bolivia, NC; Mark Megalos, North Carolina Division of Forest Resources (p. 30)

Concurrent Session II: Planning and Managing Growth Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: Douglas R. Porter, The Growth Management Institute, Chevy Chase, MD

1:30–2:00 Land Use Planning and Zoning at the Wildland-Urban Interface – Margaret Myszewski and James E. Kundell, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (p. 63)

2:00–2:20 Optimizing Forestland Allocation in East St. Louis and Urbanizing St. Clair County, Illinois – Andrew D. Carver, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Illinois and Anthony Caselton, Hampton Roads Planning District Commission, Chesapeake, Virginia (p. 29)

2:20–2:50 Developing Land While Retaining Environmental Values: A Modern Search for the Grail – Douglas R. Porter, The Growth Management Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Lindell L. Marsh, Siemon, Larsen & Marsh, Irvine, CA (p. 67)

2:50–3:10 Lead Discussion With Property Rights to Minimize Land Use Conflict – Jefferson G. Edgens and Lorraine E. Garkovich, University of Kentucky - Lexington, KY (p. 35)


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Concurrent Session I: Conserving and Managing Forests for Ecological Services and Benefits - Fire

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Alan J. Long, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

3:30–4:00 Managing for Fire in the Interface: Challenges and Opportunities – Alan J. Long, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Dale Wade, U.S. Forest Service, Athens, GA; Frank C. Beall, University of California Forest Products Lab, Richmond, CA (p. 56)

4:00–4:20 Florida Firewise Communities Program – James B. Harrell, Wildfire Mitigation Coordinator, Florida Division of Forestry, Tallahassee, FL (p. 44)

4:20–4:40 Wildland Arson: A Time-Series Perspective – Jeffrey Prestemon and David T. Butry, Disturbance Economics Research Team, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, RTP, NC (p. 69)

4:40–5:00 A Tool to Facilitate Prescribed Burning at the Wildland-Urban Interface – Charles A. Gresham, Belle Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Georgetown, SC (p. 43)

5:00–5:20 Homeowner Acceptance Of Fuel Treatments At The Wildland-Urban Interface – Christine Vogt, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI; Greg Winter, Paul Schissler and Associates, Bellingham, WA; Jeremy S. Fried, USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station, Portland, OR (p. 75)

5:20–5:40 Fire Management in the Wildland Urban Interface of Florida’s Chaparral – Mary R. Huffman and Rick Anderson, The Nature Conservancy, Babson Park, FL; Mark Hebb, Florida Division of Forestry, Lakeland, FL (p. 49)

Concurrent Session II: Planning and Managing Growth, continued Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: Taylor V. Stein, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

3:30–4:00 Planning and Managing for Recreation in the Wildland-Urban Interface – Taylor V. Stein, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL and Christine B. Denny, Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL (p. 33)

4:00–4:20 Seasonal Homes, Amenity Migration, and Attitudes Toward Growth in the Interface: A Case Study of Walworth County, WI – Susan I. Stewart, North Central Research Station, USDA FS R&D, Evanston IL; Kenneth M. Johnson, Dept. of Sociology, Loyola University, Chicago IL; Gareth Betts, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Elkhorn, WI (p. 74)

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4:20–4:40 Managing Growth Through the Georgia Community Greenspace Program – Laurie Fowler and Raysun Goergen, University of Georgia Institute of Ecology, Athens, GA (p. 42)

4:40–5:00 Sustainable Partnerships for WUI Conservation: New Solutions and Resources for WUI Management in Florida's Most Densely Populated County – Jacob F. Stowers and William Davis, Environmental Management, Pinellas County, FL (p. 31)

5:00–5:20 Gaining Ground: Natural Resource Professionals Exploring Land Use Solutions in Indiana – Ronald A. Rathfon and William L. Hoover, Purdue University, Department of Forestry & Natural Resources; Joe Tutterrow, Indiana Land Resources Council (p. 70)

5:20–5:40 The Importance of Leader’s and Resident’s Attitudes Towards Open Space Conservation in Developing a Pennsylvania Watershed – Bill Elmendorf, Penn State School of Forest Resources, University Park, PA (p. 37)

6:00 Posters Dismantled 6:30–10:00 Cookout at the Interface; Austin Cary Forest

- Buses leave the UF Hotel at 6:30 p.m. and return by 10:00 p.m.

Thursday, November 8, 2001 AM


Concurrent Session I: Conserving and Managing Forests under Different Ownerships - Non-Industrial Private Forestlands

Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: William Hubbard, Cooperative Extension Service Southern Region, Athens, GA

8:00–8:30 Managing Private Nonindustrial Forestlands at the Interface – William Hubbard, Cooperative Extension Service Southern Region, Athens, GA (p. 47)

8:30–8:50 Parcelization of Non-industrial Private Forestland in Oneida County, New York – Kevin P. Brazill and René Germain, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY (p. 41)

8:50–9:10 Resource Manager Certification: Facilitating Enhanced Management of Non-Industrial Private Forests – Susan E. Moore, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Mary Chapman, The Forest Stewards Guild, Santa Fe, NM (p. 61)

9:10–9:30 Sustaining Natural Resources on Private Lands in the Central Hardwood Region – William B. Kurtz, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO; J. Mark Fly, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN; Robert K. Swihart, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (p. 54)

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Concurrent Session II: Planning and Managing Growth - Landscape Assessment

Century Ballroom - Salon B Session Moderator: Elizabeth Kramer, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

8:00–8:30 Landscape Assessment for Sustaining Forests – Elizabeth Kramer, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (p. 53)

8:30–8:50 Development of Biological Assessment Criteria for Florida Depressional Wetlands – Chuck Lane and Mark Brown, Center for Wetlands, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (p. 55)

8:50–9:10 Extrapolating National Forest Field Plot Inventories onto Private Lands Using Remotely Sensed Data – John G. Bartlett, USDA Forest Service - Southern Global Change Program, Raleigh, North Carolina (p. 24)

9:10–9:30 The Relationships between Ownership Fragmentation and Landscape Fragmentation in Bastrop County, Texas – Jason Engle and Neal Wilkins, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (p. 38)

9:30–9:50 Land Ownership Fragmentation within the New York City Watershed – Seth LaPierre, René Germain, and Christopher Nowak, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY (p. 40)


Plenary Session: The Wildland-Urban Interface - Conclusions Century Ballroom - Salon A Session Moderator: Susan W. Vince, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

10:30–11:30 Reports from Concurrent Sessions – Concurrent session moderators

11:30–12:00 Conference Wrap-up – Wayne H. Smith, Director, School of Natural Resources and Conservation, University of Florida

PM

12:00 Conference Adjourns

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Poster Directory Full-year and Seasonal Residents Living in the Interface: Considerations for Fuel Treatment Programs – Stan Cindrity and Christine A. Vogt, Dept. of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (p. 79)

Does Construction Fill Affect Existing Trees During Land Development?: A Study Using White Oak and Sweetgum – Susan D. Day, John R. Seiler, Richard E. Kreh and David Wm. Smith, Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA (p. 80)

Effective Fire Education in Florida: The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems Program – Christine Denny and Susan Marynowski, Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL (p. 81)

Forest Fuels Evaluation and Mitigation in Camden County, Georgia to Insure a Safe Wildland-Urban Interface – M. Boyd Edwards, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA and Terry S. Price, Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon, GA (p. 82)

Wetland Restoration on State Forests – Bud R. Goldsby, Jeff Vowell and Earl Peterson, Division for Forestry, Tallahassee, FL; Charles H. Bronson, Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL (p. 83)

Local Government Planning for Wildfire Hazard Mitigation – Kathleen Walston Pagan and Melissa Norman, Alachua County Growth Management Department, Gainesville, FL (p. 84)

The Effect of Habitat Management on Gopher Tortoise Populations in Southeast Georgia: Native Soil Fertility, Forage Nutrient Values of Wiregrass and Vegetation Composition – Virginia K. Perdue¹,² and David C. Rostal¹; ¹Dept. of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Ga, 30460 USA. ²UGA Cooperative Extension Service, Long County, Ludowici, Ga, 31316 USA (p. 85)

Equipment and Methods to Plant Pines and to Reduce Fuel Loads on Small Land Tracts – Paul Still, Florida Recycling and Composting Consulting Services, Inc., Starke, FL (p. 86)

Coupling Urban and Rural Forest Stewardship for Water Quality Enhancement in a Rapidly Urbanizing Watershed – Jan R. Thompson, Iowa State University, Ames, IA and Carole Teator, Trees Forever, Marion, IA (p. 87)

The Florida Black Bear Festival: Using Partnerships to Address the Educational and Economic Needs of a Forest Community – Carolyn Sekerak, Jim Thorsen and Katherine Bronson, USDA Forest Service, Ocala National Forest, Umatilla, FL (p. 88)

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Burning around the Edges: Challenges to Restoring Fire to Wildland-urban Interface Pine Forests in the Southeast – J. Morgan Varner, III, Univ. of Florida College of Natural Resources & Environment, Gainesville, FL; John S. Kush, Auburn University School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn, AL; J. Kevin Hiers, Eglin Air Force Base Jackson Guard, Niceville, FL (p. 89)

Relative Flammability of WUI Vegetation – Robert H. White,USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI; David R. Weise, USDA, Forest Service, Forest Fire Laboratory, Riverside, CA; Kurt Mackes, Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (p. 90)

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Introduction


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Introduction to the Wildland-Urban Interface Mary L. Duryea and Susan W. Vince University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

The Wildland-Urban Interface is the area where urban lands meet and interact with rural lands. Yet definitions also vary according to perspective. Geographers see the interface as isolated patches of development among the forest, as an intermix of forests, rural lands and development, or as an edge between urban and rural lands. The Southern Wildland-Urban Interface Assessment has further defined the interface as “Areas or zones where increasing human influence and land use conversion are changing natural resource benefits, services and management.” Vaux in 1981 noted that when we use the term we are talking about a political phenomenon and not a geographical one – people with different perceptions and values are interacting and confronting decisions. One thing we all can agree upon is that forests at the interface are changing. There are more owners and the parcel size is smaller. The impacts of urbanization including invasive plants, noise and pollutants are changing the structure and function of these ecosystems. And management for goods and services, such as wildlife, forest products and clean water, is impacted by the new neighboring populations. As these lands are converted to non-forest uses many of the benefits to society are diminished or eliminated. This conference intends to introduce and explore the many challenges and issues for sustaining forests at the interface. It will also present some of the creative solutions being attempted by communities faced with urbanization. We hope these new alternatives and approaches may serve as models for others to lessen impacts of urbanization and to sustain forests. We also hope that this conference empowers and inspires natural resource professionals to get involved and provide their professional knowledge, experience and insights in the challenge to sustain and save our forests.

Mary L. Duryea, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, PO Box 110410, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0896, FAX: 352-846-1277, EMAIL: [email protected]

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Keynote

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Biographical Sketch of John Charles Gordon, Keynote Speaker Dr. John Gordon currently is a Pinchot Professor of Forestry Emeritus at Yale School Forestry and Environmental Studies, Partner and Chairman, Interforest LLC (a sustainable forestry consulting firm), and Chairman of the board of the Candlewood Timber Group (a sustainable forestry venture). Gordon also has been two times the Dean of the Yale School Forestry and Environmental Studies (from 1983 to 1992 and from 1997 to 1999) and acting Director for the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies. Before joining Yale, he was for seven years Professor of Forest Science and the Head of the Department at Oregon State University and prior to that for another seven years Professor of Forestry at the Department of Forestry (College of Agriculture) of Iowa State University. Besides his involvement with academia, John Gordon's professional experience also covers working for the United States Department of Agriculture as a Plant Physiologist for another five years and also as a consultant for business and non-for-profit sectors. His collaboration to overseas development initiatives encompasses projects with USAID leading field teams and designing research and educational projects in India and Pakistan. Other countries in his working experience are China, Australia, Brazil, Argentina and Costa Rica. In China, Gordon was a member of the first official United States' delegation on forestry in 1980 and in 1985 was the leader of a tour by U.S. foresters. In Costa Rica, Gordon was a member of the team that made recommendations for the restructuring of CATIE, a key training center on agriculture and forestry for Central and South American countries. His links with forest certification started at the early days of this debate as chairman of the Workshop on Environmental Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Development of Boreal and Temperate Forests, which came to be the initial steps of the Montreal Process. Gordon's extensive list of honors, participation in committees, boards of renamed institutions and editorial activities are complemented by his demanded presence as a lecturer and guest at national and international meetings. His written contribution to the scientific knowledge includes 29 books or chapters as main author or co-author, besides 103 articles in scientific journals and reports for governmental institutions.

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The Challenge of Maintaining Working Forests at the WUI John C. Gordon, R. Neil Sampson and Joyce K. Berry

At the WUI, land currently devoted to landscape-based production of marketed and non-marketed values is often converted to uses that preclude or greatly diminish the production of both. Thus, for purposes of this paper, the “working landscape” is the land within reach of near-term (a decade or less) urban conversion that is currently producing other values, including marketed ones. Working forests are that part of the working landscape covered by trees. Most forests are subject to the same influences as those in the WUI but to a lesser degree. The fate of the satoyama woodlands in urbanizing Japan provides a useful illustration of what we think is the general problem (Sato=inhabited areas or villages; yama=hills or mountains). Many of these forests have been destroyed by urbanization, mainly because their value to urban populations was understood too late. Apparently, only forests that are recognized as valuable and integral parts of the urban infrastructure survive for long within the reach of urban populations. It seems clear, for example, that to get, retain and manage WUI “open space” urban publics should support, rather than oppose or ignore, rural producers. Public involvement structures and methods appropriate to WUI need to establish a continuing dialogue between the current working landscape owners/users at the WUI and urban populations. Only coordinated use of regulation, land purchase and easements and strategic investments in education will produce a workable and equitable WUI.

John Gordon, RR3 Box 129A, Plymouth, NH 03264, tel: (603) 536 7571, fax: (603) 536 1943, Email: [email protected]

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8


Assessment Abstracts are listed alphabetically by presenting author.

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10


Population and Demographic Trends in the South H. Ken Cordell and Edward Macie USDA Forest Service, Athens and Atlanta, GA (respectively)

This presentation reports significant population, demographic, and other social demands and trends and predicts where in the South these factors are likely to drive further urban expansion. We first examine the primary causes of population growth, which are relative birth and death rates and immigration. Next we outline the changing social composition of the South, including age trends and evolving racial and ethnic composition. We look at growth of urban areas and its flip side, rural transition, which indeed is occurring. As an indicator of some of the economic changes occurring, we examine employment trends that are related to urban expansion. Finally, we examine various dimensions describing Southerners, including rural land ownership, lifestyles, and outdoor recreational activities. To illustrate the significance of the above social demands and trends, a number of maps will be shown. These maps overlay the distribution of forecast social conditions onto the locations of forest, water, wetland and wildlife habitat resources throughout the region. These maps identify where human pressures are likely to have the greatest effects on natural resources by 2020. Data sources used to describe demands and trends include the Census of Population, Forest Service Renewable Resources Planning Act assessment data, rural landowner surveys , Natural Resources Conservation Service data describing rural lands, and the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment.

H. Ken Cordell, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2044, Phone: 706-559-4263, Fax: 706-559-4266

11


Challenges to Forest Resource Management and Conservation at the Interface Mary L. Duryea University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

L. Annie Hermansen USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA

Southern forests support a $90 billion forest industry and many other ecosystem goods and services, such as wildlife, clean water, and recreation. However these forests, particularly those in the interface, are changing. Forestland parcels are becoming increasingly smaller and the number of forestland owners is growing. The new forestland owners may have different management objectives than long-term residents, placing a stronger emphasis on non-commodity goods and services, and different ideas about the conservation of forests. At the same time, society’s demands on forest resources -- wood products as well as water, recreation, wildlife, and others -- are expanding. Forest composition, structure, and function are also changing at the interface due to new inputs such as invasive species and pollutants. All of these changes set the stage for interesting and innovative management and conservation alternatives. Some of the main challenges affecting the management of these urbanizing forests are based on the need for ecosystem goods and services such as wildlife, clean water, and forest products. However these 200 million acres of forestland in the South are changing in their ownership, parcel size and in many ecological qualities making new management strategies also essential. Another challenge is management of the many types of land ownerships in the interface. New approaches and trends are fortunately emerging but in addition to altered management scenarios, there are also many additional needs for research and education to further our scientific base and understanding of these newly influenced forests.

Mary L. Duryea, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, PO Box 110410, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0896, FAX: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected],

12


Social Consequences of Change in the Wildland-Urban Interface Forest R. Bruce Hull College of Natural Resources, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA

Susan I. Stewart North Central Research Station, USDA FS R&D, Evanston IL

Forest fragmentation is redefining natural resource management. The social consequences of these changes are at least as profound as its environmental effects. This chapter of the Assessment reviews three major social changes: (1) economic reevaluation of the forest, (2) emergence of new, powerful political and regulatory systems, and (3) changes to community and landowner preferences and behaviors. Natural resource professionals are faced with major challenges working in this truly novel environment.

While natural resource professions usually view fragmentation negatively and focus on its social costs, we must also recognize that it produces enormous social benefit. Development of rural forested lands occurs, after all, because people and organizations are willing to invest money, time, and energy to build human communities where contiguous forests once stood. These investments would not occur if they were not lucrative. Fragmentation brings with it, among other things, jobs, convenience, health care, and accessible recreation. While some forest industry may decline, other industries, such as “metro-farms,” emerge. We review opportunities for natural resource managers to respond to change and thus remain effective and relevant in this emerging interface forest.

R. Bruce Hull, College of Natural Resources, 310D Cheatham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061-0324. Ph (540)-231-7272, Fax (540)-231-3698. Email: [email protected].

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The Wildland-Urban Interface: Summary Observations and Research and Information Needs Edward Macie and L. Annie Hermansen USDA Forest Service, Atlanta and Athens, GA (respectively)

The 1998 Florida wildfires demonstrated the complexities of natural resource management in the wildland-urban interface and spurred the development of the USDA Forest Service Southern Wildland-Urban Interface Assessment. This assessment has five main objectives: (1) describe the southern wildland-urban interface; (2) examine causes and effects of increased human influence on southern forest ecosystems (i.e. demographics, economics, land use planning and policy, effects on forest ecosystems and forest management, and social consequences); (3) identify examples of past and current research and technology transfer efforts that address interface issues; (4) identify needs of natural resource managers for new information, tools, and skills; (5) promote dialogue among experts, practitioners, and the public. This assessment serves as a basis for developing new approaches, management options, and collaborative opportunities for natural resource professionals working in the wildland-urban interface.

Edward Macie, USDA Forest Service, 1720 Peachtree Rd., NW, Atlanta, GA 30367; PH (404) 347-1647; FAX (404) 347-2776; Email: [email protected] L. Annie Hermansen, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2044; PH (706) 559-4305, FAX (706) 559-4317; Email: [email protected]

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Economic and Tax Issues in the Wildland-Urban Interface Steverson O. Moffat and John L. Greene USDA Forest Service Law and Economics Research Unit, New Orleans, LA

Economic conditions and tax policies affect land-use decisions everywhere, but their effects on the rate of change in land use are particularly large in the wildland-urban interface. Efforts to improve the southern economy as a whole have resulted in the rapid growth of urban and suburban areas and a corresponding loss of farms and forests as less expensive rural land becomes attractive for development. Land-use conversion leads to a cycle were property values increase and returns to rural land-use investments such as farming and forestry decrease. Additionally, Federal and State taxes affect every aspect of rural land ownership. The land itself is taxed annually, income derived from the land is taxed, the transfer of land and other assets from one generation to another is taxed, and in several States, the act of removing timber or minerals from the land is taxed. Taxes, in combination with high land prices, make it difficult for some owners to keep their land in rural uses or to transfer their land to the next generation. Despite numerous examples of the impact of these trends, as well as a general understanding of cause and effect, economic and tax relationships and their contribution to land use change at the urban-wildland interface are poorly understood. Tools to help landowners maintain their land in a rural condition exist, but are either underutilized or of limited effectiveness without a concerted effort by policymakers to integrate and coordinate Federal and State tax codes and landowner assistance programs.

Steverson Moffat, USDA Forest Service Law and Economics, Room T-10034, 701 Loyola Ave., New Orleans, LA 70113, Phone: (504) 589 - 7133, Fax:(504) 589 - 3961, Email: [email protected], oral,

15


Fire in the Wildland-Urban Interface Martha C. Monroe University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Perhaps more than any other wildland-urban interface challenge, the interface makes wildland fire an issue. Some lightning-started wildland fires might be left to burn and maintain natural ecosystems if human lives and structures were not threatened, but they are. Second homes and villages dot the region. Nearly every major fire threatens human establishments, requires suppression efforts, causes heartache among evacuees, and grabs newspaper headlines. Every State forestry agency has a wildland fire suppression division. Communication efforts abound to educate the citizenry about reducing risk, preparing for fire, and managing the emergency.

Any number of issues could be used to illustrate the complexity of managing natural resources and people in the wildland-urban interface, but for the sake of simplicity this report uses one: wildland fire. This term refers to fires that occur in natural areas that are not purposefully set for land management activity. They are usually started by human carelessness, though many are sparked by lightning or arson. Wildland fires also include prescribed fires that run out of control for any reason. This presentation reinforces the concepts presented throughout the Wildland-Urban Interface Assessment Report. It demonstrates how demography, public attitudes, political and economic conditions, ecology, and resource management techniques influence our efforts to manage and protect both people and natural resources from wildland fire in the interface.

Martha C. Monroe, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0878, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

16


Land Use Planning and Policy Issues at the Wildland-Urban Interface James E. Kundell, Margaret Myszewski and Terry DeMeo Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Natural resources management and conservation in the wildland-urban interface are complicated by current land-related public policies. These challenges are related to both the amount of land being developed in the interface and the speed with which this development is taking place. Current land-use policies have also, to a large extent, been ineffective in curbing changing land-use patterns and the influx of people into the interface. Increased human activity in the interface will result in continued degradation of environmental resources as well as place greater stress on water supplies. While state and local governments have begun to implement growth management measures such as alternative zoning ordinances, transferable development rights, and open space preservation in order to favorably impact natural resource management and conservation issues in the interface, natural resource managers and the public, as well as state and local officials, need to become both more aware that these land-use policies exist and be more willing to put them into practice. Natural resource managers also need to work more closely with local planning officials in order to better understand and influence public policies related to natural resources. Finally, natural resource managers need to educate the public about the value of natural resources and conservation in the interface because, without broad-based public understanding and support, land-use policies cannot conserve and protect natural resources in the interface.

Margaret Myszewski, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 201 N. Milledge Ave, Athens, GA, 30602, Phone: 706-542-6609, Fax: 706-542-9301, Email: [email protected]

17


Urban Influence on Forest Ecosystems Wayne C. Zipperer USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.

Urbanization reduces total forest area and fragments remaining forests into smaller, isolated patches. An analysis of forest cover of four metropolitan areas—Atlanta, Chattanooga, Houston, and Roanoke—and Fairfax County by the American Forests showed a loss of over 585,000 acres of forest cover over a 24-year period by urbanization. Effects include the loss of critical habitats, a decline in native biodiversity (genetic material, species, communities, and ecosystems), a reduction in forest interior habitats, and an increase in invasive-exotic species. Urban land cover also alters forest nutrient cycling, species composition and structure, and stand development. By increasing amounts of impervious surfaces, urbanization changes forest hydrology by decreasing shallow and deep infiltration and evapotranspiration but increasing surface runoff. At a level of just 10 percent impervious cover, significant changes occur in streambank stability and in the composition and density of benthic invertebrates. Disturbance regimes also are modified by urbanization and urban land cover. These modifications directly and indirectly affect native and non-native species colonization and growth. Even if urbanization stopped today, forests will continue to change because of indirect effects by urban land cover. Effects include air pollution, global climate change, altered disturbance regimes, and introductions of non-native species. The continual development of rural landscapes only exacerbates and accelerates these changes. Without an ecosystem approach to land use decision, decisions that involves both public and private landowners, the rich culture and biodiversity of South will be lost as human population densities increase.

W. C. Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, c/o SUNY-ESF, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, Office: 315-448-3213, Fax: 315-448-3216, Email: [email protected]

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Concurrent Sessions Abstracts are listed alphabetically by presenting author.

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20


Policies Influencing Forest Conservation at the Wildland- Urban Interface Janaki R.R. Alavalapati University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Human-induced factors are causing significant changes in the American wildland-urban interface (WUI) thereby affecting forestlands. The National Resource Inventory, for example, estimates that 11.5 million acres of non-federal forests were converted to urban uses between 1982 and 1997. On one hand Americans are increasingly concerned with the pace of urban sprawl and associated forestland loss, and on the other hand the dream of home ownership and values placed on private property rights favor the type of urban development that they denounce.

This paper reviews policies that affect forests at the WUI. A conceptual framework explaining how policies impact forestlands at the interface is presented. The impacts of death or inheritance tax, annual property tax, regulations on prescribed burning, standards on water quality, restrictions on management practices, Endangered Species Act, and certification on the viability of forests are discussed. It is suggested that two sets of policies are sorely needed to address the WUI. One set of policies should aim at lowering the demand for urban use. Removing policy incentives that expand the urban boundary and ensuring households pay the “full cost” of urban development must be pursued. The second set of policy solutions must focus on raising the demand for forestlands. Paying for environmental benefits associated with forestlands and limiting regulations on forestry practices would raise the profitability of forestry. Collaborative and consensus-building processes are critical in developing new policies that conserve forests at the interface. The Enlibra doctrine, adopted by the National Governors’ Association provides an effective framework to guide policy development.

Alavalapati, Janaki R.R., University of Florida, P.O. Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0899, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

21


Community-based Conservation Planning for the Endangered Houston Toad in Bastrop County, TX Stacey Allison, Markus J. Peterson, Tarla Rai Peterson and Neal Wilkins Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

One of the greatest challenges facing natural resource policy is the controversy surrounding management of private lands for public goods. This controversy is perhaps most apparent in the management of federally endangered species that inhabit private lands. An increasingly utilized approach for addressing private lands endangered species challenges is community-based conservation planning – a process that involves multiple stakeholders from the community in the decision-making process. Habitat Conservation Plans, allowing incidental taking of endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, are prime examples of such planning.

Knowledge of participant attitudes and perceptions is critical to gaining an understanding of the dynamics of community-based habitat conservation planning efforts. In order to better inform such processes, we analyzed the attitudes and perceptions of participants in a community-based conservation planning effort for the federally endangered Houston Toad in Bastrop County, Texas. Methods of study included informant directed interviews with workgroup members and participant observation at public meetings. We discuss project participant attitudes and the effectiveness of this process for both the interests of the citizen groups of Bastrop County and conservation of the Houston toad. The resulting understanding of this habitat conservation planning process is likely to be of benefit to those working with community-based conservation planning efforts in other areas of the United States. Case studies such as this are important for increasing the working knowledge of community-based conservation planning, and thus the effectiveness of theses processes.

Stacey, Allison, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, Phone: (979) 458-0500, Fax: (979) 845-7103, Email: [email protected]

22


Forest Health in Florida’s Sprawling Wildland-Urban Interface Edward L. Barnard, James R. Meeker and Andrea N. Van Loan Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), Division of Forestry, Forest Health Section, Gainesville, FL

Florida’s struggle with forest health has long since graduated from historical/traditional tree health issues (fusiform rust, pitch canker, bark beetles, root rots, defoliating insects, etc.) to a more comprehensive landscape and systems perspective. Now Florida’s forest health paradigm encompasses a variety of novel, non-traditional and/or previously overlooked components such as forest fragmentation, climate change, fire ecology and impacts, hydrology, threatened and endangered species, and noxious invasive non-native plant species. And today, the state’s forest health equation is further complicated by a sprawling wildland-urban interface (WUI), a consequence of relentless population growth (nearly 700 people move into Florida daily) and development projected to convert 130,000 acres of rural lands to urban uses annually for the next 20 years. Not only does Florida’s growing WUI alter relationships among the matrix of forest health components, it is often a direct cause of certain forest health problems, and it complicates management responses to forest health problems that occur naturally or as a direct result of the interface itself. The associated social, political, economic, and biological effects continue to intensify.

Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry, Forest Health Section, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608. Phone: (352) 372-3505, ext. 130, FAX: (352) 334-0737, Email: [email protected]

23


Extrapolating National Forest Field Plot Inventories onto Private Lands Using Remotely Sensed Data John G. Bartlett USDA Forest Service - Southern Global Change Program

A standardized approach for characterizing floral and faunal communities on National Forests in the US has been developed through the USDA Forest Service’s (USDA FS) Natural Resources Information System (NRIS). We developed a method for extrapolation of floral and faunal inventory and remotely sensed data onto private lands, including wildland-urban interface areas. We compared Forest Service (FS) forest stand condition data (Continuous Inventory of Stand Conditions (CISC) data) for 75 ranger districts in 12 southeastern states with forest cover classes derived from two remotely sensed land cover datasets – the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) set (Thematic Mapper (TM), 30m resolution, circa 1992) and the Loveland et al. 1991 land cover classification (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), 1.1km

2 resolution, circa 1990). A stand-

level classification matrix was generated for each FS ranger district in a GIS to determine: 1) the extent of agreement between proportionally-allocated forest types from the CISC (n=73) and area-weighted estimates of specific forest cover classes from the NLCD; and 2) the extent to which a merged land cover map incorporating forest-type combinations from both satellite sources (NLCD and AVHRR) affords additional accuracy to the satellite-derived NLCD estimate of forest type when compared to the CISC forest types. Forest cover was then extrapolated to private lands across the southeast at 30m resolution for areas with high classification accuracy. Validation of the private lands forest cover estimates was then conducted at the plot level (n=384,274) using an independent source of forest cover – the USDA National Resources Inventory (NRI) database.

John G. Bartlett, USDA FS Southern Global Change Program, 920 Main Campus Drive, Venture II - Suite 300, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, Phone: (919) 515-7040, Fax: (919) 513-2978, Email: [email protected]

24


Managing for Forest Health in the Wildland-Urban Interface George M. Blakeslee School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida / IFAS

Forests of the W-UI exist in a people-dominated landscape. As such, their existence and character are highly sculpted by the values, perceptions, and motivations of people. They exist in spatial and temporal dimensions similar in part but often dissimilar from those experienced in more rural forestscapes. Each forest reflects differing values and requires/affords different levels of human involvement through management for forest health.

Forests of the W-UI are often highly fragmented and altered, both physically and socially. They often exist in an environment of constrained options (reflecting an increasing disconnect from forestry infrastructure), social disincentives to management, and heightened concerns for safety and liability.

Forest Health is defined in part by science and in part by social perspective. Forest Health can be considered according to varying spatial, temporal, and value dimensions. Most definitions of Forest Health would include considerations of sustainability and satisfaction of objectives.

Forest Health can be impaired by environmental factors, cultural practices, and pathogens and insects. Environmental factors include inadequacy of edaphic and biotic resources, altered disturbance regimes, modified species composition, and changes in abiotic environmental elements. Cultural factors include the use or the failure to use available silvicultural practices. Indigenous and introduced pathogens and insects act as primary agents as well as stress-response agents.

Guidelines for maintaining/ enhancing Forest Health are founded in clearly defined objectives, are mindful of environmental and cultural factors, are designed to minimize ‘stress’, and are based on understanding the biology and ecology of pathogen and insect ‘adversaries’ and their response to environmental and cultural factors. These elements comprise the basis of a prevention approach to managing Forest Health in the W-UI.

Blakeslee, George M., School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: FLA-846-0845, Fax: FLA-392-1707, Email: [email protected]

25


Empowering the Public to Face Wildland Fire Martha C. Monroe and Alison W. Bowers University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Wildland fire is an important wildland-urban interface issue in Florida. High fuel loads, ignition sources, and drought conditions have raised concern about fire, especially from those who live near undeveloped lands. Providing timely, accurate information in situations of uncertainty and risk is a challenge. To ease the transfer of information from experts to the public, the School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida partnered with the Department of Wildlife and Ecology at UF, the Florida Division of Forestry, and The Nature Conservancy to create a Wildland Fire Education Toolkit. With a grant from the Advisory Council on Environmental Education of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 166 Toolkits were created and distributed at inservice workshops to County Extension agents and DOF personnel. The Toolkit’s objective was to enable County Extension agents and DOF personnel to conduct public programs, establish demonstration areas of prescribed fire, and obtain increased media coverage. The Toolkits are packed with a variety of educational materials, many of which were created specifically for the Toolkit and based upon existing research and a needs assessment of 675 Floridians. In just the six months following the distribution of Toolkits, materials from the Toolkit were used to reach over two million people through press coverage and over 2,000 people attended 42 public programs on wildland fire. A recent survey and anecdotal information indicates that Toolkit resources are still being used and the message is still getting out.

Alison, Bowers, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, Phone: 352-846-2374, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

26


Using Local Groups to Inventory Forested Riparian Areas Sally L. Butler USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Bangor, ME

Over the last several years, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has been active in area wide (watershed) conservation planning with local interested groups. The close mix of urban/suburban/rural forested, privately owned, land uses typical of the six-state New England region poses difficult challenges for inventorying and assessing this wildland-urban interface. This interface occurs most often in riparian areas and has a major interest by the general public. After evaluating remote sensing and existing methods, NRCS developed a Riparian Forest Buffer Inventory and Assessment Guide that is uniquely suited to assisting local people in inventorying existing forested riparian areas. The method is designed to be useable by nonprofessionals, especially volunteer landowner groups, working within a watershed coalition. It is designed so that it can be used in conjunction with local in-stream assessment work. The Guide incorporates socioeconomic information, geographic and landuse/ ownership changeability, along with the potential for positive impacts on forested riparian ecosystems. By educating and involving local stakeholders, a ranking of priority sites for protection, restoration and enhancement can be developed. The procedure is designed to allow different groups to collect inventory information and to make the assessment and action plan in a subsequent step. Not only does the fieldwork get completed, the local people who live and work in these areas have a chance to become involved and learn more about riparian corridors.

Sally Butler, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 967 Illinois Avenue, Suite 3, Bangor, Maine, 04401-2700, Phone: 207-990-9557, Fax: 207-990-9599, Email: [email protected]

27


Georgia’s Wildland/Urban Interface Pilot Project – Camden County Robert F. Campbell Georgia Forestry Commission, Woodbine, GA

Georgia Forestry Commission selected Camden County in southeastern Georgia for a two-year pilot project due to rapid development in this coastal region of the state. The project was designed to implement specialized programs of fire prevention, forest stewardship, and urban and community forestry.

Camden County has over 403,000 acres located along the Florida border and coast. More than two-thirds of this acreage is in forestland, predominantly southern pines. Interstate 95 is routed through the center of the county with exits to the cities of Kingsland, St. Marys, and Woodbine. Population growth exceeded 44 percent in the last decade and stands near 43,000 today.

After a coordinator position was filled in August 2000, initial emphasis centered on carrying out risk assessments concerning developments and wildland fires. The Virginia Department of Forestry’s forest fire hazard rating system was modified and used as a basis for this assessment. A mapping system is also being developed to clearly illustrate the results of the assessment to fire departments, governmental, and community leaders. Hazardous fuel reduction demonstrations funded by the 2001 Southern Wildland Urban Interface Grant Program were also selected from this planning process.

An outreach concerning urban forestry is also being carried out in this pilot project. The Camden County Champion Tree Contest is being conducted in a joint effort with the Agricultural Extension Service. The publicity and involvement of homeowners and landowners have led to further urban and community forestry initiatives.

Robert, Campbell, Georgia Forestry Commission, 12514 Hwy. 17, Woodbine, GA 31569, Phone: 912-576-5387, Fax: 912-576-6970, Email: [email protected]

28


Optimizing Forestland Allocation in East St. Louis and Urbanizing St. Clair County, Illinois Andrew D. Carver Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Illinois

Anthony Caselton Hampton Roads Planning District Commission, Chesapeake, Virginia

Though forestland provides many economic and environmental benefits to communities, local land use planners and zoning boards rarely consider forest management as the best use of rural land. This study employs a multi-criteria decision making model to optimally allocate land uses within a 431,650 acre study area comprised of St. Clair County, Illinois. St. Clair County was chosen as the study area because it contains not only one of the fastest growing populations in the state, but also because it contains some of the largest and most ecologically important bottomland forested tracts in the Midwest. Data sources utilized in this study include Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery, existing IDNR statewide spatial databases at a resolution of 28.5 by 28.5 meters, and digital soils data obtained from the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO).

An overall suitability map for forestland was created using five criteria: 1) size of contiguous tract; 2) distance from forest edge; 3) fragmentation; 4) proximity to riparian zones and; 5) soil productivity. Comparisons were made between the spatial distribution of forestland allocated by the multi-criteria model and the forestland allocation proposed in the St. Clair County Land Use Plan. Results indicate that the multi-criteria forestland allocation model developed in this study can more effectively identify lands that should be allocated to forest cover and managed to achieve conservation objectives set forth in the St. Clair County Land Use Plan.

Andrew D. Carver, Southern Illinois University, Department of Forestry, Mailcode 4411 SIUC, Carbondale, IL, 62901, Phone: 618-453-7461, Fax: 618-453-7475, Email: [email protected]

29


Conservation Easements to Sustain Working Forests at the Interface Elizabeth S. Crane USDA Forest Service State & Private Forestry, Atlanta, GA

Tony Doster International Paper Company, Bolivia, NC

Dr. Mark Megalos North Carolina Division of Forest Resources

A conservation easement is a legal agreement a property owner makes to restrict the type and amount of development that may take place on his or her property. They are an effective means Through the Forest Legacy Program several southern states are purchasing conservation easements to maintain working forests.

Increased population pressures and more people moving to the outskirts of urban areas has led to the partitioning and fragmentation of forested lands including industrial forest lands. Not only does this impact the economic viability of the forest products industry which ranks in the top 3 economic indicators in all 13 southern states, it also impacts forest health and water quality. The end result is a threat to the values that attract people to the wildland-urban interface and loss of the forestland base supporting a top economic engine.

This presentation examines a collaborative partnership of private, public and corporate entities to protect water quality and conserve natural resource values while sustaining a working forest utilizing conservation easements on industrial forestland. This precedent setting partnership protects lands in the interface zone in coastal North Carolina near Wilmington. The State of North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, working closely with the North Carolina Coastal Land Trust and International Paper Company secured the first Forest Legacy conservation easement on the forested uplands along Town Creek, a major tributary to the Cape Fear River. The State of North Carolina Clean Water Trust Fund purchased a conservation easement along the riparian corridor of the same tract. By matching state and federal dollars, and by meeting the needs of all parties, 1,023 acres were protected from a proposed sub-division and golf course development, while forest management activities continue.

Elizabeth Crane, USDA Forest Service State & Private Forestry, 1720 Peachtree Road NW, Atlanta, GA 30309, Phone: 404-347-5214, Fax: 404-347-2776, Email: [email protected]

30


Sustainable Partnerships for WUI Conservation: New Solutions and Resources for WUI Management in Florida's Most Densely Populated County Jacob F. Stowers and William Davis Pinellas County Administrator’s Office, Clearwater, Florida

Pinellas County is Florida's most densely populated County - and the most popular travel destination of the Gulf Coast of Florida -enjoying over 6 million visitors each year. Thus, the challenges and solutions for WUI management in Pinellas County define one of Florida's most demanding natural resource management scenarios.

The County's success owes to many factors, but the most fundamental of these is a treasure of natural Florida resources supported by an historical commitment to environmental management and conservation in the face of major urban development. Ongoing demands for new tools and resources to manage the WUI in Pinellas County provided the impetus for creation of an advanced, new model able to attract and sustain resources for natural resource conservation: The Pinellas County Environmental Foundation (www.pcef.org).

Unique in the nation, the Pinellas County Environmental Foundation (PCEF) now provides a model for development of forums and the business processes needed to attract and sustain high-return partnerships for conservation including those for support of WUI management programs. Specifically, PCEF leverages taxpayer dollars and generates new forums for dialogue and action for conservation as a major factor influencing quality of life in a highly urbanized community. The PCEF, hosted in Washington, DC, by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, develops and manages local, regional and national investment partnerships for delivery of on-the-ground conservation solutions in Pinellas County and the Tampa Bay area.

William Davis, Director of Environmental Management, Pinellas County, Florida, 512 South Fort Harrison Ave., Clearwater, FL 33756, Phone: 727-464-4761, Fax: 727-464-3174, Email: [email protected]

31


Effective Fire Education in Florida: The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems Program Christine Denny and Susan Marynowski Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL

The Florida Division of Forestry is educating the public about the values of prescribed burning through the Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems program. The program, implemented by Pandion Systems, Inc., consists of an educational curriculum and corresponding workshop that is offered to formal and nonformal educators throughout the state. The curriculum is targeted toward students in 4th-10 th

grades, but can be adapted for use by other ages, including adults.

Prior to planning the workshops, a needs assessment was conducted of Florida school districts to determine the best way to distribute curriculum and provide educators with tools to effectively use the program. Following the needs assessment, curriculum materials created by DOF were supplemented with brochures, videos, activities, and a CD ROM to best meet educators’ stated needs.

The six-hour workshop consists of background information, modeling of curriculum activities, a presentation by the DOF, and a field trip to a fire maintained natural area. Pre- and post-tests as well as a workshop evaluation are conducted to measure knowledge gained and satisfaction with the course. Post evaluations completed several months following workshops determine the extent and success of classroom usage.

Initial evaluation and tests results are extremely positive. They indicate that educators are learning about fire ecology and prescribed burning. They also indicate that participants have a more positive attitude about prescribed burning following the training. The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems program is a successful model for educating the public about the importance of prescribed burning and the natural role of fire in Florida.

Christine Denny, Pandion Systems, Inc., 5200 NW 43rd

St. Suite 102-314, Gainesville, FL 32606, Phone: 352-372-4747 Fax: 352-372-4714, Email: [email protected]

32


Planning and Managing for Recreation in the Wildland Urban Interface Taylor V. Stein School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Christine B. Denny Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL

The Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) offers easily accessible natural areas for a variety of people to take part in a wide range of recreation activities. Due to this easy accessibility, WUI planners and managers are faced with unique challenges (e.g., high environmental impacts, intense demand, and various social conflicts). But, they also have unique opportunities to provide recreation benefits to a wide range of people – people who traditionally do not take part in outdoor recreation (e.g., minority groups, people with disabilities, urban poor, and so on). A national assessment of outdoor recreation activity participation shows that people are increasingly looking to nature as a recreation opportunity. With increased recreation participation, WUI managers might find themselves reacting to the negative impacts of recreation rather than planning for the many benefits that recreation can provide to visitors, surrounding communities and businesses, and the environment, itself. Researchers and planners have developed a variety of planning approaches to help managers focus on the positive outputs of recreation. These frameworks help managers identify the environmental and social impacts of recreation, how much change is acceptable, and what type of management is necessary to ensure change associated with recreation stays within acceptable standards. Issues specific to recreation management in the WUI include the use of recreation fees, partnerships, and expanding constituencies to better finance recreation management; strategies and tactics to work with impacts associated with high-use in WUI sites; and strategies to work with the high percentage of non-traditional recreationists who use WUI recreation areas.

Christine, B. Denny, Environmental Programs Specialist, Pandion Systems, Inc. Gainesville, FL 32606, Phone:(352) 372-4747; Fax:(352) 372-4714; [email protected]

33


The Challenges of Managing Public Lands on the Urban Wildland Interface John F. Dwyer USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Evanston IL

Deborah J. Chavez USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA.

Public lands on the urban – wildland interface are a key component of interface management. These lands are often the largest contiguous areas of natural areas on the interface, and as such play important roles in determining the character, management, and use of the interface environment. We describe the types of public lands on the interface, the objectives for managing public lands on the interface, the challenges faced by managers of interface lands, and the wide range of approaches and tools for management of interface lands. We also provide three real-life examples of people facing and managing challenges on the interface. The Angeles National Forest is a major natural area that spans the urban/wildland interface around the Los Angeles area. With its wilderness and other backcountry areas, the Angeles provides wilderness opportunities in close proximity to urban populations. The Forest Preserve District of Cook County (FPDCC), like the Angeles is a well-established system of natural areas that is increasingly influenced by the growth of a major metropolitan area – in this case Chicago. The Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie differs significantly from the two other examples in that it is a newly established area. This significant interface holding has some very special challenges with the inception of restoration projects to restore some 15,000 acres of formerly industrial and agricultural sites to the original tallgrass prairie ecosystems.

John F. Dwyer, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 845 Chicago Avenue, Suite 225, Evanston IL 60202-2357, Ph (847) 866-9311 ext 17 fax ( 847) 866-9506, Email: [email protected]

34


Lead Discussion with Property Rights to Minimize Land Use Conflict Jefferson G. Edgens and Lorraine E. Garkovich University of Kentucky - Lexington, Kentucky

Rapid urbanization of rural lands pose a threat to agro-forestry in counties throughout the country and this is true for Kentucky. However, any land use restrictions, namely planning and zoning, designed to protect farm and forestland are often perceived as a threat to landowners. Property owners fear a loss of control and a threat to their livelihood.

Land use conflicts manifest themselves between landowner and government because in most discussions property is given short shrift. In Taylor county, we took a different tact and actively engaged residents and elected officials with a question and answer session on property rights before any other discussion on planning and zoning took place.

We felt a thorough discussion on property rights would minimize future conflict and demonstrate that outside experts had no intention of ignoring landowner concerns. Beginning with a discussion on private property, its formation, protection and landowner rights and responsibilities, we have seen greater participation by farmers and landowners in additional discussions on land use.

Through a series of issue oriented listening sessions, media coverage and effective Cooperative Extension Service leadership, Taylor county elected officials and residents are at a point where additional dialogue on planning and zoning can proceed. A pleasant result of our added attention on land rights has minimized conflict and allowed all involved to understand, its not a we versus them situation, but one of balancing the needs of the community and an appreciation for property rights.

Jeff Edgens, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Robinson Station, 130 Robinson Rd, Jackson, Kentucky 41339. Phone: 606-666-2438, x. 238; Fax: 606-666-2215, Email: [email protected]

35


GIS in the Interface: Using Spatial Analysis to Assess Risk and Accomplishment in an Oak Wilt Management Program Thomas Eiber and Dave Schuller Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN

Oak wilt is a model example of a forest disease in the interface. It thrives on the wounds created during initial construction and homeowner occupation. Once established its treatment is difficult, requiring concentrated community-based actions highly focused to specific areas. The Minnesota Oak Wilt Cooperative Suppression program has worked with 125 communities managing oak wilt over 2 million acres. During this program, two-thirds (4000/6000) of oak wilt sites received treatment.

The use of GIS-based spatial analysis tools has been integral for over ten years in the management of oak wilt. This integration into program management has been instrumental in program success. Initially, GIS activity progressed from simple map-based applications for tracking accomplishments to buffer-based risk zones. Later, advanced spatial analysis techniques including selection models and risk surface generation provided improved program tracking and accomplishment assessment. These assisted disease management efforts with an economic assessment to protect forests and provide forward-looking risk assessments to guide future activities.

The techniques discussed in this paper are currently being applied to other interface problems such as fire risk and ecological integrity assessment. The concept and derivation of a fire prone property density model in the Firewise program will also be presented.

- Thomas Eiber, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources - Forestry Division, 500 Lafayette Road, Mail Stop 44, St. Paul, MN, 55155-4044, V: 651.297.3417/ F: 651.296.5954 - David Schuller, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources - Forestry Division, 1200 Warner Road, St. Paul, MN, 55106, V: 651.772.7931/ F: 651.772.7599

36


The Importance of Leader’s and Resident’s Attitudes towards Open Space Conservation in Developing a Pennsylvania Watershed Bill Elmendorf Penn State School of Forest Resources

This presentation discusses the ability of fourteen rural watershed municipalities experiencing heavy development pressure and population growth to conserve open space. To develop a fabric for investigation, 104 key informant interviews were completed within the municipalities. Content analysis of the key informant interviews provided insightful and useful information about open space, using land use planning to conserve open space, intermunicipal cooperation in land use planning and open space conservation, and obstacles to intermunicipal cooperation in land use planning and open space conservation. This presentation will review the methodology and the findings of the key informant interviews. In addition, the results of a mail survey (Open Space in the Spring Creek Watershed) provided to 118 leaders and 2100 residents will be summarized.

William Elmendorf, School Of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Phone: 814-863-7941, Fax: 814-863-7921, Email: [email protected]

37


The Relationships between Ownership Fragmentation and Landscape Fragmentation in Bastrop County, Texas Jason Engle and Neal Wilkins Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

Few formalized studies have documented the functional relationships between ownership fragmentation and landscape fragmentation. The increasing demand for rural land, especially near urban areas, is causing ownership fragmentation. Many parts of Texas are experiencing fragmentation of large rural ownerships, and many assume that landscape fragmentation and ownership fragmentation are positively correlated. We evaluated the relationships between ownership fragmentation and landscape structure in an area of rapidly changing ownerships in Central Texas (Bastrop County). Bastrop County is 72 kilometers (45 miles) from Austin, Texas and state highways 290 and 21 cross the county. Bastrop County is also the location of the “Lost Pines” ecosystem, which is a remnant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forestland that is nearly 160 kilometers (100 miles) west of the East Texas Piney Woods. Using a grid overlay, correlations between ownership size distributions and landscape structure were determined at varying levels of spatial resolution. We calculated ownership size variables and several standard landscape spatial metrics for each grid cell. In general, landscapes with smaller ownerships tended to have a more heterogeneous or fragmented landscape, and landscapes with larger ownerships tended to have a more homogenous landscape. The strength of relationships varied with spatial extent. We also analyzed temporal changes in ownership distributions and landscape structure from the early 80’s to the present. Decreasing ownership sizes were correlated to increased patch numbers, decreased patch size, and increased edge. Therefore, landscape fragmentation was positively correlated with ownership fragmentation.

Jason A. Engle, Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA, Phone:(979) 845-5740, Fax:(979) 845-7103, Email: [email protected]

38


Trying to Reach Consensus on Which Non-native Plants Are Invasive in Natural Areas Alison M. Fox, Doria R. Gordon and Randall K. Stocker University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s (FLEPPC) List of Florida’s Most Invasive Species is an important tool for conservationists and land-managers needing to set priorities for vegetation management. For each species, its ecological damage to native communities is evaluated by a committee of botanical and land-management experts. This list includes some commercially important plants and when adopted as the basis for local ordinances, questions have been raised by members of the horticulture industry concerning the lack of written criteria and type of evidence used for placing species on this list. Recently, IFAS released a questionnaire designed to assess aspects of non-native plants currently found in Florida, including: ecological impacts; potential for expansion; management difficulty; and commercial value. The purpose is to provide a transparent and defendable basis for developing widely acceptable recommendations concerning plants that are becoming established in natural areas. There are specific requirements for documentation of evidence, and such information will be archived.

An initial sample of 20 species evaluated with the IFAS assessment has been compared with their status on the FLEPPC lists. Similar conclusions were reached about many species, but some interesting differences reflected the varying objectives of the two processes.

Alison Fox, University of Florida, Agronomy Department, P.O. Box 110500, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0500, Phone: 352-392-1811, Fax: 352-392-1840, Email: [email protected]

39


Land Ownership Fragmentation within the New York City Watershed Seth LaPierre, René Germain and Christopher Nowak State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY

The New York City (NYC) watershed region provides 1.4 billion gallons daily to 9 million NYC and downstate NY consumers. The area is composed of approximately 76% forest landcover of which over 90% is privately owned. Due to the capacity of forest cover to reduce pollutant loadings, minimize soil erosion and filter watershed runoff, the preferred landuse in the watershed region is forestry. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the size of private parcels has been diminishing significantly over the last 2-3 decades, a phenomenon referred to as land ownership fragmentation or parcelization. The combination of a parcelization trend and the need for large tracts of land for forestry are at odds and pose a potential threat to the quality of the NYC water supply.

The purpose of this study is to generate empirical evidence describing the trend towards smaller parcels and the patterns in which the parcelization occurs. A GIS analysis was used to compare current tax maps against maps from 1984. The frequency of parcels in a size class and the median size for the same tax map in 1984 and 2000 provides a basis for temporal comparison. The research will be completed in September 2001 and ready for dissemination shortly thereafter.

René Germain, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 211 Marshall Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210-2778, Phone: 315-470-6698, Fax: 315-470-6956, Email: [email protected]

40


Parcelization of Non-industrial Private Forestland in Oneida County, New York Kevin P. Brazill and René Germain State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY

Non-industrial private forestland (NIPF) owners control the majority of forested land in the United States. Over the past several decades, studies have indicated that NIPF parcel sizes across the northeast are shrinking faster than population growth rates. Since New York has more forestland and similar population trends as its neighbors, it is hypothesized that parcelization is occurring at similar or accelerated rates within the state’s borders. With smaller parcels and disparate landowner interests, timber management strategies could be rendered ineffective, thereby jeopardizing the available future wood supply for the 450 solid wood producing mills in New York. This study is the first in New York State to document the rate and degree of parcelization on NIPF lands over the past 25 years.

Oneida County, NY was chosen for the study because its soil and forest cover types are representative of the state and because it has high concentrations of NIPF forestland, solid wood producing mills, and county residents employed in the timber harvesting industry. The study methods are based on a stratified sampling design with one-stage cluster sampling implemented in each stratum. Archival and current tax map records and historical aerial photographs within Oneida County, NY have been collected from tax map blocks from each of the county’s 27 townships. Collected data will be statistically analyzed to document and determine the trends in size and ownership parcelization over the past quarter century. The research will be completed and defended in September 2001 and ready for dissemination shortly thereafter.

René Germain, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 211 Marshall Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210-2778, Phone: 315-470-6698, Fax: 315-470-6956, Email: [email protected]

41


Managing Growth through the Georgia Community Greenspace Program Laurie Fowler and Raysun Goergen University of Georgia Institute of Ecology, Athens, GA

The Georgia Community Greenspace Program provides an unprecedented opportunity to address growth management and natural resource protection in rapidly developing areas of the state. The Community Greenspace Program provides a catalyst for reevaluating local comprehensive plans, zoning codes and development ordinances to identify opportunities for and barriers to the protection of green infrastructure.

Based on our experience assisting local governments in the development of community greenspace plans, we propose a practical four-part: (1) educating the community about the ecological services provided by green infrastructure and the economic value of those services; (2) involving community leaders in defining and mapping priority protection areas; (3) selecting and implementing appropriate growth management tools that accomplish complementary green infrastructure goals (such as water quality protection and farmland preservation); and (4) amending local and state policies that currently frustrate protection efforts.

We apply this approach in Jackson County, along the I-85 corridor just outside Atlanta, and describe how community leaders representing the county and its municipalities developed a far-reaching and innovative plan that includes partnerships with local land trusts to recruit conservation easements, a transferable development rights program, floodplain protection regulations and zoning incentives to promote conservation subdivisions.

Raysun, Goergen, University of Georgia Institute of Ecology, Athens, GA, 30602, Phone: 706-583-0463, Fax: 706-542-6040, Email: [email protected]

42


A Tool to Facilitate Prescribed Burning at the Wildland-Urban Interface Charles A. Gresham Belle Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Georgetown, SC

Sustaining plant and animal communities of certain forests requires periodic burning. In the Southeast, the longleaf pine ecosystem is an excellent example of a fire maintained forest type that is in need of restoration and maintenance. Without this periodic disturbance, fire sensitive species invade and replace the native species that have adapted to periodic burning. In the longleaf pine ecosystem example, loblolly pine and several upland hardwood species will invade and not only alter the overstory, but also change the understory.

Periodic prescribed burning is the obvious method to restore and maintain fire dependent species and ecosystems. However at the Wildland-Urban Interface, prescribed burning often causes great concern and sometimes opposition among the nearby residents. This problem is especially acute in coastal South Carolina where there is a large and vocal retirement population who came from regions where prescribed burning is not common.

I have initiated a research/demonstration project to provide data on the effects of season and frequency of burning on the soil, forest floor, and vegetation of a pine-hardwood forest type. One replication of the study has been enhanced as a demonstration area to provide the public with an example of the effects of prescribed burning.

This presentation describes the problems with prescribed burning at the WUI and the role the research/demonstration project is playing in reaching and educating local citizens, regulators, and policymakers.

Charles Gresham, Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, P. O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442, Phone: 843-546-6314, Fax: 843 546-6296, Email: [email protected]

43


Florida Firewise Communities Program James B. Harrell Wildfire Mitigation Coordinator, Florida Division of Forestry

Firewise Communities is a national program that has evolved over the past 16 years in response to the growing problem of fire in the wildland/urban interface. Interface fire is a national problem, and it is most certainly a Florida problem. Because, here in Florida, we have:

• Sprawl associated with a population topping 16 million

• Large wildland areas with accumulated fuels • A public that doesn’t understand or refuses to be convinced of the danger of

wildland fire in interface areas. • AND, ecosystems that for the most part evolved with fire (or which you might say

are meant to burn)

Wildfire protection in the wildland/urban interface is typically viewed as a shared FEDERAL-STATE-LOCAL responsibility between wildland fire agencies and structural fire departments/districts. Firewise Communities, however, proposes another way to look at wildfire protection in the interface…that from the developer who designs a subdivision…to the planning/zoning board who approves new development…to the architects who design the homes…to the builder who builds the homes…to the insurance agency which provides homeowners insurance…and to the eventual homeowner, fire protection in the wildland/urban interface must be a shared responsibility. Florida FIREWISE Communities represents an initiative by the Florida Division of Forestry to encourage Floridians to become partners in wildfire prevention by collaborating to take meaningful action.

James Harrell, Florida Division of Forestry, 3125 Conner Boulevard, C-15, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650, Telephone: 850/921-3733, FAX: 850/488-4445

44


A Community-Level Process for Adoption of Forest Restoration and Fire Mitigation Programs David R. Betters and Christy L. Higgason Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

The National Fire Plan and it’s emphasis on restoring health to fire-adapted ecosystems and reducing community risk of wildland fires has created an overwhelming need for collaboration at all levels in Colorado. The nature of this problem requires the involvement not only of a variety of local organizations and citizens but also the coordination and participation of a number of resource agencies having separate but somewhat overlapping roles regarding communities and natural resource sustainability and forest health. To facilitate community involvement and reduce confusion in a situation where several agencies offer public service through land stewardship, a process for local community-level decision-making is key. The objective of this study is to develop a process coordinated amongst agencies in Colorado that facilitates community/interest group agreement for adopting and implementing a forest restoration/fire mitigation strategy.

The analysis of information collected in the study includes two separate reviews of process. The first review involves community decision-making processes in general. This entails generalized process and communication theory applicable regardless of problem area. The second review involves existing processes used in fire mitigation in the wildland-urban interface. This information includes an overview of current processes used in fire mitigation programs in western states that include educational packages. These processes and education messages are examined to determine if consistency exists and whether improvement can be made overall by providing the best delivery content and means.

The reviews are used to propose an overall process to facilitate adoption of community fire mitigation programs. It is envisioned that the information gathered from this project will also serve as a supplement to related land management planning efforts.

Christy, Higgason, Colorado State University, Department of Forest Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, Phone: 970-222-4558, Fax: 970-491-6754, Email: [email protected]

45


Land Use, Scale, and Bird Distributions in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area Mark Hostetler University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Kim Knowles-Yanez California State University, San Marcos, CA

Most metropolitan areas have land use maps, but these maps have not been used to explore whether land use categories affect bird distributions. We explored how land use, at 9 different scales, affected the distribution of bird species surveyed in the Phoenix metropolitan area during the breeding season. Based on vegetation cover and built structure, we randomly established thirty 1-km transects located in older residential neighborhoods, younger residential neighborhoods, remnant desert areas, and golf courses. Each transect was divided into five 200 m segments, and we censused each transect 3 times per month between 1 May to 31 July 1998. From Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) land use data, we measured the amount of different land uses surrounding each segment from a small circular buffer, 100-meter radius, to a large circular, 2500-meter radius. For each buffer area and species, we conducted linear regressions between average bird counts and percent area represented by each land use category. Across all scales, results demonstrated that only 4 of 25 species had a squared correlation coefficients > 0.5 between average bird counts and land use. These results indicate that while land use may have some constraint on the distribution of a few species, the structural design of given area (e.g., quantity and types of trees planted) probably plays a primary role in affecting the distribution of most bird species in urban environments.

Mark Hostetler, University of Florida, PO Box 110430, Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0430, Phone: 352-846-0568, Fax: 352-392-6984, Email: [email protected]

46


Managing Private Nonindustrial Forestlands at the Interface William G. Hubbard Cooperative Extension Service – Southern Region, Athens, GA

David Hoge USDA Forest Service, Atlanta, GA

Private nonindustrial forestlands (PNIF) have traditionally provided a range of products including timber, recreation, wildlife, water and soil conservation, aesthetics, biodiversity, homesite locations, investment potential and much more. Management of these lands has ranged from extensive to intensive and has been highly correlated to landowner objective and capacity to invest in forest management activities. The increase in fragmentation, parcelization and other sprawl-related constraints such as regulation and social pressure has had an impact on the ability of these lands to produce various products and benefits.

A review of the literature on landowner demographics and trends in the interface will be presented along with survey results of landowner attitudes and objectives. Comparisons between interface and “noninterface” demographics/surveys will be presented where possible to ascertain whether there are differences evolving that should be addressed. Further, a review of some of the solutions and options for managing private nonindustrial private forest lands in the interface will be summarized. These include some of the mainstream solutions being discussed and implemented such as greenspace and conservation easement options and innovative property tax structures. Other options will also be presented including landowner cooperatives, landscape-scale options, education/information campaigns, NGO initiatives (such as the Forest Bank) and others.

William Hubbard, Cooperative Extension Service Southern Region, University of Georgia, Forest Resource Building: 4-402, Athens, GA 30602-4356, tel: (706) 542-7813, fax: (706) 542-3342, email: [email protected]

47


Managing Wilderness in an Urban County Craig N. Huegel Pinellas County Department of Environmental Management, Tarpon Springs, FL

Pinellas County is the most densely populated county in Florida yet the Environmental Lands Division of the Department of Environmental Management manages more than 12,000 acres of wilderness within a system of preserves and management areas. Natural lands management in this urban setting has required an innovative approach that incorporates more than standard land management techniques. The Division is composed of a land management section that is responsible for prescribed fire, restoration, invasives removal and other such activities. Additionally, a research section was created to collect and analyze data necessary for informed land management decisions and an education section is tasked with developing programs to inform the public about natural Florida and the impacts of land management. This approach to natural areas management is unique to county government in Florida and provides an effective model for other counties at the urban interface.

Craig N. Huegel, 1001 Lora Lane, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689, Phone: 727-943-4000, FAX: 727-943-4002, Email: [email protected]

48


Fire Management in the Wildland Urban Interface of Florida’s Chaparral Mary R. Huffman and Rick Anderson The Nature Conservancy, Babson Park, FL

Mark Hebb Florida Division of Forestry, Lakeland, FL

A dozen public and private organizations on the Lake Wales Ridge have begun to grapple with the severe Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) problems of the ancient scrub ecosystem of two Central Florida counties. These organizations manage a series of 30 conservation areas encompassing 80,000 acres that are dominated by intensely flammable chaparral-type “scrub” vegetation. Having worked together on conservation projects since 1992, members of the Lake Wales Ridge Ecosystem Working Group have implemented a five-year program to reduce high fuel loads through prescribed burning on ecologically sensitive lands.

However, recent wildfires in and adjacent to conservation areas have underscored the need to manage fire in the Wildland Urban Interface, not just on conservation land. The surrounding area includes seventeen small municipalities inhabited by a high percentage of residents who are unaware of severe fire behavior associated with this ecosystem. Checkerboard ownerships in conservation areas compound the problem, with 130 homes occurring within the boundaries of conservation areas. Members of the working group have recently proposed expanding fire management efforts to include community education, fuels mitigation and increased capacity for prescribed burning.

Mary Huffman, The Nature Conservancy, PO Box 630, Babson Park, FL, 33827, Phone: 863-635-7506, Fax: 863-635-6456, Email: [email protected]

49


Wildlife Road Kills at the Interface: a Project to Reach Middle-School Students Jeffrey L. Kirwan and John R. Seiler Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources, Blacksburg, VA

Laura Zyglocke Midlothian Middle School, Midlothian, VA

The Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources is conducting a scientific investigation of road kills with middle-school students living at the wildland-urban interface. Undergraduate students from the College visit classrooms to give a presentation on the effect of forest fragmentation on wildlife and instructions for collecting road kill data. Middle-school students monitor a road for six weeks, and report data over the Internet. Data analysis includes calculating the rate of species road kill per mile per month, and the relationship between adjacent habitat and road kills. The results of the first two years of this program will be highlighted.

Jeff Kirwan, Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources, Mail Code 0324, Blacksburg, VA, 24061. Phone: 540-231-7265, Fax: 540-231-3330, [email protected]

50


Analysis of Two Reforestation Methods: Direct Seeding vs. Planting Tubelings Joy D. Klein Miami-Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Management

Elizabeth Mayo Florida International University, Miami, FL

Hurricane Andrew (August 1992), effectively removed most of the reproductively mature Pinus elliottii var. densa in Miami-Dade County’s rocklands outside Everglades National Park. A pine rockland restoration program was developed which included: 1) Determining a suitable regeneration method for the slash pine canopy: direct seeding verses planting with bare-root or container-grown tubelings. 2) Finding an appropriate seed source: southern slash pine seeds from a sandy pineland verses rockland. 3) Evaluating the effects of season of burn on direct seeding.

The fragmented urban rocklands with the hard oolite substrate with few living mature pines for natural regeneration made reforestation challenging. Direct seeding saves time, money, site preparation, and labor needed to scatter seeds and may be an economical alternative to planting in the oolite since this has never been tried. The biological question of whether to use sandy site seeds, which were numerous through south Florida, or the rare rockland seeds and to see if there are any phenotypic differences between the two when planted in a rockland.

Germination, seedling survivability, growth rates, and presence of mycorrhizae in the soil were also investigated in side-by-side plots of direct seeded slash pine from both origins. Preliminary results show no difference between the two seed sources in germination, survivability although the tallest trees are from the rocky seed source and the summer prescribed burns may show be preferable to the winter prescribed fire and spring wildfire regimes. Hopefully a ten-year study will be conducted to show any long-term phenotypic differences.

Joy Klein, Miami-Dade DERM, 33 SW 2nd Ave, Suite 1100, Miami, FL. 33130, Phone 305-372-6586, Fax 305-372-6542, Email: [email protected]

51


Managing Hydrological Impacts Larry Korhnak and Susan W. Vince University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Water supports, defines, and integrates the biological and physical worlds around us and in turn, the biological and physical worlds change water. The forested landscape serves as a critical linkage in the water cycle and it is a landscape that is intensely manipulated by humans. Sprawling urban growth is diminishing our nation’s forests: from 1982-1997 over 10 million acres of forested land were converted to developed land. In intact forests, approximately two-thirds of incoming precipitation is returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration processes. Most of the remaining water is slowly released from the ground to sustain streams and wetlands or to recharge deeper aquifers. When the forested landscape is converted to urban land uses, and particularly when it is covered by impervious surfaces, infiltration, storage, and evapotranspiration of precipitation are reduced, and runoff is increased. The hydrological response of the landscape is amplified and compressed in time, and nutrients, pesticides, sediment, and energy-producing chemicals are washed into aquatic ecosystems. Streams and wetlands are modified and degraded not only by these hydrological changes due to land-use changes, but also directly by channelization and drainage. Restoration of hydrological functions in existing highly urbanized areas is difficult and often economically unfeasible, but opportunities exist in the wildland-urban interface to mitigate changes to the forested landscape. The most promising and innovative approaches aim to prevent excessive and polluted runoff by retaining and purifying water on-site. Effective water management activities are possible at a range of scales, from the backyard and parking lot to the watershed. Home- and landowners can be encouraged through education and incentives to maintain and enhance forest cover and to decrease water runoff. Developers can adopt new site design and engineering practices that use forestlands and other vegetated areas to maintain infiltration potential, store water, increase water travel time, and enhance water removal via evapotranspiration. At the watershed level, forests can be conserved and ecosystems providing critical hydrological functions such as wetlands and riparian areas can be identified and protected. This involves careful planning, use of new assessment tools, community involvement, and cooperation across political boundaries.

Larry Korhnak, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0901, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

52


The Wildland Urban Interface: Landscape Assessment for Sustaining Forests Elizabeth Kramer Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

People are having an ever-increasing impact on their local, regional, and global environments, the impact is particularly significant on urban areas, where concentrated human development fragments and transforms natural resources, thereby resulting in large-scale environmental consequences. The scientific challenge facing both foresters and planners, are those that are being studied by landscape and conservation ecologists; a better understanding of the relationship between structure, function, and spatio-temporal dynamics of systems interconnected by many scales. In addition to the purely scientific understanding needed for urban forests, there is also a human component. Urban forests are ecosystems characterized by the presence of trees and other vegetation and animals in association with people and their developments.

Many of the common issues confronting resource managers at the interface – forest fragmentation, loss of biodiversity, edge effects, integrated resource management, cumulative impacts, endangered species protection, endangered ecosystems, etc. – are spatial. Geographic information systems (GIS, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and remote sensing technologies have improved our ability to organize and understand large quantities of spatially structured data, giving insight into how pattern affects processes and ultimately shaping new ways to manage landscapes. There are four areas where these technologies have the potential to become invaluable 1) inventorying and monitoring, 2) management planning, 3) policy setting, and 4) consensual decision-making. This talk will provide an overview of how these technologies are changing the way we manage and plan for the utilization of forests in the Wildland Urban Interface.

Elizabeth Kramer, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Ecology Building, Athens, GA 30602-2202, tel: (706) 542-3577, fax: (706) 542-4819, e-mail: [email protected]

53


Sustaining Natural Resources on Private Lands in the Central Hardwood Region William B. Kurtz University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO

J. Mark Fly University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN

Robert K. Swihart Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

A consortium of the University of Missouri, Purdue University and the University of Tennessee is studying ways to increase stewardship of privately-owned natural resources in the North Central Hardwood Region, which is undergoing significant transition through landscape fragmentation. Overall project goals are to: 1) work collaboratively with private owners to facilitate management of natural resources; 2) provide science-based information to private owners about the local and landscape-scale economic and temporal environmental consequences of forest land management decisions; 3) train future professionals in managing and providing management education and information to private owners.

Working within watersheds in each state, a comprehensive research and outreach program is addressing significant issues influencing management decisions - landscape fragmentation, collaborative planning and policy, human dimensions, taxation, natural resource values, forest farming, and best management practices. These aspects will be incorporated into a computer-assisted, multi-attribute decision model using both optimization techniques and geographic information system technologies. The decision model will provide owners management results and natural resource impacts through quantitative and visual projections from these decisions over several time periods.

William Kurtz, University of Missouri-Columbia, 124 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO 65211, Phone: 573-882-4567, Fax: 573-884-2636, Email: [email protected]

54


Development of Biological Assessment Criteria for Florida Depressional Wetlands Chuck Lane and Mark Brown, Center for Wetlands, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the University of Florida Center for Wetlands are involved in creating biological assessment methods for the State's wetland resources. Over the past two field seasons, we have characterized the plants, macroinvertebrates, algae, fish, water chemistry, and soil properties of 75 herbaceous depressional isolated marshes and 72 isolated depressional cypress domes throughout Florida. The study wetlands were sampled along a gradient from undisturbed to severely altered wetlands within agricultural and urban landscape settings. Potential biological assessment metrics are being developed from the suite of information collected. Promising metrics include the presence of indicator species for plants, macroinvertebrates, and algal assemblages, genera abundance measures (algae, macroinvertebrates), percent community similarity, and tolerance metrics.

Chuck Lane, Center for Wetlands, University of Florida, PO Box 116350, Gainesville, FL 32611-6350, phone: 352-392-2424, FAX: 352-392-3624, Email: [email protected]

55


Managing for Fire in the Interface: Challenges and Opportunities Alan J. Long University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Dale D. Wade U.S. Forest Service, Athens, GA

Frank C. Beall University of California Forest Products Laboratory, Richmond, CA

The challenges to managing fire in the interface are diverse: vegetation communities that are prone to intense fires under severe environmental conditions; suppression tactics that must focus on protecting structures rather than restricting the fire; homeowners who are reluctant to modify the rural values they moved into but still expect to be protected; and the need for diverse suppression forces to handle structural and vegetative fires simultaneously. Meeting the challenges requires: risk assessment for communities and individual properties; home construction and defensible space landscaping that impart fire resistance to individual homes; community planning, development and landscape modification to improve fire suppression opportunities; cross training and communications for suppression agencies; and an abundant amount of public education and community action. A variety of methods are available for fuel modification on small lots and large landscapes, including fire under carefully prescribed conditions. The success of many of these programs ultimately depends on individual landowners assuming their share of the responsibility for creating fire safe interface communities.

Alan, Long, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, Phone: 352-846-0891, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

56


Economic Values at the Interface: Forestry as a Peri-urban Land Use David W. Marcouiller University of British Columbia and the University of Wisconsin – Madison

Economic growth, development of efficient transportation networks, and increasing disposable incomes have led to a dramatic change in demands for open space, forest resources, and the amenities associated with forested land. This is particularly acute in the areas directly adjacent to urban metropolitan areas. The economic aspects of this rapid transition are both significant and complex. In this chapter, I outline the economic issues associated with forestry as a peri-urban land use and provide a perspective of changing values associated with forests in the face of rapid economic growth. Background to land and resource valuation is presented with an eye toward developing both explanations for and probable solutions to the dilemmas associated with forest management in rapidly urbanizing fringe areas. Although innovative and practical approaches to sustaining forests at the interface are illusive from a market perspective, sound planning can help to maximize the benefits and ameliorate the negative aspects associated with rapid growth.

David Marcouille, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 106 Old Music Hall, Madison, WI 53706, tel: (608) 262-2998, fax: (608) 262-9307, email: [email protected]

57


“The Missing Fires” (A Video Designed to Promote Understanding of Prescribed Fire Use) Darren McAvoy Utah State University Extension’s Forest Landowner Education Program, Logan, Utah

Wildland managers across the United States are currently returning fire to the landscape in an effort to restore an ecosystem process and to reduce the escalating costs and impacts of wildfires. The American public however, has a poor understanding of the policy of fire use, and without public support mangers will have an increasingly difficult time using fire. This 22-minute video presentation attempts to address this problem by increasing public awareness and acceptance of wildland fire as a management tool and an ecosystem process. By blending interviews with natural resource scientists and professionals from several states and agencies with dramatic fire footage and nationally recognized music, an appealing and effective message was created.

A unique feature of this presentation is that it was written, filmed, directed, edited, and produced by a professional forester using high quality but affordable digital video production technology, and therefore represents the ability of content specialists to utilize emerging technologies to effectively communicate the intricacies of their particular specialization. All data was collected in a digital format, which makes it a valuable tool for digital delivery system applications such as the Internet, and adds product value by being completely revisable without the generational loss associated with traditional film technologies. The video is designed for viewing in park and forest visitor centers, classrooms, agency training programs and public access television stations across the nation. This project was supported by the National Park Service, the Outdoor Writers Association of America, and Utah State University Extension.

Darren McAvoy, Department of Forest Resources, 5215 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5215 Phone: 435-797-0560, Fax: 435-797-4040, Email: [email protected]

58


Minimizing the Impacts of Sudden Oak Death in Coastal California Doug McCreary and Richard Standiford University of California, Berkeley, CA

Sudden Oak Death, or SOD, is a new disease that threatens California’s coastal oak forests. Since first being observed on tanoak in 1995, this disease has now also been confirmed in 3 species of true oaks and half a dozen other taxa, and has spread to 8 coastal counties. The potential consequences from SOD are severe and far-reaching. Not only could the visual landscape be altered dramatically, but there could also be significant impacts wildlife and on ecological processes such as nutrient cycling and the storage and release of water. Of more immediate concern, however, is the greatly increased risk of fire resulting from the addition of large quantities of highly combustible fuels. This risk is particularly acute because so much of the coastal forest contains urban-interface areas where homes and businesses are nestled among trees.

In August, 2000, the California Oak Mortality Task Force was established to address the sudden oak death problem. The primary goals of the Task Force are to minimize the impacts of SOD and coordinate an integrated response in research, management, education and public policy. The Task Force relies on broad public involvement, and has been successful in enlisting over 100 members who regularly participate in committee meetings, educational programs and monitoring efforts.

While the threat of SOD is very serious and should be of concern to all Californians, it is encouraging to know that there is broad consensus that swift action is necessary and a high level of public commitment to solve this problem.

Doug McCreary, Univ. of California, 8279 Scott Forbes Road, Browns Valley CA 95918, Phone: (530) 639-8807, Fax: (530) 639-2419, Email: [email protected]

59


Tools to Reach, Educate, and Involve Citizens Martha C. Monroe University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

Wildland-urban interface issues, by proximity and definition, always involve people. The people may be nearby rural residents, activists in a wise-use or environmental organization, planners and developers, townspeople, or urban visitors. Whether these people are knowledgeable, helpful, disinterested, or antagonistic is often a function of the outreach activities that communicate, educate, and involve citizens in natural resource management.

Natural resource agencies and organizations develop outreach programs that (1) provide information about the interface ecosystem and issues; (2) develop opportunities to enhance two-way communication and understanding with community groups; (3) support educational programs that enhance problem solving skills regarding interface management; and (4) encourage people to practice certain behaviors to reduce interface resource management problems. The development of each type of program should follow a process that builds on research findings from the fields of communication, education, psychology, and sociology and incorporated evaluative data from stakeholders and the audience to keep the program on target.

This presentation provides background on each of the four types of outreach programs to explain how information, education, and communication efforts can be designed to effectively reach, educate, and involve citizens in the effective management of our natural resources at the wildland-urban interface. Examples from a variety of organizations and agencies illustrate how these outreach goals can be achieved: the BayScapes Program helps improve water quality in the Chesapeake Bay, the Fire-CAP program reduces the risk of wildland fire, NatureMapping expands the GAP Analysis database on plant and animal sightings, and Give Water A Hand reduces non-point source pollution. Each of these programs also performs two other key functions: they enhance the agency or organization’s image in the community and engage community residents in appropriate activities to protect and conserve interface resources.

Martha C. Monroe, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-846-0878, Fax: 352-846-1277, Email: [email protected]

60


Resource Manager Certification: Facilitating Enhanced Management of Non-Industrial Private Forests Susan E. Moore North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

Mary Chapman The Forest Stewards Guild, Santa Fe, NM

Nearly 50% of US forestland is owned by non-industrial private landowners (NIPFs). While the rights of landowners are codified by government and generally respected in our society, forest landowners’ responsibilities seem to be increasing. People are demanding greater accountability for the impacts of natural resource management, and NIPFs are increasingly faced with the challenge of incorporating human societal values into their forest management.

Third party independently certified forest management is a promising tool for assuring the public that a landowner is practicing socially and ecologically sound forest management. This assurance can help a landowner retain the social license to actively manage his forestland for his own purposes. This certification is a voluntary, incentive-based system used to assess management against rigorous standards developed with broad stakeholder input according to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) guidelines. However, the cost of implementing the traditional model of forest certification has been prohibitive for the average NIPF landowner.

To create access to certification for small landowners, the FSC offers a unique system of "group certification" known as Resource Manager (RM) certification. RM certification is specifically designed to accommodate resource professionals managing forestland for multiple landowners. The Forest Stewards Guild is facilitating the RM certification process through its innovative Resource Manager Certification Fellowship Program. To date the Guild has provided fellowships for 22 forest managers, resulting in an additional 100,000 acres of certified NIPF lands. This presentation will describe RM certification, review the status of the RM Fellowship program, and highlight the challenges and benefits to NIPF landowners.

Susan Moore, North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry, Campus Box 8003, Raleigh, NC, 27695, Phone: 919-515-3184, Fax: 919-515-6883, Email: [email protected]

61


Managing Industrial Forestlands at the Interface Kenneth R. Munson and Sharon G. Haines International Paper Company, Savannah, GA

The expansion of urban zones into surrounding rural lands continues to increase as a result of growing populations and the desire among some urban workers to live in a more rural setting. This trend manifests itself at the interface in two primary ways: restrictions on forest management and increasing forestland values. The net effects of management restrictions, both voluntary and mandatory, are lower forest productivity, higher management costs and lower financial returns. The effect of rising land values can be negative and positive. It is negative for the owner interested in forest management because higher valuations result in higher property taxes. On the positive side, forestland that has use for commercial and residential development is often valued at a two to ten fold premium over general forestlands. This often results in landowners selling out to the higher value proposition offered by developers. The negative aspect of this is an overall reduction in total forest cover, as well as a decrease in area available for forest management. In the United States, the forest industry owns about 17 percent of the commercial forestland yet supplies about 36 percent of the wood used in paper, packaging and building products. Maintaining the productivity and availability of industrial forests is vital in our efforts to reduce pressure on native, old growth and public forests.

Kenneth R. Munson, International Paper Company, 1201 West Lathrop Ave., Savannah, GA 31415, tel: (912) 238-6240, fax: (912) 238-6827, email: [email protected]

62


Land Use Planning and Zoning at the Wildland-Urban Interface Margaret Myszewski and James E. Kundell Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

Communities located within the wildland-urban interface encounter major challenges in their attempts to manage growth and development. Land use planning and zoning regulations can provide these communities with a useful tool with which to protect natural resources within interface areas. Several states have adopted comprehensive plans to help guide local communities’ land use decisions. Comprehensive plans establish future-oriented goals and objectives, are continuous, and are based on a determination of present and projected conditions. Land use planning can also be done on the local government level. Generally the local planning process involves three steps: data gathering, setting of policies, and plan implementation. Local plans are usually implemented through the enactment of zoning regulations. Local governments can manage growth and development through creative use of alternative zoning ordinances such as floating zones, overlay zones, incentive zoning, and cluster zones. Natural resource managers can affect land use planning and zoning policy by educating the public about natural resource and conservation issues at the interface and by actively participating in the local land use planning process. Natural resource managers need to better communicate with land use planners, developers, local and state governments, and the general public in order to assist these groups in understanding the ecological systems within the interface as well as help ensure that land use decisions are made in an informed manner.

Margaret Myszewski, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 201 N. Milledge Ave, Athens, GA, 30602, Phone: 706-542-6609, Fax: 706-542-9301, Email: [email protected]

63


Managing for Wildlife at the Urban-Wildland Interface Charles Nilon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO

Wildlife management at the urban-wildland interface requires an understanding of the two broad goals of wildlife conservation in cities: management to retain biodiversity at a regional scale; and management to provide all residents with contacts with wildlife as part of their day-to-day lives. Achieving these goals requires a knowledge of the key concepts emerging from research on cities by ecologists and social scientists. Social, economic, and demographic changes at the urban-wildland interface result in a series of habitat patches ranging from remnant “natural areas” to built-up areas. Wildlife species associated with these habitat patches are influenced by historical impacts on the patch, adjacent land uses, and current disturbances. People living at the interface are important part of the management process. Their views about wildlife and conservation, their perceptions of nature and open space, and the popular values associated with wildlife are important to managers. Ultimately wildlife management at the interface is a combination of understanding the ecology of the interface and developing management approaches that include all people and involve their true participation.

Charles Nilon, Fisheries and Wildlife Department, University of Missouri-Columbia, 302 Anheuser Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO 65211-7240, tel: (573) 882-3738, fax: (573) 882-3436, email: [email protected]

64


The Evaluation of Urban Stream Corridor Reforestation Efforts J. A. Okay and J. M. Foreman Virginia Department of Forestry

Over 20,000 seedlings have been planted in Fairfax County, Virginia riparian corridors since 1993. In many cases the site selected for riparian reforestation was being mowed reducing the opportunity for regeneration. There is a school of thought that to discontinue mowing allows for regeneration, therefore seedling planting should not be necessary. In urban landscapes, seed sources are sparse and deer browse has taken its toll on regenerating seedlings. It is proposed that planting tree and shrub seedlings increases the environmental benefits of urban riparian corridors and increases diversity beyond the outcome regeneration produces.

Are efforts to accelerate or influence succession delivering a good environmental return to the organizations or agencies providing the financial and physical resources for reforestation of urban riparian corridors? A survey inventory done by the Virginia Department of Forestry in 1996 revealed a high degree of survivorship for select species planted in riparian corridors. Some of the sites from the 1996 survey were revisited and additional sites are included in this study.

A collection of presence absence data and regeneration information within reforestation sites will be presented. Loss of tree seedlings to animal damage, invasive species competition, drought or human intervention are a part of the inventory data collected. This information makes the results of this study useful to determine management needs for urban riparian reforestation projects.

Judith Okay, Virginia Dept. of Forestry, 12055 Government Center Parkway, Suite 904, Fairfax, VA 22035, Phone: 703-324-1480, Fax: 703-324-3914

65


Managing Coyotes in Urban/Suburban Areas Tommy S. Parker University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Michael L. Kennedy The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN

Natural resources managers throughout North America are experiencing increases in urban and suburban coyote (Canis latrans) populations. Managing this species in urban areas can offer many novel problems; techniques that are effective in rural areas may be ineffective, unsuitable, or unsafe for urban environments. The majority of questions and concerns received from urban citizens are regarding the safety of children and predation on domestic pets (cat, Felis domesticus; dog, Canis familaris). Therefore, management techniques for urban and suburban areas were determined from studying food habits of coyotes in urban areas of western Tennessee. From January 1997 through February 1998, 675 scats of coyotes collected in urban and suburban areas of Memphis, Tennessee, were examined for food items. Data were assessed by season and site using univariate statistical procedures. Foods items found in scats collected in urban and suburban sites studied were similar to those reported to occur in the diet of coyotes in surrounding rural areas and reported for coyotes throughout their range. Domestic pets occurred as food items in low frequencies throughout the year with the greatest use in winter and spring. Based on the results of the present study, residents living in urban and suburban areas can expect coyote predation on pets but at low frequencies. Consequently, management efforts should be focused on the winter and spring seasons.

Tommy Parker, University of Missouri, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, 302 ABNR, Columbia, MO 65201-7240, Phone: 573-884-8533, Fax: 573-884-5070, Email: [email protected]

66


Developing Land While Retaining Environmental Values – A Modern Search for the Grail Douglas R. Porter The Growth Management Institute, Chevy Chase, MD

Lindell L. Marsh Siemon, Larsen & Marsh, Irvine, CA

Urban development and environmental protection at the wildland/urban interface appear to work at cross purposes. Needs for accommodating a growing population and economy conflict with concerns about conserving valued open spaces, with the debate framed in terms of growth versus nature. Our approaches to resolving this conflict are often a case of too little, too late. Federal and state environmental laws offer “command and control” approaches that provide few routes to resolving conflicts and tend to ignore the goals and realities of local planning and development processes. And local regulatory processes too often are driven to satisfy developers’ interests rather than working out satisfactory ways to develop within the natural environment. The new paradigm of Smart Growth that suggests recognition of “green infrastructure” provides a fresh approach to environmentally sensitive development. And new approaches to collaborative decision making in reconciling development and environmental interests, such as that being demonstrated in the Santa Ana River watershed in southern California promise to overcome some of the hurdles created by present laws and processes.

Douglas R. Porter, The Growth Management Institute, 5406 Trent Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, tel: (301) 656-9560, fax: (301) 656-9560, Email: [email protected]

67


Managing Forests in Urbanizing Landscapes Richard V. Pouyat and Wayne C. Zipperer USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Syracuse, NY

Many Remote and rural landscapes have been, and continue to be, extensively modified and fragmented by urbanization as the human population continues to grow. Further, as these areas are rapidly developed, many of our national and state forests and parks now share a boundary with residential development. The remaining forest stands in these urbanizing landscapes may require novel approaches to management than traditionally applied to forests in non-urbanizing landscapes. Results from 10 years of research in the New York City metropolitan area and recently from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study suggest that these remnant forest patches are indirectly altered by urban factors. These effects include modified meso-climates (“urban heat island effect”), increased concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (e.g., nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals, ozone), modified disturbance regimes (e.g., both increases and decreases in fire frequency), and compositional changes of plant and animal species due to introductions on non-native species. To maintain or enhance ecosystem benefits of remnant forests, these environmental modifications must be considered when developing management strategies for site, landscape, and regional scales. We present approaches to meet these strategies.

Richard V. Pouyat, USDA Forest Service, c/o Baltimore Ecosystem Study, 5200 Westland Blvd., Rm. 134, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21227, Phone: 410-455-8014, Fax: 410-455-8025, Email: [email protected], 17, Oral

68


Wildland Arson: A Time-Series Perspective Jeffrey Prestemon and David T. Butry Disturbance Economics Research Team, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, RTP, NC

Arsonists ignite an average of 1,550 wildland fires per year in Florida, resulting in more than 50,000 acres/year burned, much of it in the wildland-urban-interface. Arson is the leading cause of wildland fire in Florida, accounting for nearly one-third of burned acres in Florida. Much of the arson-ignited wildfires occur in areas of high property values and risks for humans, hence carrying great risks for people and property. Strategies employed to reduce wildland fire risks have traditionally emphasized fuel reduction, such as prescribed burning, thinning, and herbicide use. However, it is not clear that fuel reduction measures are effective in reducing the frequency or extent of arson-ignited wildfire: arsonists may actively avoid treated areas, favoring locations where flammable materials are available. Using time-series statistical techniques, we examine the timing and location of arson-ignited wildfires in Florida. We report measures of predictive skill for several univariate and multivariate models of arson-ignited wildfires in Florida between 1981 and 1999. Results describe how arson is statistically related to fuel reduction treatments and previous ignitions in the vicinity of the fire and in the state. Findings have implications for determination of the best wildfire risk mitigation strategies for WUI zones subject to arson wildfire risk.

Jeffrey Prestemon, Disturbance Economics Research Team, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, PO BOX 12254, 3041 East Cornwallis Road, RTP, NC, 27709, Phone: 919-549-4033, Fax: 919-549-4047, Email: [email protected]

69


Gaining Ground: Natural Resource Professionals Exploring Land Use Solutions in Indiana Ronald A. Rathfon and William L. Hoover Purdue University, Department of Forestry & Natural Resources

Joe Tutterrow Indiana Land Resources Council

Most land use decisions are made at the local level in Indiana. Unfortunately, those decisions are all too often made without adequate information on how they will impact the forests and other natural resources of the community. State transportation, energy, and economic development policies often conflict with natural resource conservation programs.

Natural resource professionals can and should play a vital role in the shaping of their own communities. As professionals, they can share their technical expertise with community leaders, developers, and citizens to help craft solutions to land use problems and create healthier, more economically and ecologically vibrant communities. As citizens, they are entitled to voice their opinions.

A coalition of Indiana natural resource professional societies, along with the Indiana Land Resources Council, The Biodiversity Initiative, Indiana Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts, and Purdue University recently organized to explore ways that natural resource professionals can contribute to better land use decisions in their own communities. An overview of land use issues and land conservation initiatives in Indiana along with the coalition's efforts to educate natural resource professionals on their potential roles in land use issues will be presented.

Ron Rathfon, Purdue University, Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, 11371 Purdue Farm Road, Dubois, IN, 47527, Phone: 812-678-3401, Fax: 812-678-3412, Email: [email protected]

70


Influences on Public Support for Stringent Local Timber-Harvesting Permits: Lessons from St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana Margaret A. Reams Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA

James E. Granskog USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, New Orleans, LA

This study examines the stringent St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana Timber-Harvesting Permit and attempts to identify key factors that explain variation in public support for similarly restrictive local land-use regulations. Research from several disciplines as well as prior analyses of forestry regulations and public zoning policies provide the theoretical background for this study. Data are derived from a recent survey of local timberland owners conducted by the authors. The survey focused on respondents’ attitudes toward the St. Tammany Parish timber-harvesting permit system, their demographic characteristics, political ideology and environmental awareness and concern. Using multiple regression analyses, we attempt to determine significant influences on landowner’s environmental attitudes and their likely support for other similar land-use regulations.

Among the St. Tammany Parish landowners, we found higher levels of environmental concern to be associated with a more liberal political orientation and employment outside the local area. As we expected, higher levels of environmental concern corresponded to more support for restrictive land-use permits. Also, timberland owners employed in non-forest-related, professional occupations were more apt to endorse a permit such as St. Tammany’s. Overall, environmentally concerned, politically liberal forest landowners who do not view their land primarily as an economic investment are much more likely to tolerate, and even advocate, restrictive land-use policies.

Margaret Reams, Louisiana State University, Department of Environmental Studies, 42 Atkinson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, Phone: 225-388-4299, Fax: 225-388-4286, Email: [email protected]

71


The Spread of Invasive Plants in the Wildland-Urban Interface Sarah H. Reichard University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195

Non-native invasive species (NIS) are introduced species which are able to spread into native or managed systems, develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominant or disruptive to those systems. These species may be very harmful to the systems they invade, competing with native species for resources, altering ecosystem properties, disrupting fire regimes, and causing an estimated $37 billion per year in economic damage. While disturbed communities such as those common in urban areas are generally thought be highly invasible, recent studies have suggested that areas that are species-rich, such as in natural areas, may also be very invasible. Some invasive species, especially those in rural areas were introduced accidentally, such as through contaminated crop seed, but most are introduced first into urban areas for horticultural purposes and spread outward along the urban-wildland interface into natural areas. Understanding these pathways of introduction may help to mitigate future introductions, either through legal restrictions or through voluntary screening by horticultural enterprises. Similarly, understanding pathways of spread once introduced may help prevent further distribution. The urban forest may be helpful in providing buffers to protect wildlands, especially for species with wind-dispersed seeds. By understanding the pathways of introduction and spread of invasive species in the wildland-urban interface, we may be able to shift treatment of this problem from one with a heavy emphasis on control to one of prevention, a shift that would be both environmentally and economically preferable.

Sarah H. Reichard, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA 98195, Phone: (206) 616-5020, (206) 685-2692, Email: [email protected]

72


Value of Oak Woodland Open Space on Private Property Values Richard B. Standiford University of California, Berkeley, CA

Thomas Scott University of California, Riverside, CA

This paper evaluates the extent to which dedicated open space in California's oak woodlands in a rapidly urbanizing area in southern California, influences private land and home prices. The Santa Rosa Plateau area in southern Riverside County was the location for this pilot study. Data on home and land value for 4,800 parcels surrounding a 6,000 acre oak woodland open space owned and operated a private land conservancy were collected. This was merged with spatial data from vegetation maps using a geographic information system (GIS). Distance from each parcel to the edge of the open space land, to the nearest trailhead and to the nearest stand of native oaks was calculated. Hedonic regression showed that both land and home value decreased as the distance from the open space boundary, trailheads, and local stands of native oak habitat increased. Land value decreased by $324 an acre for every 1000 feet a property was from the edge of the open space reserve. House value decreased by $3 per square feet for every 1000 feet the house was from a stand of native oak woodland habitat. This shows the off-site value of the open space land in increasing overall land and home value of the surrounding community. This promising method of analysis will be useful in future work to characterize how different configurations of open space design influence the land and home markets.

Richard B. Standiford, 145 Mulford Hall, MC 3114, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, phone: 510-643-5428, fax: 510-643-3490, Email: [email protected]

73


Seasonal Homes, Amenity Migration, and Attitudes Toward Growth in the Interface: A Case Study of Walworth County, WI Susan I. Stewart North Central Research Station, USDA FS R&D, Evanston IL

Kenneth M. Johnson Dept. of Sociology, Loyola University, Chicago IL

Gareth Betts University of Wisconsin-Extension, Elkhorn, WI

The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is under pressure from many social forces, which can reshape its social and biological landscape. Among the most heavily pressured WUI areas are the 105 rural recreational counties (Beale & Johnson, 1998) proximate to metropolitan areas. These areas have abundant natural resources that attract visitors, some of whom will make return visits, own a seasonal home, and finally move there permanently. Seasonal home purchase and migration are closely tied to landscape transformation. Both create demand for housing development, yet both also result from a desire to live near nature.

For these reasons, understanding what attracts seasonal home owners and migrants, how they use natural resources, and how they feel about efforts to control development are critical social aspects of managing forests in the WUI. We will present results from a survey of 320 seasonal home owners and 211 permanent residents in Walworth County, WI, a rural county adjacent to two urban areas. Proximity to both natural resources and urban areas was important in most respondents’ decisions to purchase property in the county. Both permanent and seasonal home owners strongly support environmental protection, though they differ on development issues. These findings have implications for planning and policy aimed at managing change and protecting natural resources in recreational interface counties.

Susan I. Stewart, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 845 Chicago Ave., Suite 225, Evanston IL 60202-2357, Ph (847) 866-9311 ext 13; Fax (847) 866-9506, Email: [email protected]

74


Homeowner Acceptance of Fuel Treatments at the Wildland-Urban Interface Christine Vogt Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI

Greg Winter Paul Schissler and Associates, Bellingham, WA

Jeremy S. Fried USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station, Portland, OR

Achieving fuel reduction in wildland-urban interface ecosystems via prescribed fire, mechanical treatment, and establishment of defensible space around buildings, is considered critical to reducing the likelihood of future catastrophic fires. The rationale for fire management policy has traditionally been based on evidence regarding the role of fire in maintaining forest or ecosystem health. However, political and social factors ultimately determine the public’s judgment of how acceptable specific management strategies are, and hence, whether managers can implement them.

Homeowners in wildland-urban interface areas in northeastern Florida, the Sierra foothills and the Bay Area in California, and Michigan’s northern lower peninsula were interviewed in focus groups as part of a multi-stage formative evaluation of fuel reduction strategies. Sites were selected to assure variation in important attributes such as fire regime, fire history, cultural interactions with fire, land use and ownership patterns, and socioeconomic composition.

Homeowner comments were analyzed within a framework, developed from the human dimensions literature and social psychological models of human behavior, that accounts for theoretical and empirically observed factors associated with the social acceptability of natural resource management policies.

At all sites, common fuel treatment acceptance factors include the perceived competence and credibility of the land manager, the likelihood of escaped/catastrophic fire, cost-effectiveness, situational specifics and property rights. Findings also guided development of a survey instrument designed to further test a conceptual model of fuel treatment acceptance. Overall findings will be used to evaluate site-specific fuel reduction strategies and to assist fire managers in developing targeted outreach and education programs.

ChristineVogt, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Bldg, E. Lansing, MI 48824-1222 Phone: 517-353-5190 x118, Fax: 517-432-3597, Email: [email protected]

75


An Ecosystem Based Management Approach to Land-Use Decisions in the Urban-Wildland Intermix Wayne C. Zipperer USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.

The urban-wildland intermix is a zone of urbanization that significantly affects the biophysical components of ecosystems in rural landscapes. To sustain ecosystem goods and services, ecosystem based-management of natural resources recognizes the importance of maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem integrity while meeting management objectives. As rural landscapes become urbanized, natural resource managers and land-use planners must ask how best to use land while ensuring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. To ensure the sustainability of goods and services, managers and planners must not only assess site conditions but also site context, connectivity, heterogeneity, and natural and human disturbances at local, landscape and regional scales. Site analyses furnish information on biodiversity and the uniqueness of a site. Context analyses provide not only insights into the site’s uniqueness and location with respect to other landscape attributes. Connectivity, heterogeneity, and disturbances influence ecosystem processes (the transfer of energy, the flow of materials and the movement of organisms) and the distribution of biodiversity. Through patch analyses, managers and planners can assess current conditions of these attributes at different scales and project how development may alter these attributes in the future.

W. C. Zipperer, USDA Forest Service, c/o SUNY-ESF, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, Office: 315-448-3213, Fax: 315-448-3216, Email: [email protected]

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Poster Abstracts are listed alphabetically by presenting author.

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Full-year and Seasonal Residents Living in the Interface: Considerations for Fuel Treatment Programs Stan Cindrity and Christine A. Vogt Dept. of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

This poster will present preliminary findings from focus groups and interviews with residents and fire managers for two of the three wildland-urban interface areas in our study. Preliminary data collected in a mail survey with residents living in San Bernardino County, California and southwest Colorado, will also be included if available. Specifically, full-year and seasonal residents’ will be contrasted according to their home buying decision process to move to an interface area, influences and knowledge gained about fire history and fuel management programs during the home buying decision, and attitudes toward fuel management programs such as prescribed burning, mechanical thinning, and defensible space. Projected levels of rural county growth by Ken Johnson (2000), particularly near federal and state park lands, suggests heighten movement of urban and rural households into interface areas. Some of the in-migration into WIUs is from retirees, second or vacation homes buyers (Stewart and Stynes, 1994) and from individuals who desire to live further from the city and instead live in a rural, natural setting (Marans and Vogt, 2000; Plevel, 1997), possibly because technology allows them this choice. Analyses will focus on contrasting these two resident groups on fire and fuel management. Implications for forest and fire managers, developers/builders/real estate agents, and home owners will be presented. This research project is funded by USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.

Stan Cindrity, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Bldg, E. Lansing, MI 48824-1222, Phone: 517-353-0793 x128, Fax: 517-432-3597, Email: [email protected]

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Does Construction Fill Affect Existing Trees During Land Development?: A Study Using White Oak and Sweetgum Susan D. Day, John R. Seiler, Richard E. Kreh and David Wm. Smith

Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA

When forested land is developed for building construction, raising the soil grade is thought to damage trees and is of concern to those responsible for tree protection. When large trees die after the buildings are up, construction fill is often blamed, but other factors may play a role. We looked at the effects of fill over the root zone both with and without the soil compaction that usually accompanies grading. Fill was applied over the roots of 22-year-old white oaks (Quercus alba L.) and 13-year-old sweetgums (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Treatments included a control (no fill), fill (sandy loam C horizon soil spread 20 cm deep), and compacted fill. Trees with fill had soil held away from trunks or not (tree wells). After three years, there was no consistent treatment effect on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, or soil respiration in either species. Fill disrupted normal soil moisture patterns. White oak plots with fills had lower soil water contents than controls. In sweetgum plots, soil underlying fill was typically drier than fill layers, whereas control plot soil moisture tended to increase with depth. Fills did not affect overall root density for either species. White oaks grew roots well into fill soils, but sweetgums did not, although sweetgum root distribution shifted upwards under fills. Although trees of other species or poor vigor may be more susceptible to damage, other factors associated with raising the grade, such as soil trafficking and root severance, may be responsible for much of the tree decline attributed to fill.

Susan Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Forestry, 228 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone: 540-231-7264, Fax: 540-231-3330, Email: [email protected]

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Effective Fire Education in Florida: The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems Program Christine Denny and Susan Marynowski Pandion Systems, Inc., Gainesville, FL

The Florida Division of Forestry is educating the public about the values of prescribed burning through the Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems program. The program, implemented by Pandion Systems, Inc., consists of an educational curriculum and corresponding workshop that is offered to formal and nonformal educators throughout the state. The curriculum is targeted toward students in 4

th-10

th grades, but can be adapted for use by

other ages, including adults.

Prior to planning the workshops, a needs assessment was conducted of Florida school districts to determine the best way to distribute curriculum and provide educators with tools to effectively use the program. Following the needs assessment, curriculum materials created by DOF were supplemented with brochures, videos, activities, and a CD ROM to best meet educators’ stated needs.

The six-hour workshop consists of background information, modeling of curriculum activities, a presentation by the DOF, and a field trip to a fire maintained natural area. Pre- and post-tests as well as a workshop evaluation are conducted to measure knowledge gained and satisfaction with the course. Post evaluations completed several months following workshops determine the extent and success of classroom usage.

Initial evaluation and tests results are extremely positive. They indicate that educators are learning about fire ecology and prescribed burning. They also indicate that participants have a more positive attitude about prescribed burning following the training. The Fire in Florida’s Ecosystems program is a successful model for educating the public about the importance of prescribed burning and the natural role of fire in Florida.

Christine Denny, Pandion Systems, Inc., 5200 NW 43rd St. Suite 102-314, Gainesville, FL 32606, Phone: 352-372-4747, Fax: 352-372-4714, Email: [email protected]

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Forest Fuels Evaluation and Mitigation in Camden County, Georgia to Insure a Safe Wildland-Urban Interface M. Boyd Edwards Southern Research Station, Athens, GA

Terry S. Price Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon, GA

Camden County, Georgia has experienced a phenomenal growth of 6% annually for the past five years due to being located on the coast of Georgia adjacent to Florida and becoming home to the U.S. Navy’s Kings Bay Naval Base. This facility is the largest employer in the county with 9,887 civilian and military personnel on site. Most of these folks did not reside in Camden County prior to the base arriving.

The area has also become a mecca for retirees who like the mild climate and watching the sun rise and set over the marsh. The area also supports a healthy contingent of tourists following the course of I-95 to and from Florida. The Cumberland Island National Seashore attracts 45,000 visitors annually. Many others fish, hunt, camp and hike while visiting the area.

The above-mention scenario places a significant demand on the 405,200-acre (277,000 totally forested) county to maintain a safe environment from fire effects at the urban-wildland level.

At present, the Southern Research Station and the Georgia Forestry Commission are cooperating in a research study to evaluate the forest fuels within Camden County in order to identify critical fuel buildup areas that require some form of mitigation

The poster to be presented will highlight this project and its findings to date.

Boyd Edwards, Southern Research Station, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: 706-559-4303, Fax: 706-559-4317, Email: [email protected]

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Wetland Restoration on State Forests Bud R. Goldsby, Jeff Vowell and Earl Peterson Division for Forestry, Tallahassee, FL

Charles H. Bronson Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL

Across the State, the rate at which we are losing properly functioning wetlands has slowed, however we are still losing these integral factors of our everyday lives. The greatest factor in wetland loss is due to development and the expanding suburban horizon.

State Lands stand and will always remain as an excellent recipient of wetland mitigation projects. The Division of Forestry manages just less than 900,000 acres of these lands for and according to the citizens of this State.

Bud Goldsby, Florida Division of Forestry, 3125 Conner Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650, Phone: 850-410-8003, Fax: 850-488-0863, Email: [email protected]

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Local Government Planning for Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Kathleen Walston Pagan and Melissa Norman Alachua County, Florida

The presentation will include inter-departmental work in Alachua County to manage land to minimize wildfire hazard, focusing on the following:

Proposed Alachua County Comprehensive Plan Objective 5.6: Protect life, property, and the economy by eliminating or minimizing the present and future vulnerability to wildfire hazards.

The initial mapping of wildfire hazard shall be based on the Fire Risk Assessment Model contracted by the Florida Division of Forestry for completion in 2002.

The County shall educate the public, especially those at high risk from wildfires, and make them aware of proactive steps that they can take to mitigate wildfire damage.

The County shall implement a Firewise Medal Community Program, and shall generally make the public aware of proactive steps that they can take to mitigate wildfire damage.

Alachua County shall carefully consider all land uses in areas at risk from wildfire and restrict or prohibit certain land uses as necessary to assure public health, safety, and welfare and the protection of property.

Development in wildfire hazard areas shall comply with minimum standards including:

All new development shall complete and implement a wildfire mitigation plan specific to that development, subject to review and approval by the Alachua County Fire Rescue Department.

Structures, water storage facilities, streets, roads, driveways, bridges, culverts, and cul-de-sacs shall be designed to assure fire prevention and protection.

The County shall pursue available funding for community/volunteer service for fuel management on lands owned or managed by Alachua County, and shall implement a fuels management program.

Pagan, Kathleen. Alachua County Growth Management Department, 10 SW 2nd Ave., Gainesville, FL, Phone: 352-374-5249, Fax: 352- 338-3224, Email: [email protected]

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The Effect of Habitat Management on Gopher Tortoise Populations in Southeast Georgia: Native Soil Fertility, Forage Nutrient Values of Wiregrass and Vegetation Composition Virginia K. Perdue¹,² and David C. Rostal¹ ¹Dept. of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460 USA. ²UGA Cooperative Extension Service, Long County, Ludowici, GA, 31316 USA.

We studied two tortoise populations subjected to two distinctive fire management regimens. George L. Smith State Park (GLS) having suppressed fire for over two decades, and Fort Stewart Army Reserve (FS) scheduling a prescribed burn every 2 - 5 years. Data was collected to assess the quality of the sandhill habitat at each site. Soil samples were taken to assess differences in pH, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the soils. Analysis showed no significant differences between sites for pH, P, Ca, or Mg. Wiregrass (Aristida stricta), which is common to both sites, was sampled for plant nutrient values of CP, NDF, Ca:P ratio, TDN, and DE. No statistically significant differences between values were found, but the Ca:P ratios at GLS have a wider range of values which may impact long-term tortoise growth and reproduction.

Habitat structure was assessed for tree community composition, importance values, canopy cover, groundcover biomass, and plant species identification. GLS has an abundance of smaller class size turkey oaks (Quercus laevis), while FS has a greater diversity of groundcover species, with more known forage species available to tortoises.

Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) were trapped during May and June 1999 at GLS (n = 33) and FS (n = 15). Measurements were taken of SCW, SCL, and height. Adult tortoises at FS were significantly larger (SCL 30.84 cm ± 0.3 for females and 28.1 cm ± 0.6 in males, n = 15) than tortoises at GLS (SCL 28.9 cm ± 0.5 in females and 28.5 cm ± 0.5 in males, n = 26). Mean clutch size in 1999 was 5 ± 0.3 eggs per clutch for GLS and 6.6 ± 0.5 at FS. Using a larger data set (1994 - 1999) tortoises at FS had larger clutches than at GLS (F = 15.61; df = 1,50; p = 0.0002). These differences may be a long-term response to habitat management differences.

Virginia Perdue, UGA Cooperative Extension Service, Long County, PO Box 549, Ludowici, Ga, 31316 Phone: 912/545-9549, 912/545-9556, Email: [email protected]

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Equipment and Methods to Plant Pines and to Reduce Fuel Loads on Small Land Tracts Paul Still Florida Recycling and Composting Consulting Services, Inc. Starke, FL

Increasing numbers of people in the Southeast are moving onto small 5 to 50 acre tracts of land that are forested. This change in land use increases risk of property loss from wildfires and increases the percentage of timber resources in small tracts. Current equipment and methods used in forestry operations are based on large tracts of land using high capital cost equipment.

A 75 HP Antonio Carraro compact bi-directional tractor was used to power a 60-inch Loftness fail brush cutter and a 60-inch Brown Tree Cutter to mow woody plants to reduce fuel loads and prepare sites for tree planting. A 60-inch Malleti tiller was evaluated as a site preparation tool to prepare for planting instead of bedding. The equipment was light enough to be transported on an equipment trailer pulled by a 3/4 ton pick up truck. The narrow 60-inch wheelbase and articulation of the tractor made the equipment very maneuverable and able to work around irregularly spaced trees. The low ground clearance and narrow wheelbase make the equipment unsuitable for operation on irregular ground or for moving palmetto.

This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2001-33610-10340.

Paul Still, RT 4 Box 1297H, Starke, FL 32091, phone (352) 472-3887, Email: [email protected]

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Coupling Urban and Rural Forest Stewardship for Water Quality Enhancement in a Rapidly Urbanizing Watershed Jan R. Thompson Iowa State University, Ames, IA

Carole Teator Trees Forever, Marion, IA

Cedar Rapids, located along the Cedar River, is one of Iowa’s most rapidly urbanizing metropolitan areas. Population growth rates between 10% and 15% during the last decade in Linn and Benton Counties have made Cedar Rapids the second largest and second fastest growing metropolitan area in the state. Accelerated development and the rapidly expanding urban fringe of Cedar Rapids have led to concern on the part of local citizens and agencies about pressures placed the remaining natural systems in the area, including forest areas and the riparian systems of the Cedar River and its tributaries. Previous work done in the watershed has emphasized on-site erosion control and water quality education, with little emphasis on implementation of best practices and evaluation of results. The objectives of this project include involvement of local constituencies in formulating “Best Development Practices”; implementation of model projects combining urban (Best Development Practices) and rural (forestry Best Management Practices) stewardship within sub-watersheds of the Cedar River system; evaluation of the results of implementation; and dissemination of results. Preservation, creation, and stewardship of riparian plant systems (forests or other) are emphasized within a holistic watershed approach. Increased urban and rural landowner involvement in water quality enhancement and protection is being documented by identifying numbers of new rural forest management plans, number of acres utilizing best practices, and measures of site impact using best practices.

Jan Thompson, Department of Forestry, 253 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1021, Phone: 515-294-0024, Fax: 515-294-2995, Email: [email protected]

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The Florida Black Bear Festival: Using Partnerships to Address the Educational and Economic Needs of a Forest Community Carolyn Sekerak, Jim Thorsen and Katherine Bronson USDA Forest Service, Ocala National Forest, Umatilla, FL

Large, complex environmental problems develop when humans encroach on wildlands inhabited by bears. We present the Florida Black Bear Festival (FBBF) as an example of how a diverse partnership can serve to address difficulties caused by the wildland-urban interface. Ocala National Forest (ONF) is one of several areas in Florida large enough to support a population of Florida black bears. The rapid growth of the three metropolitan areas near ONF has been bringing more and more residents to the rural areas along ONF’s borders, which has lead to an escalation in human-bear conflicts. The Defenders of Wildlife, the City of Umatilla, the Umatilla Chamber of Commerce, the USDA Forest Service, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and Walkabout Adventures have formed a partnership to organize and launch an annual educational festival. The first FBBF was in 1999. The FBBF uses educational lectures, hands-on children’s activities, and “bear country” field trips to teach people how to live safely with bears and to build their appreciation of the role of bears in the natural environment. Approximately 18,000 people have attended the FBBF to date, making it an effective means of educational outreach. The FBBF not only benefits Umatilla from the proceeds earned the day of the festival, but it is expected to have long term positive economic impacts by showcasing the town as the “Gateway to the Ocala National Forest.”

Jim Thorsen, USDA Forest Service, 40929 SR 19, Umatilla, Florida, 32784, 352-669-3153, 352-669-2385, Email: [email protected] Carrie Sekerak, Wildlife Biologist, Ocala National Forest, 40929 SR 19, Umatilla, FL 32784, (352) 669-3153, Fax: 352-669-2385, Email: [email protected]

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Burning around the Edges: Challenges to Restoring Fire to Wildland-urban Interface Pine Forests in the Southeast J. Morgan Varner, III College of Natural Resources & Environment, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL

John S. Kush Auburn University School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn, AL

J. Kevin Hiers Eglin Air Force Base Jackson Guard, Niceville, FL

Benign neglect of southeastern pine forests, particularly the lack of periodic burning, has resulted in heavy fuel accumulations. When fires do occur – whether ignited by natural or anthropogenic sources – these fuel accumulations become hazards in several respects. Ignited litter, duff, and downed wood smolder for hours to days, creating smoke hazards, killing desirable vegetation, and serving as persistent sources of re-ignition. We focus on three case studies from the southeastern pine forest-urban interface. The first, near Waldo, Florida, describes interface fires in both 1998 and 2000 that caused evacuations of >1000 people, in addition to health problems and considerable timber losses. The second case involves restoration of fire to a long-unburned (>45 y) old-growth longleaf pine stand in Alabama, where prolific smoldering, tree mortality, and invasive species proliferation occurred. Lastly, a restoration project is underway in an old-growth longleaf pine forest at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This project has taken lessons learned from both Waldo and Flomaton, and is applying them to an area where the long-unburned forest abuts a housing development, major bridge, and State highway. We discuss steps that reduce wildfire danger, minimize human health risks, restore endangered plant communities, and can serve as a model for using fire as a management tool along the urban interface.

J. Morgan Varner, University of Florida College of Natural Resources and Environment, Box 118526, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, 352-392-7165, 352-392-3993, Email: [email protected]

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Relative Flammability of WUI Vegetation Robert H. White USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI

David R. Weise USDA, Forest Service, Forest Fire Laboratory, Riverside, CA

Kurt Mackes Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

Selections of vegetation in the Wildland-Urban Interface are influenced by various listings of their relative flammability. To improve the reliability of these listings, we evaluated using the cone calorimeter to test for flammability of vegetation. The cone calorimeter measures the heat release rate of a burning material using the oxygen consumption technique. It is widely used in research and development of materials and to provide input data for fire models applicable to building fires. In the initial study, we tested ten native and ornamental plants used for landscaping homes in California. The branch samples were collected four times over a one-year period. In a subsequent study, we tested a single sampling of fifteen Colorado vegetations.

While there were not significant differences between most of the species, species of inherent low and high flammability were identified. As both green and oven-dry samples, Olive, Chamise, Utah juniper and Rocky Mountain juniper had high average effective heat of combustions (mean results of 18.7 to 21.1 MJ/kg for oven dry samples and 9.5 to 10.7 MJ/kg for green samples). Species with low average effective heat of combustion included Aloe, Chokecherry, Gambel oak, Snowberry and Sageleaf rockrose (mean results of 12.3 to 15.7 MJ/kg for dry samples and 0 to 4.2 MJ/kg for the green samples). Mass loss of green samples includes mass loss of moisture.

Robert, White, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705, Phone: 608-231-9265, Fax: 608-231-9508, Email: [email protected]

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Author Index Bold numbers indicate presenting authors.

Alavalapati, Janaki R.R. ........................21 Allison, Stacey .......................................22 Anderson, Rick ......................................49 Barnard, Edward L. ...............................23 Bartlett, John G. .....................................24 Beall, Frank C. .......................................56 Berry, Joyce K. ........................................7 Betters, David R. ...................................45 Betts, Gareth ..........................................74 Blakeslee, George M. ............................25 Bowers, Alison W. ................................26 Brazill, Kevin P. ....................................41 Bronson, Charles H. ..............................83 Bronson, Katherine ................................88 Brown, Mark .........................................55 Butler, Sally L. ......................................27 Butry, David T. ......................................69 Campbell, Robert F. ..............................28 Carver, Andrew D. ................................29 Caselton, Anthony .................................29 Chapman, Mary .....................................61 Chavez, Deborah J. ................................34 Cindrity, Stan .........................................79 Cordell, H. Ken ......................................11 Crane, Elizabeth S. ................................30 Davis, William .......................................31 Day, Susan D. ........................................80 DeMeo, Terry ........................................17 Denny, Christine B. ...................32, 33, 81 Doster, Tony ..........................................30 Duryea, Mary L. ................................3, 12 Dwyer, John F. ......................................34 Edgens, Jefferson G. ..............................35 Edwards, M. Boyd .................................82

Eiber, Thomas ........................................36 Elmendorf, Bill ......................................37 Engle, Jason ...........................................38 Fly, J. Mark ............................................54 Foreman, J. M. .......................................65 Fowler, Laurie ........................................42 Fox, Alison M. .......................................39 Fried, Jeremy S. .....................................75 Garkovich, Lorraine E. ..........................35 Germain, René .................................40, 41 Goergen, Raysun G.................................42 Goldsby, Bud R. ....................................83 Gordon, Doria R. ...................................39 Gordon, John C. .......................................7 Granskog, James E. ................................71 Greene, John L. ......................................15 Gresham, Charles A. ..............................43 Haines, Sharon G. ..................................62 Harrell, James B. ....................................44 Hebb, Mark ............................................49 Hermansen, L. Annie .......................12, 14 Hiers, J. Kevin .......................................89 Higgason, Christy L. ..............................45 Hoge, David ...........................................47 Hoover, William L. ................................70 Hostetler, Mark ......................................46 Hubbard, William G. .............................47 Huegel, Craig N. ....................................48 Huffman, Mary R. ..................................49 Hull, R. Bruce ........................................13 Johnson, Kenneth M. .............................74 Kennedy, Michael L. .............................66 Kirwan, Jeffrey L. ..................................50 Klein, Joy D. ..........................................51

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Knowles-Yanez, Kim ............................ 46 Korhnak, Larry ...................................... 52 Kramer, Elizabeth ................................. 53 Kreh, Richard E. ................................... 80 Kundell, James E. ........................... 17, 63 Kurtz, William B. .................................. 54 Kush, John S. ........................................ 89 Lane, Chuck .......................................... 55 LaPierre, Seth ........................................ 40 Long, Alan J. ......................................... 56 Macie, Edward ................................ 11, 14 Mackes, Kurt ......................................... 90 Marcouiller, David W. .......................... 57 Marsh, Lindell L. .................................. 67 Marynowski, Susan ......................... 32, 81 Mayo, Elizabeth .................................... 51 McAvoy, Darren ................................... 58 McCreary, Doug ................................... 59 Meeker, James R. .................................. 23 Megalos, Dr. Mark ................................ 30 Moffat, Steverson O. ............................. 15 Monroe, Martha C. .................... 16, 26, 60 Moore, Susan E. .................................... 61 Munson, Kenneth R. ............................. 62 Myszewski, Margaret ...................... 17, 63 Nilon, Charles ....................................... 64 Norman, Melissa ................................... 84 Nowak, Christopher .............................. 40 Okay, J. A. ............................................ 65 Pagan, Kathleen Walston ...................... 84 Parker, Tommy S. ................................. 66 Perdue, Virginia K. ............................... 85 Peterson, Earl ........................................ 83 Peterson, Markus J. ............................... 22 Peterson, Tarla Rai ................................ 22 Porter, Douglas R. ................................. 67

Pouyat, Richard V. ................................68 Prestemon, Jeffrey .................................69 Price, Terry S. ....................................... 82 Rathfon, Ronald A. ...............................70 Reams, Margaret A. .............................. 71 Reichard, Sarah H. ................................72 Rostal, David C. .................................... 85 Sampson, R. Neil ..................................... 7 Schuller, Dave ....................................... 36 Scott, Thomas ........................................ 73 Seiler, John R. ................................. 50, 80 Sekerak, Carolyn ................................... 88 Smith, David Wm. ................................. 80 Standiford, Richard B....................... 59, 73 Stein, Taylor V. .....................................33 Stewart, Susan I. .............................. 13, 74 Still, Paul ...............................................86 Stocker, Randall K. ............................... 39 Stowers, Jacob F. ................................... 31 Swihart, Robert K. ................................. 54 Teator, Carole ........................................ 87 Thompson, Jan R. ..................................87 Thorsen, Jim .......................................... 88 Tutterrow, Joe ....................................... 70 Van Loan, Andrea N. ............................ 23 Varner, J. Morgan, III ...........................89 Vince, Susan W. ................................ 3, 52 Vogt, Christine A. ............................75, 79 Vowell, Jeff ........................................... 83 Wade, Dale D. ....................................... 56 Weise, David R. .................................... 90 White, Robert H. ...................................90 Wilkins, Neal ................................... 22, 38 Winter, Greg .......................................... 75 Zipperer, Wayne C. ................... 18, 68, 76 Zyglocke, Laura .................................... 50

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