what is xml and why should you care - mulberry …what is xml and why should you care page 4...
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MulberryTechnologies, Inc.
What is XML
and
Why Should You Care
B. Tommie UsdinMulberry Technologies Inc.17 West Jefferson St.Suite 207Rockville MD 20850Phone: 301/315-9631Fax: 301/[email protected]://www.mulberrytech.com
July 2000Version 1.0© 2000 Mulberry Technologies
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
MulberryTechnologies, Inc. i
What is XML and Why Should You Care
What is XML?What XML Means............................................................................................ 1XML Works Through Tags.............................................................................. 2Elements Can Nest ........................................................................................... 3What XML Isn’t............................................................................................... 3XML Is a Data Format
“Employee Record” Example................................................................... 4View This in a Browser ............................................................................ 5A Familiar Print Application .................................................................... 5Same Data, Different Application............................................................. 6Same Source: Load a Database................................................................. 6Ultimate Purpose of XML: Encode Data Once......................................... 7
Parts of an XML ApplicationLogical Components of an XML Application.................................................. 7Component: XML Document .......................................................................... 8Component: DTD (Document Type Definition)............................................. 8
DTDs Express Rules................................................................................. 9Why Use a DTD?...................................................................................... 9DTDs today, Schemas tomorrow............................................................ 10
How to Specify Formatting (and Behavior)XML Separates Content from Format/Behavior..................................... 10Use an Output Specification to get There............................................... 11Documents and Stylesheets..................................................................... 11
Component: XML TransformsXML and XSL ........................................................................................ 12XSL For XML Transformation (XSLT) ................................................. 13
Where XML can be Used in PublishingXML Files ...................................................................................................... 13XML for Print and Web Publishing............................................................... 14XML Integrates Services on a Web Base....................................................... 14XML Between Application Layers ................................................................ 15A Typical “3-tiered” Model ........................................................................... 16XML Tagged Data for Information Interchange............................................ 17XML Repositories and Databases.................................................................. 17XML for Search and Retrieval....................................................................... 18
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
ii MulberryTechnologies, Inc.
Future of XMLXML Versus HTML
XML Will Replace HTML ..................................................................... 18XML Won’t Replace HTML .................................................................. 19
XML and PDFNOT XML Versus PDF........................................................................... 19XML and PDF ........................................................................................ 20
XML and Proprietary FormatsProprietary Formats................................................................................. 20XML feeds Proprietary Formats.............................................................. 21
XML Tools..................................................................................................... 21XML Ubiquitous Under the Covers............................................................... 22XML Tag Sets will Proliferate....................................................................... 22
Where to Get More InformationThe Source for XML and Related Information.............................................. 22General XML Information ............................................................................. 23XML E-Business and EDI Information.......................................................... 24Printed Books on Concepts ............................................................................ 25Other Information Sources............................................................................. 26Still More Information Sources...................................................................... 26
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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What is XML?
slide 1
The Word “XML” is Used to Mean:
� An open standard (well... a W3C recommendation) that provides:
â A data format
â A data modeling language
� The use of XML-formatted data in an application (like a browser)
� A metalanguage for creating markup languages
� A set of associated recommendations and specifications
(link, style, query, language specification, transformation,APIs, etc.)
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 2
XML Works Through Tags
Paired tags:
â Enclose data
â Identify/name the data
â Named component called an “element”
<message>Hello World!</message>
start tagmarksbeginning
the dataend tagmarksend
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 3
Elements Can Nest
paraparapara
body
to
from
sig
memo
to from body sig
para para para
memo
slide 4
XML Isn’t:
� A programming languageDoes not replace C++, Java, perl, Python, ...
� A user interface
� A presentation format
� A formatting or processing system
� A standard set of tags
� A recommended set of tags
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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XML Is a Data Format
slide 5
“Employee Record” Example
In XML we can separate data content from behavior/presentation.
<employee-record type="dog" empno="9"><name><first>Sarsparilla</first><last>Usdin</last></name><affiliation><title>Deputy in Charge of Chewables</title><company>Mulberry Technologies</company><location>Rockville, MD 20850</location><email-name>sassy</email-name></affiliation><height unit="in">36</height><weight unit="lb">70</weight></employee-record>
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 6
View This in a Browser
Convert into HTML (today). Or in an XML browser (tomorrow):
slide 7
A Familiar Print Application
MulberryTechnologies, Inc.
Sasparilla Usdin
17 West Jefferson StreetSuite 207Rockville, MD 20850
Phone: 301/315-9631Fax: 301/315-9634
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 8
Same Data, Different Application
New Employee Announcements
Sasparilla Usdin has recently joined Mulberry Technologies, Inc.’s Rockville staff as Deputy in Charge of Chewables.
Welcome to the team, Sassy!
� XML elements rolled into “form letter”
� Something (perhaps employee-id) linked to photo
slide 9
Same Source: Load a Database
Key: 00095AUSEMPNO: 009001:USDIN002:Sasparilla008:36014:70020:Deputy in Charge of Chewables
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 10
Ultimate Purpose of XML: Encode Data Once
� Enable semantically complex search
� Produce many products from that markup
� Reuse data (in whole or part) many times
� Interchange data freely
� Enable machine–machine communication
� Let whole communities agree on data content
� Let data live a long time
Parts of an XML Application
slide 11
Logical Components of an XML Application
� XML document (tags and text)
� DTD or Schema (the model)
� Output Specifications (how looks/behaves)
� Transformations (from here to there)
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 12
Component: XML Document
The tags (markup) and the text (content)
� Two types
â Well-formed
â Valid (has a model)
� Usually created
â using an XML editor (authoring)
â by a program from
• a database
• another type of XML file by transform
• conversion from another format (like Quark or Word)
slide 13
Component: DTD (Document Type Definition)
The modeling mechanism specified by the XML specification
� Models one type/class of information (a “document”)(reference book, bank transfer, journal article, memo, help-topic)
� Is a set of rules describing how documents of that type can bemarked up
� Is written in the formal syntax of XML
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slide 14
DTDs Express Rules
for example:
� article = metadata followed by article body, followed by optionalback matter
� paragraph = data characters and may include any of thefollowing: Person Names URLs, and/or Geographic Regions
� Reference book =Front Matter followed by Body followed by Back Matter
� Purchase Order =Order Header followed by List of Order Detail, followed byoptional Order Summary
slide 15
Why Use a DTD?
� DTD is a contract between producers and consumers(Both can validate to see if they got/sent what they expected)
� Formal specification of information types allows consistentdownstream processing
� Support for interoperable families of documents and documenttypes
â To ensure information conforms to model (validationmechanism)
â Parties don’t have to share software or applications
To share information, share the DTD
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slide 16
DTDs today, Schemas tomorrow
� Provide data typing
� Model multi-element dependencies, attribute dependencies, realinheritance, or other complex data dependencies
� Perform real data modeling
� Enforce rules about the data content (as opposed to the tagstructure)
Component: Output Specification/Stylesheet
slide 17
XML Separates Content from Format/Behavior
How it looks (16 pt Helvetica Bold) or what it does (start a javascript)
� Is based on the tagging
� Is the same for every tag in the same context
â NOT one tag per one format
â Table title may differ from Figure title from Chapter title
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 18
Use an Output Specification to get There
(Frequently called “Stylesheet”)
� Says what XML data will look like or how to behave
â On screen or paper
â Or in other media (for example in audible output)
� Defines an appearance or rendition or behavior
â For each element
â In each of its contexts within a document
slide 19
Documents and Stylesheets
� One stylesheet, many documents
â Maintain consistency of format, “look and feel” acrossdocuments
â House style is easy to develop, maintain, apply
� One document, many stylesheets
â Different media types: print, on-line, etc.
â Different derivative documents: selections, summaries,indexes, catalogs....
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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Component: XML Transforms
slide 20
XML and XSL
BrowserPrint
OtherDevice
Editing Application
Database
In-house Printing
XSLXSL
XSL
XSL
XSL
<XML/>
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 21
XSL For XML Transformation (XSLT)
Transforms from one set of tags directly into anotherTransform XML into
� HTML for browsers
� Other (XML) tag sets for further processing
� Plain text formats (e.g., loader files for databases)
� Non-XML tag sets
Where Does XML Fit in the PublishingProcess?
slide 22
XML Files
� Are “plain text” underneath
â Use any text editor or any word processor that can handleplain text
â Built on Unicode (represents all major scripts of the world)
� XML could be
â Native file format for a software package
â Something you “import” and “export”
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 23
XML for Print and Web Publishing
� Many different outputs, one manageable source
â Many media/device types(Web, CD-ROM, handheld PDAs, voice-synthesis)
â Many styles of print/display
� Different hardware, software, OS for input, manipulation, display
� Publish on demand/Customized output
slide 24
XML Integrates Services on a Web Base
� Web-based “data-centric” integration
â Allows loose coupling of applications: robust and open
� Web becomes friendly to other media
â Information syndication, on-demand publication
â Web and print services complementary
â Information into and out of databases
� From existing data systems directly to the web
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slide 25
XML Between Application Layers
� In the “Three-tier” system model:
â Presentation/User interface layer
â Processing or “business logic” layer
â Storage or repository layer
� XML used in any of the three tiers, especially in the middle
� XSL is used for any processing
â Within the middle tier, and
â Between tiers
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slide 26
A Typical “3-tiered” Model
XML+CSSbrowser
OtherDevice
Editing Application
<XML/>
HTMLbrowser
XSL
XSL
XSL
<XML/><XML/> XSL
Object DB
<XML/>XSL
File system
<XML/>
Relational DB
<XML/>
Partnersystem
<XML/>XSL DOM
XSL
Processing Layer
Presentation Layer
Storage Layer
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 27
XML Tagged Data for Information Interchange
� By data aggregators (scientific and journal websites,semiconductor industry, aircraft)
� Through the life-cycle of a product (among divisions)
� Direct machine-to-machine transfer
� Between rival proprietary formats
� Inter-process communication (IPC)
� Among business partners (E-Business transactions B2B, B2C,EDI replacing EDIFACT or proprietary formats)
slide 28
XML Repositories and Databases
� XML is used inside:
â OO databases
â Relational databases
â Object-relational and hierarchical databases
� XML is used to communication among
â Databases and applications
â Databases and databases
� XML Repositories
â Store content for use and reuse
â Enable repurposing
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What is XML and Why Should You Care
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slide 29
XML for Search and Retrieval
� Enhance documents with metadata
� Use grammar to increase relevance
limit to or exclude in named element(s)
� Use vocabulary to increase recall
Future of XML
XML Versus HTML
slide 30
XML Will Replace HTML for:
� Users running into limitations of HTML
â Retrieval
â Formatting
â Richness of encoding
� Users with complex data requirements (semi-conductors, airlines)
� Users with complex security requirements
� Users with SGML data
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slide 31
XML Won’t Replace HTML for:
� Huge amounts of legacy HTML
� Simple display-only pages
� Unstructured data
� Write-once web pages
XML and PDF
slide 32
NOT XML Versus PDF
� We will continue to need both
� XML source used to produce:
â PDF
â HTML for older browsers
â Search service proprietary format (or specific-DTD tagging)
â eBook format(s)
â CD-ROM internal format
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slide 33
XML and PDF
� PDF will still be a popular pre-press/archival form
� XML systems will produce PDF as an output product (as they do now)
� Searchable PDF will make in-roads against XML but be droppedas lesser functionality is recognized.
� It will take pretty pages and snazzy behavior to wean people fromPDF, which is
â easy
â expensive
XML and Proprietary Formats
slide 34
Proprietary Formats
� Optimized for one use (and one set of tools)
� Faster, easier for intended use
� Controlled by vendors or other non-public process
� Often change with version of software or application
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slide 35
XML feeds Proprietary Formats
� XML will be transformed into proprietary formats for:
â Print and display
â Database loads and device drivers
â Existing processes and procedures
� Proprietary formats will be transformed into XML
â (Generally harder than XML to proprietary)
â Allows people to use known tools
â Captures existing content
slide 36
XML Tools
(XML got its start from SGML tools:
� XML is SGML minus some features
� XML tools have been available since XML announced)
New XML Tools announced every week
� Authoring applications (word processors, spread sheets, etc.)
� Document management and workflow applications
� Databases with XML smarts (or XML-based databases)
� XML-based search and retrieval
� XML formatting and display
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slide 37
XML Ubiquitous Under the Covers
� All major software companies using XML internally
� XML the format of choice for process-to-process interchange
� XML will dominate e-commerce and e-business in a year or two
slide 38
XML Tag Sets will Proliferate
� Discipline based
â CML (Chemistry Markup Language)
â MathML (Math Markup Language)
� Subject or industry domain (financial services, health care, autoand aircraft maintenance, ...)
Groups of users creating shared XML applicationsliterally hundreds of efforts announced and more daily
� SVG (Scaleable Vector Graphics)
Where to Get More Information
slide 39
The Source for XML and Related Information
� Robin Cover’s SGML/XML Web Page:http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/sgml-xml.html
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slide 40
General XML Information
� W3C’s XML page: http://www.w3.org/XML/
� XML FAQ (Peter Flynn): http://www.ucc.ie/xml/
� XML.com: http://www.xml.com (industry coverage andtools)
� XMLinfo.org http://www.xmlinfo.org (covers tools anddevelopment)
� XSLinfo.org: http://www.xslinfo.org (covers XSLdevelopment and implementation issues)
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slide 41
XML E-Business and EDI Information
� The OASIS and UN/CEFACT entry http://www.ebxml.org
� CommerceOne’s entry http://www.commerceone.com(Common Business Library etc.)
� The Microsoft entry http://www.BizTalk.org
� RosettaNet consortium http://www.rosettanet.org(vocabulary and process issues, industry coverage)
� XML.ORG http://www.xml.org
� Commerce XML (cXML) http://www.cxml.org
� Oracle’s XML materialhttp://www.oracle.com/xml/content.html
� IBM is heavily into this, too.http://www.developer.ibm.com [for Business RulesMarkup Language (BRML) and Trading Partner AgreementMarkup Language (tpaML)
And others too numerous to mention: CommerceNet’seCoFramework, SAIC’s Universal Commerce Language and Protocol(ULCP), XEDI.org, etc.
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slide 42
Printed Books on Concepts
� SGML: the Billion-Dollar Secret, by Chet Ensign (Prentice-HallPTR, 1997)
â Manager level. Written about SGML (XML’s parentstandard), but almost entirely applicable: excellent on issuesof scalable system development.
� ABCD… SGML , by Liora Alschuler (Thompson ComputerPress, 1995)
â Written about SGML (XML’s parent standard), but change theword “SGML” to “XML” as you read it and it still applies.Talks about work process changes an XML system can bring.
� XML: A Manager’s Guide, by Kevin Dick (Addison-WesleyInformation Technology Series, 2000)
â Manager level. Solid view, but stays at 10,000 feet up.
� The XML Companion (2nd Edition), by Neil Bradley (Addison-Wesley, 2000)
â Very good basic technical introduction.
� Professional XML, by Richard Anderson, Mark Birbeck and tenmore authors. (Wrox Press Ltd.)
â Light technical level. Each author wrote an introduction andthen examples/case study for one technical topic. Introducesthe problems of XML and databases, the XML APIs DOMand SAX, server to server XML (XML-RPC, SOAP, etc.) andmore.
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slide 43
Other Information Sources
� Markup Languages: Theory and Practice (a quarterly journal):http://mitpress.mit.edu/MLANG
� OASIS Home Page (vendor consortium): http://www.oasis-open.org
â XML.ORG: http://xml.org (document model repositoryand support materials)
â OASIS XML Conformance Subcommittee:http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xmlconf-pub.html
� Graphic Communications Association: http://www.gca.org(sponsors conferences including Extreme Markup Languages,August 2000 and XML 2000, December 2000)
� XML.COM: http://www.xml.com
slide 44
Still More Information Sources
� Basic newsgroup: comp.text.xml (also some oncomp.text.sgml)
� Useful Lists
â XML-L: http:/listserv.heaanet.ie/xml-l.html(for newcomers)
â XML-Developer’s List:http://www.lists.ic.ac.uk/hypermail/xml-dev(heavy technical discussion)
â XSL-List: http://www.mulberrytech.com