Preface xi

Chapter 1Introduction 3

1.1 Preliminary Remarks 31.2 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 41.3 Problem-Solving Techniques 61.4 The Concept of a Fluid 61.5 The Fluid as a Continuum 81.6 Dimensions and Units 91.7 Properties of the Velocity Field 171.8 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 181.9 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 251.10 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques 401.11 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and

Pathlines 411.12 The Engineering Equation Solver 461.13 Uncertainty in Experimental Data 461.14 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)

Examination 48Problems 49Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 57Comprehensive Problems 58References 61

Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 65

2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 652.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 672.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 682.4 Application to Manometry 75

2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 782.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 862.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 892.8 Buoyancy and Stability 912.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 972.10 Pressure Measurement 105

Summary 109Problems 109Word Problems 132Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 133Comprehensive Problems 134Design Projects 135References 136

Chapter 3Integral Relations for a Control Volume 139

3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 1393.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 1433.3 Conservation of Mass 1503.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 1553.5 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 1693.6 The Angular Momentum Theorem 1783.7 The Energy Equation 184

Summary 195Problems 195Word Problems 224Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 224Comprehensive Problems 226Design Project 227References 227

Contents

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Chapter 4Differential Relations for Fluid Flow 229

4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 2304.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 2324.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 2384.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 2444.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 2464.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 2494.7 The Stream Function 2534.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 2614.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 2634.10 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 268

Summary 276Problems 277Word Problems 288Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 288Comprehensive Problems 289References 290

Chapter 5Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 293

5.1 Introduction 2985.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 2965.3 The Pi Theorem 3025.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 3125.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 321

Summary 333Problems 333Word Problems 342Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 342Comprehensive Problems 343Design Projects 344References 344

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts 347

6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes 3476.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flow 3526.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor 3556.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow 3576.5 Turbulence Modeling 359

6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow 3656.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 3736.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 3796.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 3886.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems 3976.11 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 4036.12 Fluid Meters 408

Summary 429Problems 430Word Problems 448Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 449Comprehensive Problems 450Design Projects 452References 453

Chapter 7Flow Past Immersed Bodies 457

7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects 4577.2 Momentum Integral Estimates 4617.3 The Boundary Layer Equations 4647.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 4677.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 4767.6 Experimental External Flows 482

Summary 509Problems 510Word Problems 523Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 524Comprehensive Problems 524Design Project 525References 526

Chapter 8Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics 529

8.1 Introduction and Review 5298.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions 5328.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions 5398.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 5458.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 5558.6 Images 5598.7 Airfoil Theory 5628.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 5748.9 Numerical Analysis 579

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Summary 593Problems 594Word Problems 604Comprehensive Problems 605Design Projects 606References 606

Chapter 9Compressible Flow 609

9.1 Introduction: Review of Thermodynamics 6099.2 The Speed of Sound 6149.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 6169.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 6229.5 The Normal Shock Wave 6299.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 6379.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 6429.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 6549.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 6599.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 669

Summary 681Problems 682Word Problems 695Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 696Comprehensive Problems 696Design Projects 698References 698

Chapter 10Open-Channel Flow 701

10.1 Introduction 70110.2 Uniform Flow: The Chézy Formula 70710.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 71210.4 Specific Energy: Critical Depth 71410.5 The Hydraulic Jump 72210.6 Gradually Varied Flow 726

10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 734Summary 741Problems 741Word Problems 754Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 754Comprehensive Problems 754Design Projects 756References 756

Chapter 11Turbomachinery 759

11.1 Introduction and Classification 75911.2 The Centrifugal Pump 76211.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 76811.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed 77811.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 78511.6 Turbines 793

Summary 807Problems 807Word Problems 820Comprehensive Problems 820Design Project 822References 822

Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 824

Appendix B Compressible Flow Tables 829

Appendix C Conversion Factors 836

Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 838

Answers to Selected Problems 840

Index 847

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