what is their roll in the search for the qgp at rhic ?

Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook, Quark Matter, Budapest, 2005 1

Roy A. LaceyRoy A. Lacey

What is their roll in the search for the QGP What is their roll in the search for the QGP at RHIC ?at RHIC ?

What is their roll in the search for the QGP What is their roll in the search for the QGP at RHIC ?at RHIC ?

Elliptic Flow CorrelationsElliptic Flow Correlationsss


Prologue

Why is the QGP Search Why is the QGP Search Important ?Important ?

Why is the QGP Search Why is the QGP Search Important ?Important ?

1. It is the ultimate, primordial form of QCD matter at It is the ultimate, primordial form of QCD matter at high temperature or baryon number density.high temperature or baryon number density.

2. It was present during the first few microseconds of It was present during the first few microseconds of the Big Bang.the Big Bang.

3. It provides an example of phase transitions which It provides an example of phase transitions which may occur at a variety of higher temperature scales in may occur at a variety of higher temperature scales in the early universe.the early universe.

4. It can provide important insights on the origin of It can provide important insights on the origin of mass for matter, and how quarks are confined into mass for matter, and how quarks are confined into hadrons.hadrons.

Gyulassy, Nucl. Phys. A750, 30-63, 2005Gyulassy, Nucl. Phys. A750, 30-63, 2005

The Fundamental value of the QGP is not in question !The Fundamental value of the QGP is not in question !

Four good reasons to study the QGP


W. Scheid, H. Muller, and W. Greiner,PRL 32, 741 (1974)

M.I. Sobel, P.J. Siemens, J.P. Bondorf, an H.A. Bethe, Nucl. Phys. A251, 502 (1975)M.I. Sobel, P.J. Siemens, J.P. Bondorf, an H.A. Bethe, Nucl. Phys. A251, 502 (1975)

G.F. Chapline, M.H. Johnson, E. Teller, and M.S. Weiss, PRD 8, 4302 (1973)G.F. Chapline, M.H. Johnson, E. Teller, and M.S. Weiss, PRD 8, 4302 (1973)

E. Glass Gold et al. Annals of Physics 6, 1 (1959)E. Glass Gold et al. Annals of Physics 6, 1 (1959)

H. Stöcker, J.A. Maruhn, and W. Greiner, PRL 44, 725 (1980)

Ne

PrologueWhy are flow correlations important to the QGP Search ?Why are flow correlations important to the QGP Search ?Why are flow correlations important to the QGP Search ?Why are flow correlations important to the QGP Search ?

The idea to use collective flow to Probe the properties of The idea to use collective flow to Probe the properties of nuclear matter is long-standingnuclear matter is long-standing

They are predicted to provide unprecedented access They are predicted to provide unprecedented access to the properties of Nuclear matterto the properties of Nuclear matter


More Recent activity More Recent activity More Recent activity More Recent activity

Hydro model calculationsHydro model calculations

Away side jet

J. Casalderrey-Solana, E.V. Shuryak & D. Tracy

hep-ph/0411315

Stöcker nucl-th/0406018

Muller, Ruppert Hep-ph/0503158

Buda-Lund hydroM. Csańad, T. Csörg

B. Lörstadnucl-th/0310040

12

0

( )

( )

I wv

I w

Scaling PredictionsScaling Predictions

nucl-th/0506045

N. Borghini R.S. Bhalerao J.-P. Blaizot J.-Y. Ollitrault

Hirano nucl-th/0404039

P. Huovinen, P. Kolb, U. Heinz, P. Ruuskanen, & S. Voloshin

Conical Flow/Bow WavesConical Flow/Bow Waves

hep-ph/0101136

nucl-th/0110037

D. Teaney, E.V. Shuryak& J. Lauret

Improved analysis techniquesImproved analysis techniques

N. Borghini et al.

TransportTransport

CoalescenceCoalescenceMolnar

B. Muller et al.nucl-th/0503003

C. Ko et alC. Ko et al(MPC)(MPC).


What information do What information do Flow correlations provide? Flow correlations provide?

What information do What information do Flow correlations provide? Flow correlations provide?

Provides reliable estimates of pressure & pressure gradientsCan address questions related to thermalization Gives insights on the transverse dynamics of the medium Provides access to the properties of the medium - EOS, sound speed (cs ), viscosity, etc

““Barometric Sensor”:Barometric Sensor”:


squeeze

bounce

Prologue

pass0 0

expant

2t

~

~

S

R

R

c

Low Energy:Low Energy:Squeeze-out

High EnergyHigh Energy In-plane

1 2~ 1 2 cos( ) 2 cos(2 )dN

v vd

1 2~ 1 2 cos( ) 2 cos(2 )dN

v vd

Do we understand Do we understand Flow correlations ?Flow correlations ?

Do we understand Do we understand Flow correlations ?Flow correlations ?

The expected transitionThe expected transitionIs observedIs observed

Phys.Rev.Lett.83:1295,1999

Pressure Gradients Drive Transverse and Elliptic flowPressure Gradients Drive Transverse and Elliptic flow

DATA(KAOS – Z. Phys. A355 (1996); (E895) - PRL 83 (1999) 1295


Prologue

Danielewicz, Lacey, Lynch

Good Constraints for the EOS achieved

Pre RHIC Lessons ?Pre RHIC Lessons ?


In-plane Out-of-plane

Correlation Function

HarmonicHarmonic

Jet Function

Azimuthal Correlations Provide Two Direct routes to the Azimuthal Correlations Provide Two Direct routes to the Properties of the High Energy Density Matter Created at RHICProperties of the High Energy Density Matter Created at RHIC

0

HarmoC Jet Functiorrelation Function onic n

C a H J

Remarkable FactAzimuthal Correlationsare derived from Harmonic and di-jet contributions

Why is the correlation probe so compelling at RHIC ? Why is the correlation probe so compelling at RHIC ? Why is the correlation probe so compelling at RHIC ? Why is the correlation probe so compelling at RHIC ?


PRL87, 052301 (2001)

Central collisionsperipheral collisions

time to thermalize the system (0 ~ 0.2 - 1 fm/c)Bjorken~ 5 - 15

GeV/fm3

~ 35 – 100 ε0

dy

dE

RT

Bj0

2

11

Extrapolation From EExtrapolation From ETT

DistributionsDistributions

The Energy Density is Well Above the The Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the Phase Transition Predicted Value for the Phase Transition

/crossover !/crossover !

Phase Transition:

3/1

170

fmGeV

MeVT

ReminderReminderHigh Energy density matterHigh Energy density matter

is created at RHIC! is created at RHIC!




Cu+CuPreliminary

3-6%, Npart = 100

Au+Au35-40%, Npart = 99

The Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the The Energy Density is Well Above the Predicted Value for the Phase Transition in semi-central events !Phase Transition in semi-central events !




is created at RHIC! is created at RHIC! Unscaled dN/d very similar for

Au+Au and Cu+Cu at same Npart

Au+Au35-40%,Npart = 98

Cu+CuPreliminary

3-6%, Npart = 96


TμTμ

Tμ/2

/)(

/)(

ee

e

p

pE

E

ReminderReminderStatistical Model Statistical Model

Comparisons of Particle Comparisons of Particle RatiosRatios

ReminderReminderStatistical Model Statistical Model

Comparisons of Particle Comparisons of Particle RatiosRatios

Hadro-chemistry indicates a single Hadronization Hadro-chemistry indicates a single Hadronization Temperature ~ 175 MeVTemperature ~ 175 MeV


Substantial Signals Attributable to Flow should be present !Substantial Signals Attributable to Flow should be present !

s/

P ²

dy

dE

RT

Bj0

2

11



Pressure FlowPressure Flow

Is Thermalization Is Thermalization Achieved ?Achieved ?

Is Thermalization Is Thermalization Achieved ?Achieved ?

Eg. Radial flow … long-range sourceDetails depend on expansion dynamics and hadronization


Bjorken~ 5 - 15 GeV/fm3

dy

dE

RT

Bj0

2

11

PHENIX (nucl-ex/0410012)

note

PHENIX Preliminary

The Fireball rapidly expandsThe Fireball rapidly expandsThe Fireball rapidly expandsThe Fireball rapidly expands

Evidence for universality of Hubble Flow !

Evidence for universality of Hubble Flow !

u = H r

H0= (71 ± 7) km/sec/Mpc

H0= (2.3 ± 0.2)x10-18 sec-1

HRHIC = <uT>/R 4x1022 sec-1

HHRHICRHIC / H0 / H0 2 x 10 2 x 104040

u = H r

H0= (71 ± 7) km/sec/Mpc

H0= (2.3 ± 0.2)x10-18 sec-1

HRHIC = <uT>/R 4x1022 sec-1

HHRHICRHIC / H0 / H0 2 x 10 2 x 104040


Substantial elliptic flow signals should be present for a variety of particle Substantial elliptic flow signals should be present for a variety of particle speciesspecies

s/

P ²

dy

dE

RT

Bj0

2

11



Is Thermalization Is Thermalization Rapid ?Rapid ?

Is Thermalization Is Thermalization Rapid ?Rapid ?

2 2

2 2

y x

y x

Large Pressure Gradients v2Large Pressure Gradients v2

Detailed integral and differential Measurements now available for

, , , , , , , , ,h p K d D

Self quenching


Large Pressure Gradients are Generated Very Early !Large Pressure Gradients are Generated Very Early !

Is Is ThermalizationThermalization

Rapid ?Rapid ?

Is Is ThermalizationThermalization

Rapid ?Rapid ?

See Gang Wang’s Talk

62.4 GeV (STAR ), nucl-ex/0409029PHOBOS

See S. Manly’s TalkPHENIX (open symbols): Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 182301 (2003)

STAR preliminarySTAR preliminary

See M. Oldenburg’s Talk See H. Masui’s Talk


v2 sheet for mesons & Baryons

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Au+Au

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Mesons

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v 2pT (G

eV/c)

Centrality (%)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Au+Au

200 GeVNNs Baryons

Exquisite Features Due to Radial flow ?Exquisite Features Due to Radial flow ?

V2 sheet for protons, kaons & pions


Heavy quark Thermalization ?Heavy quark Thermalization ?

Is ThermalizationIs ThermalizationRapid ?Rapid ?

Is ThermalizationIs ThermalizationRapid ?Rapid ?

(Rapp)


Apparent saturation of v2 for

Excitation function for differential vExcitation function for differential v22

62 GeVNNs ‰62 GeVNNs ‰

Possible indication for a soft EOS ! Possible indication for a soft EOS !

PHENIX preliminary


Does the Flow follow ideal Does the Flow follow ideal hydrodynamics ?hydrodynamics ?

Non-trivial issue for EOS, viscosity, etc

Investigate Hydrodynamic Scaling Relations for the fine structure of vfine structure of v22

Investigate Hydrodynamic Scaling Relations for the fine structure of vfine structure of v22

Fit DataFit Data


Fine Structure ScalingFine Structure ScalingFine Structure ScalingFine Structure Scaling

22 0 3 01 2

20 1 1

~ 1 ..T

T k Tk kv y m

T k m k m

22 0 3 01 2

20 1 1

~ 1 ..T

T k Tk kv y m

T k m k m

Note Universal Scaling predictionNote Universal Scaling prediction

2fsT m Ty k y m 2fsT m Ty k y m

)/(sinh 1 mpyp TTT )/(sinh 1 mpyp TTT

( WHY ? ) ( WHY ? ) 21

2Therm colKE KE KE m u

PP

12

0

( )

( )

I wv

I wBuda Lund

Hydro Modelnucl-th/0310040

2

2

2 44 2

2,4 6

( )

1

2 m T

v k

v M k

v v k y

v v

2

2

2 44 2

2,4 6

( )

1

2 m T

v k

v M k

v v k y

v v

System size independence

M. Csańad et al.


Scaling TestsScaling Tests

2

222

2

1

TT T T

TT T T

v up p u T

T

v up p u T

T

Hydro Limit

The shape of things to come

Eccentricity scalingEccentricity scalingEccentricity scalingEccentricity scaling


Scaling of azimuthal anisotropy - Mesons

PHENIX Preliminary

PHENIX Preliminary

Scaling works over a broad range for charged hadrons and identified particles


Scaling of azimuthal anisotropy - system size

Scaling of Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions indicate system size indipendece

PHENIX Preliminary

?sc


0 1 2 3v 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

s 200 GeVNNAu Au

p

fsTy

5 < Centrality < 30 %

K

(PHENIX)

(PHENIX)

(PHENIX)

Unequivocal scaling at low Unequivocal scaling at low valuesvalues

scaling breaks ~ 1.8scaling breaks ~ 1.8

Scaling PHENIX DataScaling PHENIX DataScaling PHENIX DataScaling PHENIX Data

pT (GeV/c)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

v 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

pK

s 200 GeVNNAu Au


PHENIX Preliminary

5<Centrality<30 %


Scaling of azimuthal anisotropy - hadrons

Integral flow scaling observed across Integral flow scaling observed across


Demonstration of higher harmonic scaling Demonstration of higher harmonic scaling

Scaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC data

242

4 2 T

vv k y

242

4 2 T

vv k y

0 1 2 3 4 5

v 4 (%

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

h (STAR)v2 scaled

s 200 GeVNNAu Au

2( )fsTy


Demonstration of Comprehensive Demonstration of Comprehensive scaling at RHICscaling at RHIC

0 1 2 3 4 5

v 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30 s 200 GeVNNAu Au

0SK

p

fsTy


K

(STAR)

(PHENIX)

(STAR)

(PHENIX)

(PHENIX)

Scaling breaks

Scaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC dataScaling of RHIC data


Is flow partonic ?Is flow partonic ? Is flow partonic ?Is flow partonic ?

0-80%

STAR Preliminary

Hadronic re-scattering does not support observed Phi flow !Hadronic re-scattering does not support observed Phi flow !


PHENIX Preliminary

10%<cent<20%

Data: Three-Particle CorrelationsData: Three-Particle CorrelationsData: Three-Particle CorrelationsData: Three-Particle Correlations

Flow+Jet

PHENIX PreliminaryAfter Harmonic After Harmonic

Extinction:Extinction:

After Harmonic After Harmonic Extinction:Extinction:

Flow+JetJet onlyMach cone

Mach cone

Sim

ulat

ion

Sim

ulat

ion

Data indicates apparent cone structure for away-side jet!Data indicates apparent cone structure for away-side jet!Data indicates apparent cone structure for away-side jet!Data indicates apparent cone structure for away-side jet!

See Ajitanand’s talk


Correlation measurements give compelling evidenceCorrelation measurements give compelling evidencefor the production of strongly interacting high energy for the production of strongly interacting high energy

density partonic matter in RHIC collisions.density partonic matter in RHIC collisions.

y

x

High Density High Density Thermalized Thermalized partonic material partonic material formed earlyformed early

coneR

Hard Scattered PartonsHard Scattered PartonsTraverse rapidly expanding Traverse rapidly expanding partonic materialpartonic material Jet-modification (early) & Jet-modification (early) & v2v2

EpilogueEpilogueEpilogueEpilogue

sQGPsQGP


Fits to the data can provide estimates of Fits to the data can provide estimates of the properties of the produced matterthe properties of the produced matter

Initial Foray Initial Foray Initial Foray Initial Foray


Extended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scaling

Bottom line is still partonic flow

What about coalescence ?What about coalescence ?


Wake effect or “sonic boom”

• hep-ph/0411315 Casalderrey-Solana,Shuryak,Teaney

• nucl-th/0406018 Stoecker

• Hep-ph/0503158 Muller,Ruppert

Cherenkov gluon radiation Cherenkov gluon radiation

nucl-th/0507063 Koch, Majumder, X.-N. Wang


How unique is this matter? How unique is this matter?

PHENIX preliminaryPHENIX preliminary

17.2,62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs 17.2,62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs

Results are strikingly similar for 62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs 62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs

VV22 decreases by ~ 50% from RHIC to SPS decreases by ~ 50% from RHIC to SPS

Significantly larger pressure (gradients) developed at RHICSignificantly larger pressure (gradients) developed at RHIC

CERES


Fits to the data can provide estimates of Fits to the data can provide estimates of the properties of the produced matterthe properties of the produced matter

Initial Foray Initial Foray Initial Foray Initial Foray

M. Csanad, T. Csorgo, B. Lorstad, Nucl.Phys.A742:80-94,2004.[NUCL-TH 0310040] and M. Csanad et al, private communication and work in preparation.


v2 sheet for mesons

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0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Au+Au

200 GeVNNs

Mesons

No significant change in shape for meson (pi) vNo significant change in shape for meson (pi) v22

PHENIX Preliminary


bounce

squeeze squeeze

400 MeV/A Au+Au (MUL 3)

Plastic Ball, H.H. Gutbrod et al., Phys. Lett. B216, 267 (1989)Diogene, M. Demoulins et al., Phys. Lett. B241, 476 (1990)

Measurements Measurements Measurements Measurements

Recent activity Recent activity Recent activity Recent activity

Strong experimental programs at:• GSI• SPS• RHIC/AGS


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v 2pT (G

eV/c)

Centrality (%)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Au+Au

200 GeVNNs Baryons

Note shape evolution for baryons

v2 sheet for baryons

Due to Radial flow ?Due to Radial flow ?

PHENIX Preliminary


Fine Structure ScalingFine Structure ScalingFine Structure ScalingFine Structure Scaling

22 0 3 01 2

20 1 1

~ 1 ..T

T k Tk kv y m

T k m k m

22 0 3 01 2

20 1 1

~ 1 ..T

T k Tk kv y m

T k m k m

Note Universal Scaling predictionNote Universal Scaling prediction


2 4

2,4 6

v v

v v

)/(sinh 1 mpyp TTT )/(sinh 1 mpyp TTT

22

1 2

sinh ( )~ sinh ( )

cosh( )T

TT

yw k m k y

y

( WHY ? ) ( WHY ? ) 21

2T colKE KE KE m u

PP

12

0

( )

( )

I wv

I wBuda Lund

Hydro Modelnucl-th/0310040


Scaling Test with HydroScaling Test with HydroScaling Test with HydroScaling Test with Hydro

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5v 2

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

fsTy

Kp

Hydro

Au Au

Scaling hydro

P. Huovinen, P.F. Kolb .. Phys. Lett. B503:58 (2001)

Straight forward scaling observedStraight forward scaling observed


Scaling of azimuthal anisotropy - baryons

Scaling is less robust for baryons

This is due to shape changes of v2(pT) with centrality

PHENIX PreliminaryPHENIX Preliminary


Scaling of azimuthal anisotropy - baryons (II)

PHENIX Preliminary PHENIX Preliminary

scaling more robust via centrality groupingscaling more robust via centrality grouping

Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook, Quark Matter, Budapest, 2005 44scaling more robust via centrality groupingscaling more robust via centrality grouping

PHENIX PreliminaryPHENIX Preliminary

PHOBOSPHOBOS


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More Fine Structure ScalingMore Fine Structure ScalingMore Fine Structure ScalingMore Fine Structure Scaling

Fine structure

nucl-ex/0409033


0 1 2 3 4 5

v 4 (%

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

h (STAR)v2 scaled

s 200 GeVNNAu Au

2( )fsTy

...1 0

3

42

0

24

34 m

T

k

k

T

mykv T

2 4

2,4 6

v v

v v

20

( )

( )n

n

I wv

I w

Extended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scalingExtended Fine Structure scaling

Universal scaling prediction!Universal scaling prediction!

0 1 2 3

v 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

s 200 GeVNNAu Au

p

fsTy


K

(PHENIX)

(PHENIX)

(PHENIX)

pT (GeV/c)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

v 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

pK

s 200 GeVNNAu Au

PHENIX Preliminary

5<Centrality<30 %

All Flow DataNow Understood

what is their roll in the search for the qgp at rhic ?

Documents

collective flow

universality of hubble

etcprologuelow energy

pressure flowis thermalization

medium eos

squeezeouthigh energy

qgp search important

correlations important