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By Steven WarrenAugust 28, 2007, 9:00 AM PDT

Takeaway: Most database administrators (DBAs) know what its like to be called away fromhome or dinner or even awakened in the middle of the night to answer a page or a cell-phone callconcerning some type of database disaster. These are the times youre glad that you have asystematic backup plan. Of course, conversely, [...]

Most database administrators (DBAs) know what its like to be called away from home or dinner oreven awakened in the middle of the night to answer a page or a cell-phone call concerning sometype of database disaster. These are the times youre glad that you have a systematic backupplan. Of course, conversely, if you dont have a good backup plan, these are the times you regretit.

In this article, we will discuss various types of backup strategies and demonstrate how toimplement each of these types of backups using Enterprise Manager, the graphical user interface(GUI), and Transact SQL (T-SQL) in Microsoft SQL Server 2000.

Put together a backup planBefore developing your backup strategy, you need to develop a plan of action. Evaluate yourcompany and ask, What is the maximum amount of downtime we can live with? Once this isestablished, you can decide on the appropriate course of action by matching your companysneeds to the appropriate level of database backup.

Full backupsA full backup is the easiest type of backup to implement in SQL Server. It takes a complete pictureof your database that includes backing up users and permissions. In addition, this backup canoccur while transactions are still occurring in your system. When the backup begins, the date isrecorded, the data pages are backed up, and all transactions that occur while the backup runs areappended to the backup.

Authors noteA full backup backs up your users but not your logins. If you want to back up your logins,remember to back up the Master database. Furthermore, if you ever restore your database to adifferent server, you must synchronize your logins by using the sp_change_users_login. For amore detailed explanation of this stored procedure, see SQL Books Online.

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To implement a full backup using Enterprise Manager, expand the SQL Server to display yourdatabases. Right-click on the database and select All Tasks | Backup Database to access theoptions shown in Figure A.

Under Backup, choose Database - Complete. Then, select a destination (tape or disk). If this is thefirst backup of your database, you will have to create a backup device or file. A backup device issimply a location that stores your backups. A backup file can also hold multiple backups. Tocreate a backup device or file, start by clicking Add. Next, select either File Name or BackupDevice. (Figure B shows the dialog box youll see if you choose Backup Device.) Then, justdefine the appropriate path and click OK. Once youve created the device or file, you can select itfrom the Destination list box.

The SQL Server Backup dialog box also includes options to append to a backup or overwrite it.This means that you can add multiple backups to your file or device or overwrite previous backupswith the most current one. If you want to schedule your backups, select the Schedule check boxand then click the button that has three dots on it. In the Edit Schedule dialog box, shown inFigure C, make your scheduling specifications.

You can choose from the following options:

Start Automatically When SQL Server Agent Starts

Start Whenever CPU(s) Become Idle

One Time

Recurring

You can use the Change button to set a time for recurring backups.

Enterprise Manager also allows you to set a variety of other options via the SQL Server Backupdialog box. If you click on the Options tab, you can choose the following:

Verify Backup Upon Completion

Eject Tape After Backup

Remove Inactive Entries From Transaction Log

Check Media Set Name And Backup Set Expiration

Backup Set Will Expire (You supply an expiration date.)

Initialize And Label Media

Using T-SQLYou can also back up a database using T-SQL, which offers options that Enterprise Managerdoesnt. The syntax for a full backup is as follows:BACKUP DATABASE { database_name | @database_name_var }TO < backup_device > [ ,n ][ WITH[ BLOCKSIZE = { blocksize | @blocksize_variable } ][ [ , ] DESCRIPTION = { text | @text_variable } ][ [ , ] DIFFERENTIAL ][ [ , ] EXPIREDATE = { date | @date_var }| RETAINDAYS = { days | @days_var } ][ [ , ] PASSWORD = { password | @password_variable } ][ [ , ] FORMAT | NOFORMAT ][ [ , ] { INIT | NOINIT } ][ [ , ] MEDIADESCRIPTION = { text | @text_variable } ][ [ , ] MEDIANAME = { media_name | @media_name_variable } ][ [ , ] MEDIAPASSWORD = { mediapassword | @mediapassword_variable } ][ [ , ] NAME = { backup_set_name | @backup_set_name_var } ][ [ , ] { NOSKIP | SKIP } ][ [ , ] { NOREWIND | REWIND } ][ [ , ] { NOUNLOAD | UNLOAD } ][ [ , ] RESTART ][ [ , ] STATS [ =percentage ] ]

For a definition of each option, see the description in SQL Books Online.

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Figure D shows an example of how I backed up the Pubs database. By adding NOINIT, Iappended the information to the end of the backup. By adding Stats to the argument, I received anoutput of the percentage of the backup completed.

Differential backupsA differential backup backs up only the data that has changed since the last full backup. Thesebackups are generally smaller than a full backup and can be used frequently since they run muchfaster. To perform a differential backup in Enterprise Manager, choose the Database-Differentialoption in the SQL Server Backup dialog box (which we saw in Figure A).

To perform a differential backup using T-SQL, use the Backup command but add the differentialargument, as shown in Figure E.

Transaction-log backupsA transaction-log backup will back up all transactions that occur in the database and purge orclean up the log after the backup completes. Using a transaction-log backup gives you point-in-time recovery for a database. To perform transaction-log backups with Enterprise Manager,choose the Transaction Log option in the SQL Server Backup dialog box.

Keep in mind that you must be using Full or Bulk-Logged Recovery Models, which will beexplained below, in order to perform transaction-log backups.

To perform a transaction-log backup with T-SQL, use the following syntax:BACKUP LOG { database_name | @database_name_var }{TO < backup_device > [ ,n ][ WITH[ BLOCKSIZE = { blocksize | @blocksize_variable } ][ [ , ] DESCRIPTION = { text | @text_variable } ][ [ ,] EXPIREDATE = { date | @date_var }| RETAINDAYS = { days | @days_var } ][ [ , ] PASSWORD = { password | @password_variable } ][ [ , ] FORMAT | NOFORMAT ][ [ , ] { INIT | NOINIT } ][ [ , ] MEDIADESCRIPTION = { text | @text_variable } ][ [ , ] MEDIANAME = { media_name | @media_name_variable } ][ [ , ] MEDIAPASSWORD = { mediapassword | @mediapassword_variable } ][ [ , ] NAME = { backup_set_name | @backup_set_name_var } ][ [ , ] NO_TRUNCATE ][ [ , ] { NORECOVERY | STANDBY =undo_file_name } ][ [ , ] { NOREWIND | REWIND } ][ [ , ] { NOSKIP | SKIP } ][ [ , ] { NOUNLOAD | UNLOAD } ][ [ , ] RESTART ][ [ , ] STATS [ =percentage ] ]

For a detailed definition of each option, please see the description in SQL Books Online. You canperform the transaction-log backup by using the Backup Log command, as shown in Figure F.

File-group backupsA file-group backup lets you back up individual files or file groups. It basically allows you to backup a large database by spreading your backups out over time. This is a more granular type ofbackup that allows an admin to take a custom approach or to simply fill in the gaps of otherbackup methods.

Using a database recovery modelThe database recovery model is a new feature that was added to SQL Server 2000. This modelmakes it easier to control your backups and disaster recovery options. SQL Server 7.0 optionslike selectinto/bulkcopy and trunc.logoncheckpoint have been replaced in SQL 2000 by theSimple, Full, and Bulk-Logged recovery models. Lets take a look at the differences between thesemodels.

Specifying a recovery modelTo select a database recovery model, right-click on the database and choose Properties. Click the

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Options tab and select your recovery model.

Simple recovery modelThe Simple recovery model is similar to the trunc.logoncheckpoint option in SQL Server 7.0. Thisrecovery plan always truncates your transaction log and constantly removes transactions that havebeen committed. Because of this, the transaction log cannot be backed up, which leaves you withonly two backup options: full and differential.

If you try to back up the transaction log when using a Simple recovery model, you will receive thiserror message: The backup log is not allowed while the recovery model is Simple.

Full and Bulk-Logged recovery modelsThe Full and Bulk-Logged options add an administration and space burden but provide themaximum protection for your data. The Full recovery model provides you with better flexibility forrecovering databases to an earlier point in time. The Bulk-Logged model provides higherperformance and lower log space usage than Full recovery but does not provide as muchprotection.

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