where is cytochrome c? what is the role? where does it come from?
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Where is Cytochrome C? What is the role? Where does it come from?. Evolutionary Biology of Cytochrome C. Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein. Its primary structure consists of a chain of 100 aa. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Where is Cytochrome C?
What is the role? Where does it come from?
Evolutionary Biology of Cytochrome C
• Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein.
• Its primary structure consists of a chain of 100 aa.
• Both chicken and turkeys have the identical molecule whereas ducks p differ by one amino acid.
• Similarly, both humans and chimpanzees have the identical molecule.
Where does protein come from?
The information for building proteins is stored in our DNA. DNA codes for
proteins like cytochrome C.
DNA RNA Protein
Gene expression
If the DNA in a single human cell were stretched out and laid end-to-end, it would measure approximately 6.5 feet. The average human body contains 10 to 20
billion miles of DNA distributed among trillions of cells.
Cytochrome CGene for Cytochrome C
Understanding How Cells Build Essential Proteins
DNA StructureDouble helix
WC Base pairStructure of a
Gene
Understanding how genes are expressed
DNA RNAProtein
DNA is a double-stranded helixJames Watson and Francis Crick
Worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work by Rosalind Franklin
http://www.dnai.org/
Figure 10.3A, BTwist
DNA polynucleotide
A
C
T
G
T
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Sugar
A
C
T
G
T
Phosphategroup
O
O–
OO P CH2
H3CC
C
C
CN
C
N
H
H
O
O
C
O
O
H
C H H
H
C
H
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
DNA nucleotide
DNA nucleotide
DNA is a nucleic acid• Made of long chains of nucleotide monomers• Remember that ATP was a nucleotide
Figure 10.2A
Double Helix StructureMajor/minor grooveAnti-parallel strands
DNA has four kinds of nitrogenous bases• A, T, C, and G
CC
C
CC
C
O
N
C
H
H
ONH
H3C
H H
H
H
N
N
N
H
OC
H HN
H C
N
N N
N
C
CC
C
H
H
N
N
H
C
CN
C HN
CN
H C
O
H
H
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
PurinesPyrimidines
Figure 10.2B
DNA Strands: Anti-parallel
Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direction
Figure 10.5B
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
HO
OH
A
C
G
T
T
C
G
A
21
34
5
15
4
32
5 end 3 end
3 end 5 end
Understanding How Cells Build Essential Proteins
DNA StructureDouble helix
WC Base pairStructure of a
Gene
Understanding how genes are expressed
DNA RNAProtein
DNA nevers leaves the nucleas but the information does!
T A C T T C A A A A T C
A T G A A G T T T T A G
A U G A A G U U U U A G
Transcription
Translation
RNA
DNA
Met Lys PhePolypeptide
Startcondon
Stopcondon
Strand to be transcribed
The information constituting an organism’s genotype
is carried in its sequence of its DNA bases. “ATGACTAA”
A particular gene, a linear sequence of many nucleotides
Specifies a polypeptide
“MET-LYS-LEU”
Figure 10.6A
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Protein
Translation
DNA RNA Protein
Close up on DNARNA: Transcription
RNApolymerase
RNA nucleotides
Direction of transcription
Template Strand of DNA
Newly made RNA
TC
AT C C A A T
T
GG
CC
AATTGGAT
G
U
C A U C C AA
U
Figure 10.9A
DNA RNA Protein– In the nucleus, the
DNA helix unzips• And RNA nucleotides
line up along one strand of the DNA, following the base pairing rules
– As the single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) peels away from the gene
• The DNA strands rejoin
RNApolymerase
RNA nucleotides
Direction of transcription
Template Strand of DNA
Newly made RNA
TC
AT C C A A TT
GG
CC
AATTGGAT
G
U
C A U C C AA
U
Figure 10.9A
transcription
DNA RNA Protein
• RNA pol binds to promoter
• Transcription of strand to mRNA
• Instructions now in mRNA
• RNA pol reaches terminator
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
PromoterDNA Terminator
DNA
Area shownIn Figure 10.9A
GrowingRNA
Completed RNARNApolymerase
Figure 10.9B
DNA strand
Transcription
Translation
Polypeptide
RNA
Amino acid
Codon
A A A C C G G C A A A A
U U U G G C C G U U U U
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA molecule
Figure 10.7
DNA RNA Protein
Figure 10.8A
UUC
UGUUGC
UGA Stop
Met or start
Phe
Leu
Leu
Ile
Val Ala
Thr
Pro
Ser
Asn
Lys
His
Gln
Asp
Glu
Ser
Arg
Arg
Gly
CysTyr
G
A
C
U
U C A G
Th
ird
bas
e
Second base
Fir
st b
ase
UUA
UUU
CUC
CUU
CUG
CUA
AUC
AUU
AUG
AUA
GUC
GUU
GUG
GUA
UCC
UCU
UCG
UCA
CCC
CCU
CCG
CCA
ACC
ACU
ACC
ACA
GCC
GCU
GCG
GCA
UAC
UAU
UAG Stop
UAA Stop
CAC
CAU
CAG
CAA
AAC
AAU
AAG
AAA
GAC
GAU
GAG
GAA
UGG Trp
CGC
CGU
CGG
CGA
AGC
AGU
AGG
AGA
GGC
GGU
GGG
GGA
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G