What might we be feeding in 2020? Development in pig feed ingredients

Mick Hazzledine Premier Nutrition

Established pig feed ingredients • Wheat, barley, wheatfeed, “biscuit” • Extracted soya bean meal, rapeseed meal,

sunflower meal – Peas, beans

• Amino acids lysine, methionine, threonine – Tryptophan, valine

• Liquid co-products

Example UK formulations Q4 2014 Inclusion (%)

£/t 13-35kg 35-65kg 65-110kg Dry Lact Average Wheat 166 40.4 46 47.8 50 48.1 46.6 Barley 155 25 20 20 13.8 10 19.1

wheatfeed 138 6.7 9.3 30.2 18.9 10.8 Soya meal 350 24.5 15.7 4.6 11.1 10.2 Rape meal 200 5 8 12 2 7.5 8.3 Suns meal 205 3.1 1.2 Lysine HCL 1120 0.4 0.42 0.41 0.23 0.29 0.4 Threonine 1530 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.1

Methionine 2480 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.1 Soya oil 620 2.8 1.3 1 1.5 1.6 1.5

How have formulations changed in the last 25 years? • Increased usage of raw materials

– Rapeseed meal • Plant breeding to reduce glucosinolates

– Biscuit/bakery meal • Better quality and control

– Sunflower meal • “Hipro” suns – processing

• Improved definition of nutrients – NE, SID amino acids, DP

• Feeding programmes – Single sow and single finisher increasingly rare.

• Additives – Enzymes

• Cereal and phytase

Evolution not revolution!

What might we be feeding in 2020? Challenges and conflicts

• Environmental – N and P output likely to increase with home produced/by-

product proteins – C footprint

• Similar on pigs feed European soya bean meal and poultry meat meal

• 1-3% lower using algal protein, • 4-5% higher using sunflower and DDGS (Feed4foodure, 2014)

• Welfare and consumerism including GM • Food vs fuel • Antibiotic use

All of these debates are highly politicised and lack long term strategies making accurate forecasts or

plans impossible

Politicians and diapers should be changed frequently and all for the same reason.

~José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, translated from Portuguese

£/t £/t £/t

Wheat 166 77.32 121.84 Barley 155 29.55

wheatfeed 138 14.97

Soya meal 350 35.77

62.31

Rape meal 200 16.59

Suns meal 205 2.48

Lysine HCL 1120 4.22

Threonine 1530 1.72 Methionine 2480 1.53

Soya oil 620 9.03 9.03

Example UK formulations Q4 2014

Formulations 2014 • “Proteins” account for about 20% of volume

but 30% of feed costs – Soya is approximately 50% of protein fraction – It takes 29kg of soya bean meal to produce a

slaughter pig • 75% fed below 65kg bodyweight • Soya meal has a high nutrient concentration and

digestibility; most current alternatives don’t (unless dehulled?)

UK soya? • 3,000 acres grown in 2003

• Yielded 1t/acre • Value at the time £170/t, £100/acre cost. • Area payment lower on oilseeds than pulses • Poor agrochems

• 2014 • Improved varieties/agronomics • Much higher soya price • Level playing field with pulses • Improved agrochems • South of Vale of York/Staffs • 12-15 farms growing; 150 hectares • Non GM to Cherwell Valley (full fat soya)

Ref: www.soya-uk.com (David McNaughton)

Future formulations? 1. Crystalline amino acids 2. Pulses – peas, beans, lupins 3. Improved rapeseed meal 4. Yeast 5. PAP 6. Wheat DDGS 7. Insects 8. Algae

1. Future formulations – crystalline amino acids If tryptophan/valine price was lower?

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg Wheat 166 46 47 Barley 155 20 20 wheatfeed 138 6.7 8.4 Soya meal 350 15.7 13.3 Rape meal 200 8 8 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.49 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.17 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.1 Valine 5000 n/a 0.04 Tryptophan 5000 n/a 0.01 Soya oil 620 1.3 1.3 Crude protein (%) 18.5 17.8

Leucine limiting

possible

2. Future formulations – Peas Opportunity value of peas

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg Peas 192 20 Wheat 166 46 32 Barley 155 20 20 wheatfeed 138 6.7 4 Soya meal 350 15.7 11 Rape meal 200 8 8 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.31 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.14 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.12 Soya oil 620 1.3 1.4 Crude protein (%) 18.5 19.1

Price Availability

3 Future formulations – improved rape meal?

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg Rape meal 200 8 25 Wheat 166 46 43 Barley 155 20 25 wheatfeed 138 6.7 Soya meal 350 15.7 2.6 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.44 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.13 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.07 Soya oil 620 1.3 2.6 Crude protein (%) 18.5 19.1

Possible Timescale?

4.Future formulations – Yeast Opportunity cost of yeast

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg Brewers Yeast 260 0 8 Wheat 166 46 46 Barley 155 20 20 wheatfeed 138 6.7 8.4 Soya meal 350 15.7 13.3 Rape meal 200 8 8 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.49 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.17 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.1 Tryptophan 12500 n/a 0.06 Soya oil 620 1.3 1.3 Crude protein (%) 18.5 19.3

Price

Yeast

• Yeast products – Cell walls – B glucan – Nucleotides

• Benefits – Competitive exclusion and binding of pathogens – Immune stimulation – Mycotoxin binding – Stimulation of gut fermentation

• >22 yeast products currently in stock at Premier!

5.Future formulations – PAP Opportunity cost of PAP

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg PAP 350 0 4.3 Wheat 166 46 44 Barley 155 20 20 wheatfeed 138 6.7 9.9 Soya meal 350 15.7 11.3 Rape meal 200 8 8 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.43 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.15 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.09 Tryptophan 12500 n/a 0.01 Soya oil 620 1.3 1.0 Crude protein (%) 18.5 18.9

Price Consumerism

6.Future formulations – Wheat DDGS Opportunity cost of wheat DDGS (HQ)

Inclusion (%)

£/t 30-65kg Wheat DDGS (HQ) 190 0 14.6 Wheat 166 46 47.1 Barley 155 20 20 wheatfeed 138 6.7 Soya meal 350 15.7 18.8 Rape meal 200 8 6 Lysine HCL 1120 0.42 0.62 Threonine 1530 0.14 0.18 Methionine 2480 0.09 0.10 Tryptophan 12500 n/a 0.01 Soya oil 620 1.3 1.0 Crude protein (%) 18.5 18.7

Availability Variability Cattle

Insects are part of the diet of 2bn people Beetles, 31%; caterpillars 18%; bees, wasps, ants 13%

Lunch 13.10 Hot Fork Buffet!

Desert locust

Thailand – 20,000 cricket farms – USD 3.5m

FCR 1.7-2.0

Availability of edible insects in Thailand Month Insect January Grasshopper, tortoise beetle, skipper February Adult red ant, dung beetle, scarab beetle, stink bug March Cicada, termites, dung beetles April Dung beetle, grasshopper May Ground cricket June Giant water bug, wood-boring beetle, diving beetle July Back swimmer, crawling water beetle, damselfly, spider August Bee hornet, wasp, beetle September Rhinoceros beetle, spider October Cricket November Long-horned beetle December Mole cricket, river swimmer, true water beetle, water scavenger beetle, water scorpion beetle Source: Yhoung-Aree and Viwatpanich, 2005.

Mealworm

Black soldier fly larvae

At 29°C, black soldier fly can develop from egg to adult in 38 days

House fly larvae (maggot)

1 kg dry weight of insect meal contains approximately 200,000 housefly larvae

Insect meal • “We throw away 20% of our food. This could

be a sustainable source for insect production which on a global scale could produce 3 times more protein than current soya protein production”

• “Insect protein can replace the fishmeal in salmon feeds”

• Erik Jan Lock National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research

PROteINSECT Insects as a sustainable source of protein

• PROteINSECT is a 3 year EC funded project (2013-2016) co-ordinated by FERA (Food & Environment Research Agency) in the United Kingdom. – The consortium has partners from Europe, Africa and Asia,

ranging from feed industry multinationals, research centres and universities, to farmers and experts in policy change and communications.

– Life cycle assessment, quality and safety – www.proteinsect.eu

• GREENiNSECT – Kenya/Denmark

Insect meal • Dutch feed company Coppens and Dutch insect

producer Protix Biosystems have signed an agreement to include insect meal in livestock feed when legislation allows – Coppens agreed on the use of 200 tonnes insect fat

and 300 tonnes insect protein (black soldier fly) – Kees Aarts from Protix, expects that the use of insect

meal will be allowed next summer • Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed

security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. ISSN 0258-6150. 201 pages

Future formulations- insect meals

Black soldier fly

larvae

Housefly maggot meal

Housefly pupae meal

Mealworm*

DM (%) 91.3 92.4 92.1 92.0

Crude Protein (%) 42.1 50.4 70.8 48.6

Crude fibre (%) 7.0 5.7 15.7

Fat (%) 26.0 18.9 15.5 33.1

Ash (%) 20.6 10.1 7.7 2.8

GE (MJ/kg) 22.1 22.9 24.3 24.6

Lysine (% prot) 6.6 6.1 5.5 5.4

M+C (% prot) 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.3

Thr (% prot) 3.7 3.5 3.2 4.0

Tryp (% prot) 0.5 1.5 0.6

Valine (% prot) 8.2 4.0 4.2 6.0

Isoleucine (% prot) 5.1 3.2 3.4 4.6

* High omega 3

Ref: Feedipedia

Future formulations- Algae? • Algae are the most widespread of the photosynthetic

plants – Filamentous algae

• Spirulina, spirogyra, cladophora – Seaweeds

• Filamentous blue green algae 60-74% crude protein, 0.7-5.0% oil, 2-7% CF, 3-11% ash

• High omega 3 fatty acids • Successfully used as a feed additive increasing

performance of fish (Japan, 0.5-5%) eg Nibbler

Harvesting algae and solving the worlds obesity problem!

Future formulations? Black

soldier fly larvae

Housefly pupae meal

Chlorella stigmatop

hora

Hipro Soya (S.A)

Fish (S.A)

DM (%) 91.3 92.1 88.5 91

Crude Protein (%) 42.1 70.8 39 47.0 69

Crude fibre (%) 7.0 15.7 4.3 -

Fat (%) 26.0 15.5 2.6 9.5

Ash (%) 20.6 7.7 6.3 13.5

GE (MJ/kg) 22.1 24.3 17.4 19.6

Lysine (% prot) 6.6 5.5 13.4 6.1 7.2

M+C (% prot) 2.2 2.4 2.78 3.6

Thr (% prot) 3.7 3.2 4.9 3.9 4.0

Tryp (% prot) 0.5 1.36 1.03

Valine (% prot) 8.2 4.2 5.7 4.7 4.69

Isoleucine (% prot) 5.1 3.4 3.8 4.5 4.0

Insect meals – Wikipedia; Algae - www.algae4feed.org; Soya/fish - Premier Atlas 2014

Summary What might we be feeding in 2020?

Ingredient Possibilities

Crystalline amino acids Increase likely but limited

Peas/beans/lupins Limited, need circa 30-40% increase in pea/bean yield on current analysis. Lupins much higher protein, agronomics improving?

Rape seed meal Huge potential. Complex science. Unlikely on this timescale

Yeast Impact already as a specialist feed additive but unlikely to be major dry feed ingredient

PAP Limited. Consumer (and industry) acceptability. Price

DDGS Limited. Worth more in ruminant. Subsidies? Variability

Insects Excellent analysis and huge potential. Consumer acceptability? Legislation? Economics? Timescale?

Algae Excellent analysis. Economics? Interesting environmentally

A parting quiz What connects the following?

$17/lb – now that’s added value!

Answer: Cannabis 8.9m Euro Danish project to look at hemp - has to be low THC (psychoactive) - Pre-weaning mortality, gut health post

weaning