where have se standards (and models) come from…and where are they going? incose - wma donald j....

Where have SE Standards (and Models) come from…and where are they going?

INCOSE - WMADonald J. Gantzer

SAIC

[email protected]

703-412-3668

May 15 , 2007

mailto:[email protected]

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Objectives

To give an overall summary of key SE process standards and models

To illustrate a top level comparison of them To indicate trends and uses (in DoD) To briefly address one key process – Technical Planning

Disclaimer: The views and information presented here are the

author’s alone and do not necessarily represent SAIC or DoD views.

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Agenda

SE Standards and Models– Overview– Evolution of Standards & Models

ISO - 15288 EIA - 632 IEEE - 1220 CMMI - Dev Defense Acquisition Guide/SE

– Correlations across– Application to Tech Planning– Summary– Some Key References

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Oh…wither models & standards?!“The Process Standards / Models Quagmire”.

Source: Systems and Software Consortium {SSCI}

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SE Standards and Models Trends

CMM for SW SW-CMM(97) CMMII v1.1(02)CMMI-Dev v2.0(06)

EIA-731 [SECM](99) SE-CMM

SECAM

MilStd 499 A/B

95 00 05

GEIA-632 (99) GEIA-632A (07)

IEEE-1220(99)IEEE-1220 IEEE-1220(05)

EIA/IS-632

ISO 15288(02)

INCOSE SE HB v2a (04) INCOSE SE HB v3 (06)

CMM- Capability Maturity Mode

ISO -15288: SE-System Life Cycle Processes

EIA - 632:Process for Engineering a System

IEEE-1220: Application & Management of the SE Process

Sources: INCOSE, SEI

CMMI-Acq (07)CMMI-AMSA-CMM

IEEE-15288 (04)

08?

06+

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Overview of SE Standards + CMMIISO/IEC - 15288 – SE – System life cycle processes“Establish a common framework for describing the life cycle of systems” – 25

processes; incl 7 project, 11 technical, and 7 agreement and enterprise; 62 pgs- it is a hi-level framework [descriptive]

EIA - 632 – Processes for Engineering a System “Provide an integrated set of fundamental processes to aid a developer in the

engineering or re-engineering of a system” - 33 Requirements in 13 processes; 120 pgs- it is less prescriptive, broader scope [e.g., incl enterprise environment]

IEEE - 1220 – Application and Management of the SE Process“Defines the requirements for an enterprise’s total technical effort related to the

development of products and processes that will provide life cycle support for the products. It prescribes an integrated technical approach to engineering a system and requires the application of management of the systems process throughout the product life cycle.” - 28 requirements 28; incl 14 general, 6 by LC stages, 8 in SE Process ; 87 pgs –

CMMI - DEV – Capability Maturity Model Integration®- 27 process areas:11 Management, 6 Engineering, 5 Support, and 5 Process; 573 pgs

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SE Standards & Models Life Cycle PhasesISO 15288 EIA 632 IEEE 1220 CMMI (informal)

DoD/DAG[DoDI 5000.2]

Concept Pre-system

Definition

Concept concept,

exploration,

vision

Concept

Development

Development System Def.,

Subsystem design,

Detailed design

System Def.,

Subsystem design,

Detailed design;

FAIT

feasibility, design, development

Tech

Development;

System

Development.&

Demonstration

Production End product, physical,

IT&E

Production production, manufacturing,

delivery

Production &

Deployment:

LRIP

Utilization Utilization operations Operations & Support [O&S]: FRIP

Support Support support,

maintenance,

sustainment

O&S:

Sustainment

Retirement Retirement disposal,

phase outO&S:Disposal

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Scope of SE Standards

MIL-STD-499B EIA/IS 632

ISO/IEC 15288

EIA 632

IEEE 1220

Le

vel o

f D

eta

il

Breadth of Scope

(source: S. Sheard, SPC and J. Lake, SMi; 2004)

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SE/SW Standards Harmonization Road Map

Adapted from: SC7 WG7 N0560 Systems Engineering Study Group Report 11JAN02

EIA 632

ISO/IECJTC1/SC7

IEEE EIA

SoftwareEngineering

…

ISO/IEC 15288 IEEE 1220

ISO/IEC 12207

ISO/IEC 15504

An Harmonization road map

JTC1/SC7

SystemsEngineering

SC7 Internal Harmonization

Joint Standards Body Harmonization

Assessment

[source: SSCI]

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Simple Generic SE Process

source: Mil Std 499A/B and DAU guidance

Requirements Analysis

Functional Analysis/allocation

Synthesis

System Analysis & Control

Inputs:

Outputs:

Note: Applied to AFIT/CSE SE Case Studies; http://www.afit.edu/cse/

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IEEE 1220: Systems Engineering Process – (2005)

2. Requirements Validation

3. Functional Analysis

1. Requirements Analysis

4. FunctionalVerification

6. Design Verification

5. Synthesis

7. Systems Analysis*

8. Control

Clause 6 – The SE ProcessClause 4 - General Requirements 1. SE process

2. Polices & procedures for SE

3. Planning the technical effort: Prepare/update engineering plan; schedule; tech plans.

4. Development strategies

5. Modeling & prototyping

6. Integrated repository: data, tools.

7. Integrated data package: HW, SW, LC processes, human.

8. Specification tree

9. Drawing tree

10. System breakdown structure

11. Integration of the SE effort: concurrent engr., Int. teams.

12. Technical reviews

13. Quality management

14. Product and process improvement: re-engr., self-assess., LL.

Note: includes detailed flows for each activity; and an example SEMP toc

[source:SSCI + mods from IEEE 1220]

*Requirements/ Functional /Design

trade studies & assessments

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EIA 632: Processes for Engineering a System (1999; reaffirmed 2003)

Supply Process

Acquisition Process

Acquisition and Supply

System DesignRequirements Definition Process

Solution Definition Process*

Product RealizationImplementation Process

Transition to Use Process

Technical ManagementPlanning Process

Control Process

Assessment Process

Technical SupportProduct Verification Process

Product Validation Process

Requirements Validation Process*

Systems Analysis Process*

CONOPS & Requirements

Architectures/Designs

Products

Outcomes&

Feedback

Plans,Directives,& Status

Acquisition Request

System Products

Note: provides detailed activities and outcomes for each process

(source: graph from INCOSE SE Handbook v2)*

Note: under revision to ‘harmonize’ w ISO 15288

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Draft update to EIA-632 (out for internal review)

EIA – 632 [1999] EIA - 632a *{source: GEIA report; R. Harwell, 11/05}; 4 domains; Systems Management, System Creation, System Evaluation, Enterprise Environment

Planning Planning

Assessment Progress Assessment

Control Control

Requirements Definition Concept Definition

Solution Definition System Definition

Product Realization [Implementation/Transition]

System Realization

Systems Analysis Mission & Systems Analysis

Requirements & End products Val., System ver.

System V&V

Supply & Acquisition Customer & Supplier Relationship Management

Enterprise Support Resources & Infrastructure

Enterprise Support Governance

Enterprise support LC Portfolio Mngt.

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ISO 15288: System Life-Cycle Processes (2002)

ENTERPRISE &AGREEMENTPROCESSES

Enterprise Environment Management

Investment Management

System Life Cycle Processes

Management

ResourceManagement

QualityManagement

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE PROCESSES

Risk Management Configuration Management

Information Management

Planning Assessment Control

Decision-making

Disposal

MaintenanceOperation

ValidationTransitionVerification

Requirements Analysis Architectural Design

Stakeholder Requirements

Definition

Implementation Integration

TECHNICAL PROCESSES

PROJECT PROCESSES

AcquisitionAcquisition

AcquisitionSupply

Figure1-1 System Life Cycle Process Overview per ISO/IEC 15288

ENTERPRISE &AGREEMENTPROCESSES


Investment Management


Management

ResourceManagement

QualityManagement



Investment ManagementInvestment

Management


Management


Management

ResourceManagement

ResourceManagement

QualityManagement

QualityManagement





Decision-making

Disposal





Definition


TECHNICAL PROCESSES

PROJECT PROCESSES





Decision-making Risk Management Risk Management Configuration Management Configuration Management

Information Management Information

Management

PlanningPlanning AssessmentAssessment ControlControl

Decision-makingDecision-making

Disposal





Definition


TECHNICAL PROCESSES

DisposalDisposal

MaintenanceOperation MaintenanceMaintenanceOperationOperation

ValidationTransitionVerification ValidationValidationTransitionTransitionVerificationVerification



Definition


Requirements Analysis Architectural DesignArchitectural Design


Definition


Definition

Implementation IntegrationImplementationImplementation IntegrationIntegration

TECHNICAL PROCESSES

PROJECT PROCESSES

AcquisitionAcquisition

AcquisitionSupply

AcquisitionAcquisitionAcquisitionAcquisition

AcquisitionSupplyAcquisitionSupply

Figure1-1 System Life Cycle Process Overview per ISO/IEC 15288Source: INCOSE SE Handbook, v3.0Each process has purpose, outcomes, and activitiesEach process has purpose, outcomes, and activities

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CMMI IssuesDoD Sponsor Report

Programs execute at lower maturity levels than their organizations have achieved and advertised

High-maturity practices are not consistently applied at the project level after contract award

How to ensure new projects will incorporate CMMI processes

Appraisal sampling procedures – how to ensure adequate coverage of the organizational unit

Appraiser quality – training, consistency

Lack of agreement on what constitutes Levels 4 and 5

Need to converge to a single representation

Content of appraisal disclosure statements is lacking

Inadequate training and education for acquirers

Should CMMI be used for source selection?

Source: NDIA SE Conf., 10/06 K. Baldwin

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Summary Improvements in CMMI-Dev v1.2 [August, 2006]

New material added to CMMI v1.2 to ensure processes used at project start-up

Appraisal Disclosure Statement (ADS) improved Sampling rules improved High maturity appraiser certification instituted

Additionally… CMMI guide for Acquisition Orgs to leverage Supplier’s

efforts – 3/07 CMMI – Acq in final draft [summer 07?]

Source: NDIA SE Conf., 10/06 K. Baldwin

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Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI- Dev)

CMMI Core

SERelated

Examples

Integrated Product and Process Development

SupplierSourcing

SWRelated

Examples

V 1.1 (2002)

CMMI Core (now includes SS)

SERelated

Examples

IPPD

SWRelated

Examples

HardwareRelated

Examples

V 1.2 (2006)

Organizational Goal (OPD)

Project Goal (IPM)

Source: SEI* Sources incl EIA-731(SECM)

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[Acq] Requirements Management[Acq] Requirements Development[Acq] Technical SolutionProduct Integration [Acq drops this?]VerificationValidation

Engineering

ProjectManagement

[added Acquisition Management]Project PlanningProject Monitoring and ControlSupplier Agreement Management [becomes Solicitation & Supplier Agreement Management ?]Integrated Project Management)Risk ManagementQuantitative Project Management (4)

Organizational Process Focus; DefinitionOrganizational Training;Process Performance (4)Organizational Innovation and Deployment(5)

ProcessManagement

Configuration ManagementProcess and Product Quality AssuranceMeasurement and AnalysisDecision Analysis and ResolutionCausal Analysis and Resolution (5)

Support

Category Process Area

CMMI-Dev 1.2 Process Areas— Continuous Representation

(Hi maturity level)

(bold is for Levels 2&3 capability; […]

addresses correlation with draft CMMI-Acq )

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Defense Acquisition Guide (DAG) [11/04] – Chapter 4 on SE

[Note: DAG/SE used ISO 15288, EIA-632, IEEE 1220, and DAU 2001 SE Handbook as key references]

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Example Systems Engineering Process Architecture

(SE Processes taken from DAG, Chapter 4)

TechPlanning

Tech Decision Risk Requirements Assessment Analysis Management Management

Requirements Development

Logical Analysis Design Solution

Implementation

Verification & Validation Interface Management Configuration & Data Management

Legend:ManagementEngineeringSupport

Transition

Integration

Technical Management Processes:

Technical Support Processes:

Feedback from each

process

Core Technical Processes:

Note: this illustration was adopted from some PI work done for DISA_by author

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SE Standards/Models Mapping - ManagementISO-15288 EIA-632 IEEE-1220 CMMI-DEV DAG/SE Chap. 4

Project Planning Planning Planning tech effort, SE integration, of SE effort

Project Planning; Integrated PM;

Quantitative PM

Technical Planning;

Interface Mngt.

Project Assessment Assessment Control Project Monitoring & Control; M&A;

Quantitative PM

Technical Assessment;

Project Control Control Control Project Monitoring & Control

Interface Mngt.

Decision Making Systems Analysis Systems Analysis Measurement & Analysis (M&A); Decision Analysis & Resolution; Quantitative PM; Causal Analysis & Resolution;

Decision Analysis

Risk Mngt. Systems Analysis Systems Analysis Risk Mngt. Risk Mngt.

Configuration

Management (CM)

CM CM;

Int. repository/ data pkg.

CM;

Requirements Mngt.

CM;

Requirements Mngt.

Information Mngt. Control: info dissemination

Control; Integrated DB/pkg.

Integrated PM;

CM

Technical Data Mngt.

Agreement : Acquisition & Supply

Acquisition & Supply

Supplier Agreement Mngt.; see also draft CMMI-Acq

See other DAG chapters

Enterprise: Environment, Life Cycle, Resource, & Quality Mngt.

Environment & Enterprise Support [e.g., investment, resource, process mngt.]

QM;

Product & Process Improvement

Organizational processes;

Process & Product QA

See other DAG chapters

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SE Standard/Models Mapping - TechnicalISO-15288 EIA-632 IEEE-1220 CMMI-Dev DAG/ Chap. 4

Stakeholder Requirements Definition

Requirements Definition





Systems Analysis (SA)

Requirements & Functional Analysis; SA


Logical Analysis

Architectural Design

Solution Definition Synthesis; SA;

modeling, spec tree, SBS

Technical Solution Design Solution

ImplementationImplementation;

production

prototyping, fabrication, assembly, production

Technical SolutionImplementation

Integration integrationProduct Integration

Integration

Verification System Verification Functional and Design Verification; Tech reviews

Verification Verification;

[+Chap 9 – IT&E]

Validation Requirements and End Products Validation

Requirements Validation; Tech reviews, test

Validation Validation;

[+Chap, 9 – IT&E]

TransitionTransition to Use

Product Integration;

Org. Innovation & Deployment; Org. Training

Transition

Operation; Maintenance; and Disposal

field support support operations, support, maintenance, sustainment, disposal

See other DAG chapters.

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Example: Apply practices to Technical Planning

ISO - 15288EIA - 632IEEE - 1220CMMI - DevPM BoK

&DoD(AT&L)/SSE Tech Planning considerations

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ISO 15288 Project Planning activities“Purpose is to produce and communicate effective and workable project plans”

Identify the project objectives and constraints

Define the project scope as established in the agreement

Establish a WBS based on evolving system architecture

Define and maintain a project schedule based on project objectives and work estimates

Project achievement criteria for the life cycle stage decision gates, delivery dates and major

dependencies on external inputs or outputs

Define the project costs and plan a budget

Establish the structure of authorities and responsibilities for project work

Define the infrastructure and services required by the project

Plan the acquisition of materials, goods and enabling system services supplied from outside the

project

Generate and communicate a plan for technical mgmt. of the project, including the reviews

Define the project measures to be generated and the associated data to be collected, validated

and analyzed

Generate a project quality plan

Source: Summarized from ISO 15288

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EIA-632 – Technical Planning

Process Implementation Strategy– stakeholders, applicable docs, process approaches, LC phases,

integration, reporting requirements, implementation Technical Effort Definition

– Requirement types, db, risk mngt. process metrics, metrics/quality, cost objectives, TPMs, tasks, methods & tools, technology

Schedule & Organization– Event& calendar based schedules, resources, staffing/disciplines,

team/ org structure Technical Plans

– Engineering, Risk mngt., Tech Review, V &V, other Work Directives

– Work packages, work authorizations

Source: EIA-632

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IEEE-1220 Planning the Technical Effort“Prepare and Implement the technical plans and schedules to guide the

project toward accomplishment of its objectives and proper conclusion.”

Engineering plan [example SEMP content] Master and Detail Schedules Technical plans Developmental strategies Modeling & prototyping Integrated repository, Data, Tools, and Integrated data package Hw, SW, Humans Life cycle processes Spec and Drawing trees; SBS Integration the SE effort Tech Reviews Quality management Product & process improvement

Source: IEEE - 1220

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CMMI – Project PlanningPurpose is to supply and maintain plans that define project activities.

Establish Estimates

– Estimate scope

– Establish Estimates of work products/attributes

– Define life cycle

– Determine effort & cost estimates

Develop Project Plan

– Establish budget & schedule

– Identify risks

– Plan for data management,

– Plan for resources; Needed knowledge & skills

– Plan stakeholder involvement

– Establish the Plan

Obtain commitment to the Plan

– Review plans that affect project

– Reconcile work & resource levels

– Obtain commitment

Other key process area relationships: – Requirements

Development, Monitoring & Control, Supplier Agreement

Mngt. Integrated PM, Risk Mngt., Measurement &

Analysis, …

Source: CMMI-Dev

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CMMI Generic Practices for Planning process area

Perform the planning process Establish & maintain an Org policy for planning process Plan the planning process Provide resources Assign responsibility Train people Manage configurations Identify and involve relevant stakeholders Monitor and control the planning process Objectively evaluate adherence to the planning process Review status with higher level management [PEO?] …

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PM – Book of Knowledge (PM-BoK)(Project Management)

Scope* Integration

(charter, scope statement, PMP)

Communication* Risk* Quality* Human Resources* Time (definition, sequencing,

estimation)

Cost (estimation, budgeting)

Procurement (purchase, acquisition, contracting)

* Apply Planning, Execution & Control to each area

Source: www.PMI.org ; 3rd Edition, 2004

DoD PMBoK Extension (2003):

SE

SW Acquisition

Logistics

T&E

Manufacturing

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Planning Process example [INCOSE SE Handbook v3]

Figure 5-2 Context Diagram for the Project Planning Process

Controls-Enterprise Strategic Plan

-Enterprise Policies & Standards

Enablers- Enterprise Project Procedures

& Processes-Enterprise Infrastructure

Activities- Define Scope, Objectives, and

Constraints- Define WBS,

Work Packages,Schedules & Budgets-Prepare Project Plans

-Establish Project Structure, Roles & Responsibilities

Outputs- Project WBS &Data Dictionary

- SEP, tailored CMP, IMP, RMP & QMP

- Key Personnel& Resources

- Project Performance Measures

Inputs-Proposals

-Project Constraints- Roles & Responsibilities- Resource Requirements

Forecast

Figure 5-2 Context Diagram for the Project Planning Process













Inputs-Proposals


Forecast





















Inputs-Proposals


Forecast

















Inputs-Proposals


Forecast

Inputs-Proposals


Forecast

Inputs-Proposals


Forecast

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DoD/SSE Technical Planning emphasis

Manage a Comprehensive Set of Requirements– Define project scope w key stakeholders [FoS, SoS]– Formulate, assess, select the preferred system concept– Develop explicit and testable system/project requirements– Develop a WBS [products & process]

Resource & Staffing to the Technical Plan– Organize and staff the project team [TA, PM, LSE, IPTs]– Estimate the time and resource requirements [IMS, EVMS]– Develop a project critical path– Develop a project budget

Develop and Managing Technical Baselines– Identify, manage, and mitigate project risks [technical]– Manage project changes and customer expectations

Managing Event-based Technical Reviews Integrating Tech Planning into overall Program Planning &

Management Context [IMP/IMS, EVMS, program Risks]

Source: Dinesh Verma; DoD/SSE Workshop

Note: DoD is updating DAG/SE, SEP

Prep Guide, and DoDI 5000.2

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… and in summary ISO - 15288 is becoming a SE process ‘reference’ model

– IEEE - 1220 updated per ISO–15288; IEEE ‘adopted’ the 15288 w elaboration; further updates planned

– EIA - 632 is being ‘harmonized’ to the ISO – 15288 & CMMI

– CMMI used EIA 632, 731 as sources; next version will also look at 15288 and 1220

– ISO 12207 (SW Engineering processes) is being harmonized with 15288; additionally a ”Life Cycle Management” standard being drafted both [in draft review

– INCOSE SE Handbook v3.0, 2006 is based on 15288; SE Certification will be based on it; It is to be released as a ISO tech report

– Coordination also underway w ISO 9001

DoD SE Revitalization:

– DAG SE now being revised; one area being ‘beefed up’ is Software; DAU is implementing a series of SE courses

– DoD SoSE Guide being piloted uses the DAG/Chapter 4

– CMMI Guide for Acquirers; SE in Acquisition Contracts Guide

– NDIA-SE draft Systems Assurance Guide uses ISO 15288 and EIA-632

IEEE working on an SE guidance & certification (by specialties)

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SE SourcesLinks: ISO 15288: http://www.15288.com/ EIA 632: http://www.geia.org/index.asp?bid=552 IEEE 1220: http://www.software.org/quagmire/descriptions/ieee1220.asp SEI-CMMI: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/models/models.html#modules Systems & Software Consortium: http://www.systemsandsoftware.org/ DAU-DAG: http://akss.dau.mil/dag/ DoD(AT&L) SE: http://www.acq.osd.mil/se/index.html AF Center for SE; http://www.afit.edu/cse/ INCOSE – Standards TC http://www.incose.org/practice/techactivities/standards.aspx

References:

“SE Standards & Models Compared”; J. Lake (SMi) and S. Sheard (SPC), INCOSE 2004 “Evolution of a Standard EIA-632”; R. Harwell, INCOSE 2006

“Cross-Cultural Issues Associated with the Application of ISO/IEC Standard”; T. Ferris, INCOSE 2006

“INCOSE Insight: Special Feature: Standards in SE”, April 2007; see particularly K. Crowder, D. Kitterman, T. Doran, R. Harwell, and S. Arnold articles.

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Backup slides

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Some SE Process References

ISO/IEC 15288: System Engineering – System Life Cycle Processes; 2002

EIA/IS 632: Processes for Engineering a System; 1998 &?

IEEE 1220: Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process; 2005

CMMI© – Capability Maturity Model Integration for Systems Engineering, Software Engineering, and Integrated Product and Process Development, 1.2 (2006)

Defense Acquisition Guide, Chapter 4 - Systems Engineering; Defense Acquisition University, 2004

CMMI – Acq: Adapting CMMI for Acquisition Organizations: A Preliminary Report; 2006

Understanding and Leveraging a Supplier’s CMMI Efforts; 2007

INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook, v 3, 2006

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NDIA Top 5 SE Issues

Lack of awareness of SE importance

Lack of adequate qualified resources

Insufficient SE tools and environments

Inconsistent requirements definition

Poor initial program formulation

2003Inconsistent SE

practices across all life cycle phases

Insufficient quantity and quality of SE

expertise

Requirements not well managed or translated

Insufficient SE early in the life cycle

Inadequate tools and collaborative environments

2006

Source: NDIA SE Conference 10/06; M. Schaffer DUSD(A&T) SSE

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Taking SE to the Next Level

My challenge to you:– Instilling upfront and continuous technical rigor– Understanding Systems-of-Systems SE– Fielding capability to the warfighter sooner– Increasing combat systems fuel efficiency– Addressing growing software concerns

Sincere thanks to our partners– Industry, in particular, NDIA– Service and Agency Engineering Staffs

“THE WILL TO CHANGE …”

Source: Honorable James L. Finely, DUSD(A&T), NDIA SE, 10/06

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DUSD(A&T) Vision for SE . . .

Competencies ImpairedElevated StatureRaised AwarenessPositive InfluenceDelivered Product Suites

World class leadershipBroaden Software Engineering and System Assurance, expanding to Systems-of- SystemsResponsive and agile, proactive to changing customer needsFocused technical assistance, guidance, and workforce education and training

Systems and Software Engineering

Center of Excellence

. . . the Technical Foundation that Enables Acquisition Excellence

Systems Engineering

Revitalization


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Systems Engineering

JCDSPG Joint Concepts

FNAFAA EOA SDD PDTD &RR

MS CMS B

FRP DR

CPDCDD

OSD/JCS COCOM

CD

O&S

MS A

FCB

EOARpt

B1

OSD/JCS COCOMSupport Capability

Based Assessments

Define relationships with related capabilities,

architectures (e.g., GIG)

Identify alternatives; trade cost, sched, perf

Identify incremental, system specifications

Determine system performance parameters

and verification plans

Develop, test, and assessincrements of capability

Demonstrate capabilities meet user needs

Assess system performance against

capability needs

Assess portfolio performance (CAR)

Integrate SoS; assess cost, sched, perf

Integrate and test

Sound technical planning to

support warfighting capabilities

ComponentsComponents

EnterpriseEnterprise

SoSSoS

SystemSystem

OperationalOperational

Fully integrated SE approach: Fully integrated SE approach: technical maturity, cost technical maturity, cost realism, risk mitigationrealism, risk mitigation

SE is the technical foundation SE is the technical foundation for building acquisition for building acquisition knowledge over time knowledge over time


where have se standards (and models) come from…and where are they going? incose - wma donald j....

Documents

se process clause

system ieee

se process sources

se effort

overview of se standards

n ieee

agenda n se standards

systems process