What stage does Erikson say you are in?A.A. Trust vs. MistrustTrust vs. Mistrust

B.B. Generativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. Stagnation

C.C. Identify vs. Role ConfusionIdentify vs. Role Confusion

D.D. Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation

Adler says that personaity arises

from our attempts to overcome

feelings of what?

A.A. FearFear

B.B. MistrustMistrust

C.C. DisappointmentDisappointment

D.D. InadequacyInadequacy

Classical & Operant

Conditioning

Human Behavior

Pavlov-Classical/Operant Conditioning

Behaviorism-

School of thought in psychology that based on School of thought in psychology that based on the thought that learning occurs through the thought that learning occurs through interaction with the environment. interaction with the environment.

Learning Perspectives

Classical conditioning-PavlovClassical conditioning-Pavlov’’s s

-Operant conditioning and Cognitive -Operant conditioning and Cognitive Social Learning- B.F. Skinner Social Learning- B.F. Skinner

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Pavlov experiment with the dogs, food, ringing Pavlov experiment with the dogs, food, ringing bell and salivation.bell and salivation.

VideoVideo

Reflexes – hardwired into brain

Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus stimulus – natural and – natural and automatic response. automatic response.

A situation that produces A situation that produces a response without prior a response without prior learning.learning.

Examples – Examples – You are coldYou are coldYou are HungryYou are HungrySmell your favorite foodSmell your favorite food

Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Response – – natural and automatic response natural and automatic response to the unconditioned stimulusto the unconditioned stimulus

Unlearned and automatically Unlearned and automatically associated with the unconditioned associated with the unconditioned stimulus.stimulus.

Examples–Examples–

you get goose bumps or shiveryou get goose bumps or shiver

Your stomach growlsYour stomach growls

You salivateYou salivate

Conditioned Stimulus & Response

Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus – – a previously neutral a previously neutral situation that causes the situation that causes the conditioned response after conditioned response after being associated with the being associated with the unconditioned situation unconditioned situation (CS).(CS).

For example – class bellFor example – class bell

Conditioned Conditioned Response Response - - learned learned behavior to a conditioned behavior to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after a stimulus that occurs after a relationship has been relationship has been created between CS and created between CS and US (CR).US (CR).

For example – you know For example – you know class is over when the bell class is over when the bell rings.rings.

Classical Conditioning-

Classical Conditioning-

Classical Conditioning in the Real World

In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlov's dogs. Many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.

Treatment of phobias or anxiety problems.

Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. (Safe Environment when speaking in public)

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner – consequence changes behaviorB.F. Skinner – consequence changes behavior

Changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement Changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response.which is given after the desired response.

Reinforcements and punishmentsReinforcements and punishments

Studied rats, food and electrical shock.Studied rats, food and electrical shock.

Video: Video: http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?SearchText=operant+conditioning&lid=17009964&ID=143259&player=13SearchText=operant+conditioning&lid=17009964&ID=143259&player=13

Operant Conditioning-

Operant Conditioning-

Reinforcement & Punishment

ReinforcemenReinforcement – t – a consequence that a consequence that increasesincreases the likelihood the likelihood of a behavior occurring.of a behavior occurring.

Examples-Examples-• You’ve Been Caught CardYou’ve Been Caught Card• PaycheckPaycheck• BonusBonus• HugHug• Good gradeGood grade• ComplimentCompliment

PunishmentPunishment – – a consequence that a consequence that decreasesdecreases the likelihood of the likelihood of a behavior occurring.a behavior occurring.

Examples-Examples-• GroundedGrounded• Get a referralGet a referral• SuspendedSuspended• Yelled atYelled at• FiredFired

Sheldon & Penny